R4D Migration

Briefing Paper No. 2. Migration in National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs)

Tue, 27 Mar 2012 08:04 GMT

Document Type: Briefing
Creator: Sward, J.

Production Year: 2012

Citation: Sward, J. Briefing Paper No. 2. Migration in National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs). Migrating out of Poverty Consortium, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK (2012) 4 pp.

Summary: Migration can play an important role in building adaptive capacity to climate change in low-income countries, for example by diversifying household income sources and leading to positive development impacts. However, there is relatively little research on how climate change adaptation policies account for migration. The Migration RPC’s review of National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) created by Least Developed Countries (LDCs) investigated the ways in which these policy documents discuss migration. The review found that NAPAs’ discussion of migration issues varied widely: while a number of NAPAs saw migration as a key variable in their adaptation plans, other countries scarcely accounted for it. Furthermore, NAPAs that did consider migration in their proposed adaptation activities were often concerned with reducing autonomous migration flows, which risks compromising the potential benefits migration can bring to poor people, in particular.

Human Mobility and Climate Change adaptation policy: A review of migration in National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs). Migrating of of Poverty RPC Working Paper 6.

Tue, 27 Mar 2012 07:48 GMT

Document Type: Working Paper
Creator: Sward, J.; Codjoe, S.

Production Year: 2012

Citation: Sward, J.; Codjoe, S. Human Mobility and Climate Change adaptation policy: A review of migration in National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs). Migrating of of Poverty RPC Working Paper 6. Migrating out of Poverty Consortium, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK (2012) 44 pp.

Summary: Although there has been increased discussion and debate in recent years in both academic and policy circles concerning the impact of climate change on human migration, little attention has been focused on how existing climate change policies discuss migration. This paper attempts to partly address this research gap by outlining the findings of the Migration RPC’s comprehensive review of migration in National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs), the national climate change adaptation plans for Least Developed Countries (LDCs). The Migration RPC’s study provides the most comprehensive review of the discussion of migration in NAPAs to date, including an in-depth look at how NAPAs discuss a wide range of migration-related issues including drought-induced migration, rural exodus, transhumance and refugees, as well as displacement and resettlement, among other topics. The review found that discussion of migration issues varies widely across different countries’ NAPAs, with some countries undertaking in-depth discussions of the relationship between migration and climate change while others scarcely consider the topic relevant to their national adaptation strategies. Where NAPAs discuss migration, they are typically concerned with internal migration, as opposed to international migratory flows. From a policy perspective, most LDCs retain a negative view of migration, as their proposed policies often seek to halt or reduce autonomous forms of migration, especially rural exodus.

Drivers of Migration. Migrating of of Poverty RPC Working Paper 1.

Tue, 27 Mar 2012 07:32 GMT

Document Type: Working Paper
Creator: Hear, N. van; Bakewell, O.; Long, K.

Production Year: 2012

Citation: Hear, N. van; Bakewell, O.; Long, K. Drivers of Migration. Migrating of of Poverty RPC Working Paper 1. Migrating out of Poverty Consortium, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK (2012) 44 pp.

Summary: Over the last two decades a consensus has been reached that there are forces which lead to the inception of migration and to the perpetuation of movement. Taken together, these can be understood as the ‘drivers’ of migration. ‘Drivers’ are then the factors which get migration going and keep it going once begun. This paper attempts to identify key drivers of migration and explores different ways in which they may be configured. It points to ways to assess their different significance or weight, and to investigate their relationship with development and poverty reduction. The paper gives an indication of the extent of the existing evidence, draws attention to research that needs to be done in this area, and points to the future shape of Research Programme Consortium (RPC) research on the drivers theme.

Economic Crisis and Forest Cover Change in Cameroon: The Roles of Migration, Crop Diversification, and Gender Division of Labor

Wed, 29 Feb 2012 06:10 GMT

Document Type: Journal Article
Creator: Sunderlin, W.D.; Pokam, J.

Production Year: 2002

Citation: Sunderlin, W.D.; Pokam, J. Economic Crisis and Forest Cover Change in Cameroon: The Roles of Migration, Crop Diversification, and Gender Division of Labor. Economic Development and Cultural Change (2002) 50 (3) 581-606. [DOI: 10.1086/342358]

Summary: This article attempts to explain how changes in population dynamics and smallholder agriculture have led to increased deforestation in the period of the crisis in Cameroon. These foci are justified by the fact that population growth and shifting cultivation are generally viewed, respectively, as the main cause and agent of deforestation in Central Africa in general and in Cameroon in particular. Other factors contributing to deforestation and forest degradation in Cameroon are logging and the construction of transportation infrastructure.

Transforming livelihoods: work, migration and poverty in the Tiruppur garment cluster, India. End of Grant Report.

Tue, 31 Jan 2012 08:32 GMT

Document Type: Report
Creator: Neve, G. de.; Carswell, G.

Production Year: 2011

Citation: Neve, G. de.; Carswell, G. Transforming livelihoods: work, migration and poverty in the Tiruppur garment cluster, India. End of Grant Report. (2011) 8 pp.

Summary: This is the End of Grant Report for Grant reference: RES-167-25-0296.

Long distance migration of aphids and other small insects in north-east India

Fri, 20 Jan 2012 08:48 GMT

Document Type: Journal Article
Creator: Riley, J.R.; Reynolds, D.R.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Ghosh, M.R.; Sarkar, T.K.

Production Year: 1995

Citation: Riley, J.R.; Reynolds, D.R.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Ghosh, M.R.; Sarkar, T.K. Long distance migration of aphids and other small insects in north-east India. European Journal of Entomology (1995) 92: 639-653.

Observations of the autumn migration of the rice leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and other moths in eastern China

Fri, 20 Jan 2012 08:40 GMT

Document Type: Journal Article
Creator: Riley, J.R.; Reynolds, D.R.; Smith, A.D.; Edwards, A.S.; Zhang, X.X.; Cheng, X.N.; Wang, H.K.; Cheng, J.Y.; Zhai, B.P.

Production Year: 1995

Citation: Riley, J.R.; Reynolds, D.R.; Smith, A.D.; Edwards, A.S.; Zhang, X.X.; Cheng, X.N.; Wang, H.K.; Cheng, J.Y.; Zhai, B.P. Observations of the autumn migration of the rice leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and other moths in eastern China. Bulletin of Entomological Research (1995) 85 (03) 397-414. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300036130]

Summary: The autumn migration of the rice leaf roller moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée, in eastern China was studied at two sites (one in southern Jiangsu Province and one in northern Jiangxi Province), using radar and aerial netting. It was confirmed that C. medinalis is a high-altitude nocturnal windborne migrant, with large numbers of moths taking-off at dusk and flying continuously for several hours. Migration was post-teneral and the females had immature ovaries. Maximum densities of the moths typically occurred between 250 and 550 m above ground, and layering was intense on some nights. Moth layers often occurred at an altitude where there was a wind-speed maximum. In early September, migrant C. medinalis from southern Jiangsu Province were carried on the winds in an approximately westward direction. However, the winds prevailing in late September and October took migrants from both sites towards the south-west or south. Forward trajectories for C. medinalis and other insects emigrating from northern Jiangxi during October indicated that they were able to reach the tropical rice-growing areas near the south China coast, where year-round breeding would be possible. Incidental observations on the migratory flight of other lepidopteran pests, including Mythimna separata (Walker), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Ctenoplusia agnata (Staudinger) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (all Nocturidae), Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius) and particularly Omiodes indicata (Fabricius) (both Pyralidae) are presented.

Observations on the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and other pests in East Central China

Fri, 20 Jan 2012 08:27 GMT

Document Type: Journal Article
Creator: Riley, J.R.; Reynolds, D.R.; Smith, A.D.; Rosenberg, L.J.; Cheng XiaNian; Zhang XiaoXi; Xu GuoMin; Cheng JiYi; Bai AiDong; Zhai BaoPing; Wang HaiKou

Production Year: 1994

Citation: Riley, J.R.; Reynolds, D.R.; Smith, A.D.; Rosenberg, L.J.; Cheng XiaNian; Zhang XiaoXi; Xu GuoMin; Cheng JiYi; Bai AiDong; Zhai BaoPing; Wang HaiKou. Observations on the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and other pests in east central China. Bulletin of Entomological Research (1994) 84 (03) 389-402. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300032521]

Summary: Radar, aerial netting and ground sampling were used to study the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) in Jiangsu Province in east central China. Emigration of macropterous adults increased from late August until late September as the main rice crop matured and was harvested. In early and mid September, the resulting windborne migrations carried the planthoppers mainly towards the west, although the migration directions ranged (within the western sector) from south to north. By late September, however, displacements were predominantly to the south-west on the then prevailing north-east monsoon winds: migration was particularly rapid when the north-easterlies were reinforced by typhoons. Although in late September such movements to more southerly latitudes are essential for the survival of the planthoppers' progeny, we found no definite evidence for preferential emigration on winds blowing towards the south. There were, however, indications that when winds towards the north occurred, the duration of migratory flight was curtailed. Irrespective of any possible preference for migration on northerlies, a large proportion of the N. lugens population would normally be carried in an adaptive southwards direction, because the advent of the north-east monsoon occurs at a time when the number of flight-ready planthoppers approaches its peak.

Migration and genetic regulation of the pre-reproductive period in the Cotton-bollworm moth, Helicoverpa armigera

Tue, 17 Jan 2012 04:00 GMT

Document Type: Journal Article
Creator: Colvin, J.C.; Gatehouse, A.G.

Production Year: 1993

Citation: Colvin, J.C.; Gatehouse, A.G. Migration and genetic regulation of the pre-reproductive period in the Cotton-bollworm moth, Helicoverpa armigera. Heredity (1993) 70 (4) 407-412. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1993.57]

Summary: The pre-reproductive period (PRP) is of interest in the study of noctuid migration because it approximates to the number of nights in which migratory flight can occur. This study examined the pre-calling period (PCP=female PRP) distribution of Indian, Malawian and Chinese Helicoverpa armigera strains and found them to be significantly different. A PCP sib-analysis experiment was conducted both on the Malawian and on the Chinese strains. In both sib-analysis experiments, the sire component of variance was significant and greater than that of the dam component. As females are the heterogametic sex in Lepidoptera, this suggests that some genes influencing the PCP are X-linked. Male moths were also shown to have PRPs, the distribution of which was not significantly different from that of their female siblings. A selection experiment, based on the PCP only, produced two divergent lines of early- and late-maturing females after only two generations of selection. After three generations of selection, the male PRP distributions in the two lines were examined and were found to differ significantly. The divergence occurred in the same direction as for females, suggesting that the same set of genes regulates the PRP in both sexes. The results of this study are considered in relation to the evolution of migration in H. armigera.

Migration and the effect of three environmental factors on the pre-reproductive period of the cotton-bollworm moth, Helicoverpa armigera

Thu, 12 Jan 2012 10:15 GMT

Document Type: Journal Article
Creator: Colvin, J.; Gatehouse, G.

Production Year: 1993

Citation: Colvin, J.; Gatehouse, G. Migration and the effect of three environmental factors on the pre-reproductive period of the cotton-bollworm moth, Helicoverpa armigera. Physiological Entomology (1993) 18 (2) 109-113. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3032.1993.tb00456.x]

Summary: Migration by noctuid moths generally occurs while the adults are sexually immature, and so the pre-reproductive period provides an indication of the time available for migratory flight. Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is considered to be a facultative migrant, emigrating in response to a deterioration in local environmental conditions for adult survival and larval development; hence the effects of temperature, vapour-pressure deficit and the availability of sugar solution on the duration of the pre-reproductive period are investigated. Temperatures below 28oC lengthened female pre-reproductive periods but, contrary to the findings of Isley (1935) for Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), temperatures above 28oC shortened them. Females maintained at a vapour-pressure deficit of 23.7 ± 0.5 mmHg (c. 12% r.h.) and 6.45 ±0.15mmHg (c. 76% r.h.) did not have significantly different pre-reproductive period distributions. The availability of 10% w/v sugar solution (provided ad libitum) had a marked effect on both the survival and the pre-reproductive period of both sexes. Moths given water for four nights followed by sugar solution thereafter, took significantly longer to reach reproductive maturity than those given sugar solution from emergence. Survival to reproductive maturity of moths given water only throughout their lives was poor (c. 20%). The significance of these findings to the migratory behaviour of H. armigera is discussed.