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(QUMIRANKA)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>91</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><language>en-us</language><itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit><copyright>All the images and illustrations posted in the blog is for private use only - No reproduction or commercial use allowed.</copyright><itunes:image href="http://bp1.blogger.com/_d1WXoRYhpEw/RryrJMW7IoI/AAAAAAAAABM/vNdRLU91s7c/s320/qmrnk_logo_small.jpg"/><itunes:keywords>ecologia,medio,ambiente,bienestar,animal,vida,salvaje,ecosistema,noticias,educacion,arte,comunicacion,generacion,jovenes,ecology,communication,art,education,animal,wild,generation,youngs,kids,environment,news,biocomercio,energia</itunes:keywords><itunes:summary>Comunicación, arte y educación sobre bienestar animal y protección al medio ambiente.</itunes:summary><itunes:subtitle>Grupo Ecologista</itunes:subtitle><itunes:category text="Education"/><itunes:category text="Arts"/><itunes:category text="Society &amp; Culture"/><itunes:category text="News &amp; Politics"/><itunes:category text="Government &amp; Organizations"><itunes:category text="Non-Profit"/></itunes:category><itunes:author>QUMIRANKA</itunes:author><itunes:owner><itunes:email>qumiranka@yahoo.com</itunes:email><itunes:name>QUMIRANKA</itunes:name></itunes:owner><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-7691815948836624297</guid><pubDate>Sun, 07 Oct 2018 13:01:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-10-07T08:09:02.301-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Areas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Biodiversity</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Congress</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">conservation</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Development</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">National</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">natural</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">NPA</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">peru</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Protected</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Research</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Scientific</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Sustainable</category><title>I National Congress of Scientific Research in Protected Natural Areas</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT1g3IMgm8ZLcKUjy8YmQp0V4atz_BYEPj2KFRWxSXBwiLpE0P-A8K0OmtMnBTWgamoBDcHMV4zqiqHrD3wBY8fjmHRQUdmmo-5bUDhGY8JLwdqX_uN_5YiToTh94XiE3hcTnwTtntTLc-/s1600/IMG_20180928_132008.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0"  class="centerImage"  src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT1g3IMgm8ZLcKUjy8YmQp0V4atz_BYEPj2KFRWxSXBwiLpE0P-A8K0OmtMnBTWgamoBDcHMV4zqiqHrD3wBY8fjmHRQUdmmo-5bUDhGY8JLwdqX_uN_5YiToTh94XiE3hcTnwTtntTLc-/s400/IMG_20180928_132008.jpg" width="640" height="480" data-original-width="1600" data-original-height="1110" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;div class="qText"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
The previous week, on days 26, 27 and 28 took place the National Congress of Scientific Research of Natural Protected Areas of Peru, organized by the National Agrarian University La Molina (UNALM), the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP) and the National Service of Protected Natural Areas by the Peruvian State (SERNANP), in compliance with the management of its Action Plan that will allow a synergistic interaction between the Universities, research institutes and SINANPE, to encourage greater scientific research in all areas of science in order to enhance and improve the management of the competent authority, conserve biodiversity and contribute to sustainable development.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The venue of the event was held in the auditoriums of the UNALM in La Molina’s district of Lima city, beginning, after the welcome, with keynote addresses and followed by symposiums in the parallel rooms that were categorized as: biodiversity terrestrial, aquatic biodiversity, ecology and management, ecosystem services, society and governance, biodiversity and management of the ANP.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Attended researchers, students and the general public interested in the subject.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It has been a fruitful experience and we can rescue that current technology provides many benefits to research, such as the use of drones, smart detectors through cell phones, trap cameras, computerized germplasm analysis, and DNA coding, among others; it's used, for example, in the monitoring of biodiversity within an NPA (APN in spanish), but sometimes it is harmful, as in the detection of fish species in times of closure by people or companies that have access to these technologies to misuse it; because not only the arduous work of SERNANP, IIAP, UNALM, and scientific NGOs was highlighted, but also the threats that occur during these investigations (deforestation, bacteriological threats, mining, and illegal fishing).&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It has been researched both in biotic and abiotic media, confirming the high biodiversity that Peru has; besides the discovery of new species, the use of bioindicators for various purposes, the study of their habitats, the different ecoregions, ecosystem services, climate, geological history, the impact of climate change, the impact of the introduced species and impact anthropogenic; a lot but a lot of very important information that will be used to carry out the management of the ANP, empowering the participation of the populations or native communities who take advantage of these resources on which they depend.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There has been talking of the creation of Marine Protected Areas, MPA: "A work area for the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and associated natural and cultural resources and administered by law or other effective means of control" (IUCN). , 1994); proposing the addition of 2 fishing zones with the objective of protecting up to 10% in the marine space where a large number of species abound, is an opportunity to take advantage of sustainable development with long-term conservation objectives; Since it is currently protected only by 0.47%.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Something that was surprising was to learn that the main objectives of SERNANP, biological conservation, and contribution to sustainable development are limited and this happens when there is a pre-existing zone to the creation of a new NPA, which already have a legal right over it, such as the hydrocarbons industry, which is in line with regulations and good practices in the industry, such as signing agreements with research institutes and with SERNANP to implement biodiversity conservation actions for hydrocarbon projects in tropical forests. But when we say limited, it is because although it is true that a detailed study of the biological groups in the area is carried out, providing work to scientists to make baselines, monitoring, the study of ecosystem services, among other tools; The impact that is generated is considerable despite complying with legal regulations. As the speaker explained: "We try to make the impact less" - The minimization of the impact is carried out by rescuing, relocating and monitoring species of flora and fauna.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, there were also information panels, free material, inventories of biodiversity, promotion of organic products of economic value from the ANP.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The event ended with a keynote address and words from the organizers, who advanced us to the realization of the Congress of Natural Areas of Latin America to be held in March, with headquarters in Peru. The closing was accompanied by a typical dance of the jungle and music of the tuna of the UNALM.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This conference has aroused much interest among attendees, in addition to knowing that research within an ANP are completely free and can be made by any natural person eager to learn and by scientists or students. It is only required to process a permit that can take from 2 to 5 days, depending on the modality. (more information on the SERNANP website).&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We hope that the number of investigations will increase, our sources of information will be enriched to help maintain our biodiversity, conserving it and contributing to a truly sustainable development.&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;


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&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg96F9-C-T84UaEzp8VGmFCEp7qLQkCKsOvUOZhv2jZnmKSOgJ4YMO7Y525FiaXidCOWZ1MjkeeI3dE3RvvbcOA_E0pdu4xn3ZAzEuuIoZwds9VfogPhd4AR9OGqlQvqVPDmd_etcstLiG7/s1600/IMG_20180928_172459_550.jpg"imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" class="centerImage"  data-original-height="1201" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg96F9-C-T84UaEzp8VGmFCEp7qLQkCKsOvUOZhv2jZnmKSOgJ4YMO7Y525FiaXidCOWZ1MjkeeI3dE3RvvbcOA_E0pdu4xn3ZAzEuuIoZwds9VfogPhd4AR9OGqlQvqVPDmd_etcstLiG7/s400/IMG_20180928_172459_550.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/" target="_blank" &gt;SERNANP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.lamolina.edu.pe/" target="_blank"&gt;UNALM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.pucp.edu.pe/" target="_blank"&gt;PUCP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;div class="qText"&gt;Note and Photos: Javier Tavera&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2018/10/i-national-congress-of-scientific.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT1g3IMgm8ZLcKUjy8YmQp0V4atz_BYEPj2KFRWxSXBwiLpE0P-A8K0OmtMnBTWgamoBDcHMV4zqiqHrD3wBY8fjmHRQUdmmo-5bUDhGY8JLwdqX_uN_5YiToTh94XiE3hcTnwTtntTLc-/s72-c/IMG_20180928_132008.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-6015600592142816449</guid><pubDate>Sun, 07 Oct 2018 13:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-10-07T08:09:07.679-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">ANP</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Biodiversidad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Científicas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">científico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Congreso</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">conservación</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Desarrollo</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Investigaciones</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Investigación</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nacional</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">naturales</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">perú</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Protegidas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Sostenible</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Áreas</category><title>I Congreso Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas en Áreas Naturales Protegidas</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT1g3IMgm8ZLcKUjy8YmQp0V4atz_BYEPj2KFRWxSXBwiLpE0P-A8K0OmtMnBTWgamoBDcHMV4zqiqHrD3wBY8fjmHRQUdmmo-5bUDhGY8JLwdqX_uN_5YiToTh94XiE3hcTnwTtntTLc-/s1600/IMG_20180928_132008.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0"  class="centerImage"  src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT1g3IMgm8ZLcKUjy8YmQp0V4atz_BYEPj2KFRWxSXBwiLpE0P-A8K0OmtMnBTWgamoBDcHMV4zqiqHrD3wBY8fjmHRQUdmmo-5bUDhGY8JLwdqX_uN_5YiToTh94XiE3hcTnwTtntTLc-/s400/IMG_20180928_132008.jpg" width="640" height="480" data-original-width="1600" data-original-height="1110" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;div class="qText"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
La semana anterior, en los días 26, 27 y 28 se llevó a cabo el Congreso Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, organizado por la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) y el Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado (SERNANP), en cumplimiento con la gestión de su Plan de Acción que permitirá una interacción sinérgica entre las Universidades, institutos de investigación y el SINANPE, para fomentar mayores investigaciones científicas en todas las áreas de la ciencia con el fin de potenciar y mejorar la gestión de la autoridad competente, conservar la biodiversidad y contribuir al desarrollo sostenible.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;La sede del evento se realizó en los auditorios de la UNALM, iniciando, luego de la bienvenida, con las conferencias magistrales y seguido por los simposios en las salas paralelas que se categorizaron en: biodiversidad terrestre, biodiversidad acuática, ecología y manejo, servicios ecosistémicos, sociedad y gobernanza, biodiversidad y gestión de las ANP.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Asistieron investigadores, estudiantes y público en general interesados en el tema.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ha sido una experiencia fructífera y podemos rescatar que la tecnología actual está beneficiando mucho a las investigaciones, tales como el uso de drones, detectores inteligentes a través de celulares, cámaras trampa, análisis computarizados de germoplasmas y codificación de ADN, entre otros; usada, como por ejemplo, en el monitoreo de biodiversidad dentro de una ANP, pero a veces resulta perjudicial, como en la detección de especies de peces en tiempos de veda por personas o empresas que tienen acceso a estas tecnologías para darle mal uso; porque no sólo se destacó el arduo trabajo del SERNANP, del IIAP, de la UNALM, y de ONG científicas sino también las amenazas que ocurren durante éstas investigaciones (deforestación, amenazas bacteriológicas, minería y pesquería ilegal).&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Se ha investigado tanto en los medios bióticos como abióticos, confirmando la alta biodiversidad que tiene el Perú; además del descubrimiento de nuevas especies, el uso de bioindicadores para diversos propósitos, el estudio de sus hábitats, las diferentes ecorregiones, los servicios ecosistémicos, el clima, su historia geológica, el impacto del cambio climático, el impacto de las especies introducidas e impacto antropogénico; mucha pero mucha información importantísima que será usada para realizar eficientemente la gestión de las ANP, haciendo participativa a las poblaciones o comunidades nativas quienes aprovechan estos recursos de los cuales dependen.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Se ha hablado también de la creación de AMP Áreas Marinas Protegidas: “Un área de mar especialmente destinada a la protección y mantenimiento de la diversidad biológica y de los recursos naturales y culturales asociados y gestionada por ley u otros medios efectivos de control”(UICN, 1994); proponiendo 2 zonas más de escasa pesca con el objetivo de proteger hasta un 10% el espacio marino donde abunda una riqueza de especies, siendo una oportunidad de aprovechamiento para un desarrollo sostenible con vías a la conservación a largo plazo; ya que actualmente está protegido sólo en un 0.47%.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Algo que resultó sorprendente fue enterarnos que los objetivos principales del SERNANP, la conservación biológica y la contribución al desarrollo sostenible está limitado y esto sucede cuando existe una zona pre-existente a la creación de una nueva ANP, que ya tienen derecho legal sobre ella, como por ejemplo la industria de hidrocarburos, que se adecua a las regulaciones y buenas prácticas en la industria, como firmar convenios con Institutos de investigación y con el SERNANP para implementar acciones de conservación de la biodiversidad de proyectos de hidrocarburos en bosques tropicales. Pero cuando decimos limitado, es porque si bien es cierto que se realiza un estudio detallado de los grupos biológicos en el área, brindando trabajo a científicos para realizar líneas de base, monitoreos, estudio de servicios ecosistémicos, entre otras herramientas; el impacto que se genera es considerable a pesar de cumplir con las normas legales. Como explicó la ponente: “Tratamos de que el impacto sea menor” – La minimización del impacto se ejecuta rescatando, reubicando y monitoreando especies de flora y fauna.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Por otro lado, también hubo paneles informativos, material gratuito, inventarios de biodiversidad, promoción de productos orgánicos de valor económico provenientes de las ANP.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;El evento finalizó con una ponencia magistral y palabras de los organizadores, quienes nos adelantaron la realización del Congreso de Áreas Naturales de Latinoamérica que se realizará en marzo, teniendo como sede al Perú. La clausura estuvo acompañada de una danza típica de la selva y música de la tuna de la UNALM.&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Este congreso ha despertado mucho interés entre los asistentes, además de saber que las investigaciones dentro de un ANP son totalmente gratuitas y pueden ser realizadas por cualquier persona natural con muchas ganas de aprender y por científicos o estudiantes. Sólo se requiere tramitar un permiso que puede demorar de 2 a 5 días, según la modalidad. (mayor información en la página del SERNANP).&lt;/P&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Esperemos que se incremente el número de investigaciones, se enriquezca nuestras fuentes de información para ayudar a mantener nuestra biodiversidad, conservándola y contribuir a un verdadero desarrollo sostenible.&lt;/P&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;


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&lt;div&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0UZ0__QwJi6kDtvQ8T5b1KwJkmhDwD9lyJ-tqNiQlG7I0RmHQjinWjliQAZBXPv5r6tZUOPjKwV596cQDphqsuQ0BKPIVBolfYNtrVQ62Mh8yUgs0RgJDouKKueYhs4nx005UW2i9Pdow/s1600/IMG_20180928_171340.jpg"imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" class="centerImage"  data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0UZ0__QwJi6kDtvQ8T5b1KwJkmhDwD9lyJ-tqNiQlG7I0RmHQjinWjliQAZBXPv5r6tZUOPjKwV596cQDphqsuQ0BKPIVBolfYNtrVQ62Mh8yUgs0RgJDouKKueYhs4nx005UW2i9Pdow/s400/IMG_20180928_171340.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg96F9-C-T84UaEzp8VGmFCEp7qLQkCKsOvUOZhv2jZnmKSOgJ4YMO7Y525FiaXidCOWZ1MjkeeI3dE3RvvbcOA_E0pdu4xn3ZAzEuuIoZwds9VfogPhd4AR9OGqlQvqVPDmd_etcstLiG7/s1600/IMG_20180928_172459_550.jpg"imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" class="centerImage"  data-original-height="1201" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg96F9-C-T84UaEzp8VGmFCEp7qLQkCKsOvUOZhv2jZnmKSOgJ4YMO7Y525FiaXidCOWZ1MjkeeI3dE3RvvbcOA_E0pdu4xn3ZAzEuuIoZwds9VfogPhd4AR9OGqlQvqVPDmd_etcstLiG7/s400/IMG_20180928_172459_550.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/" target="_blank" &gt;SERNANP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.lamolina.edu.pe/" target="_blank"&gt;UNALM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.pucp.edu.pe/" target="_blank"&gt;PUCP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;div class="qText"&gt;Nota y Fotos: Javier Tavera&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2018/10/i-congreso-nacional-de-investigaciones.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT1g3IMgm8ZLcKUjy8YmQp0V4atz_BYEPj2KFRWxSXBwiLpE0P-A8K0OmtMnBTWgamoBDcHMV4zqiqHrD3wBY8fjmHRQUdmmo-5bUDhGY8JLwdqX_uN_5YiToTh94XiE3hcTnwTtntTLc-/s72-c/IMG_20180928_132008.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-3597275332971527580</guid><pubDate>Mon, 05 Mar 2018 21:50:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-03-05T16:50:50.090-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">día</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">mundial</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">serfor</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">silvestre</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">vida</category><title>Día Mundial de la Vida Silvestre</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="qText"&gt;
El 03 de Febrero en El Parque de la Amistad en Surco se llevó a cabo la celebración del Día Mundial de la Vida Silvestre, con especial atención en los grandes felinos, como el jaguar (&lt;i&gt;Panthera onca&lt;/i&gt;) y el puma (&lt;i&gt;Puma concolor&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Éstas y otras especies son cazadas indiscriminadamente para vender sus pieles, para absurdos usos decorativos y para satisfacer la demanda y estafa mítica que ofrecen los curanderos o chamanes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nos cuentan los miembros del SERFOR que los animales rescatados ya no pueden volver a sus hábitats por el peligro de comprometer la salud de su población; la gran mayoría termina en los zoológicos que lamentablemente tampoco son un gran logro como resultado del rescate, pero al menos quedan lejos de morir a manos de los traficantes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La pena máxima por delitos cometidos en contra de la fauna protegida es de hasta 4 años. Una noble condena para casos tan graves como estos.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
En este evento hubo exposición sobre criminalística forense, pieles decomisadas, galería fotográfica, arte y manualidades, títeres, obsequio de polos, entre otros.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2018/03/dia-mundial-de-la-vida-silvestre.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEtJetozF0-ZQauT-7aufvgii8Kno2CFfrHMQsjdSA4CF85N4Lu_65U_GWzf41bqk0cM3GfZA_mr4JrdFs5Ms9Cc0AYDl8BgxM02UjGM6KFYUBltxPFG7Kh7aomcr1dboxNOZlh9YejQzG/s72-c/IMG_19700127_153551.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Parque de la Amistad, Av. Caminos del Inca 33, Santiago de Surco 15039, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-12.1321408 -76.9815903</georss:point><georss:box>-37.6541753 -118.29018429999999 13.3898937 -35.672996299999994</georss:box><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-7103171983162087745</guid><pubDate>Thu, 22 Feb 2018 00:01:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-02-28T13:09:40.683-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">ANP</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Areas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Biodiversity</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">cajamarca</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">celendín</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">conservation</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EAPIAC</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Forest</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Namballe</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">National</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">natural</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Pagaibamba</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Protected</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Protection</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Sanctuary</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SERNANP</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Tabaconas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">UNC</category><title>Trip across the ANPs (Protected Natural Areas) of the North of Cajamarca</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
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The ANPs are protected areas of SINANPE (National System of Natural Areas Protected by the State), under the responsibility of SERNANP (the National Service of Natural Protected Areas).
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SERNANP on its website defines the meaning of Protected Natural Areas, according to Peruvian Law 26834:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Are continental and/or marine spaces of the national territory recognized, established and legally protected by the State as such, due to their importance for the conservation of biological diversity and other associated values of cultural, scenic and scientific interest, as well as for their contribution to the sustainable development of the country. (Congress of the Republic of Peru, 1997).
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this opportunity, we the students of the last semester of the Professional Academic School of Environmental Engineering of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of the National University of Cajamarca, ventured to make a journey to the Protected Forest of Pagaibamba and to the National Sanctuary Tabaconas Namballe.
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&lt;br /&gt;
The route began on October 31, 2017, at 4:00 p.m. from the Parade Ground of Celendin towards the province of Chota, our first destination for dinner and "overnight" and then leave the second day very early towards the district of Huambos for the respective breakfast. The trip to Querocoto, also belonging to Chota, was restarted, where we stopped to receive the park rangers from the Pagaibamba Protected Forest, who provided us with informative material about the place. Then we left for the rural community of Pachacutec where part of the BPP is located.
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We arrived at the place, set up the tents, a short break and started the trek for a small bird watching route, always with the advice of our teacher, Eng. Manuel Roncal Rabanal, in regards to birds. On the way, we see beautiful orchids and rare flowers.
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A regrettable fact told us by the park rangers about residents who adjoin the park and used to burn, to "improve agricultural soil," an uncontrolled fire caused a forest fire for several days, which significantly reduced important areas. And indeed part of the burned forest could be appreciated.
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Before nightfall, we returned to the tents to sleep. The next day, we headed back towards Querocoto to start our journey to Jaen. Passing again through Huambos, we follow the route, with a short break in Cochabamba, at the junction of diversion towards Cutervo and Chiclayo, for a small bird watching; We were lucky to appreciate several species of birds in a single tree.
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We continued without stopping, regretting not enjoying the National Park of Cutervo, another ANP that for reasons of time we couldn’t visit. We arrived in Jaen, very excited to be close to Tabaconas, however, the journey was much longer than we had imagined, it was so giving around 10 at night, then almost 500 km (311 miles) away and 12 hours of travel from Celendin, we had finally reached the district of Tabaconas, where the park rangers waited for us, who politely gave us lodging. To sleep soon then, because the next day at dawn we would have to start our walk.
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We woke up and prepared to start, carrying only what was necessary, the food previously prepared by our kind hostesses of a small village restaurant, and of course lots of water. The vans saved us a small stretch, and from there we said Every go!
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Who would say that this would be the beginning of a truly unforgettable walk?
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The Tabaconas Namballe National Sanctuary is located in the central mountain range of the Andes, within the districts of Tabaconas and Namballe, both belonging to the province of San Ignacio, department of Cajamarca; with an approximate extension of 32 124,87 hectares, where they are Mountain Forests and Paramos, with an altitudinal range of between 1800 and 3600 mamsl.
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From the first steps we were already sensing that it was going to be a long way, the initial stretch started on the road, to enter a signposted path of a slight slope where a flock of parrots welcomed us.
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Crossing the Tabaconas river bridges and appreciating the beautiful vegetation, some orchids and exotic insects, we came to an informative sign of the SERNANP that gave us to know about the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) and the mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), both threatened species; The spectacled bear is in a vulnerable state and the mountain tapir is endangered according to the IUCN.
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The sign also illustrated the delimitation of the sanctuary and warned us that only 400 m were missing to get to the biological station Chichilapa.
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More and more we saw how the vegetation changed, ferns growing larger as we moved, until it seemed we were in some prehistoric jungle.
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We arrived at the station and took a break, unloaded some weight from our backpacks, a small snack and back into the trek.
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Well, that was nothing because the real trekking was coming. The small Evelio, our guide, led the caravan, we started climbing a path, but this time of regular slope and as we went through a magical portal we entered the cloud forest, it didn’t take long and Evelio already showed us the footprints of a young tapir.
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We crossed a river, probably the same river Tabaconas and then from here the path became a climbing path because everything was uphill. We can’t fail to mention the various gadflies who didn’t hesitate to come and say hello everytime they could. We also knew the pine of the Jalca, the Podocarpus oleofolius. We continue to a viewpoint that indicated that we were already at 2865 mamsl, and from here we could appreciate the rich mountains of the sanctuary. To continue climbing, we say, because we had already traveled 5 long hours and it was not long. Fortunately and just in time, we found two natural sources of water to recharge our containers.
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The last section had many obstacles, fallen trunks, thick branches, slippery mosses; here we had to take our last strength: jump, go under, climb, give stilts, and once finished the Crossfit, we spotted a lagoon, it was one of several so-called Arrebiatadas lagoons, there was only half an hour to get to see them close up.
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From the highest you could see the last mountains of Peru since on the other side is Ecuador.
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Going down the mountain, we were already in the Paramo at 3600 mamsl, and we already felt the strong wind. The vegetation here was very different, large grasslands, reeds, and small plants grew in a humid and water-saturated environment.
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To get to the camp we had to skirt the lagoon, but very carefully, because the ground is very muddy. (I was particularly stuck for 10 minutes, until my rescue).
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So, finally, very exhausted but very satisfied, we finally arrived at the SERNANP camp in the Paramo. All dirty, wet, we settled for rest, while preparing a barbecue of shoes. Everyone telling their respective anecdotes of the journey, we couldn’t celebrate our goal achieved, we were so tired to do it, so everyone went to sleep.
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It dawned, we take some souvenir photos and that's it, back to home.
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On the way, the guide showed us traces of a spectacled bear. And he took advantage of telling us about an encounter he had with one of them: "He was next to another park ranger eating and there is a noise in the bushes; the bear then appears, it was an adult male, it stood on its two legs, it rolled for a while, it came down, it turned around and left. "- Evelio said. We could not see either the tapir or the bear, but seeing their tracks gave us great satisfaction to have shared their territory for a day.
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Before the publication of this post, a marsupial mammal has recently been discovered, it is a new species of shrew. And this enhances the value of the SNTN, because it indicates that there is much to investigate and learn about this beautiful place. 
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The main objective of the Sanctuary is the protection of cloud forests, their biodiversity, and conservation of the Paramo. Knowing these places makes us understand the importance of the ANPs and create a greater awareness of the issues of conservation and protection of flora and fauna.
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&lt;b&gt;Plus Visit:&lt;/b&gt;We take advantage of passing through San Pablo to visit the lagoons of Alto Peru, in the Jalca at 4000 mamsl, at the head of the Jequetepeque basin. Conformed to a network of more than 200 natural lagoons within a hydric recharge zone that supplies water to most of the basin. Appreciating a beautiful view as a farewell to the trip.
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Here is a list of some of the beautiful birds that we see in BP Pagaibamba and during the rest of the trip:
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Adelomyia melanogenys
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Aglaeactis cupripennis
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Anisognathus lacrymosus
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Atlapetes latinuchus
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Cathartes aura
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Coeligena iris
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Cranioleuca antisiensis
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Crotophaga sulcirostris
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Elaenia flavogaster
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Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger
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Lesbia nuna
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Mecocerculus calopterus
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Mecocerculus stictopterus
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Myioborus melanocephalus
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Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris
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Patagioenas fasciata
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Penelope barbata
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Scytalopus latrans
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Synallaxis azarae
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Troglodytes solstitialis
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&lt;a href="http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/cajamarca"&gt;www.sernanp.gob.pe/cajamarca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/SERNANPPERU"&gt;www.facebook.com/SERNANPPERU&lt;/a&gt;
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Protected Forest Pagaibamba&lt;br /&gt;
Joel Rolando Córdova Maquera&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="mailto:jcordovam@sernanp.gob.pe"&gt;jcordovam@sernanp.gob.pe&lt;/a&gt;
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National Sanctuary Tabaconas Namballe&lt;br /&gt;
Ing. Douglas Cotrina Sanchez&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="mailto:dcotrina@sernanp.gob.pe"&gt;dcotrina@sernanp.gob.pe&lt;/a&gt;
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National University of Cajamarca&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.unc.edu.pe/celendin"&gt;www.unc.edu.pe/celendin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/unc.eapiac.celendin"&gt;www.facebook.com/unc.eapiac.celendin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/unc.eapiac.celendin"&gt;www.facebook.com/groups/unc.eapiac.celendin&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2018/02/anps-Cajamarca-eng.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD1aVqNsHzszWHtEZnh7lcBM4TIJIArbGfashITlRw1Q6oig_pJnDmLUMCT9jIR42fbs42tP5Pwft4wfUnf3ooIgbV0H93XsRvOBk7ZK01f0nLR-zXIQyiH4rk_kyxAhR3Js7CDxuFXBz_/s72-c/IMG_20171101_144727.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Santuario Nacional Tabaconas Namballe, ignasio, San Ignacio, Peru</georss:featurename><georss:point>-5.1570234 -79.3127543</georss:point><georss:box>-30.6790579 -120.6213483 20.3650111 -38.004160299999995</georss:box><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-2745895122723605561</guid><pubDate>Thu, 22 Feb 2018 00:01:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2018-02-21T19:35:53.104-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">ANP</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Biodiversidad</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Bosque</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">cajamarca</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">celendín</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">conservación</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EAPIAC</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nacional</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Namballe</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">naturales</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Pagaibamba</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Protección</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Protegidas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Santuario</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SERNANP</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Tabaconas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">UNC</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Áreas</category><title>Travesía hacia las ANPs del Norte de Cajamarca</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
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Las ANPs son áreas de protección del SINANPE ( Sistema Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado), a cargo del SERNANP (el Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas).
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El SERNANP en su sitio web nos define el significado de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas, según la Ley 26834:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Son espacios continentales y/o marinos del territorio nacional reconocidos, establecidos y protegidos legalmente por el Estado como tales, debido a su importancia para la conservación de la diversidad biológica y demás valores asociados de interés cultural, paisajístico y científico, así como por su contribución al desarrollo sostenible del país. (Congreso de la República, 1997).
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&lt;br /&gt;
En esta oportunidad nosotros, los estudiantes del último ciclo de la Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Ambiental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca nos aventuramos a realizar una travesía hacia el Bosque de Protección de Pagaibamba y al Santuario Nacional Tabaconas Namballe.
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La ruta se inició el 31 de octubre del 2017 a las 4:00 p.m. desde la Plaza de Armas de Celendín rumbo a la provincia de Chota, nuestro
primer destino para cenar y “pernoctar” para luego salir al segundo día muy temprano hacia el distrito de Huambos para el respectivo desayuno. Se reinició el trayecto hacia Querocoto, también perteneciente a Chota, en donde nos detuvimos para recibir a los guardaparques del Bosque de Protección de Pagaibamba, quienes nos alcanzaron material informativo sobre el lugar. Luego partimos hacia la comunidad campesina de Pachacutec en donde se encuentra parte del BPP.
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Llegamos al lugar, armamos las carpas, un breve descanso y comenzamos la caminata para una pequeña ruta de avistamiento de aves, siempre con la asesoría de nuestro docente, el Ing. Manuel Roncal Rabanal, en lo que respecta a aves. En el camino divisamos hermosas orquídeas y flores raras.
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Un Lamentable hecho nos contaba el guardaparques acerca de habitantes quienes colindan con el parque y que acostumbraban realizar quemas, para “mejorar el suelo agrícola”, un fuego descontrolado provocó un incendio forestal de varios días, que redujo considerablemente importantes áreas. Y efectivamente se pudo apreciar parte del bosque quemado.
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Antes de caer la noche, regresamos a las carpas para dormir. Al día siguiente, enrumbamos de regreso hacia Querocoto para iniciar nuestro trayecto hacia Jaén. Pasando nuevamente por Huambos, seguimos la ruta, con una pequeña pausa en Cochabamba, en el cruce de desvío hacia Cutervo y Chiclayo, para un pequeño pajareo; tuvimos la suerte de apreciar varias especies de aves en un solo árbol.
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Seguimos sin parar, lamentando no disfrutar del Parque Nacional de Cutervo, otra ANP que por motivos de tiempo no pudimos visitar. Llegamos a Jaén, muy ilusionados de estar ya cerca de Tabaconas, sin embargo, el trayecto resultó mucho más largo de lo que nos habíamos imaginado, fue así que dando cerca de las 10 de la noche, luego de casi 500 km de distancia y 12 horas de viaje desde Celendín, por fin habíamos llegado al distrito de Tabaconas, donde nos esperaron los guardaparques, quienes cortésmente nos facilitaron alojamiento. A dormir pronto entonces, pues al día siguiente al amanecer tendríamos que estar iniciando nuestra caminata.
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Despertamos y nos preparamos para empezar, llevando sólo lo necesario, comida previamente preparada por nuestras amables anfitrionas de un pequeño restaurante del pueblo, y por supuesto mucha agua. Las combis nos ahorraron un pequeño tramo, y de ahí a caminar se ha dicho.
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Quién diría que ese sería el inicio de una caminata realmente inolvidable.
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El Santuario Nacional Tabaconas Namballe, está ubicada en la cordillera central de los Andes, dentro de los distritos de Tabaconas y Namballe, ambos pertenecientes a la provincia de San Ignacio, departamento de Cajamarca; con una extensión aproximada de 32 124,87 hectáreas, en donde se encuentran Bosques Montanos y Páramos, con un rango altitudinal de entre los 1800 y 3600 msnm.
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Desde los primeros pasos ya íbamos presintiendo que iba a ser un largo camino, el tramo inicial comenzó en la carretera, para adentrarnos por un sendero señalizado de ligera pendiente en donde una bandada de loros nos daba la bienvenida.
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Cruzando puentes del río Tabaconas y apreciando la bella vegetación, algunas orquídeas e insectos exóticos, llegamos hasta un letrero informativo del SERNANP que nos daba a conocer a cerca de el oso de anteojos (&lt;i&gt;Tremarctos ornatus&lt;/i&gt;) y el tapir de montaña (&lt;i&gt;Tapirus pinchaque&lt;/i&gt;), ambas especies amenazadas; el oso de anteojos se encuentra en estado vulnerable y el tapir de montaña en peligro según la IUCN.
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También nos ilustraba la delimitación del santuario y nos avisaba de que ya sólo faltaban 400 m. para llegar a la estación biológica Chichilapa.
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Cada vez más veíamos cómo cambiaba la vegetación, helechos cada vez más grandes a medida que avanzábamos, hasta parecía que estábamos en alguna jungla prehístórica.
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Llegamos a la estación y tomamos un descanso, descargamos un poco de peso de nuestras mochilas, un pequeño aperitivo y de vuelta al ruedo.
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Pues eso no fue nada, pues se venía el verdadero treking. El pequeño Evelio, nuestro guía, lideró la caravana, comenzamos subiendo un sendero, pero esta vez de regular pendiente y como atravesando un mágico portal ingresamos al bosque nublado, no pasó mucho tiempo y Evelio ya nos mostraba las huellas de un joven tapir.
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Curzamos un río, probablemente el mismo río Tabaconas y luego desde aquí la caminata se convirtió en escalamiento, pues todo era de subida. No podemos dejar de mencionar a los diversos tábanos quienes no dudaban en venir a saludarnos cada vez que podían. Conocimos también al pino de la Jalca, el &lt;i&gt;Podocarpus oleofolius&lt;/i&gt;. Seguimos hasta un mirador que indicaba que ya estábamos a 2865 msnm, y desde aquí se apreciaban las ricas montañas del santuario. A seguir subiendo, pues ya habíamos recorrido 5 largas horas y ya faltaba poco. Felizmente y justo a tiempo encontramos dos fuentes naturales de agua para poder recargar nuestros recipientes.
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El último tramo tenía muchos obstáculos, troncos echados, gruesas ramas, musgos resbalosos; aquí teníamos que sacar nuestras últimas fuerzas: saltar, pasar por debajo, trepar, dar zancos, y una vez terminado el Crossfit, logramos avistar una laguna, era una de las varias denominadas lagunas Arrebiatadas, pues ya sólo quedaba media hora para llegar a verlas de cerca.
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Desde lo más alto se podían ver las últimas montañas de Perú ya que al otro lado se encuentra el Ecuador.
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Bajando por la montaña, ya nos encontrábamos en el Páramo a 3600 msnm, y ya se sentía el fuerte viento. La vegetación aquí era muy distinta, grandes pastizales, juncos y pequeñas plantas crecían en un ambiente húmedo y saturado de agua.
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Para llegar al campamento teníamos que bordear la laguna, pero con mucho cuidado, pues el suelo es muy fangoso. (Yo particularmente quedé atrapado por 10 minutos, hasta mi rescate).
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Así, finalmente, muy exhaustos pero muy satisfechos llegamos por fin al campamento del SERNANP en el páramo. Todos sucios, mojados, nos acomodamos para descansar, mientras preparábamos una barbacoa de calzados. Todos contando sus respectivas anécdotas del trayecto, ya no pudimos celebrar nuestra meta lograda, el cuerpo ya no daba, así que todos al sobre.
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Amaneció y pues a tomarnos algunas fotos de recuerdo, y listo, de regreso a casa.
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En el camino, el guía nos enseño huellas de un oso de anteojos. Y aprovechó de contarnos un encuentro que tuvo con uno de ellos: “Estaba junto a otro guardaparque comiendo y se oye ruido en los arbustos; aparece entonces el oso, era un macho adulto, se paró en sus dos patas, oleteó un rato, bajó se dio media vuelta y se fue.” -  Dijo Evelio. Nosotros no logramos ver ni al tapir ni al oso, pero el ver sus huellas nos dio mucha satisfacción el hecho de haber compartido su territorio por un día.
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Hasta antes de la publicación de esta nota, recientemente se ha descubierto un mamífero marsupial, se trata de una nueva especie de musaraña. Y esto realza el valor del SNTN, pues indica que queda mucho por investigar y aprender acerca de este bello lugar. 
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El objetivo principal del Santuario es la protección de los bosques nublados, su biodiversidad y conservación del páramo. Conocer estos lugares nos hacen comprender la importancia que tienen las ANPs y crean una mayor conciencia en los temas de conservación y protección de flora y fauna.
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&lt;b&gt;Visita yapa:&lt;/b&gt; Aprovechamos de pasar por San Pablo para visitar las lagunas del Alto Perú, en la Jalca a 4000 msnm, en la cabecera de cuenca del Jequetepeque. Conformada por una red de más de 200 lagunas naturales dentro de una zona de recarga hídrica que abastece de agua a la mayor parte de la cuenca. Apreciando una hermosa vista como despedida del viaje.
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&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
Aquí una lista de algunas de las bellas aves que avistamos en el BP Pagaibamba y durante el resto del trayecto:
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adelomyia melanogenys
&lt;br /&gt;
Aglaeactis cupripennis
&lt;br /&gt;
Anisognathus lacrymosus
&lt;br /&gt;
Atlapetes latinuchus
&lt;br /&gt;
Cathartes aura
&lt;br /&gt;
Coeligena iris
&lt;br /&gt;
Cranioleuca antisiensis
&lt;br /&gt;
Crotophaga sulcirostris
&lt;br /&gt;
Elaenia flavogaster
&lt;br /&gt;
Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger
&lt;br /&gt;
Lesbia nuna
&lt;br /&gt;
Mecocerculus calopterus
&lt;br /&gt;
Mecocerculus stictopterus
&lt;br /&gt;
Myioborus melanocephalus
&lt;br /&gt;
Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris
&lt;br /&gt;
Patagioenas fasciata
&lt;br /&gt;
Penelope barbata
&lt;br /&gt;
Scytalopus latrans
&lt;br /&gt;
Synallaxis azarae
&lt;br /&gt;
Troglodytes solstitialis
&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/cajamarca"&gt;www.sernanp.gob.pe/cajamarca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/SERNANPPERU"&gt;www.facebook.com/SERNANPPERU&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bosque de Protección Pagaibamba&lt;br /&gt;
Joel Rolando Córdova Maquera&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="mailto:jcordovam@sernanp.gob.pe"&gt;jcordovam@sernanp.gob.pe&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Santuario Nacional Tabaconas Namballe&lt;br /&gt;
Ing. Douglas Cotrina Sanchez&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="mailto:dcotrina@sernanp.gob.pe"&gt;dcotrina@sernanp.gob.pe&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.unc.edu.pe/celendin"&gt;www.unc.edu.pe/celendin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/unc.eapiac.celendin"&gt;www.facebook.com/unc.eapiac.celendin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/unc.eapiac.celendin"&gt;www.facebook.com/groups/unc.eapiac.celendin&lt;/a&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2018/02/anps-Cajamarca.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD1aVqNsHzszWHtEZnh7lcBM4TIJIArbGfashITlRw1Q6oig_pJnDmLUMCT9jIR42fbs42tP5Pwft4wfUnf3ooIgbV0H93XsRvOBk7ZK01f0nLR-zXIQyiH4rk_kyxAhR3Js7CDxuFXBz_/s72-c/IMG_20171101_144727.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Santuario Nacional Tabaconas Namballe, ignasio, San Ignacio, Peru</georss:featurename><georss:point>-5.1570234 -79.3127543</georss:point><georss:box>-30.6790579 -120.6213483 20.3650111 -38.004160299999995</georss:box><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-722300939368923308</guid><pubDate>Mon, 05 Jun 2017 18:14:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-06-05T13:14:07.812-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">10</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">2013</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">cajamarca</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">celendín</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Center</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EAPIAC</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Federated</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">for</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">K</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Km</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">life</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">marathon</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Marathonoide</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Promotion</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">run</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">UNC</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">your</category><title>Environmental Week - 10K Run for Your Life</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
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This morning, the "10K Run for Your Life" marathon was held for the main day of the "World Environment Day". Organized by the Federated Center and the 2013 Promotion of the Professional Academic School of Environmental Engineering of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of the University of Cajamarca Headquarters - Celendín. The security of the Event has been supported by the Provincial Municipality of Celendín, Serenazgo, ESSalud and MINSA.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
The Environmental Week is a series of activities and events that began yesterday with an Expo-Fair Environmentalist, and as a follow up this small marathon that captured the interest of some institutions.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
With the exception of the fire brigade and the Police, the support of the other entities companies and individuals was disinterested, thanks to them, this event could be carried out.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
The details of the following activities can be found on the page and Facebook group of the School at:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href="https://web.facebook.com/unc.ingambiental/" target="_blank"&gt;unc.ingambiental&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href="https://web.facebook.com/groups/unc.eapiac.celendin/?ref=br_rs" target="_blank"&gt;unc.eapiac.celendin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2017/06/environmental-week-10k-run-for-your-life.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Celendín, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-6.8667976999999993 -78.144421800000032</georss:point><georss:box>-7.8758912 -79.435315300000028 -5.8577041999999988 -76.853528300000036</georss:box><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-3518286386931501270</guid><pubDate>Mon, 05 Jun 2017 18:06:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-06-05T13:06:05.746-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">10</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">2013</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">cajamarca</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">celendín</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Centro</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Corre</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">EAPIAC</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Federado</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">K</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Km</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Maratonoide</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">maratón</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">por</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Promoción</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">tu</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">UNC</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">vida</category><title>Semana Ambiental - 10K Corre Por tu Vida</title><description>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
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&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
Esta mañana se realizó la maratonoide "10K Corre por tu vida", por el día principal del "Día Mundial del Medio Ambiente". Organizado por el Centro Federado y la Promoción 2013 de la Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Ambiental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad de Cajamarca Sede - Celendín. La seguridad del Evento ha sido respaldado por la Municipalidad Provincial de Celendín, Serenazgo, ESSalud y MINSA.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
La Semana Ambiental son una serie de actividades y eventos que se dió inicio el día de ayer con una Expo-Feria Ambientalista, y como acto seguido esta pequeña maratón que captó el interés de algunas instituciones.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
A excepción del cuerpo de Bomberos y el de la Policía, el apoyo de las demás entidades empresas y particulares fue de forma desinteresada, gracias a ellos, este evento pudo llevarse a cabo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
Los detalles de las siguientes actividades lo podrán conocer en la página y grupo de Facebook de la Escuela en :&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://web.facebook.com/unc.ingambiental/" target="_blank"&gt;unc.ingambiental&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://web.facebook.com/groups/unc.eapiac.celendin/?ref=br_rs" target="_blank"&gt;unc.eapiac.celendin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2017/06/semana-ambiental-10k-corre-por-tu-vida.html</link><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Celendín, Perú</georss:featurename><georss:point>-6.8667976999999993 -78.144421800000032</georss:point><georss:box>-7.8758912 -79.435315300000028 -5.8577041999999988 -76.853528300000036</georss:box><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-9023753872717350548</guid><pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 2017 13:22:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-04-28T08:22:02.321-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">day</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">earth</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">know</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">life</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">movements</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">structure</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">tavera</category><title>The Earth</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZElyVjn8CHhcAuwfY9S_10b-EyR7fE4XPPrT74-UgAoaVA-hvxR3nMMlYUh3CL-bvvBOf7hSCUZkjjvVQFYcfM0LHzWQ-kppAIyx6s3olHEhEesLfTJ7OSeTaEFLUVM-awidy5ezzn-E6/s1600/earth01_eng.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZElyVjn8CHhcAuwfY9S_10b-EyR7fE4XPPrT74-UgAoaVA-hvxR3nMMlYUh3CL-bvvBOf7hSCUZkjjvVQFYcfM0LHzWQ-kppAIyx6s3olHEhEesLfTJ7OSeTaEFLUVM-awidy5ezzn-E6/s640/earth01_eng.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Know the Earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;The Earth is the fifth largest
planet in the solar system and is the largest of the four terrestrial planets,
formed about 4550 million years ago.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Know her friends&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqDMDV5O_4W3oD5SasGDdg6RXAwQCRhzi91m7WZo01gxHZ2IdqV1WD5UgYQVq7knSY2WVo8v01QuQvME0GioGC0jkFX0Tr45-vU0KQ4aXRZTIz1ThiecahXDRCqyD-iiozCoKl-hz_-pWU/s1600/sunandmoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqDMDV5O_4W3oD5SasGDdg6RXAwQCRhzi91m7WZo01gxHZ2IdqV1WD5UgYQVq7knSY2WVo8v01QuQvME0GioGC0jkFX0Tr45-vU0KQ4aXRZTIz1ThiecahXDRCqyD-iiozCoKl-hz_-pWU/s640/sunandmoon.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;The Sun is the largest star
located in the center of the solar system, but it is not the largest in the
universe. The sun is the energy source of solar radiation that comes as light
to Earth in 8 minutes and 19 seconds or 8.32 light minutes, This time is
equivalent to the distance of 149 597 871 km that exists between the Earth and
the sun. This energy allows the existence of life, through the process of
photosynthesis performed by plants, algae and some bacteria, and conditions
climatic and weather processes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #222222;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The moon, her only satellite,
formed about 4530 million years ago, produces tides, stabilizes the tilt of its
axis and gradually reduces the speed of rotation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Where is the Earth located?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV1ytaW7R8ciZSEJbuB1EghhtKEJHRuZhELHbqBScyUXS40Pg-GUdQEI0GlCg4L54HFR7XmkGnCgJNaZqcVf_jAcxHqtyDV3OiyF8Sd6xnd5fV-tOelNvRDzoOD9r1jFqPcpnnAyjhO-_Y/s1600/earth_location.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV1ytaW7R8ciZSEJbuB1EghhtKEJHRuZhELHbqBScyUXS40Pg-GUdQEI0GlCg4L54HFR7XmkGnCgJNaZqcVf_jAcxHqtyDV3OiyF8Sd6xnd5fV-tOelNvRDzoOD9r1jFqPcpnnAyjhO-_Y/s320/earth_location.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Source:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/b7/ae/ec/b7aeec26a3da787c83cd69201f374a8e.jpg"&gt;https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/b7/ae/ec/b7aeec26a3da787c83cd69201f374a8e.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;The Earth is spinning around its
star, the sun, in the third orbit of the solar system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;; this system in turn is in the arm of Orion, one of
the spirals that are concentrated within the gigantic milky way.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;The Earth is round?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvZ-MqFIqMWiUUIvjPpOYKHwavGinvLDwpTJ7kMuUcAk-Dgvrgb_opzgV33hJ9ioqlum8oAMSK2gASKwP_HjWaew6vaAwIy4bDwBBoilvxqJDjkxm9I5C0fvRymQriSaXdydx-Ry7f84x8/s1600/earth02_eng.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvZ-MqFIqMWiUUIvjPpOYKHwavGinvLDwpTJ7kMuUcAk-Dgvrgb_opzgV33hJ9ioqlum8oAMSK2gASKwP_HjWaew6vaAwIy4bDwBBoilvxqJDjkxm9I5C0fvRymQriSaXdydx-Ry7f84x8/s400/earth02_eng.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;No, since if we imagine the Earth
without water, it would look like a mass of rock that envelops its core
presenting deviations on its surface, such as mountain ranges, abysses,
volcanoes, etc. And if we fit this mass together with its mass of water into a
sphere, it would fit perfectly into an oblate spheroid, idealizing the shape of
the Earth as that of a sphere flattened at the poles, an approximation very
close to its true form.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By this flattening is that it
presents a bulge in the equator being 43 km of diameter longer than the
diameter that exists between the two poles. In the equator its radius is 6371
km.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Earth
Movements&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Rotatory motion&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU3x7w6Cee110cJNFmtoDXFaY_RcpCo17z7UCgYvq7yeqTB9ux5_NeYxahpGYk_7sJj0QP5XsVRHAraQ_QEXaC540wLUwGgPF2jHA2q4sVD8IRzzhWQPxZ3s2f59l3DrbeWOWkgdGay-rG/s1600/earth03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU3x7w6Cee110cJNFmtoDXFaY_RcpCo17z7UCgYvq7yeqTB9ux5_NeYxahpGYk_7sJj0QP5XsVRHAraQ_QEXaC540wLUwGgPF2jHA2q4sVD8IRzzhWQPxZ3s2f59l3DrbeWOWkgdGay-rG/s400/earth03.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Movement in which the Earth keeps rotating on its same
imaginary axis (terrestrial axis) that passes through its poles. A complete
return, taking as a reference to the stars, lasts 23 hours with 56 minutes 4
seconds and is called sidereal day; And taking as reference to the Sun, lasts
24 hours, called solar day. The 3 minutes and 56 seconds difference is the time
it takes to advance in its orbit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-Lzh_N9SjNbq8y2jx1b1RJ2yaAGQG6G8oZLRsFlvux4Vqvwx97T9uOLqBc-ZOFytqp90e0Nx7jShwPbEKr7jJX9Py8MbcYGYb0RXzW6blOuNhCwPZ-3mIWRpDGxAgxLQVTptm3xKckUw/s1600/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-Lzh_N9SjNbq8y2jx1b1RJ2yaAGQG6G8oZLRsFlvux4Vqvwx97T9uOLqBc-ZOFytqp90e0Nx7jShwPbEKr7jJX9Py8MbcYGYb0RXzW6blOuNhCwPZ-3mIWRpDGxAgxLQVTptm3xKckUw/s400/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_4.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Source:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://media1.shmoop.com/images/physics/rotation/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_4.png"&gt;http://media1.shmoop.com/images/physics/rotation/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_4.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Translation movement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEO9lJrUeiHOUxoOqk9L8oIA10MPqGl2_Z63fwqA5w-9w7GkgYSnXNdgb9Mtf5aOlJPxOweokKdyalqe7WVmV-0YH3lv-N_A0O-Ynm8DRKtEEAuG1Ue7-BebHT-0slWecnbpP9U4GUp2hF/s1600/earth04a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEO9lJrUeiHOUxoOqk9L8oIA10MPqGl2_Z63fwqA5w-9w7GkgYSnXNdgb9Mtf5aOlJPxOweokKdyalqe7WVmV-0YH3lv-N_A0O-Ynm8DRKtEEAuG1Ue7-BebHT-0slWecnbpP9U4GUp2hF/s640/earth04a.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;Movement in which the planet Earth
rotates in an orbit around the sun, within a year, which is when the sun
returns to its point of origin on the ecliptic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;The trajectory throughout its orbit is 930 million
kilometers, at an average distance from the sun of 149 597 871 km (almost 150
000 000 km). The translation speed is about 106 200 km / h (29.5 km / s). The
cause of this movement is the action of gravity, and causes a series of changes
that, like the day, allow the measurement of time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8EjfftJbX_OSZqrIWSCICpM73u2UULyXngbzTWAAL-r6WGM9nlamVkytvbr-PDbzgvK9eY2bnCghTY4IUPE2oKvsGu3reeeLZ2jzjxvf_SQykmYmeWb0YfIr0sI8svZ1edyDM5erhawp7/s1600/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8EjfftJbX_OSZqrIWSCICpM73u2UULyXngbzTWAAL-r6WGM9nlamVkytvbr-PDbzgvK9eY2bnCghTY4IUPE2oKvsGu3reeeLZ2jzjxvf_SQykmYmeWb0YfIr0sI8svZ1edyDM5erhawp7/s400/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_5.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Source:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://media1.shmoop.com/images/physics/rotation/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_5.png"&gt;http://media1.shmoop.com/images/physics/rotation/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_5.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Two equivalent time periods are
considered:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;A tropical
year, referring to the sun, which is the precise time to increase the average
length of the Sun by 360 degrees above the ecliptic; that is to say, in
completing one lap.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due
to the precession of the equinoxes and to nutation, this time is different from
that between two successive steps of the Sun by the so-called first point of
Aries and by the spring equinox; its duration is 365.256363 solar days which is
equal to 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 9.7632 seconds.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;A sidereal
year, taken as a reference to the stars, is the time that elapses between two
consecutive steps of the Earth by a same point of its orbit, since the sun is
in a determined point of the sky with respect to the stars, until it returns to
the same point again. Its duration is 365.255936 sidereal days.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;The inclination of its axis, which
is 23.4 ° with respect to the perpendicular of its orbital plane, a phenomenon
known as obliquity of the ecliptic, makes the day and night prolongs for months
at the poles, produces the seasons, which are different between the northern
hemisphere and the southern hemisphere, thanks to the angle of incidence of
solar radiation. The line that divides both hemispheres is the equator.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEdnIIJ_Yu9ddUE_2XmKjq7bEvmlzdcdftxsD6-rXm2i9R5THe4298EwTKyca7fGkBd-xObpAMnv3Xf5JDrmfdCZgjBAc1hfyHvF6axZ9GJ0WxiTf55ii7-gVab5iBMhjhzB3v07GpjjfO/s1600/earth02_eng.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEdnIIJ_Yu9ddUE_2XmKjq7bEvmlzdcdftxsD6-rXm2i9R5THe4298EwTKyca7fGkBd-xObpAMnv3Xf5JDrmfdCZgjBAc1hfyHvF6axZ9GJ0WxiTf55ii7-gVab5iBMhjhzB3v07GpjjfO/s400/earth02_eng.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: sans-serif;"&gt;The more than 6 additional
hours to the 365 days accumulate each year, after 4 years, it becomes 24 hours
(1 day). Every four years there is a year that has 366 days, which is called a
leap year.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Precession movement&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMleGd0KSpLfJt-tGBLe3dQdZYM9zokTRHTanamJFKhzA9R9xnNa7JJiHaGOb0uNAdyvHfyoCB3fHMNSL9fMc3pu1ovG62ohBr7tA28-JGjM5X_d3e8pUFQfRGmzwWab4XY1HarhmPvOml/s1600/earth05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMleGd0KSpLfJt-tGBLe3dQdZYM9zokTRHTanamJFKhzA9R9xnNa7JJiHaGOb0uNAdyvHfyoCB3fHMNSL9fMc3pu1ovG62ohBr7tA28-JGjM5X_d3e8pUFQfRGmzwWab4XY1HarhmPvOml/s400/earth05.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;The precession of the equinoxes is due to the
precession movement of the Earth caused by the moment of force exerted by the Earth-Sun
system as a function of the inclination of the Earth's rotation axis relative
to the sun, about 23.43 ° and varies up to 27 ° thanks to natural phenomena.
That is why the duration of a complete round of precession is never exact; nevertheless
it is estimated that it is within an approximate range of between 25 700 and 25
900 years, denominated platonic year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"&gt;Nutation movement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic8yNVfUt84wUO1g28c9xd20t71ikkd1085jpYy2M0PyIErxuJLMGVEu93NwOk8zR7gmIvaKcSzXq_WXHwaLEVvyCWSf-nNczst4sFdonDzPbIfjmPnOblKBCrSeCTmg1iU1bW0NbX5VJN/s1600/earth06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic8yNVfUt84wUO1g28c9xd20t71ikkd1085jpYy2M0PyIErxuJLMGVEu93NwOk8zR7gmIvaKcSzXq_WXHwaLEVvyCWSf-nNczst4sFdonDzPbIfjmPnOblKBCrSeCTmg1iU1bW0NbX5VJN/s400/earth06.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Movement of oscillation
of the axis of rotation downwards and upwards and accompanying that of
precession.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"&gt;This movement happens with any symmetrical or
spheroid body rotating on its axis; like spinning, that after turning and
before falling, the spike of the top rests on the ground with more force, so
that increases the force of vertical reaction, that finally will become greater
than the weight. When this happens, the center of mass of the spin begins to
accelerate upwards. The process is repeated, and thus the movement is composed
of a precession and a nutation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5zgS95gNzZoKQ4TG6d6E6JSSY2StEIGZO3QLBh__cvmUaxbKk7Uq9b03v1v_OLfTDmjYqeS3qDxlm3Z_qC6WziG9lbkxJDbykloA7yCCzuqi-ETFDjaeSXdEKahKwuEw_3HozBxjGFfHf/s1600/earth06b_eng.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5zgS95gNzZoKQ4TG6d6E6JSSY2StEIGZO3QLBh__cvmUaxbKk7Uq9b03v1v_OLfTDmjYqeS3qDxlm3Z_qC6WziG9lbkxJDbykloA7yCCzuqi-ETFDjaeSXdEKahKwuEw_3HozBxjGFfHf/s400/earth06b_eng.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;For the case of the Earth, nutation is the periodic
oscillation of the Earth's pole around its middle position in the celestial
sphere, due to the external forces of gravitational attraction between the moon
and the sun with the Earth.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Earth moves about 9 arc seconds every 18.6 years, and
in a full precession round, Earth will have made 1385 loops.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhheae8CGJqfHHnd8nr6inncrMr6zOnEJxisl-rR6OIkgKVck_lhp7uOh30XrA6GNdc0V4iT_9o4lKEfEgUfH0-_nWQ0UEgf8ZdYgvw1N4P_ykzpirEG1zDzwlqxvQMB3mtt2p2MKI7hUr_/s1600/Praezession.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhheae8CGJqfHHnd8nr6inncrMr6zOnEJxisl-rR6OIkgKVck_lhp7uOh30XrA6GNdc0V4iT_9o4lKEfEgUfH0-_nWQ0UEgf8ZdYgvw1N4P_ykzpirEG1zDzwlqxvQMB3mtt2p2MKI7hUr_/s320/Praezession.png" width="244" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Source:&lt;a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Praezession.png"&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Praezession.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Chandler wobble (Seth Carlo Chandler -
1891)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU7v5-RHWG9lVtIaWEW-7osutskhyIny2-oN3AQo-lloJFk6ac2qOp6-SOSLDsta6Al7IPyxSwkQ7yWH1vQFhVJAU5t-AhRUbolq5LUffpxSAKxdEOPS_V9DzopSc7qIpl31IMKfwZGnOD/s1600/bamboleo+de+chandler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU7v5-RHWG9lVtIaWEW-7osutskhyIny2-oN3AQo-lloJFk6ac2qOp6-SOSLDsta6Al7IPyxSwkQ7yWH1vQFhVJAU5t-AhRUbolq5LUffpxSAKxdEOPS_V9DzopSc7qIpl31IMKfwZGnOD/s1600/bamboleo+de+chandler.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Source:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlQMHiAZXQW5s0DshCk97Bd9_6wVChJj4s67jhiFlsMM9mZtpUwGrmNILDuN94rmZOIOz_Yvr1ZnAdA0eFHc-1Fg_wwanCuR967qUq0PPoS4uHfNBPne4m-euOJN-Uk6x5-MM5rjA5aonU/s1600/bamboleo+de+chandler.jpg"&gt;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlQMHiAZXQW5s0DshCk97Bd9_6wVChJj4s67jhiFlsMM9mZtpUwGrmNILDuN94rmZOIOz_Yvr1ZnAdA0eFHc-1Fg_wwanCuR967qUq0PPoS4uHfNBPne4m-euOJN-Uk6x5-MM5rjA5aonU/s1600/bamboleo+de+chandler.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Almost imperceptible oscillation movement of the axis
of rotation of the Earth that adds 0.7 seconds of arc in a period of 433 days
to the precession of the equinoxes. They could be caused by climatic
fluctuations that cause changes in the distribution of atmospheric mass,
possible geophysical movements under the Earth's crust, variations in salt
concentration in the sea, etc. Chandler Wobble together with these effects is
called polar movement or variation of latitude, considered unpredictable in the
long term. The Earth's poles move in an irregular circumference of 3 to 15
meters in diameter, in an oscillatory movement. This is an addition to the
precession of the equinoxes, a greater oscillation that needs about 26,000
years to complete.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;Structure
of the Earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;The internal structure of the Earth, like that of other terrestrial planets (planets whose volume is mainly occupied by rocky material), is divided into layers of increasing density. The Earth has an outer shell of solidified silicates, a viscous mantle, and a core with two other layers, an outer solid, much more fluid than the mantle, and a solid inner. Many of the rocks that now form part of the crust were formed less than 100 million (1 ×&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;) years ago, during the Cretaceous period. However, the oldest known mineral formations have 4.4 billion (4.4 ×&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"&gt;10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;) years, which indicates that at least the planet has had a solid crust since then.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;The structure of the Earth could be established according to two different criteria. According to its chemical composition, the planet can be divided into bark, mantle and core (external and internal); According to their physical properties the lithosphere, the asthenosphere, the mesosphere and the nucleus (external and internal) are defined.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_nuhCUCAsfHrI3BJZtqYwSP8X6IvgxE7gvzLVGRDntB3LehXnwvvtbmz7Zq0Xma3WFYwBtGrdJ8Fc_6Ae9HomZ5Pmt1G6oolHhxCLORxZ39wSD4NAKCdKfEs8LnYUK7PPPMN23D6zeFTB/s1600/earthstructure_eng.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_nuhCUCAsfHrI3BJZtqYwSP8X6IvgxE7gvzLVGRDntB3LehXnwvvtbmz7Zq0Xma3WFYwBtGrdJ8Fc_6Ae9HomZ5Pmt1G6oolHhxCLORxZ39wSD4NAKCdKfEs8LnYUK7PPPMN23D6zeFTB/s1600/earthstructure_eng.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Source:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zyp3b9q/large"&gt;https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zyp3b9q/large&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;The division of the Earth into layers has been
determined indirectly using the time it takes to travel the reflected and
refracted seismic waves created by Earthquakes. The transverse (S, or
secondary) waves can’t traverse the core, since they need a viscous or elastic
material to propagate, whereas the propagation velocity is different in the
other layers. Changes in velocity produce a refraction due to Snell's Law. Reflections
are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity (propagation velocity) and
are similar to reflected light in a mirror.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Live on the Earth&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEm3Ro7ZQOrFwpchqFh5Y3j1a9QGqZcWPEO5y0UJOsogcbMFCnScYcUJT_kyTgvaFsfNKHX2fZA4gDMvGJKKGBDmGDrutmwaLD70clRUpP0fjVH56o_sn-CB3IJ_CMhVG-0XecnOCeIekF/s1600/biodiversity_LA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEm3Ro7ZQOrFwpchqFh5Y3j1a9QGqZcWPEO5y0UJOsogcbMFCnScYcUJT_kyTgvaFsfNKHX2fZA4gDMvGJKKGBDmGDrutmwaLD70clRUpP0fjVH56o_sn-CB3IJ_CMhVG-0XecnOCeIekF/s400/biodiversity_LA.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Source:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.efdinitiative.org/sites/default/files/images/209311.jpg"&gt;http://www.efdinitiative.org/sites/default/files/images/209311.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;During a long process of
geological and climatic changes, the atmosphere of the Earth was adapting the
appropriate conditions for life, pioneering aquatic anaerobic microorganisms
such as bacteria and archaea, and then, 3500 million years ago, the first
beings Photosynthetics, cyanobacteria gave rise to the oxygenation of the
atmosphere that generated the ozone layer 2400 million years ago and which led
to the proliferation of aerobic microorganisms, which evolved into much more
complex organisms and colonized the Earth's surface, finding life in both the
sea, on Earth and in the air.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"&gt;According to James Lovelock, the Earth is a
living being where the atmosphere and the superficial part of planet Earth
behave as a coherent whole where life, is responsible for regulating its
essential conditions such as temperature, chemical composition and salinity in
the case of the oceans. It is a self-regulating system, which fosters and
maintains adequate conditions for itself. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"&gt;(Gaia Hypothesis)&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sources:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;1863, De Miranda A. Enciclopedia popular: Manual de Astronomía popular. ed rev. Hispano-Americana. Madrid. ES. 334p. Pag 324, 325.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://earthspacecircle.blogspot.pe/2013/01/earths-location-in-universe.html"&gt;http://earthspacecircle.blogspot.pe/2013/01/earths-location-in-universe.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimientos_de_la_Tierra"&gt;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimientos_de_la_Tierra&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2017/04/the-earth.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZElyVjn8CHhcAuwfY9S_10b-EyR7fE4XPPrT74-UgAoaVA-hvxR3nMMlYUh3CL-bvvBOf7hSCUZkjjvVQFYcfM0LHzWQ-kppAIyx6s3olHEhEesLfTJ7OSeTaEFLUVM-awidy5ezzn-E6/s72-c/earth01_eng.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-1824170722465181651</guid><pubDate>Sat, 22 Apr 2017 18:41:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-04-22T13:43:16.710-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">conoce</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">día</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">estructura</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">movimientos</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">tavera</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">tierra</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">vida</category><title>La Tierra</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoJZ8LGszJoY7lYPDWq3sJyp12T67rBmxadMtgULgyhZ3kZSJa2V4gDgeInufgsnV2J673UVHObKkIPc4jOB-q7D0maRIvWwM_5wySz25wLaquacuWQTR30x1m5jbVju5ovj-9hjVSspFt/s1600/earth01_esp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoJZ8LGszJoY7lYPDWq3sJyp12T67rBmxadMtgULgyhZ3kZSJa2V4gDgeInufgsnV2J673UVHObKkIPc4jOB-q7D0maRIvWwM_5wySz25wLaquacuWQTR30x1m5jbVju5ovj-9hjVSspFt/s640/earth01_esp.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Conoce a la Tierra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La Tierra es el quinto planeta mayor del sistema solar y es el
mayor de los cuatro planetas terrestres, formado hace aproximadamente 4550
millones de años.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Conoce a sus amigos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqDMDV5O_4W3oD5SasGDdg6RXAwQCRhzi91m7WZo01gxHZ2IdqV1WD5UgYQVq7knSY2WVo8v01QuQvME0GioGC0jkFX0Tr45-vU0KQ4aXRZTIz1ThiecahXDRCqyD-iiozCoKl-hz_-pWU/s1600/sunandmoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqDMDV5O_4W3oD5SasGDdg6RXAwQCRhzi91m7WZo01gxHZ2IdqV1WD5UgYQVq7knSY2WVo8v01QuQvME0GioGC0jkFX0Tr45-vU0KQ4aXRZTIz1ThiecahXDRCqyD-iiozCoKl-hz_-pWU/s640/sunandmoon.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;El Sol, es la estrella más grande ubicada en el centro del
sistema solar, pero no es la más grande del universo. El sol es la fuente de
energía de radiación solar que llega como luz a la Tierra en 8 minutos y 19
segundos u 8,32 minutos luz, este tiempo es equivalente a l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;a distancia de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;149 597 871&lt;span style="color: #222222;"&gt; km &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525;"&gt;que existe entre la Tierra y el sol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #222222;"&gt;. Esta energía permite la existencia de la vida, a través
del proceso de fotosíntesis realizado por los seres vegetales, algas y algunas
bacterias, y condiciona los procesos climáticos y meteorológicos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La luna, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;su único satélite, formado hace
aproximadamente 4530 millones de años&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;, produce las
mareas, estabiliza la inclinación de su eje y reduce gradualmente la velocidad
de rotación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;¿En dónde se encuentra la Tierra?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV1ytaW7R8ciZSEJbuB1EghhtKEJHRuZhELHbqBScyUXS40Pg-GUdQEI0GlCg4L54HFR7XmkGnCgJNaZqcVf_jAcxHqtyDV3OiyF8Sd6xnd5fV-tOelNvRDzoOD9r1jFqPcpnnAyjhO-_Y/s1600/earth_location.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV1ytaW7R8ciZSEJbuB1EghhtKEJHRuZhELHbqBScyUXS40Pg-GUdQEI0GlCg4L54HFR7XmkGnCgJNaZqcVf_jAcxHqtyDV3OiyF8Sd6xnd5fV-tOelNvRDzoOD9r1jFqPcpnnAyjhO-_Y/s320/earth_location.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Fuente:&amp;nbsp;https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/b7/ae/ec/b7aeec26a3da787c83cd69201f374a8e.jpg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;La Tierra se encuentra girando&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt; alrededor de su estrella, el sol, en la tercera órbita del&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt; sistema so&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;lar; este sistema a su vez se encuentra en el
brazo de Orión, una de las espirales que se concentran dentro de la gigantesca
vía láctea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;¿La Tierra es redonda?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqpECnN2DxHpQftcXaGiMIPf71SIZBnTbqeugHAtuaaDnRyFpIqyi4GNlRw3076ePQkAU1vswtqOFkpC6b6GNaRctAYxbZ0E0W-FDnoJUfdGb-ZODM5XnYdiXHDdV5R6o43gyCvydW3Pmd/s1600/earth02_esp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqpECnN2DxHpQftcXaGiMIPf71SIZBnTbqeugHAtuaaDnRyFpIqyi4GNlRw3076ePQkAU1vswtqOFkpC6b6GNaRctAYxbZ0E0W-FDnoJUfdGb-ZODM5XnYdiXHDdV5R6o43gyCvydW3Pmd/s400/earth02_esp.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;No, ya que si imaginamos a la Tierra sin agua, se vería como una
masa de roca que envuelve su núcleo presentando desviaciones en su superficie,
como cordilleras, montañas, abismos, volcanes, etc. Y si encajamos esta masa en
conjunto con su masa de agua dentro de una esfera, encajaría perfectamente
dentro de un esferoide oblato, idealizando a la forma de la Tierra como la de
una esfera achatada en los polos, una aproximación muy cercana a su forma
verdadera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Por este achatamiento es que presenta un abultamiento en el
ecuador siendo 43 km de diámetro más largo que el diámetro que hay entre los
dos polos. En esa línea del ecuador su radio es de 6371 km.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Movimientos
de la Tierra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Movimiento de Rotación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU3x7w6Cee110cJNFmtoDXFaY_RcpCo17z7UCgYvq7yeqTB9ux5_NeYxahpGYk_7sJj0QP5XsVRHAraQ_QEXaC540wLUwGgPF2jHA2q4sVD8IRzzhWQPxZ3s2f59l3DrbeWOWkgdGay-rG/s1600/earth03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU3x7w6Cee110cJNFmtoDXFaY_RcpCo17z7UCgYvq7yeqTB9ux5_NeYxahpGYk_7sJj0QP5XsVRHAraQ_QEXaC540wLUwGgPF2jHA2q4sVD8IRzzhWQPxZ3s2f59l3DrbeWOWkgdGay-rG/s400/earth03.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Movimiento en el que la Tierra
se mantiene girando sobre su mismo eje imaginario (eje terrestre) que pasa por
sus polos. Una vuelta completa, tomando como referencia a las estrellas, dura
23 horas con 56 minutos 4 segundos y se denomina día sidéreo; Y tomando como
referencia al Sol, dura 24 horas, llamado día solar. Los 3 minutos y 56 segundos
de diferencia es el tiempo que demora en avanzar en su órbita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-Lzh_N9SjNbq8y2jx1b1RJ2yaAGQG6G8oZLRsFlvux4Vqvwx97T9uOLqBc-ZOFytqp90e0Nx7jShwPbEKr7jJX9Py8MbcYGYb0RXzW6blOuNhCwPZ-3mIWRpDGxAgxLQVTptm3xKckUw/s1600/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-Lzh_N9SjNbq8y2jx1b1RJ2yaAGQG6G8oZLRsFlvux4Vqvwx97T9uOLqBc-ZOFytqp90e0Nx7jShwPbEKr7jJX9Py8MbcYGYb0RXzW6blOuNhCwPZ-3mIWRpDGxAgxLQVTptm3xKckUw/s400/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_4.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Fuente:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://media1.shmoop.com/images/physics/rotation/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_4.png"&gt;http://media1.shmoop.com/images/physics/rotation/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_4.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Movimiento de traslación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEO9lJrUeiHOUxoOqk9L8oIA10MPqGl2_Z63fwqA5w-9w7GkgYSnXNdgb9Mtf5aOlJPxOweokKdyalqe7WVmV-0YH3lv-N_A0O-Ynm8DRKtEEAuG1Ue7-BebHT-0slWecnbpP9U4GUp2hF/s1600/earth04a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEO9lJrUeiHOUxoOqk9L8oIA10MPqGl2_Z63fwqA5w-9w7GkgYSnXNdgb9Mtf5aOlJPxOweokKdyalqe7WVmV-0YH3lv-N_A0O-Ynm8DRKtEEAuG1Ue7-BebHT-0slWecnbpP9U4GUp2hF/s640/earth04a.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Movimiento en
el que el planeta Tierra gira en una órbita alrededor del sol, en el lapso de
un año, que es cuando el sol retorna a su punto de origen sobre la eclíptica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La trayectoria a través de
toda su órbita es de 930 millones de kilómetros, &lt;span style="color: #222222;"&gt;a
una distancia media del sol de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525;"&gt;149 597 871
km (casi 150 000 000 km). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #222222;"&gt;La velocidad con
la que se traslada la Tierra es de&lt;/span&gt; 106 200 km/h (29,5 km/s). La causa de
este movimiento es la acción de la gravedad, y origina una serie de cambios
que, al igual que el día, permiten la medición del tiempo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8EjfftJbX_OSZqrIWSCICpM73u2UULyXngbzTWAAL-r6WGM9nlamVkytvbr-PDbzgvK9eY2bnCghTY4IUPE2oKvsGu3reeeLZ2jzjxvf_SQykmYmeWb0YfIr0sI8svZ1edyDM5erhawp7/s1600/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8EjfftJbX_OSZqrIWSCICpM73u2UULyXngbzTWAAL-r6WGM9nlamVkytvbr-PDbzgvK9eY2bnCghTY4IUPE2oKvsGu3reeeLZ2jzjxvf_SQykmYmeWb0YfIr0sI8svZ1edyDM5erhawp7/s400/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_5.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Fuente:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://media1.shmoop.com/images/physics/rotation/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_5.png"&gt;http://media1.shmoop.com/images/physics/rotation/physicsbook_rotation_graphik_5.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Se consideran
dos lapsos de tiempo equivalentes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Un año tropical, tomando como
referencia a el sol, que es el &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;tiempo preciso para aumentar la longitud media
del Sol en 360 grados sobre la eclíptica; es decir, en completar una vuelta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Debido
a la precesión de los equinoccios y a la nutación, este tiempo es distinto al
que media entre dos pasos sucesivos del Sol por el llamado primer punto de
Aries y por el equinoccio de primavera; &lt;span style="color: #222222;"&gt;su duración
es de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525;"&gt;365,256363 días solares que es igual a
365 días 6 horas 9 minutos 9,7632 segundos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #222222;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #222222;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Un año sideral, tomando como
referencia a las estrellas, es el tiempo que transcurre &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;entre dos pasos consecutivos de la Tierra por un mismo punto de
su órbita&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;, desde que el sol se encuentra en
un punto determinado del cielo respecto a las estrellas, hasta que vuelve de
nuevo al mismo punto. Su duración es de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;365,255936&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt; días siderales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La inclinación de su eje, que es de 23.4° con respecto a la
perpendicular de su plano orbital, fenómeno conocido como oblicuidad de la
eclíptica, hace que el día y la noche se prolongue por meses en los polos,
produce las estaciones, que son diferentes entre el hemisferio norte y el
hemisferio sur, gracias al ángulo de incidencia de la radiación solar. La línea
que divide ambos hemisferios es la línea del ecuador.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEispTAQfHmCWUaCbETs1BmgL-ItcFQhKdjYoyMhfzx4XJBVHqheIGNWez7vJUxGGRInOr-VnXjdHscynI-q2oM4gbLivFVvfLgfGgLueA9lO-8d0NPAm3QjJUuPTlTWL8d5AXq9f_z0R29u/s1600/earth04b_esp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEispTAQfHmCWUaCbETs1BmgL-ItcFQhKdjYoyMhfzx4XJBVHqheIGNWez7vJUxGGRInOr-VnXjdHscynI-q2oM4gbLivFVvfLgfGgLueA9lO-8d0NPAm3QjJUuPTlTWL8d5AXq9f_z0R29u/s400/earth04b_esp.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: sans-serif;"&gt;Las más de 6 horas adicionales a los 365 días se acumulan cada
año, transcurridos 4 años, se convierte en 24 horas (1 día). Cada cuatro años
hay un año que tiene 366 días, al que se denomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: sans-serif;"&gt;na
año bisiesto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Movimiento de precesión&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMleGd0KSpLfJt-tGBLe3dQdZYM9zokTRHTanamJFKhzA9R9xnNa7JJiHaGOb0uNAdyvHfyoCB3fHMNSL9fMc3pu1ovG62ohBr7tA28-JGjM5X_d3e8pUFQfRGmzwWab4XY1HarhmPvOml/s1600/earth05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMleGd0KSpLfJt-tGBLe3dQdZYM9zokTRHTanamJFKhzA9R9xnNa7JJiHaGOb0uNAdyvHfyoCB3fHMNSL9fMc3pu1ovG62ohBr7tA28-JGjM5X_d3e8pUFQfRGmzwWab4XY1HarhmPvOml/s400/earth05.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;La precesión de los
equinoccios se debe al movimiento de precesión de la Tierra causado por el
momento de fuerza ejercido por el sistema Tierra-Sol en función de la
inclinación del eje de rotación terrestre con respecto al Sol, alrededor de
23,43° y varia hasta los 27º gracias a los fenómenos naturales. Es por eso que
la duración de una vuelta completa de precesión nunca es exacta; sin embargo se
estima que se encuentra dentro de un rango aproximado de entre 25 700 y 25 900
años, denominado añoo platónico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Movimiento de nutación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic8yNVfUt84wUO1g28c9xd20t71ikkd1085jpYy2M0PyIErxuJLMGVEu93NwOk8zR7gmIvaKcSzXq_WXHwaLEVvyCWSf-nNczst4sFdonDzPbIfjmPnOblKBCrSeCTmg1iU1bW0NbX5VJN/s1600/earth06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic8yNVfUt84wUO1g28c9xd20t71ikkd1085jpYy2M0PyIErxuJLMGVEu93NwOk8zR7gmIvaKcSzXq_WXHwaLEVvyCWSf-nNczst4sFdonDzPbIfjmPnOblKBCrSeCTmg1iU1bW0NbX5VJN/s400/earth06.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Movimiento de oscilación
del eje de rotación hacia abajo y hacia arriba y que acompaña al del precesión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Este movimiento sucede con
cualquier cuerpo simétrico o esferoide girando sobre su eje; como el trompo,
que luego de girar y antes de caer, la púa del trompo se apoya en el suelo con
más fuerza, de modo que aumenta la fuerza de reacción vertical, que finalmente
llegará a ser mayor que el peso. Cuando esto sucede, el centro de masa del
trompo comienza a acelerar hacia arriba. El proceso se repite, y así el
movimiento se compone de una precesión y una nutación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDujLK-U6YXVTNwW1J-fLOykSXfez6xpzSybN7D2KiOtD6f1XE1EWqscm4pPa5gy_i1g65FhX2gFLyo-y_Gk7IlGiMGuq_AfsakO4Y6J4E0XOITremoH1ezDrAfs24B8xW4NW9yKtDygzk/s1600/earth06b_esp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDujLK-U6YXVTNwW1J-fLOykSXfez6xpzSybN7D2KiOtD6f1XE1EWqscm4pPa5gy_i1g65FhX2gFLyo-y_Gk7IlGiMGuq_AfsakO4Y6J4E0XOITremoH1ezDrAfs24B8xW4NW9yKtDygzk/s400/earth06b_esp.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Para el caso de la Tierra,
la nutación es la oscilación periódica del polo de la Tierra alrededor de su
posición media en la esfera celeste, debido a las fuerzas externas de atracción
gravitatoria entre la Luna y el Sol con la Tierra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;La Tierra se desplaza unos
9 segundos de arco cada 18,6 años, y en una vuelta completa de precesión, la Tierra
habrá realizado 1385 bucles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhheae8CGJqfHHnd8nr6inncrMr6zOnEJxisl-rR6OIkgKVck_lhp7uOh30XrA6GNdc0V4iT_9o4lKEfEgUfH0-_nWQ0UEgf8ZdYgvw1N4P_ykzpirEG1zDzwlqxvQMB3mtt2p2MKI7hUr_/s1600/Praezession.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhheae8CGJqfHHnd8nr6inncrMr6zOnEJxisl-rR6OIkgKVck_lhp7uOh30XrA6GNdc0V4iT_9o4lKEfEgUfH0-_nWQ0UEgf8ZdYgvw1N4P_ykzpirEG1zDzwlqxvQMB3mtt2p2MKI7hUr_/s320/Praezession.png" width="244" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Fuente: &lt;a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Praezession.png"&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Praezession.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Bamboleo de Chandler (Seth Carlo Chandler - 1891)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU7v5-RHWG9lVtIaWEW-7osutskhyIny2-oN3AQo-lloJFk6ac2qOp6-SOSLDsta6Al7IPyxSwkQ7yWH1vQFhVJAU5t-AhRUbolq5LUffpxSAKxdEOPS_V9DzopSc7qIpl31IMKfwZGnOD/s1600/bamboleo+de+chandler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU7v5-RHWG9lVtIaWEW-7osutskhyIny2-oN3AQo-lloJFk6ac2qOp6-SOSLDsta6Al7IPyxSwkQ7yWH1vQFhVJAU5t-AhRUbolq5LUffpxSAKxdEOPS_V9DzopSc7qIpl31IMKfwZGnOD/s1600/bamboleo+de+chandler.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Fuente:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlQMHiAZXQW5s0DshCk97Bd9_6wVChJj4s67jhiFlsMM9mZtpUwGrmNILDuN94rmZOIOz_Yvr1ZnAdA0eFHc-1Fg_wwanCuR967qUq0PPoS4uHfNBPne4m-euOJN-Uk6x5-MM5rjA5aonU/s1600/bamboleo+de+chandler.jpg"&gt;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlQMHiAZXQW5s0DshCk97Bd9_6wVChJj4s67jhiFlsMM9mZtpUwGrmNILDuN94rmZOIOz_Yvr1ZnAdA0eFHc-1Fg_wwanCuR967qUq0PPoS4uHfNBPne4m-euOJN-Uk6x5-MM5rjA5aonU/s1600/bamboleo+de+chandler.jpg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;Movimiento de oscilación
casi imperceptible del eje de rotación de la Tierra que añade 0,7 segundos de
arco en un período de 433 días a la precesión de los equinoccios. Podrían ser
causadas por fluctuaciones climáticas causantes de cambios en la distribución
de la masa atmosférica, posibles movimientos geofísicos bajo la corteza
terrestre, variaciones de concentración salina en el mar, etc. El Bamboleo de
Chandler junto con estos efectos se denomina movimiento polar, considerado
impredecible a largo plazo. Los polos de la Tierra se mueven en una
circunferencia irregular de 3 a 15 metros de diámetro, en un movimiento
oscilatorio. Esto supone un añadido a la precesión de los equinoccios, una
mayor oscilación que necesita alrededor de 26.000 años para completarse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Estructura de la Tierra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;La estructura interna de
la Tierra, como la de otros planetas terrestres (planetas cuyo volumen está
ocupado principalmente de material rocoso), está dividido en capas de densidad
creciente. La Tierra tiene una corteza externa de silicatos solidificados, un
manto viscoso, y un núcleo con otras dos capas, una externa sólidamente, mucho
más fluida que el manto y una interna sólida. Muchas de las rocas que hoy
forman parte de la corteza se formaron hace menos de 100 millones (1×108) de
años, durante el periodo cretácico. Sin embargo, las formaciones minerales más
antiguas conocidas tienen 4.400 millones (4,4×109) de años, lo que nos indica
que, al menos, el planeta ha tenido una corteza sólida desde entonces.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;La estructura de la Tierra
podría establecerse según dos criterios diferentes. Según su composición
química, el planeta puede dividirse en corteza, manto y núcleo (externo e
interno); según sus propiedades físicas se definen la litosfera, la
astenosfera, la mesosfera y el núcleo (externo e interno).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkixx8qn4sHhBgPhTIsLpSBIFrZoWoKCt3K0iqvMDcK8AqOEfBN6boKtqOlbDZU-4AAWbkWZDDvOMroOfG8P4G3_I3xioOYS2M_JziCzqYAzubzXrvP1RAwhEenRqZ-Ou8yW_e1cXmJEe5/s1600/earthstructure_esp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkixx8qn4sHhBgPhTIsLpSBIFrZoWoKCt3K0iqvMDcK8AqOEfBN6boKtqOlbDZU-4AAWbkWZDDvOMroOfG8P4G3_I3xioOYS2M_JziCzqYAzubzXrvP1RAwhEenRqZ-Ou8yW_e1cXmJEe5/s1600/earthstructure_esp.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Fuente:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zyp3b9q/large"&gt;https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zyp3b9q/large&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;La división de la Tierra
en capas ha sido determinada indirectamente utilizando el tiempo que tardan en
viajar las ondas sísmicas reflejadas y refractadas, creadas por terremotos. Las
ondas transversales (S, o secundarias) no pueden atravesar el núcleo, ya que
necesitan un material viscoso o elástico para propagarse, mientras que la
velocidad de propagación es diferente en las demás capas. Los cambios en dicha
velocidad producen una refracción debido a la Ley de Snell. Las reflexiones
están causadas por un gran incremento en la velocidad sísmica (velocidad de
propagación) y son parecidos a la luz reflejada en un espejo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Vida
en la Tierra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEm3Ro7ZQOrFwpchqFh5Y3j1a9QGqZcWPEO5y0UJOsogcbMFCnScYcUJT_kyTgvaFsfNKHX2fZA4gDMvGJKKGBDmGDrutmwaLD70clRUpP0fjVH56o_sn-CB3IJ_CMhVG-0XecnOCeIekF/s1600/biodiversity_LA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEm3Ro7ZQOrFwpchqFh5Y3j1a9QGqZcWPEO5y0UJOsogcbMFCnScYcUJT_kyTgvaFsfNKHX2fZA4gDMvGJKKGBDmGDrutmwaLD70clRUpP0fjVH56o_sn-CB3IJ_CMhVG-0XecnOCeIekF/s400/biodiversity_LA.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;"&gt;Durante un proceso muy largo de cambios geológicos y climáticos,
la atmósfera de la Tierra fue adaptando las condiciones adecuadas para que se inicie
la vida, siendo pioneros los microorganismos anaerobios acuáticos como
bacterias y arqueas, y luego, hace 3500 millones de años los primeros seres
fotosintéticos, las cianobacterias dieron lugar a la oxigenación de la
atmósfera que generó la capa de ozono hace 2400 millones de años y que conllevó
a la proliferación de microorganismos aerobios, que evolucionaron hasta
organismos mucho más complejos y colonizaron la superficie terrestre,
encontrándose vida tanto en el mar, en la Tierra y en el aire.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;Según &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;James Lovelock, la Tierra es un ser vivo donde
la&lt;span style="color: #252525;"&gt; atmósfera y la parte superficial del planeta Tierra
se comportan como un todo coherente donde la vida, se encarga de autorregular
sus condiciones esenciales tales como la temperatura, composición química y
salinidad en el caso de los océanos. Es un sistema auto-regulador, que fomenta
y mantiene condiciones adecuadas para sí misma. (Hipótesis de Gaia).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Fuentes:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;1863, De Miranda A. Enciclopedia popular: Manual de Astronomía popular. ed rev. Hispano-Americana. Madrid. ES. 334p. Pag 324, 325.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #252525; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://earthspacecircle.blogspot.pe/2013/01/earths-location-in-universe.html"&gt;http://earthspacecircle.blogspot.pe/2013/01/earths-location-in-universe.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimientos_de_la_Tierra" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimientos_de_la_Tierra&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2017/04/la-tierra.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoJZ8LGszJoY7lYPDWq3sJyp12T67rBmxadMtgULgyhZ3kZSJa2V4gDgeInufgsnV2J673UVHObKkIPc4jOB-q7D0maRIvWwM_5wySz25wLaquacuWQTR30x1m5jbVju5ovj-9hjVSspFt/s72-c/earth01_esp.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-3093652479950046857</guid><pubDate>Mon, 03 Apr 2017 18:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-04-03T13:12:20.615-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">coastal</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Costero</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">disaster</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">disasters</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">force</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">forces</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">huayco</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">huaycos</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">natural</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">naturals</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Niño</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">peru</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">perú</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">shortage</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">slopes</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">sola</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">una</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">water</category><title>THE FORCES THAT FLOGGED PERU</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiloBY0b9RB7jl_QN_vgJafAFGJ9Cr9qfL4wl67KhR5-JOtsAvG8Ob-q7VJ9bXFtsIZRTCARGG-QI5pkGlD-6AcOro3Ca3h4PWABUC5eBI6KbtxB5cxDq60O2tcmxVIFJ5u59fz96lcq3st/s1600/Peru1sf%2528800x600%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiloBY0b9RB7jl_QN_vgJafAFGJ9Cr9qfL4wl67KhR5-JOtsAvG8Ob-q7VJ9bXFtsIZRTCARGG-QI5pkGlD-6AcOro3Ca3h4PWABUC5eBI6KbtxB5cxDq60O2tcmxVIFJ5u59fz96lcq3st/s640/Peru1sf%2528800x600%2529.jpg" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;The phenomenon of "El Niño" is a known ocean-atmospheric disturbance, That happens every 3 to 8 years or every 10 to 11 years, because it is not always cyclical and without a standard pattern; happens when the ocean of the coasts of Peru warms by the transfer of the band of warm water coming from the coasts of the Western Pacific, hot waves or Kelvin waves, and occurs in different degrees of intensity. That is why after a strong and intense appears, Peru forgets that this phenomenon still continues.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;It usually appears with increased cloudiness, torrential rains that generate floods, overflowing rivers, landslides (huaycos), which cause homes destruction, isolation of cities, affecting the livestock, agricultural and fishing activities, and can lead to loss of Lives and animals.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"&gt;But, it can be prevented because it takes 3 or 4 months during the transport of the warm waters to the Peru Coasts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="background: yellow; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: yellow;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;b&gt;But what happened this time? No one expected it!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The recent events that struck Peru in an untimely way and that has been felt in the last two and a half months were due, according to Dr. K. Takahashi, to the abrupt changes of the North winds that transferred warm currents from Ecuador towards the coastal zones, a phenomenon is known as &lt;b&gt;"EL NIÑO COSTERO"&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"&gt;(Coastal Niño).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center"&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rZg0fB2lkGg" width="560"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"&gt;This phenomenon is different from “El Niño” Central Pacific.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The increase in the temperature of the coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean was due to the variation of humidity, rainfall, but mainly due to the entry of the warm Central American winds that moved south and found no barrier, weak trade winds, the South Pacific anticyclone; they warmed the seas to 29 °C. Because there are superficial waters, they evaporated easily, producing intense and constant precipitations. This phenomenon happens only in the coasts of Ecuador and Peru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"&gt;This Phenomenon had already an intense occurs in the 20’s, but they thought that it could be another “Niño”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijNV0U8w8P7edmaOwpeEXfZ14zdgUeThmXiAmqOscRD8Dmdd6pnat7TwasrSvniNDr2XXkMREOQpW17aTmsvPkTDkDxS5hP24t_dAOl-TJOrHv7KaLDNq4qt0JFolY4LokbYzTagIIu3xe/s1600/pto_Chicama_Ken_mongabay1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijNV0U8w8P7edmaOwpeEXfZ14zdgUeThmXiAmqOscRD8Dmdd6pnat7TwasrSvniNDr2XXkMREOQpW17aTmsvPkTDkDxS5hP24t_dAOl-TJOrHv7KaLDNq4qt0JFolY4LokbYzTagIIu3xe/s400/pto_Chicama_Ken_mongabay1.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Source:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://es.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2017/03/pto_Chicama_Ken_mongabay1.png"&gt;https://es.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2017/03/pto_Chicama_Ken_mongabay1.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="background: yellow; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: yellow;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-US" style="background: yellow; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: yellow;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;It has had a coincidence with “El Niño”, indeed, “El Niño” and “El Niño Costero” occurred at the same time in 1998.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="text-indent: 47.2px;"&gt;In Peru, the most affected regions were in northern Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, La Libertad; In the center Ica and Lima; In Amazonia Amazonas and San Martín, among others. (Mongabay 2017).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="text-indent: 47.2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhommhXVcLA3R5LZfHK6pl2UxvYixxAu4SviwR5UIt0kwk5bGyFUbzAp2jXFqEWR7IOOYwVTSUDR-q8dtph2l_cjocMzpjfIHFNRo5_CixaZ-kNzluonjXDskyCiwn4lY2Nvsn_N4QuKlWS/s1600/ni%25C3%25B1ocostero.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhommhXVcLA3R5LZfHK6pl2UxvYixxAu4SviwR5UIt0kwk5bGyFUbzAp2jXFqEWR7IOOYwVTSUDR-q8dtph2l_cjocMzpjfIHFNRo5_CixaZ-kNzluonjXDskyCiwn4lY2Nvsn_N4QuKlWS/s1600/ni%25C3%25B1ocostero.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="text-indent: 47.2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;span style="text-indent: 47.2px;"&gt;Source:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_costero_(2016-2017)#/media/File:Zonas_afectadas_por_el_Ni%C3%B1o_Costero_2016-2017.png"&gt;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_costero_(2016-2017)#/media/File:Zonas_afectadas_por_el_Ni%C3%B1o_Costero_2016-2017.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The most important thing to note is that cities settled in places not suitable for population growth, invading the natural path where natural hazards occur, as indicated by Dr. H. Tavera. That is why the term "natural disaster" should be corrected to only "disaster" because this is an event, the consequence of mismanagement in the face of a natural hazard.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center"&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQMVCx1DjLQ" width="560"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Now, this was not predicted by seers; these are facts that will continue to occur, because nature continues with its cycle, as is normal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;b&gt;What happened to the water? Was it just a scare?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The temporal shortage of water, due to the contamination of the treatment plants, was not; it can happen again and should be prevented. It should always have an additional water reserve in the home, use the resource efficiently, avoid bottled water consumption, and control our water footprint.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;b&gt;What can I do?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;To prevent:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;• Get informed&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;• Build your home in places that are less likely to be at risk, not on hillsides, slopes, river banks, or near to the sea.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;• Rationalizes water.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;• Have a survival pack and first aid kit available.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;To Help:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 53.4pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Enter Here:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://unasolafuerza.pe/"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;http://unasolafuerza.pe/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.indeci.gob.pe/"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;http://www.indeci.gob.pe/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sources:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_costero_(2016-2017)"&gt;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_costero_(2016-2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_(fen%C3%B3meno)"&gt;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_(fen%C3%B3meno)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrimiento_de_tierra_en_Per%C3%BA"&gt;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrimiento_de_tierra_en_Per%C3%BA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.actualidadambiental.pe/"&gt;http://www.actualidadambiental.pe/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/igp.peru"&gt;https://www.facebook.com/igp.peru&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2017/04/the-forces-that-flogged-peru_3.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiloBY0b9RB7jl_QN_vgJafAFGJ9Cr9qfL4wl67KhR5-JOtsAvG8Ob-q7VJ9bXFtsIZRTCARGG-QI5pkGlD-6AcOro3Ca3h4PWABUC5eBI6KbtxB5cxDq60O2tcmxVIFJ5u59fz96lcq3st/s72-c/Peru1sf%2528800x600%2529.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-7218789789816507273</guid><pubDate>Mon, 03 Apr 2017 17:48:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2017-04-03T12:49:14.473-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">agua</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Costero</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">desastre</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">desastres</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">deslave</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">escasez</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">fuerza</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">fuerzas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">huayco</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">huaycos</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">natural</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">naturales</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Niño</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">perú</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">sola</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">una</category><title>LAS FUERZAS QUE AZOTARON A PERÚ</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgD3PQclf1hx8NjbNa2-dWjhpD3WRhpri0qQk3GeRcRFCHUflt3WhyphenhyphenIJ03nbk5toCvbkYnZm3fxod80tqjK2ZNr6HK115IVcioJT6tUnmRKUM5ACKL5XOjbh1FGZCjaR7gaxITdoS4Ov7Z/s1600/Peru1sf%2528800x600%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgD3PQclf1hx8NjbNa2-dWjhpD3WRhpri0qQk3GeRcRFCHUflt3WhyphenhyphenIJ03nbk5toCvbkYnZm3fxod80tqjK2ZNr6HK115IVcioJT6tUnmRKUM5ACKL5XOjbh1FGZCjaR7gaxITdoS4Ov7Z/s640/Peru1sf%2528800x600%2529.jpg" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
El fenómeno del Niño es una
alteración océano-atmosférica conocida, que sucede cada 3 a 8 años o cada 10 a
11 años, ya que no siempre es cíclico y sin un patrón estándar; sucede cuando
se calienta el Océano de nuestras costas por el traslado de las corrientes
provenientes de las costas del Pacífico Occidental, las ondas calientes u ondas
Kelvin, y ocurre en diferentes grados de intensidad. Es por eso que luego de
que aparece uno fuerte e intenso, el Perú olvida que este fenómeno aún
continúa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
Suele aparecer con incremento de
nubosidad, lluvias torrenciales que generan inundaciones, desborde de los ríos,
deslaves o huaycos, que ocasionan derrumbes, destrucción de viviendas, aislamiento
de ciudades, afectando las actividades pecuarias, agrícolas y pesqueras, y
puede conllevar a la pérdida de vidas humanas y de animales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
Pero puede ser prevenido ya que
demora de 3 a 4 meses durante el traslado de las aguas cálidas hacia las costas
de Perú.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
Pero,&lt;b&gt; ¿Qué pasó esta vez?, ¡Nadie
se lo esperaba! &lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
Los últimos sucesos que azotaron
a Perú de forma intempestiva y que se ha sentido en los últimos 2 meses y
medio, se debieron, según el &amp;nbsp;Dr. K.
Takahashi, a los cambios bruscos de los vientos del Norte que trasladaron
corrientes cálidas desde el Ecuador hacia las zonas costeras, un fenómeno
conocido como &lt;b&gt;“EL NIÑO COSTERO”&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center"&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rZg0fB2lkGg" width="560"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="text-indent: 47.2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style="text-indent: 47.2px;"&gt;Este fenómeno es diferente de “El Niño Pacífico Central”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
El aumento de la temperatura de
las zonas costeras del océano Pacífico se debió por la variación de la humedad,
lluvias, pero sobre todo por el ingreso de los vientos centroamericanos cálidos
que se trasladaron hacia el sur y al no encontrar ninguna barrera, es decir, vientos
alisios débiles, el anticiclón del Pacífico Sur; éstos calentaron los mares
hasta los 29°C. Al ser superficial, se evaporaron fácilmente, produciendo
intensas y constantes precipitaciones. Sucediendo este fenómeno únicamente en las
costas de Ecuador y Perú.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
Este fenómeno ya tuvo ocurrencia
intensa en los años 20, pero se pensaba que se trataba de otro niño.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGgH4-bbRbvAGQkgEBIaQSGq-hT9yTQohVfwTwZ7s8E8KbsGRIg2bEYU6d46CrzGkJ3SoERs7eVlDjI6k1_tm1T7RBvf2eVsvcnCjEnTbJuEHLl5vOCKxRituzyXrWLIOOkF3R6BlM1hJl/s1600/pto_Chicama_Ken_mongabay1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGgH4-bbRbvAGQkgEBIaQSGq-hT9yTQohVfwTwZ7s8E8KbsGRIg2bEYU6d46CrzGkJ3SoERs7eVlDjI6k1_tm1T7RBvf2eVsvcnCjEnTbJuEHLl5vOCKxRituzyXrWLIOOkF3R6BlM1hJl/s400/pto_Chicama_Ken_mongabay1.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
Fuente:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://es.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2017/03/pto_Chicama_Ken_mongabay1.png"&gt;https://es.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2017/03/pto_Chicama_Ken_mongabay1.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
También tuvo coincidencia con El
Niño, es decir El Niño y El Niño Costero ocurrieron al mismo tiempo en 1998.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
En Perú, las regiones más
afectadas fueron en el norte Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, La Libertad; en el centro
Ica y Lima; en la Amazonía Amazonas y San Martín, entre otras. (Mongabay 2017).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGrnEHAbg9sR-VGRGLwhLMhK5QbjQcChGxNaESfjm1mKLzq5zlp5ihCwfLNU9QbcAx-bxYVtQXBFp0SKS0tAod6V5BaSelKyXM71jqvRrsTMflYE9o5PjcH9gwMqc3n1ZxgDbgZbomKtvR/s1600/ni%25C3%25B1ocostero.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGrnEHAbg9sR-VGRGLwhLMhK5QbjQcChGxNaESfjm1mKLzq5zlp5ihCwfLNU9QbcAx-bxYVtQXBFp0SKS0tAod6V5BaSelKyXM71jqvRrsTMflYE9o5PjcH9gwMqc3n1ZxgDbgZbomKtvR/s1600/ni%25C3%25B1ocostero.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;"&gt;
Fuente:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_costero_(2016-2017)#/media/File:Zonas_afectadas_por_el_Ni%C3%B1o_Costero_2016-2017.png"&gt;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_costero_(2016-2017)#/media/File:Zonas_afectadas_por_el_Ni%C3%B1o_Costero_2016-2017.png&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
Lo más importante a destacar es
que Las ciudades se asentaron en lugares no apropiados para un crecimiento
poblacional, invadiendo el trayecto natural en donde ocurren peligros
naturales, como lo indica el Dr. H. Tavera. Es por eso que la denominación de
“desastre natural” debe ser corregida a únicamente “desastre”, porque este es
un evento, consecuencia de una mala gestión ante un peligro natural.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align="center"&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQMVCx1DjLQ" width="560"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;Ahora bien, esto no fue
pronosticado por videntes; estos son hechos que seguirán ocurriendo, porque la
naturaleza continúa&amp;nbsp; con su ciclo, como
es normal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;b style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;b style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;¿Qué pasó con el agua?, ¿Fue sólo
un susto?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
La escases temporal del agua, por
la contaminación de las plantas de tratamiento, no lo fue; puede volver a
suceder y se debe prevenir. Se debe tener siempre una reserva adicional de agua
en el hogar, usar de manera eficiente el recurso, evitar el consumo de agua
embotellada, controlar nuestra huella hídrica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;¿Qué puedo hacer?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
Para Prevenir:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;·&lt;span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;Infórmate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;·&lt;span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;Construye tu hogar en lugares de menos
probabilidad de riesgo de peligros, es decir, no en laderas de cerros, ni
pendientes, ni riveras de los ríos, ni cerca al mar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;·&lt;span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;Racionaliza el agua.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;·&lt;span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;Ten a tu alcance un Pack de supervivencia y de
primeros auxilios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Para a Ayudar:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;·&lt;span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;Ingresa aquí:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://unasolafuerza.pe/"&gt;http://unasolafuerza.pe/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.indeci.gob.pe/"&gt;http://www.indeci.gob.pe/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
Fuentes:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_costero_(2016-2017)"&gt;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_costero_(2016-2017)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_(fen%C3%B3meno)"&gt;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_(fen%C3%B3meno)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrimiento_de_tierra_en_Per%C3%BA"&gt;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrimiento_de_tierra_en_Per%C3%BA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.actualidadambiental.pe/"&gt;http://www.actualidadambiental.pe/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/igp.peru"&gt;https://www.facebook.com/igp.peru&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="fb-like"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="fb-share-button"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="fb-send" data-href="http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="fb-comments" data-href="http://qumiranka.blogspot.pe/" data-numposts="5" data-width="600"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2017/04/las-fuerzas-que-azotaron-peru.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgD3PQclf1hx8NjbNa2-dWjhpD3WRhpri0qQk3GeRcRFCHUflt3WhyphenhyphenIJ03nbk5toCvbkYnZm3fxod80tqjK2ZNr6HK115IVcioJT6tUnmRKUM5ACKL5XOjbh1FGZCjaR7gaxITdoS4Ov7Z/s72-c/Peru1sf%2528800x600%2529.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-2585909817484529661</guid><pubDate>Sun, 12 Jun 2016 23:41:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-06-12T18:41:52.870-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">2016</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">amazonas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">big</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">bird</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">birds</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">birdwatching</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Chachapoyas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Congress</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">day</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">global</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">goverment</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Mendoza</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">National</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ornithology</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">peru</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">regional</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Rodrigues</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Toribio</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">university</category><title>How Was The X National Ornithological Congress Chachapoyas 2016</title><description>&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbLu7PijWp-g_5X8LZqIgXbI4ou2bOhMndpAXBvETMMfuGx7h0Tc7XUDcvpZPJJ1DPZjEY2wFSICzI-G10eWdsZxnh15Akje4wqoViMSBA9kYwe8KMTbz0X1-BDMzJOe6VQaueu9uENb0z/s1600/13263833_630296433785673_4868591196873796387_n.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbLu7PijWp-g_5X8LZqIgXbI4ou2bOhMndpAXBvETMMfuGx7h0Tc7XUDcvpZPJJ1DPZjEY2wFSICzI-G10eWdsZxnh15Akje4wqoViMSBA9kYwe8KMTbz0X1-BDMzJOe6VQaueu9uENb0z/s640/13263833_630296433785673_4868591196873796387_n.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Photography: Michell León&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;The birds are definitely an impeccable example of evolution, are the most beautiful living beings on the planet and Peru has 1816 known species of the 9720 known in the world, Amazonas has endemic species, including&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="Normal__Char" style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;"&gt;Loddigesia mirabilis&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;marvellous spatuletail, congress representative icon.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;The congress started on 16 and ended on May 21 and was on the conference hall of the Regional Government of Amazonas and the comfortable facilities of the National Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza University of Amazonas (UNTRM), organized by the same university, CORBIDI, NCI, CBP, ACCA, MUSA, UNALM, among others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;Among the presentations the following topics were: "Using evolutionary genomics to connect the genotype and phenotype in birds" (Ph.D. Scott V. Edwards), "Speciation of birds in the Neotropics" (Ph.D. Robb T. Brumfield), "bird watching in Peru - a personal perspective of the history and current situation" (Barry Walker), "Birding: potential demand for Peru" (Manuel Bryce Moncloa), "a new landscape for field ornithology in Peru "(Ph.D. Thomas S. Schulenberg)," Speciation and conformation of the bird community in the Andes "(Ph.D. Ben Winger)," Perspectives on macroevolutionary diversification South American birds "(Ph.D. Santiago Claramunt)," Adjustment height Andean waterfowl mallards "(Ph.D. Kevin McCracken).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;Symposia, there were many speakers among whom include Thomas Valqui (CORBIDI), Fernando Angulo (CORBIDI), Gary Graham, Manuel Roncal (UNC), Lisset Palomino (UNSLGI), Enver Ortiz (CORBIDI), Raul Perez (UNP), Willy Ortiz (UNP), among others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;It would be very extensive to mention all the issues, but in a super short can say that birds are the result of a progressive and slow evolution of millions of years since the surviving dinosaurs, through the Archaeopteryx and ending in the countless species known until today.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;In Peru, the birds ended speciation the influence of climate, temperature, altitude and habitat.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;Ecological walls were not the only ones that influenced the differentiation of species, as in the cloud forests of the Marañon River, which have the greatest diversity of birds in the world, where many coexisting in small areas and have small elevational ranges but wide high elevation ranges and at the edges of the river where the isolation generated phenotypic differentiation, like the plumage that time was due to genetic divergence within and between genders in about 2 million years;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;or monotypic identical at both ends, which remained so for a recent settlement or a homogenization effects of gene flow species also exist.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;Species adapted to high elevations, such as the Andean ducks, have higher oxygen capacity, increased red blood cell count, increased cardiovascular hypoxic ventilatory response (HCVR) and increased erythropoiesis like humans living on the Andean high elevations compared to those living in Tibet, this implies resistance to cold.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;All with high affinity and hemoglobin like declines with time and differences in their proteins.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;As for the taste of the birds, this is inherited from dinosaurs, a single taste receptor, which can feel taste for meat but not for sweet, like sugar, however, the hummingbird has modified this receptor to sense sweet but not the same way as that of mammals.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;All these data were obtained through field studies in different ecological zones of Peru and laboratory where methods such as mitochondrial DNA, genetic sequencing, genetic and protein analysis, spectrophotometry, measurement of species, etc. were applied.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;The scientific contribution of study of birds in Peru, helps us to understand the reasons why we have such a rich and varied biodiversity of species.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;This diversity allows us to place our country as favorite place for birdwatching.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;Birdwatching is an economic powerhouse for Peru, many of the benefits of this activity are positioned in the number of species, increased number of tourists, higher income, contributing to conservation and ecotourism, improves quality of life, has a multiplier effect, allowing social inclusion, decentralization, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;It has an effective market 7,325 million birdwatchers of between 25 and 70 years old.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;In Peru, 2 400 million.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;Many ornithologists began this activity in Peru as Maria Koepcke who pioneered modern ornithology.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;Schulenberg tells us about the birdwatching:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;Conservation begins with the species distribution, abundance, movement and changes in geographic areas over long periods of time;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;therefore each observation is important.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;Technology has helped a lot for the development of two-dimensional maps of bird migrations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;Registered websites where birds are&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://ebird.com/"&gt;ebird.com&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(birdwatching&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 17.3333px;"&gt;registration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 13pt;"&gt;) and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://neotropicalbirds.cornell.edu/"&gt;neotropicalbirds.cornell.edu&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Study and scientific and biological data for each species) they are documented.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;The second day of the event coincided with the announcement that the Global Big Day Peru obtained the bichampionship in watching more bird species, obtaining a result of 1242 species seen throughout the national territory, above Brazil, who came in second place, despite having fewer numbers of "checklist" and less birdwatchers than other countries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;The Next Global Big Day will be May 13, 2017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;There is another great event called World Birding Rally, started by Manuel Bryce and promoted by PromPeru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;Midweek was destined one Fullday to places like Kuelap and spectacular Gocta Falls.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0KWjnACTGeVQU6qAq6XW5UhZ9UR3a-uBcBR-33k4p3k9Ms3CXsZQCHaUQTKjorZ8kR47aUIC15jLXDb1tPwDUyuDfW4y6qzJXCPJNHcjbwWOOYJoN66hNFpu_xf-1xAz-9MLElRT-Orxk/s1600/13318737_1099436120115909_555789370_n.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0KWjnACTGeVQU6qAq6XW5UhZ9UR3a-uBcBR-33k4p3k9Ms3CXsZQCHaUQTKjorZ8kR47aUIC15jLXDb1tPwDUyuDfW4y6qzJXCPJNHcjbwWOOYJoN66hNFpu_xf-1xAz-9MLElRT-Orxk/s640/13318737_1099436120115909_555789370_n.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span class="notranslate"&gt;They were extraordinary days, where there was a lot of learning, participation, and fellowship, and especially birdwatching.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial; line-height: 13pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFHkb2QMTJAT_QWWB5mM1_a81bcdrflgOqADIjUSFsO8GyQk_6RiyGOdfAD4LEZlQA5lBmY0xwjWUtHBjQmJE4UrIR2XlxXyyztVwmrxn84AjcyFTSyini4nXxJy0e_k0wJPLzv6JfNm71/s1600/13340199_10153672605498067_9032707240788222125_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: 13pt;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFHkb2QMTJAT_QWWB5mM1_a81bcdrflgOqADIjUSFsO8GyQk_6RiyGOdfAD4LEZlQA5lBmY0xwjWUtHBjQmJE4UrIR2XlxXyyztVwmrxn84AjcyFTSyini4nXxJy0e_k0wJPLzv6JfNm71/s640/13340199_10153672605498067_9032707240788222125_o.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="Normal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 17.3333px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Andigena hypoglauca&lt;/i&gt;, Andean Toucan,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot;; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 17.3333px;"&gt;Photography: Cesar Bollatty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2016/06/how-was-x-national-ornithological.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbLu7PijWp-g_5X8LZqIgXbI4ou2bOhMndpAXBvETMMfuGx7h0Tc7XUDcvpZPJJ1DPZjEY2wFSICzI-G10eWdsZxnh15Akje4wqoViMSBA9kYwe8KMTbz0X1-BDMzJOe6VQaueu9uENb0z/s72-c/13263833_630296433785673_4868591196873796387_n.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-2573638263937309947</guid><pubDate>Sun, 12 Jun 2016 01:40:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-06-12T18:55:56.247-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">2016</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">amazonas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">ave</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">aves</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">aviturismo</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Chachapoyas</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Congreso</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">gobierno</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Mendoza</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Nacional</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ornitología</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">perú</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">regional</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Rodriguez</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Toribio</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Universidad</category><title>Lo que fue el X Congreso Nacional de Ornitología Chachapoyas 2016</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvahEuXqFX6Xbf4CXcXfHP1Z4ibDem1qCfnFNpmmqDJUww_l7C8NyoNjr-tbSEwe2tkKuR5rgRVisNP8Z4-dmEzmTVzMkcRIjwsNL8DQrcorldrq0iKJinepUFxlcypjp6b6ekgilaUTUn/s1600/13263833_630296433785673_4868591196873796387_n.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvahEuXqFX6Xbf4CXcXfHP1Z4ibDem1qCfnFNpmmqDJUww_l7C8NyoNjr-tbSEwe2tkKuR5rgRVisNP8Z4-dmEzmTVzMkcRIjwsNL8DQrcorldrq0iKJinepUFxlcypjp6b6ekgilaUTUn/s640/13263833_630296433785673_4868591196873796387_n.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Foto: Michell León&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Las aves son sin duda, un ejemplo
impecable de evolución, son los seres vivos más bellos del planeta y el Perú
cuenta con 1816 especies conocidas, de las 9720 que se conocen en el mundo,
Amazonas cuenta con especies endémicas, entre ellas &lt;i&gt;Loddigesia mirabilis&lt;/i&gt; colibrí cola de espátula o colibrí maravilloso,
ícono representativo del congreso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El congreso inició el día 16 y
culminó el día 21 de mayo y tuvo lugar en la sala de conferencias del Gobierno
Regional de Amazonas y en las confortables instalaciones de la Universidad
Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), organizado por la
misma universidad, CORBIDI, NCI, CBP, ACCA, MUSA, UNALM, entre otros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Dentro de las conferencias
magistrales se&amp;nbsp; expusieron los siguientes
temas: “Usando la genómica evolutiva para conectar el genotipo y fenotipo en
las aves” (Ph.D. Scott V. Edwards), “Especiación de aves en el Neotrópico”
(Ph.D. Robb T. Brumfield), “Aviturismo en el Perú – Una perspectiva personal de
la historia y de la situación actual” (Barry Walker), “Observación de aves:
potencial de la demanda para el Perú” (Manuel Bryce Moncloa), “Un nuevo
panorama para la ornitología de campo en Perú” (Ph.D. Thomas S. Schulenberg), “Especiación
y conformación de la comunidad de aves en los andes” (Ph.D. Ben Winger), “Perspectivas
macroevolutivas sobre la diversificación de las aves sudamericanas” (Ph.D.
Santiago Claramunt), “Adaptación a la altura en anátidos patos silvestres
andinos” (Ph.D. Kevin McCracken).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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En los simposios, hubieron muchos
ponentes de entre quienes destacamos a Thomas Valqui (CORBIDI), Fernando Angulo
(CORBIDI), Gary Graham, Manuel Roncal (UNC), Lisset Palomino (UNSLGI), Enver
Ortiz (CORBIDI), Raúl Perez (UNP), Willy Ortiz (UNP), entre otros.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sería muy extenso hablar de todos
los temas, pero en un super resumen podemos decir, que las aves son el
resultado de una evolución progresiva y lenta de millones de años desde los
dinosaurios sobrevivientes, pasando por el Archaeopteryx y terminando en las
incontables especies que se conocen hasta el día de hoy. En el Perú, las aves
terminaron especiándose por influencia del clima, la temperatura, la altura y
su hábitat. Las barreras ecológicas no fueron las únicas que influyeron en la
diferenciación de especies, como en los bosques nublados del río Marañón, que tienen
la mayor diversidad de aves en el mundo, donde muchas coexisten en pequeñas
áreas y tienen rangos elevacionales pequeños pero amplios rangos altitudinales como
en los extremos del río en donde el aislamiento generó una diferenciación fenotípica,
como el plumaje que se debió al tiempo de divergencia genética dentro y entre
géneros en aproximadamente 2 millones de años; existen también especies
idénticas o monotípicas en ambos extremos, que permanecieron así por una
reciente colonización o por una homogenización por efectos del flujo genético.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Las especies adaptadas a las
altas elevaciones, como los patos andinos, tienen mayor capacidad de oxigenación,
mayor cantidad de glóbulos rojos, mayor hipoxia cardiovascular de respuesta
ventiladora (HCVR) y mayor eritropoyesis al igual que los humanos que viven en
las alturas de los andes en comparación con los que viven en el Tibet, esto
implica la resistencia al frío. Todas con alta afinidad y similar hemoglobina que
declina con el tiempo y con diferencias en sus proteínas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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En cuanto al sentido del gusto de
las aves, éste es heredado de los dinosaurios, es decir, un solo receptor
gustativo, que pueden sentir gusto por la carne más no por el dulce, como el
azúcar, sin embargo, el colibrí tiene modificado este receptor para sentir el
dulce, pero no de igual manera que el de los mamíferos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Todos estos datos fueron
obtenidos gracias a estudios de campo en diversas zonas ecológicas del Perú y en
laboratorio en donde se aplicaron métodos como ADN mitocondrial, secuenciación
genética, análisis genético y proteico, &amp;nbsp;espectrofotometría,
medición de especies, etc.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La contribución científica de
estudio de aves en el Perú, nos ayuda a comprender las razones de por qué tenemos
tan rica y variada biodiversidad de especies.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Esta gran diversidad nos permite
ubicar a nuestro país como lugar favorito para el avistamiento de aves. El
aviturismo es una potencia económica para el Perú, Muchos de los beneficios de
esta actividad son posicionarse en el número de especies, incremento de número
de turistas, mayores ingresos económicos, contribuye a la conservación y al
ecoturismo, mejora la calidad de vida, tiene un efecto multiplicador, permite
la inclusión social, la descentralización, etc. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Tiene un mercado efectivo de 7
325 millones de observadores de aves de entre los 25 y 70 años de edad. En el Perú,
2 400 millones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Muchos ornitólogos iniciaron esta
actividad en el Perú como María Koepcke quien fue la pionera en la ornitología
moderna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Schulenberg nos dice respecto al avistamiento
de aves:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La conservación inicia con la
distribución de las especies, abundancia, movimiento en áreas geográficas y cambia
a través de largos periodos de tiempo; por eso cada observación es importante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La tecnología ha ayudado mucho
para la elaboración de mapas bidimensionales de migraciones de aves.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Los sitios web donde se
documentan aves registradas son ebird.com (Registro de avistamiento de aves) y
neotropicalbirds.cornell.edu (Estudio y datos científicos y biológicos de cada
especie).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El segundo día del evento
coincidió con el anuncio de que en el Global Big Day el Perú obtuvo el
bicampeonato &amp;nbsp;en avistamiento de más
especies de aves, obteniendo un resultado de 1242 especies vistas en todo el
territorio nacional, por encima de Brasil, quien quedó en segundo lugar, A
pesar de tener menos números de “checklist” y menos “pajareros” que otros
países.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El Próximo Global Big Day será el
13 de mayo de 2017&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Existe otro gran evento que se
llama World Birding Rally, iniciado por Manuel Bryce y promovido por PromPerú.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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A mitad de semana se destinó un
día “fullday” hacia destinos como Kuelap y a las espectaculares cataratas de
Gocta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6eFH3uA6QBYVaJttWGbcW2GZlmPTf02eADHxtUAIZ5jZbSAt4PMzx1QmAs7HDvd99i9dVlsFRL2CUJOSRExk65Qs8X5xL2fDZ1YlwIL0CBfxnmgLEoQ-jqSq_nTSIFAofr23xPp_wDb9/s1600/13318737_1099436120115909_555789370_n.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6eFH3uA6QBYVaJttWGbcW2GZlmPTf02eADHxtUAIZ5jZbSAt4PMzx1QmAs7HDvd99i9dVlsFRL2CUJOSRExk65Qs8X5xL2fDZ1YlwIL0CBfxnmgLEoQ-jqSq_nTSIFAofr23xPp_wDb9/s640/13318737_1099436120115909_555789370_n.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Fueron días extraordinarios,
donde hubo mucho aprendizaje, participación, y confraternidad, y sobre todo
“Pajareo” (avistamiento de aves).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYc4UEp67RjHcLsYtWynBopiL8jP78Hx7qaMxS5anxkqktQaxKASsNota0adbLYhvWNc2oiKuF0VSi5JGwYgHzDKR3ZpiSDj7OX05VA_7KK4R9bWL8-1x472ccnFRTWBigcDx998_ysdXq/s1600/13340199_10153672605498067_9032707240788222125_o.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYc4UEp67RjHcLsYtWynBopiL8jP78Hx7qaMxS5anxkqktQaxKASsNota0adbLYhvWNc2oiKuF0VSi5JGwYgHzDKR3ZpiSDj7OX05VA_7KK4R9bWL8-1x472ccnFRTWBigcDx998_ysdXq/s640/13340199_10153672605498067_9032707240788222125_o.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Andigena hypoglauca, &lt;/i&gt;Tucaneta Andina&lt;i&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Foto: Cesar Bollatty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2016/06/lo-que-fue-el-x-congreso-nacional-de.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvahEuXqFX6Xbf4CXcXfHP1Z4ibDem1qCfnFNpmmqDJUww_l7C8NyoNjr-tbSEwe2tkKuR5rgRVisNP8Z4-dmEzmTVzMkcRIjwsNL8DQrcorldrq0iKJinepUFxlcypjp6b6ekgilaUTUn/s72-c/13263833_630296433785673_4868591196873796387_n.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-4940700471409056479</guid><pubDate>Sat, 02 Jan 2016 03:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-01-01T22:36:58.189-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">2016</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">environment</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">environmental</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">happy</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">holidays</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">new</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">year</category><title>Happy New Year 2016</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
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&lt;span lang="ES"&gt;&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicjQjzIHyYDdR6ObYYqMRmbC36I_amcn_nltqJq5YHsQ07YKRU_3jMMGB8ABs8TKc-zqk-zNJdes9rRIVFhwzTFsJrr18kFbYr8z8x08cEPpxYVQCp_tEuBhtj9em9r1CN1lwFx_YwKNUP/s1600/BKG-2016.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicjQjzIHyYDdR6ObYYqMRmbC36I_amcn_nltqJq5YHsQ07YKRU_3jMMGB8ABs8TKc-zqk-zNJdes9rRIVFhwzTFsJrr18kFbYr8z8x08cEPpxYVQCp_tEuBhtj9em9r1CN1lwFx_YwKNUP/s640/BKG-2016.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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We hope you have received
great this 2016. Serious incidents all happened in the past 2015, but there
were good things too.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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We’re in an age where
technology is advancing at an excessive speed, which must now be in benefit of
the environment. A time where children teach parents; what we didn´t know
before, now they know and they transmitted to us through schools where now there
are environmental education. A time where the "eco-fashion" has
become a serious thing and environmental issues is a priority within the legal
framework.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Some of our goals for
the year are to can raise awareness more people and to get to change attitudes
in a positive way for the planet.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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¡ We wish you happy
holidays!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2016/01/happy-new-year-2016.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicjQjzIHyYDdR6ObYYqMRmbC36I_amcn_nltqJq5YHsQ07YKRU_3jMMGB8ABs8TKc-zqk-zNJdes9rRIVFhwzTFsJrr18kFbYr8z8x08cEPpxYVQCp_tEuBhtj9em9r1CN1lwFx_YwKNUP/s72-c/BKG-2016.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-5646581887809922179</guid><pubDate>Sat, 02 Jan 2016 03:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2016-01-01T22:33:47.232-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">2016</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">ambiente</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">año</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">felices</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">feliz</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">fiestas.</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">medio</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">nuevo</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><title>Feliz Año 2016</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcncmOe_Vi-vJ04VoSqUo0X0Oy0ErN9J9V6nvpJJQZXMd3rnf-l5iSSkXPFxUHoBaxdcwXjF6iTRHu2nrmi8biKOkIfDRH6CscPw9XIlEXtwQuy26BecuCFqp1Bln19nUEp85ct1QCtdXj/s1600/BKG-2016.jpg" imageanchor="1"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcncmOe_Vi-vJ04VoSqUo0X0Oy0ErN9J9V6nvpJJQZXMd3rnf-l5iSSkXPFxUHoBaxdcwXjF6iTRHu2nrmi8biKOkIfDRH6CscPw9XIlEXtwQuy26BecuCFqp1Bln19nUEp85ct1QCtdXj/s640/BKG-2016.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
Esperamos que hayan recibido muy bien el año 2016. Sucedieron acontecimientos graves en el pasado 2015, pero hubo cosas buenas también.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
Estamos en una época en donde la tecnología avanza a una velocidad desmesurada, la cual ahora debe de estar en beneficio del medio ambiente. Una época en donde los niños enseñan a los padres; lo que antes ignorábamos, ahora ellos lo saben y nos lo transmiten gracias a las escuelas en donde ahora se imparte la educación ambiental. Una época en donde la “ecomoda” se ha tornado de forma seria y la problemática ambiental es prioridad dentro del marco legal.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
Algunos de nuestros objetivos durante el transcurso del año son que alcancemos a concientizar a más personas y que logremos hacer cambiar de actitud de una manera positiva a favor del planeta.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
¡Les deseamos felices fiestas!&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2014/05/blog-post.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhmINuHlgmnIlYxBxAEnD6CwU5U5RGx_pIY0gBdhrK7pLGTxxRBWUKlvMLVTHY2VuVCKnOPIlbdSo_urIO1qnPehm_Fxqs7tQc2sTA0IDgCO_J1jO74qQk5K5928m0pc1rAroZQvpSIYEp/s72-c/marathon_2014_bkg_FB.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-757874037547579487</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Mar 2014 21:53:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-09-28T22:57:01.633-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">científico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">javier</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">method</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">método</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">pasos</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">peru</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">perú</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">science</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">steps</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">tavera</category><title>PASOS DEL MÉTODO CIENTÍFICO</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2014/03/pasos-del-metodo-cientifico.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjLVAbdGjXTG5cm4ShDD6iQf9qQkRGZAVILLuIY6WZ4VavkrwvVa-hIlOoP9rNLVpiWEsIpf5aimey-SEaooFJiKzUGB0TXdibC2e3tzokJ5cBm1zMZiiy74B4HfvOL_5G6wAk-LKWP8xq/s72-c/Metodo-Cientifico_2048.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-2354240725193513487</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Mar 2014 21:34:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-09-28T22:58:51.053-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">ciencia</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">científico</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">javier</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">method</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">método</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">peru</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">perú</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">science</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">tavera</category><title>LA CIENCIA Y EL MÉTODO CIENTÍFICO</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="WordSection1"&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;La
ciencia utiliza diferentes métodos y técnicas para poder obtener datos concretos,
cuantitativos y comprobables de la relación entre distintos fenómenos, donde predecimos
hechos observables pasados, presentes y futuros. Estas predicciones pueden
formularse mediante razonamientos y estructurarse como reglas, teorías y leyes
universales que dan cuenta del comportamiento de un sistema y cómo actuará en
determinadas circunstancias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;EL MÉTODO CIENTÍFICO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj06zei_UgurFwznbyJLWgIu_C1teMEuWa-RWG5Fh67C-Jrt4SIQJmLzD3z1t3red_2WYGHa8e6Wxsl_i5yb_gEh8HC61XKGv-7YETc266On6t3fYi0Tf6s2_7bxftdBMgv3nGnK7zD5nJ2/s1600/S02_1024x485.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj06zei_UgurFwznbyJLWgIu_C1teMEuWa-RWG5Fh67C-Jrt4SIQJmLzD3z1t3red_2WYGHa8e6Wxsl_i5yb_gEh8HC61XKGv-7YETc266On6t3fYi0Tf6s2_7bxftdBMgv3nGnK7zD5nJ2/s1600/S02_1024x485.jpg" height="#" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;En el
estudio de los fenómenos biológicos y ecológicos se hace uso del conocimiento
empírico y científico:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Conocimiento empírico: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Se obtiene a través de la &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;EXPERIENCIA&lt;/span&gt;,
es decir, mediante nuestros sentidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Conocimiento científico:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt; Se obtiene mediante la &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;INVESTIGACIÓN&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
este conocimiento es:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;OBJETIVO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;, porque se deriva
directamente del fenómeno que ocurre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;VERIFICABLE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;, porque se aprueba la hipótesis
o lo afirmado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124687219006010086" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;AUTOCORREGIBLE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;, porque se revisa en forma
constante y de ser necesario se corrige o se modifica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;PASOS DEL MÉTODO CIENTÍFICO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaCT6foBNQjvY673PVPOKb0YMYn-POY-xEQC5Mu4EjSk3YnxJhQaAjPCzHqhtU9rCscZG-peEqvxw4jX-XSEUupMj1NJbQKWbYdpoK3MV29n5FmT01uKvRjJzy4Zx8VYpXdXjfMzvpDjYp/s1600/mc_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaCT6foBNQjvY673PVPOKb0YMYn-POY-xEQC5Mu4EjSk3YnxJhQaAjPCzHqhtU9rCscZG-peEqvxw4jX-XSEUupMj1NJbQKWbYdpoK3MV29n5FmT01uKvRjJzy4Zx8VYpXdXjfMzvpDjYp/s1600/mc_1.jpg" height="45" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 395.25pt;" valign="top" width="527"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;1.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Observación:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;
  Concentrar los sentidos a un objeto o a un fenómeno, para estudiarlos tal
  como se presentan en realidad, puede ser ocasional o causalmente.&lt;span style="color: grey;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 450.3pt;" valign="top" width="600"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikSKL6X0-GdlRdcTp9qsdhIbfCWAC9JRB23jUm7HDSB6VOdR0kqMsdLLS4La9fer2Hw2-vWPyEsLo4NZdzsbvnfqh1KEw0_xb8lhdh2qDgWrA6KvQvOmfIdWvx__IseiBBzHluvrzZFCqE/s1600/mc_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikSKL6X0-GdlRdcTp9qsdhIbfCWAC9JRB23jUm7HDSB6VOdR0kqMsdLLS4La9fer2Hw2-vWPyEsLo4NZdzsbvnfqh1KEw0_xb8lhdh2qDgWrA6KvQvOmfIdWvx__IseiBBzHluvrzZFCqE/s1600/mc_2.jpg" height="45" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 395.25pt;" valign="top" width="527"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;2.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Planteamiento del problema o Inducción:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt; se extrae, a partir de determinadas
  observaciones o experiencias particulares, el principio general que en ellas
  está implícito. (De lo particular a lo general).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 450.3pt;" valign="top" width="600"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGcT_uNAFJ_wi9c_efQBnH_bu2s5QLabCjTxqt7I1FQZypJAPTgllzqJtcQgXOqVHoHkG0yQ21XzpfwqtaBvenV3h2eFQuBhD322tG_wy__uZssjvU1_4Cfr2jzkUehFXf93mO5mQ5s-mx/s1600/mc_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGcT_uNAFJ_wi9c_efQBnH_bu2s5QLabCjTxqt7I1FQZypJAPTgllzqJtcQgXOqVHoHkG0yQ21XzpfwqtaBvenV3h2eFQuBhD322tG_wy__uZssjvU1_4Cfr2jzkUehFXf93mO5mQ5s-mx/s1600/mc_3.jpg" height="45" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 395.25pt;" valign="top" width="527"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;3.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Formulación de Hipótesis:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt; Planteamiento mediante la
  observación siguiendo las normas establecidas por el método científico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 450.3pt;" valign="top" width="600"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeZ4b9uAlODY4f13lHKJSdHP9EEGxgfIc2uRNZpC5Ef8AxbPGbv_hGrZZs2C6by_X_qWdqaPVK77bCXAsFYbhUArX3qVym94j8O_5q9g2SLFNrJFxGtqzD8kblpc55cdII_tjIJMNE5UaM/s1600/mc_4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeZ4b9uAlODY4f13lHKJSdHP9EEGxgfIc2uRNZpC5Ef8AxbPGbv_hGrZZs2C6by_X_qWdqaPVK77bCXAsFYbhUArX3qVym94j8O_5q9g2SLFNrJFxGtqzD8kblpc55cdII_tjIJMNE5UaM/s1600/mc_4.jpg" height="45" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 395.25pt;" valign="top" width="527"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;4.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Experimentación:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;a.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Prueba de la hipótesis:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Insitu
  (en el mismo lugar)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;En el Laboratorio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;b.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Análisis de Resultados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 450.3pt;" valign="top" width="600"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXBt1RhRhnWHYvxJnmqqFZjtsjXGrQeSqBYO3pcSA-CVzUpnV4u6zgCET2z9LqLf8wwNqnf-SpdgdeVBZLKV6HUmSohg37qQUdIkTVNW9QczuP-6ntb3d6k8H9dVljbrNPvqyivv6dKPJg/s1600/mc_5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXBt1RhRhnWHYvxJnmqqFZjtsjXGrQeSqBYO3pcSA-CVzUpnV4u6zgCET2z9LqLf8wwNqnf-SpdgdeVBZLKV6HUmSohg37qQUdIkTVNW9QczuP-6ntb3d6k8H9dVljbrNPvqyivv6dKPJg/s1600/mc_5.jpg" height="45" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 395.25pt;" valign="top" width="527"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;5.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Demostración: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Comprobación
  o refutación (antítesis) de la hipótesis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 450.3pt;" valign="top" width="600"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7nRM1BknybSY8w3S-p6pAX-i1dijW5jiynv0ou9FZK8hCUr_LTUTf1UJrS6sWwhvG8QqJFtGiCfeZa1E8BGalImEWtuuuk0z33VA8zhix2tl5n3BxNlrHAEd-eeOdcF6ErHuoasn9aM69/s1600/mc_6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7nRM1BknybSY8w3S-p6pAX-i1dijW5jiynv0ou9FZK8hCUr_LTUTf1UJrS6sWwhvG8QqJFtGiCfeZa1E8BGalImEWtuuuk0z33VA8zhix2tl5n3BxNlrHAEd-eeOdcF6ErHuoasn9aM69/s1600/mc_6.jpg" height="45" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 395.25pt;" valign="top" width="527"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;6.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Conclusiones,
  Enunciado o Deducción:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;
  Se expone consecuencias particulares de una proposición, supuesto o principio
  general. (De lo general a lo particular).&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;a.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Teoría
  (Modificable).&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;b.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Ley o
  Principio (irrefutable).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 450.3pt;" valign="top" width="600"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-8NBC0xnK8P_w_sj-fbQiF5DTWPd0JPfs3gOsblIdl4DM-b-uDnRP7YwAhc1qaFOYGCh8OUKrgEPQdYkMi2zIT2rlGWwDm4wVwjtH5dxZQqOKCwTrdvMmUBHb3g69byd51CuF9S5wh4tV/s1600/mc_7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-8NBC0xnK8P_w_sj-fbQiF5DTWPd0JPfs3gOsblIdl4DM-b-uDnRP7YwAhc1qaFOYGCh8OUKrgEPQdYkMi2zIT2rlGWwDm4wVwjtH5dxZQqOKCwTrdvMmUBHb3g69byd51CuF9S5wh4tV/s1600/mc_7.jpg" height="45" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 395.25pt;" valign="top" width="527"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt;"&gt;7.&lt;span style="font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Comunicación de los Resultados:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt; Previamente ratificados por la
  comunidad científica para confirmar su validez, en revistas científicas y
  otros medios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 450.3pt;" valign="top" width="600"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
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&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2014/03/la-ciencia-y-el-metodo-cientifico_11.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj06zei_UgurFwznbyJLWgIu_C1teMEuWa-RWG5Fh67C-Jrt4SIQJmLzD3z1t3red_2WYGHa8e6Wxsl_i5yb_gEh8HC61XKGv-7YETc266On6t3fYi0Tf6s2_7bxftdBMgv3nGnK7zD5nJ2/s72-c/S02_1024x485.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-5910456907291945196</guid><pubDate>Tue, 04 Mar 2014 22:42:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-09-28T23:05:23.455-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">ciencia</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">es</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">javier</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">perú</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qué</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">science</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">tavera</category><title>¿QUÉ ES CIENCIA?</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYo1UAticKQYqM2UGtG-IDq0hX3vTOVtv2XyriSHOX_eipEgmeOq-dKbHdhbbvUMW9LqVI0Rc03l1YJMF_MZ6J8mHowSkBD0jfDdko6oMBDwW57AkjyECMbDvQWV_U7QCBq7WAePRNgYlq/s1600/S01_1024x485.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYo1UAticKQYqM2UGtG-IDq0hX3vTOVtv2XyriSHOX_eipEgmeOq-dKbHdhbbvUMW9LqVI0Rc03l1YJMF_MZ6J8mHowSkBD0jfDdko6oMBDwW57AkjyECMbDvQWV_U7QCBq7WAePRNgYlq/s1600/S01_1024x485.jpg" height="255" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Ciencia: (Del lat. scientia). &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;Conjunto
de conocimientos&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;REFLEXIVOS&lt;/span&gt; (obtenidos
mediante la observación y el razonamiento), &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;SISTEMÁTICOS&lt;/span&gt;
(estructuralmente organizados) &amp;nbsp;y &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;METÓDICOS&lt;/span&gt; (se hace uso del método científico), de
los que se deducen principios y leyes generales. &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;Es
un conocimiento&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;RACIONAL&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt; EXACTO &lt;/span&gt;y&lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt; VERIFICABLE.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 128;"&gt;ELEMENTOS DE LA CIENCIA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 128;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;La Descripción:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt; Consiste en
enunciar, a través de proposiciones, las características y propiedades de
determinados objetos observados de manera &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;EXACTA&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;PRECISA&lt;/span&gt; y &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;ORGANIZADA&lt;/span&gt;,
mediante:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;OBSERVACIONES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;, captadas a través de la
experiencia sensible y psicológica. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;AXIOMAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt; ó postulados, abstracciones captadas a través de la experiencia
intelectual, permite dar definiciones constructivas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;La Explicación&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; Nos permite comprender,
interpretar el dinamismo de todo fenómeno, origen y consecuencia de un hecho y
sobre todo, la &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;CERTEZA&lt;/span&gt; y &lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;VALIDEZ&lt;/span&gt; de cualquier proposición científica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 128;"&gt;FUNCIONES:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Permite aumentar nuestros conocimientos y conocer mejor los
objetos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Permite esclarecer los conocimientos y conocer nuevos objetivos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 128;"&gt;CLASIFICACIÓN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt; según Rudolf
Carnap:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Ciencias Formales:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt; Estudian las
formas válidas de inferencia sin contenido concreto, es decir, son abstractas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Lógica&lt;br /&gt;
Matemática&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Ciencias Naturales:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt; Estudian la
naturaleza según sus objetivos, utilizando el método científico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Astronomía&lt;br /&gt;
  Biología&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Física&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Geografía&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.5pt;" valign="top" width="181"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Geología&lt;br /&gt;
  Química&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="color: #007cc0;"&gt;Ciencias Sociales:&lt;/span&gt; Estudian los aspectos del
ser humano, su cultura y la sociedad que conforma, los métodos que utilizan
depende de la disciplina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 158.95pt;" valign="top" width="212"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Antropología&lt;br /&gt;
  Ciencia Política&lt;br /&gt;
  Demografía&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;" valign="top" width="208"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Economía&lt;br /&gt;
  Historia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.5pt;" valign="top" width="181"&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Psicología&lt;br /&gt;
  Sociología&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: grey; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: background1; mso-themeshade: 128;"&gt;FUNDAMENTACION DE LAS CIENCIAS
NATURALES&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Causalidad:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt; Todo fenómeno tiene su causa y
toda causa su efecto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES" style="color: #007cc0; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt;Inducción:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="ES" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"&gt; Para obtener leyes
correlacionantes entre los fenómenos y los objetos reales, que constituye la
esencia de estas ciencias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="bgtags"&gt;
Blogalaxia Tags: &lt;a href="http://www.blogalaxia.com/tags/ciencia" rel="tag"&gt;ciencia&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.blogalaxia.com/tags/qumiranka" rel="tag"&gt;qumiranka&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkPre9aRWOZpLrcR9YVFhinTLcaF3zQHjVZDC3St4E97l9X50Hwoh734p-uUh_sueMcCL22XH2aoBz6NI3gVmbaXT6REr8O-U_6KTMwqOJJLy7FfWTZgu5OTgjWjNmi4oCedBWTYDB3crt/s1600/140304_1_IMG0743A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkPre9aRWOZpLrcR9YVFhinTLcaF3zQHjVZDC3St4E97l9X50Hwoh734p-uUh_sueMcCL22XH2aoBz6NI3gVmbaXT6REr8O-U_6KTMwqOJJLy7FfWTZgu5OTgjWjNmi4oCedBWTYDB3crt/s1600/140304_1_IMG0743A.jpg" height="440" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span lang="ES"&gt;Luego de una larga ausencia, volvemos con una perspectiva
diferente. Desde un inicio estuvimos en continuo activismo a favor de la
conservación del medio ambiente; esta vez lo haremos incentivando la ciencia y
la educación a través del arte, la cultura, y el entretenimiento. Conoceremos a
nuestra madre tierra, sus elementos, la naturaleza, la vida salvaje, la
interacción ecológica de los seres vivos con su entorno, a nosotros los
humanos, nuestras acciones positivas y negativas, sus consecuencias y
soluciones; aprenderemos sobre cómo mejorar nuestra calidad de vida, acerca de tecnologías
limpias, desarrollo sostenible, entre otros.&lt;br /&gt;
Espero les gusten todos los post y los compartan con sus amistades.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;http://www.google.com/reader/shared/03408692894326214962&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://qumiranka.blogspot.com/2014/03/hemos-vuelto_4.html</link><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkPre9aRWOZpLrcR9YVFhinTLcaF3zQHjVZDC3St4E97l9X50Hwoh734p-uUh_sueMcCL22XH2aoBz6NI3gVmbaXT6REr8O-U_6KTMwqOJJLy7FfWTZgu5OTgjWjNmi4oCedBWTYDB3crt/s72-c/140304_1_IMG0743A.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><author>qumiranka@yahoo.com (QUMIRANKA)</author></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124687219006010086.post-1198250572788993891</guid><pubDate>Thu, 27 Jun 2013 23:09:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-09-28T23:06:19.260-05:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">animales</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">circo</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">maltrato</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">protesta</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">qumiranka</category><title>EL CIRCO DE LOS ANIMALES</title><description>&lt;div id="fb-root"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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