(RST) Ramesh Suma Tharun ☺

UTAH

2024-11-06T19:21:00.006-05:00

1. USA - UTAH - DAY 5 - ZION NATIONAL PARK - OCT 2024

2. USA - UTAH - DAY 6 - CEDARS BREAK NATIONAL MONUMENT - OCT 2024

3. USA - UTAH - DAY 7 - BRYCE CANYON NATIONAL PARK - OCT 2024

ARIZONA

2024-11-06T19:20:00.005-05:00

1. USA - ARIZONA - DAY 1 - PHOENIX - OCT 2024

2. USA - ARIZONA - DAY 2 - GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK - OCT 2024

3. USA - ARIZONA - DAY 3 - GRAND CANYON - DESERT VIEW TOWER - OCT 2024

4. USA - ARIZONA - DAY 4 - HORSE SHOE BEND + ANTELOPE CANYON - OCT 2024

5. USA - ARIZONA - DAY 8 - GLEN CANYON RECREATIONAL AREA - OCT 2024

8 DAYS TRIP TO ARIZONA N UTAH - OCT 2024

2024-11-06T19:11:00.003-05:00

I. USA - ARIZONA - DAY 1 - PHOENIX - OCT 2024

2. USA - ARIZONA - DAY 2 - GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK - OCT 2024

3. USA - ARIZONA - DAY 3 - GRAND CANYON - DESERT VIEW TOWER - OCT 2024

4. USA - ARIZONA - DAY 4 - HORSE SHOE BEND + ANTELOPE CANYON - OCT 2024

5. USA - UTAH - DAY 5 - ZION NATIONAL PARK - OCT 2024

6. USA - UTAH - DAY 6 - CEDARS BREAK NATIONAL MONUMENT - OCT 2024

7. USA - UTAH - DAY 7 - BRYCE CANYON NATIONAL PARK - OCT 2024

8. USA - ARIZONA - DAY 8 - GLEN CANYON RECREATIONAL AREA - OCT 2024

61. THARAGAMBADI, NAGAPATTINAM - APR 2014

2024-11-05T18:34:00.001-05:00

1 DAY TRIP IN OHIO

2024-05-28T19:45:00.003-04:00

1 DAY TRIP IN OHIO

CUHAYOGA NATIONAL PARK

CLEVELAND DOWNTOWN

EDGEWATER PARK - LAKE ERIE

GREATER CLEVELAND - SHIVA VISHNU TEMPLE

HIKINGS IN USA

2024-05-07T10:50:00.059-04:00

1. Watkins glen state park - New York - Sep 2018

2. Maryland Heights Trail - West Virginia - Aug 2021

3. Springer mountain - Georgia - Aug 2021

4. Artist Bluff - New Hampshire - Oct 2021

5. Owl's Head Hiking Trial - Vermont - Oct 2021

6. Diamond head state park - Hawaii - May 2022

7. Mount Arab Fire tower - New York - Oct 2023

8. Delaware Water Gap from Mt. Tammany Trial - New Jersey - Apr 2024

9. Ooh Aah Point - Grand Canyon National park- Arizona - Oct 2024

10. Scout Lookout - Zion National Park - Arizona - Oct 2024

11. Navajo Loop Trail - Bryce Canyon National Park - Utah - Oct 2024

12. Plainsboro preserve - New Jersey - May 2025

13. Hudson highland state park - Bulls hill loop - New Jersey - May 2025

14. Exit glacier - Glacier overlook - Jul 2025

15. Twins peak - Eklutna Lake - Alaska - Jul 2025

1. Watkins glen state park - New York - Sep 2018

Gorge Trail, which is about 1.5 miles long and spans the length of the park. The gorge follows the path of Glen Creek at the base of the 400-foot-deep gorge and features 832 stone steps. It took us about 2 hours,you need to have snacks, comfortable clothes and sneakers

2. Maryland Heights Trail - West Virginia - Aug 2021

We parked our car at the Visitor Center parking area and use the park’s free shuttle system to access the trail from Lower Town. The trail from Lower Town to Maryland Heights Overlook - 4.5miles , takes 3-4hrs.

view from summit

3. Springer mountain - Georgia - Aug 2021

The Springer summit is just 1.9-mile out-and-back trail, but considered moderately challenging route . A bronze plaque on the summit commemorates the final, southernmost white blaze of the Appalachian Trail, the start (or end) of an epic adventure for thru-hikers on their 2,000+ mile journey.

4. Artist Bluff - New Hampshire - Oct 2021

Initial steep ascent that makes it challenging but the overall distance is just 1.5 mile loop.Great view of Echo lake & the highway from the top.

5. Owl's Head Hiking Trial - Vermont - Oct 2021

Distance: 3.6 miles round trip . This 1.5 hour trail leads to a breathtaking view of Lake Groton, Kettle Pond, and the glorious Green Mountain

6. Diamond head state park - Hawaii - May 2022

This 1.6 miles round trip, hike from trailhead to the summit is steep and strenuous, gaining 560 feet as it ascends from the crater floor a moderately challenging route, it takes an average of 1 h 5 min to complete, it is very steep and uneven in some areas.This broad, saucer-shaped crater was formed about 300,000 years ago during a single, explosive eruption that sent ash and fine particles in the air. As these materials settled, they cemented together into a rock called tuff, creating the crater, and which is visible from the trail in the park.

7. Mount Arab Fire tower - New York - Oct 2023

1.9-mile out-and-back trail near Piercefield, New York. This takes about 2hours. Mt Arab has been a very popular because of the spectacular views from the fire tower. You can view Tupper Lake and Mount Morris to the southeast, the Adirondack High Peaks to the east Mt Arab Lake to the west.

view from mount Arab

8. Delaware Water Gap from Mt. Tammany Trial - New Jersey - Apr 2024

The Mt. Tammany Trail (Red Dot) is one of two trails that lead to the outstanding view looking into the Delaware Water Gap from Mt. Tammany. This hike is one of the most challenging in the park. We took a loop , hiking up the Red Dot Trail and down the Pahaquarry Trail (Blue Blaze)

9. Ooh Aah Point - Grand Canyon National park- Arizona - Oct 2024

This 1.8 miles - Moderately challenging and takes about 1 Hour with 600 Total Feet of Climbing and Max Elevation of 7260 feet. Each step of the hike offers breathtaking views, culminating at Ooh Ahh Point where you get to see panoramas, including the little-visited eastern Grand Canyon.

10. Scout Lookout - Zion National Park - Arizona - Oct 2024

This 4.2 mi round trip hike is considered Strenuous hike with Elevation Change of ~1,000 ft and needs min 3 hours. Trail is paved, steep, and narrow in sections. , but has a section - Walter’s Wiggles: a series of 21 switchbacks, is really challenging especially for young kids, without hand railings or fences at some points

11. Navajo Loop Trail - Bryce Canyon National Park - Utah - Oct 2024

This hike is 1.3 mile and takes around 2 hours, with an Elevation Gain: 515 feet and considered Moderately difficult.The iconic Navajo Loop Trail begins and ends at Sunset Point. Its switchbacks wind between narrow walls of colorful limestone with views of towering Douglas-fir trees and the park's most famous hoodoo: Thor's hammer. The loop has two sides: Two Bridges and Wall Street. The Two Bridges side is open year-round, however, the Wall Street side is closed during the winter months.

Appalachian National Scenic Trail

2024-05-06T14:18:00.015-04:00

The Appalachian Trail is a scenic hiking trail that stretches over 2,200 miles (3,500 km)

from Springer Mountain in Georgia to Mount Katahdin in Maine, passing through 14 states in the eastern United States.

The states are Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.

Ramesh was fascinated by this hike, which takes about 6months. We got an opportunity to cover some of the sectional hikes during our trips to this states.

Annually, almost 4,000 inspired thru-hikers begin their ambitious journeys at Georgia’s Springer Mountain, with the goal of hiking the entire A.T. north through 14 states to Maine

Taking 6 months off from work for this Thru hike is not feasible for us , and needs lot more practice to achieve this hiking, walkings 10's of miles each day.

Below are some of the hikes we visited as part of Appalachian trial

1. Georgia

Georgia has 76.4 miles (123.0 km) of the trail, including the southern terminus at springer mountain at (elevation 3,780 ft or 1,150 m).

2. Tennessee

Tennessee has 287.9 miles (463.3 km) of the trail, including more than 200 miles (320 km) along or near the North Carolina border. The section that runs just below the summit of Clingmans Dome in the Great Smoky mountain National park is the highest point on the trail at 6,625 feet (2,019 m)

3. Virginia

Virginia has the most mileage of the trail of any state with 550.3 miles (885.6 km) of the trail (one-fourth of the entire trail), including more than 20 miles (32 km) along the West Virginia border

Substantial portions of the trail closely parallel skyline drive in Shenandoah National Park and, further south, the Blue ridge parkway

4. West Virginia

West Virginia has 2.4 miles (4 km) of the trail , not including about 20 miles (32 km) along the Virginia border. The trail passes through the town of Harpers Ferry

The AT crosses the railroad bridge at left in Harpers Ferry National historic park

5 . Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania has 229.6 miles (369.5 km) of the trail, extending from the Pennsylvania-Maryland border at pen mar, a tiny town straddling the state line, to the Delaware Water Gap, at the Pennsylvania-New Jersey line.

6. New Jersey

New Jersey has 72.2 miles (116.2 km) of the trail.This makes the New Jersey section of the Appalachian Trail the second longest trail in the state, behind the Delaware and Rarital canal ,and eventually reaches High point state park highest peak in New Jersey

7. New york

New York's 88.4 miles (142.3 km) of trail, contain very little elevation change compared to other states. At Bear mountain state park it goes through the park zoo, where the lowest point on the entire AT, at 124 feet (38 m) above sea level, is located in front of the bear cage.

8. Massachusetts

Massachusetts has 90.2 miles (145.2 km) of trail. It ascends into the Taconic Mountains again, visiting Mount Greylock the highest point in the state at 3,491 feet (1,064 m)

9. New Hampshire

New Hampshire has 160.9 miles (258.9 km) of the trail. The New Hampshire AT is nearly all within the White mountain national forest , and enters high peaks region of the white mountains.

NEW ENGLAND REGION

2024-05-05T11:20:00.007-04:00

NEW ENGLAND IN USA - comprises of 6 states.

We stayed in Connecticut for 3years, and were able to visit all 6 states.

Fall in New England region is very beautiful.

1. MAINE

2. NEW HAMPSHIRE

3. VERMONT

4. MASSACHUSETTS

5. RHODE ISLAND

6. CONNECTICUT

NATIONAL PARKS & HISTORICAL PARKS & SEASHORE & MONUMENTS & RECREATIONAL AREA

2024-05-02T17:40:00.147-04:00

NATIONAL PARK ( Visited - 9 )

1. Shenandoah National Park - Virginia - 2021

2. Great Smokey mountains - Tennessee- 2021

3. Acadia National Park - Maine- 2021

4. Cuhayoga National Park - Ohio- 2024

5. Grand Canyon National Park - Arizona - 2024

6. Zion National Park - 2024 - Utah - 2024

7. Bryce Canyon National Park - Utah - 2024

8. Kenai fjords National Park - Alaska - 2025

9. Yosemite National Park- California - 2025

1. Shenandoah National Park - Virginia - 2021

2. Great Smokey mountains - Tennessee- 2021

3. Acadia National Park - Maine- 2021

Cadillac mountain

Cadillac summit

Jordan pond

Otter's cliff

4. Cuhayoga National Park - Ohio- 2024

5. Grand Canyon National Park - Arizona - 2024

6. Zion National Park - 2024 - Arizona - 2024

7. Bryce Canyon National Park - Utah - 2024

NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARKS

1. Paterson Great Falls National Historical Park - New Jersey - 2017

2. Thomas Edison National Historical Park - New Jersey - 2017

3. Independence National Historical Park - Pennsylvania - 2018

4. Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park - 2021

5. Harpers Ferry National Historical Park - 2021

NATIONAL MONUMENT

1. The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island - New Jersey

2. Fort McHenry National Monument - Maryland

3. Cedars Break National Monument- Utah

NATIONAL SEASHORE

Assateague Island National Seashore

Wild pony

NATIONAL RECREATIONAL AREA

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area

TRIPS - LISTS

2022-10-16T17:14:00.012-04:00

NATIONAL PARKS

NEW ENGLAND REGION

APPALACHIAN NATIONAL SCENIC TRAIL

HIKINGS IN USA

OUR FAVOURITE RESTAURANTS/FAST FOODS

2022-06-29T08:10:00.005-04:00

OUR FAVOURITE RESTAURANTS (Bangalore)

OUR FAVOURITE EAT-OUTS ( USA )

E. TECHNICAL NOTES

2022-06-29T07:30:00.004-04:00

1. BASIC NETWORKING NOTES

2. REDHAT LINUX NOTES

3. AWS NOTES

AWS - COMPLETE NOTES

2022-06-29T07:27:00.003-04:00

1. AWS LEARNING PLAN

2. AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER NOTES

3. AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER CERTIFICATION NOTES

4. AWS CLOUD FOUNDATIONAL EXAM PRACTICE TESTS

AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER EXAM NOTES

2022-06-29T07:26:00.003-04:00

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AWS CLOUD FOUNDATIONAL EXAM PRACTICE TESTS

2022-06-29T07:14:00.007-04:00

AWS CLOUD FOUNDATIONAL EXAM PRACTICE TESTS

1. Skill builder - 30 questions - FREE

https://explore.skillbuilder.aws/learn/course/134/play/31418/aws-cloud-practitioner-essentials-all-modules

2. AWS EXAM SYLLABUS - 20 questions - FREE

DOWNLOAD PDF

3. Whizlabs 25 questions - FREE

https://www.whizlabs.com/blog/aws-cloud-practitioner-certification-questions/

4 .exam topics - 800 questions - FREE

https://www.examtopics.com/exams/amazon/aws-certified-cloud-practitioner/

PURCHASE

Digital cloud - 500 questions (15$)

https://digitalcloud.training/courses/aws-ccp-practice-exams/

Digital cloud - 20 questions

https://digitalcloud.training/courses/free-aws-certified-cloud-practitioner-practice-exam/

AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER EXAM NOTES - 20

2022-06-29T07:08:00.005-04:00

1. Data exchange - use 3rd party data for analytics

2. Datasync - data transfer service that automates,accelerates,replicating data

between on-premises to AWS storage services with internet or Direct Connect.

1. AWS App Mesh - makes it easy to monitor and control microservices

2. Appflow - no code, API - anayltic tool

3. Apprunner - deploy from source code/docker image to web appln)

4. Appsync - enterprise-level, GraphQL service with real-time data synchronization

5. Appconfig - Used quickly deploy application configurations to applications of any size

6. Amazon AppStream - lets you move desktop applications to AWS, without rewriting them

1. Elastic map reduce (EMR) - Hadoop/Apache big data

2. Elastic cache - Memcache and Redis

3. Elastic search - opensearch and operational analytics

1. Code commit - versioning

2. Code deploy - Automate code deployment

3. Code Build - Build and test code

4. Code Guru - Automate code reviews,optimize application performance (with ML)

5. Cloud9 - Write,run and debug code

6. Code Star - Quickly develop, build, and deploy applications on AWS

7. Code pipeline - Automate continuous delivery pipelines for fast and reliable updates

AWS Cloud development Kit(CDK) - The AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK) is an open-source software development framework to define your cloud application resources using familiar programming languages.

AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER EXAM NOTES - 19

2022-06-29T07:07:00.004-04:00

IQ - Service

DR - chepeast backup method

Rekoginition

Transcoder

VPC(transit gateway, VPC peering)

1.The 6 Pillars of the AWS Well-Architected Framework

2. cloud adoption framework

3. 6 Stratgies of migration

1. Operational Excellence

There are five design principles for operational excellence in the cloud:

Perform operations as code

Make frequent, small, reversible changes

Refine operations procedures frequently

Anticipate failure

Learn from all operational failures

2. Security

There are seven design principles for security in the cloud:

Implement a strong identity foundation

Enable traceability

Apply security at all layers

Automate security best practices

Protect data in transit and at rest

Keep people away from data

Prepare for security events

3. Reliability

There are five design principles for reliability in the cloud:

Automatically recover from failure

Test recovery procedures

Scale horizontally to increase aggregate workload availability

Stop guessing capacity

Manage change in automation

4. Performance Efficiency

There are five design principles for performance efficiency in the cloud:

Democratize advanced technologies

Go global in minutes

Use serverless architectures

Experiment more often

Consider mechanical sympathy

5. Cost Optimization

There are five design principles for cost optimization in the cloud:

Implement cloud financial management

Adopt a consumption model

Measure overall efficiency

Stop spending money on undifferentiated heavy lifting

Analyze and attribute expenditure

6. Sustainability

There are six design principles for sustainability in the cloud:

Understand your impact

Establish sustainability goals

Maximize utilization

Anticipate and adopt new, more efficient hardware and software offerings

Use managed services

Reduce the downstream impact of your cloud workloads

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cloud adoption framework

1. The Business perspective

The Business Perspective ensures that IT aligns with business needs and that IT investments link to key business results.

Common stakeholders include chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief operations officer (COO), chief information officer (CIO), and chief technology officer (CTO).

2. people

The People perspective serves as a bridge between technology and business, accelerating the cloud journey to help organizations more rapidly evolve to a culture of continuous growth, learning, and where change becomes business-as-normal, with focus on culture, organizational structure, leadership, and workforce. Common stakeholders include CIO, COO, CTO, cloud director, and cross-functional and enterprise-wide leaders.

3. Governance

Perspective focuses on the skills and processes to align IT strategy with business strategy. This ensures that you maximize the business value and minimize risks.

Use the Governance Perspective to understand how to update the staff skills and

processes necessary to ensure business governance in the cloud. Manage and

measure cloud investments to evaluate business outcomes.

Common stakeholders include chief transformation officer, CIO, CTO, CFO, chief data officer (CDO), and chief risk officer (CRO).

4.Platform Perspective

includes principles and patterns for implementing new solutions on the cloud, and migrating on-premises workloads to the cloud.

Use a variety of architectural models to understand and communicate the structure of IT systems and their relationships. Describe the architecture of the target state environment in detail.

Common stakeholders include CTO, technology leaders, architects, and engineers.

5. The Security Perspective

ensures that the organization meets security objectives for visibility, auditability, control, and agility.

Use the AWS CAF to structure the selection and implementation of security controls that meet the organization’s needs.

Common stakeholders include chief information security officer (CISO), chief compliance officer (CCO), internal audit leaders, and security architects and engineers.

6. The Operations Perspective

helps you to enable, run, use, operate, and recover IT workloads to the level agreed upon with your business stakeholders.

Define how day-to-day, quarter-to-quarter, and year-to-year business is conducted. Align with and support the operations of the business. The AWS CAF helps these stakeholders define current operating procedures and identify the process changes and training needed to implement successful cloud adoption.

Common stakeholders include infrastructure and operations leaders, site reliability engineers, and information technology service managers.

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6 Stratgies of migration

Rehosting

Replatforming

Refactoring/re-architecting

Repurchasing

Retaining

Retiring

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AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER EXAM NOTES - 17

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Amazon VPC

A virtual private cloud (VPC) is a virtual network dedicated to your AWS account.

It is logically isolated from other virtual networks in the AWS Cloud.

A VPC spans all the Availability Zones in the region.

When you 1st create AWS account a default VPC is created for you in each AWS region.

By default you can create up to 5 VPCs per region.

The default VPC has all-public subnets.

Instances in the default VPC always have both a public and private IP address.

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Terms in VPC :

Virtual Private Cloud(VPC):

A logically isolated virtual network in the AWS cloud.

Subnet:

A segment(group)of IP address range where you can place groups

of isolated resources (public subnet, private subnet)

Internet Gateway:

to connect to internet from Public subnet

Nat Gateway: To connect to internet from Private subnet.

(previously Nat instance was used, managed by client )

Direct connect:

AWS Direct Connect is a network service to "avoid" the Internet

to connect a customer’s on-premises sites to AWS.

Data is transmitted through a "private network connection" between AWS and a customer’s data center or corporate network.

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Hardware VPN(Virtual private network) connection :

A hardware-based VPN connection between your Amazon VPC and your datacenter

Virtual Private Gateway:

The Amazon VPC side of a VPN connection.

Customer Gateway:

Your side of a VPN connection.

Peering Connection:

A peering connection enables you to route traffic via

private IP addresses between "two peered VPCs".

VPC Endpoints:

Enables private connectivity to services hosted in AWS, from within your VPC without using an Internet Gateway, VPN, Network Address Translation (NAT)devices, or firewall.

Egress-only Internet Gateway:

A stateful gateway to provide egress only access for IPv6 traffic from the VPC to the Internet.

AWS Transit Gateway:

connects "Multiple VPCs" and on-premises networks through a central hub.

AWS PrivateLink:

AWS PrivateLink establishes private connectivity between VPCs and

services hosted on AWS or on-premises, without exposing data to the internet.

AWS VPN CloudHub:

uses an Amazon VPC virtual private gateway with multiple customer gateways

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Options for securely connecting to a VPC are:

AWS managed VPN – fast to setup.

Direct Connect – high bandwidth, low-latency but takes weeks to months to setup.

VPN CloudHub – used for connecting multiple sites to AWS.

Software VPN – use 3rd party software.

Firewalls:

Security group :

operates at instance level

supports allow rules only

Stateful (remembers who came in)

evalutates all rules

applies to instance, ONLY if associated with group.

Network ACL :

Operates at network level

supports allow and deny rules

stateless (forgets who came in)

processes in order.

Automatically applies to all resource in Network.

Use VPC wizard 4 types of configuration in VPC:

VPC with a Single Public Subnet

VPC with Public and Private Subnets

VPC with Public and Private Subnets and Hardware VPN Access

VPC with a Private Subnet Only and Hardware VPN Access

AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER EXAM NOTES - 18

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Amazon S3

* S3 is "OBJECT" storage built to store and retrieve data.

* Files can be anywhere from 0 bytes to 5 TB. Files are stored in "buckets".

* Buckets are root level folders. Any subfolder within a bucket is “folder”.

* S3 is a universal namespace so bucket names must be "unique globally".

* Configure a "lifecycle policy" to manage your objects and store

them cost effectively throughout their lifecycle.

* Life cycle policy -You can transition objects to other S3 storage

classes or expire objects that reach the end of their lifetimes.

* S3 Object Lock – Prevent Amazon S3 objects from being deleted or

overwritten for a fixed amount of time or indefinitely

* S3 provides query-in-place - functionality, allowing you to run

powerful analytics directly on your data at rest in S3(Athena)

* S3 Block Public Access – Block public access to S3 buckets and objects.

By default, Block Public Access are turned on at the account and bucket level.

* EBS snapshots are stored in S3.

Cloud watch logs are stored in S3.

Cloud trial logs are send to S3.

* S3 charges are for :

-Storage class

-Storage size

-Requests n data retrievals

-data transfer

-management n replication

When you successfully upload a file to S3 you receive a HTTP 200 code.

A HTTP 200 codes indicates a successful upload.

A HTTP 300 code indicates a redirection.

A HTTP 400 code indicates a client error.

A HTTP 500 code indicates a server error.

S3 is a persistent, highly durable data store.(retain data when powered off.)

S3 use cases:

- Backup storage

- Application hosting

- Media hosting

- Software delivery

- Static website

There are seven S3 storage classes.

S3 Standard = durable, immediately available, frequently accessed

S3 Intelligent-Tiering = automatically moves data to the most cost-effective tier.

S3 Standard-IA = "High Available" immediately available, infrequently accessed

S3 One Zone-IA = lower cost for infrequently accessed data with less "resilience"

S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval = data rarely accessed n requires retrieval in Milisec

S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval = archived data, retrieval times in minutes or hours

S3 Glacier Deep Archive = lowest cost storage class for long term retention

AWS Snowball Edge (80 TB)

With AWS Snowball (Snowball), you can transfer hundreds of terabytes or petabytes of data between your on-premises data centers and Amazon S3.

They are well suited for large-scale data migrations and recurring transfer

workflows, in addition to local computing with higher capacity needs.

Snowball edge storage optimised - used for recurring transfer workflow

*storage- 80TB HDD capacity for block volumes, 1TB of SATA for block volumes

*compute - 40 vCPUs and 80gb memory to support sbe1 instance(equal to C5)

Snowball edge compute optimised - used for machine learning,full motion video,analytics

*Storage - 42TB HDD, and 7.68 TB of NVMe SSD

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AWS Storage Gateway

AWS Storage Gateway is a hybrid cloud storage service that gives you on-premises

access to virtually unlimited cloud storage.

These include moving backups to the cloud, using on-premises file shares backed by cloud storage, and providing low latency access to data in AWS for on-premises applications.

Storage Gateway Types:

1. File Gateway :On premises file storage backed by s3 objects.

a> S3 File Gateway - Store and access objects in Amazon S3

from NFS or SMB file data with local caching.

b> FSx file Gateway - Access fully managed file shares in Amazon FSx

for Windows File Server using SMB.

2. Tape gateway : on premises Block storage backed by s3 and "EBS snapshot"

Store virtual tapes in Amazon S3 using iSCSI-VTL, and store archived

tapes in Amazon S3 Glacier or Amazon S3 Glacier Deep Archive.

You can also deploy a tape gateway on an AWS Snowball Edge device to

facilitate offline transfer of tape data.

3. Volume gateway: Virtual tape storage in s3 and Glacier with VTL management.

Store and access iSCSI block storage volumes in Amazon S3.

a> Cached volumes – Store your data in AWS and retain a copy of frequently

accessed data subsets locally

b> Stored volume – Store all your data locally and asynchronously

back up point-in-time snapshots to AWS.

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AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER EXAM NOTES - 16

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1. Amazon DynamoDB

2. Aurora

3. Elastic cache

4. RDS

Amazon DynamoDB (schema-less.)

Amazon DynamoDB is a fully managed NoSQL database service that provides

fast and predictable performance with seamless scalability.

NoSQL type of database (non-relational).Fast, highly available fully managed.

Used when data is fluid and can change. used in social networks and web analytics.

"Push button scaling" means that you can scale the DB at any

time without incurring downtime.

DynamoDB supports cross-region replication which

in its latest implementation is now known as Global Tables.

"A Global table" gives you the capability to replicate a single table across

1 or many alternate regions and in doing so protects your table from regional outages

All of your data is stored on solid-state disks (SSDs) and is automatically

replicated across multiple Availability Zones in an AWS Region, providing

built-in high availability and data durability

Amazon DynamoDB global tables provides a fully managed solution for

deploying a multi-region, multi-master database.

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Amazon ElastiCache

ElastiCache is a web service that makes it easy to deploy and run

Memcached or Redis protocol-compliant server nodes in the cloud.

The in-memory caching provided by ElastiCache can be used to significantly

"improve latency" and throughput for many read-heavy application workloads or

compute-intensive workloads.

ElastiCache can be used for storing session state.

There are two types of ElastiCache engine:

Memcached - simple model. use to cache frequent queries in front of RDS.

Redis - complex model. use to cache with load-balanced web servers, store web session information in Redis so if a server is lost, the session info

is not lost, and another web server can pick it up

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Amazon Aurora

Amazon Aurora (Aurora) is a fully managed relational database engine

that's compatible with MySQL and PostgreSQL.

Amazon Aurora is designed to offer 99.99% availability, replicating 6 copies

of your data across 3 Availability Zones and backing up your data continuously

to Amazon S3.

Aurora can deliver up to 5 times the throughput of MySQL and up to 3 times

the throughput of PostgreSQL without requiring changes to most of your

existing applications.

Amazon Aurora is fully managed by Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS),

which automates time-consuming administration tasks like hardware

provisioning, database setup, patching, and backups.

Aurora management operations typically involve entire clusters of database servers

that are synchronized through replication, instead of individual database instances.

Aurora also automates and standardizes database clustering and replication.

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Amazon RDS

is a managed service that makes it easy to set up, operate, and scale a "relational database"(sql) in the cloud.

RDS is an Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) type of database.

RDS features and benefits:

SQL type of database , Can be used to perform complex queries and joins.

Easy to setup, highly available, fault tolerant, and scalable.

Used when data is clearly defined. used in online stores and banking systems.

Amazon RDS supports the following database engines:

SQL Server. Oracle. MySQL Server. PostgreSQL. Aurora. MariaDB.

RDS is a fully managed service and you do not have access to the

underlying EC2 instance (no root access).

The RDS service includes the following:

You can use the database products you are already familiar with:

MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server.

Amazon RDS manages backups, software patching, automatic failure detection, and recovery.

You can turn on automated backups, or manually create your own backup snapshots.

You can use these backups to restore a database.

You can get high availability with a primary instance and a synchronous

secondary instance that you can fail over to when problems occur.

You can also use read replicas to increase read scaling.

In addition to the security in your database package, you can help control who

can access your RDS databases by using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)

to define users and permissions.

You can also help protect your databases by putting them in a virtual private cloud (VPC)

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AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER EXAM NOTES - 15

2022-06-29T07:03:00.008-04:00

1.Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS)

2.Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS)

3.Amazon Elastic compute (Ec2)

1.Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) - Block storage

Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) provides persistent block

storage volumes for use with Amazon EC2 instances in the AWS Cloud.

Each Amazon EBS volume is automatically replicated within its Availability Zone

to protect from component failure, offering high availability and durability.

EBS volume data persists independently of the life of the instance.(permanent)

You can attach multiple EBS volumes to an instance.

EBS volumes must be in the same AZ as the instances they are attached to.

EBS Snapshots:

Snapshots capture a point-in-time state of an instance.

Snapshots are stored on S3.

Instance Store Volumes:

Instance store volumes are high performance local disks that are physically

attached to the host computer on which an EC2 instance runs.

Instance stores are ephemeral which means the data is lost when powered off

Charges for

1. Volume storage

2. snapshots

3. Data transfer

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2.Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS)

EFS is a fully managed service that makes it easy to set up and

scale file storage in the Amazon Cloud.

Good for big data and analytics, media processing workflows,

content management, web serving, home directories etc.

Can concurrently connect 1 to 1000s of EC2 instances, from multiple AZs.

Data is stored across "multiple AZs" within a region. - Regional service

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3.Amazon EC2

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service with which

you can run virtual server “instances” in the cloud.

User data(Bootstrapping) is data that is supplied by the user at

instance launch in the form of a script.

Bootstrapping) in AWS simply means to add commands or scripts to AWS EC2's

instance User Data section that can be executed when the instance starts.

Pricing :

There are three fundamental drivers of cost with AWS:

compute, storage, and outbound data transfer.

Ec2 Pricing : On Demand, Reserved, Saving, Spot, Dedicated host, Dedicated Instance.

[1]. on demand - unpredictable workloads that cannot be interrupted. No upfront cost.

[2]. Reserved - Applications with steady state or predictable usage.

No upfront, partial upfront, full upfront.

1-3yrs commitment.

Reservations provide you with greater discounts, up to 75%, by paying for

capacity ahead of time. Some of the services you can reserve include:

EC2, DynamoDB, ElastiCache, RDS, and RedShift

a>Standard RI - 75% off, cannot change attributes(family,platform,tenancy,instance type)

b>convertible RI - 54% off,provides the capability to change the attributes of the RI

c>Scheduled RIs - you can reserve capacity that is scheduled to recur daily, weekly, or monthly, with a specified start time and duration, for a one-year term

[3]. Savings plan: No upfront, partial upfront, full upfront.

1-3yrs commitment.

measured in $/hour

a>Compute savings plan:

provides more flexibility and 66% of demand rates. These plans automatically apply to your ec2 instance regardless of instance size, instance family, region , operating system, or tenancy. Also applies to Fargate n lambda usage

b>EC2 instance savings plan:

Provides savings upto 72% in exchange for commitment to Specific instance

family in a "chosen region", regardless of size, tenancy, OS

4. Spot - instance that uses spare EC2 capacity that is available for less than

the On-Demand price. Suitable for Applications that have flexible

start and end times.

5. Dedicated host - Physical servers dedicated just for your use.

can use your own software licenses that use metrics

like per-core, per-socket, or per-VM.

6. Dedicated instances: Virtualized instances on hardware just for you.

Does not provide the additional visibility and controls

of dedicated hosts (e.g. how instances are placed on a server).

Amazon EC2 instance types:

1. General purpose instances:

General purpose instances provide a balance of compute, memory and networking resources, and can be used for a variety of diverse workloads.

used in application server

back end server for enterprise appln.

small and medium database

Gaming

2. compute optimised instance:

Compute Optimized instances are ideal for compute bound applications

that benefit from high performance processors

High performance computing (HPC)

batch processing,

ad serving,

video encoding,

scientific modelling,

distributed analytics,

CPU-based machine learning inference.

3. memory optimised instance :

Memory optimized instances are designed to deliver fast performance for

workloads that process large data sets in memory.

Memory-intensive applications such as

open-source databases,

in-memory caches,

and real time big data analytics

4. Storage optimised :

Storage optimized instances are designed for workloads that require high,

sequential read and write access to very large data sets on local storage.

ideal fit for workloads that require very fast access to medium size data sets on local storage. can benefit from high compute performance and high network throughput.

relational databases (MySQL, MariaDB, and PostgreSQL),

and NoSQL databases (KeyDB, ScyllaDB, and Cassandra)

search engines and

data analytics

5. Accelerated computing :

Accelerated computing instances use hardware accelerators,

or co-processors, to perform functions.

graphics processing,

data pattern matching,

Machine learning,

high performance computing,

speech recognition,

autonomous vehicles, and drug discovery.

AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER EXAM NOTES - 14

2022-06-29T07:03:00.002-04:00

Other Services

Amazon Elastic Transcoder [Media service]

AWS AppSync [Front-End Web & Mobile]

AWS Device Farm [Front-End Web & Mobile]

Amazon AppStream [End User Computing]

Amazon WorkLink [End User Computing]

Amazon WorkDocs [Business Applications]

Amazon Simple Email Service (Amazon SES) [Business Applications]

AWS IoT Core

AWS Managed Services

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Amazon Elastic Transcoder

lets you convert media files that you have stored in Amazon S3 into media

files in the formats required by consumer playback devices.

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AWS AppSync

is an enterprise-level, fully managed GraphQL service with real-time data synchronization and offline programming features.

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AWS Device Farm

is an app testing service that enables you to test your iOS, Android and Fire OS apps on real, physical phones and tablets that are hosted by AWS. The service allows you to upload your own tests or use built-in, script-free compatibility tests.

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Amazon AppStream

2.0 lets you move your desktop applications to AWS, without rewriting them. It’s easy to install your applications on AppStream 2.0, set launch configurations, and make your applications available to users.

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Amazon WorkLink

is a fully managed service that provides your employees and contractors secure, one- click access to your internal websites and web apps using their mobile phones.

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Amazon WorkDocs

You can store virtually any type of file on Amazon WorkDocs. Each individual user account on Amazon WorkDocs includes 1 TB of storage capacity by default.

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Amazon Simple Email Service (Amazon SES)

is a cloud-based email sending service designed to help digital marketers and application developers send marketing, notification, and transactional emails. It is limited to sending email.

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AWS IoT Core

is a managed cloud service that lets connected devices easily and securely interact with cloud applications and other devices.

AWS IoT Core can support billions of devices and trillions of messages, and can process and route those messages to AWS endpoints and to other devices reliably and sec

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AWS Managed Services

AWS Managed Services provides ongoing management of your AWS

infrastructure so you can focus on your applications.

By implementing best practices(ITIL® ) to maintain your infrastructure,

AWS Managed Services helps to reduce your operational overhead and risk.

AWS Managed Services automates common activities

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What is internet of things with example?

The internet of things is a technology that allows us to add a device to an inert object (for example: vehicles, plant electronic systems, roofs, lighting, etc.) that can measure environmental parameters, generate associated data and transmit them through a communications network.

AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER EXAM NOTES - 13

2022-06-29T07:02:00.006-04:00

Machine learning tools

1.Amazon SageMaker

2.Amazon comprehend

3.Amazon Rekognition

4.Amazon Textract

5.Amazon Transcribe

6.Amazon Lex

7.Amazon Polly

1.Amazon SageMaker

is a fully managed machine learning service.

With Amazon SageMaker, data scientists and developers can quickly build and train machine learning models, and then deploy them into a production-ready hosted environment.

2. Amazon CodeGuru

provides intelligent recommendations for improving application performance,

efficiency, and code quality in your Java applications.

3. Amazon comprehend

uses natural language processing (NLP) to extract insights about the

content of documents without the need of any special preprocessing.

With Amazon Comprehend you can search social networking feeds for mentions

of products, scan an entire document repository for key phrases,

or determine the topics contained in a set of documents.

4.Amazon Rekognition

makes it easy to add image and video analysis to your applications

5.Amazon Textract

enables you to add document text detection and analysis to your applications

6. Amazon Transcribe

provides transcription services for your audio files and audio streams. It uses advanced machine learning technologies to recognize spoken words and transcribe them into text.

7. Amazon Lex

Conversational AI for Chatbots.

8. Amazon Polly

Turns text into lifelike speech.

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AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER EXAM NOTES - 12

2022-06-29T07:02:00.001-04:00

1.MIGRATION TOOLS

1.AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS)

2.AWS Server Migration Service (AWS SMS)

3.AWS Migration Hub (Migration Hub)

4.Migration Evaluator (Formerly TSO Logic)

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When to rightsize when Migrating ??

1. Right Size Before Migrating

By right sizing before a migration, you can significantly reduce your infrastructure costs. If you skip right sizing to save time, your migration speed might be faster,BUT

you will end up with higher cloud infrastructure spend for a potentially long time.

2. Right Sizing is an Ongoing Process

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AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS)

is a web service you can use to migrate data from your database that is on-premises, on an Amazon RDS DB instance, or in a database on an Amazon EC2 instance to a database on an AWS service.

You can also migrate a database from an AWS service to an on-premises database. You can migrate between source and target endpoints that use the same database engine, You can also migrate between source and target endpoints that use different database engines

_______________________________________________________________________________________

AWS Server Migration Service (AWS SMS)

combines data collection tools with automated server replication to speed the migration of on-premises servers to AWS.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

AWS Migration Hub (Migration Hub)

provides a single location to track migration tasks across

multiple AWS tools and partner solutions.

With Migration Hub, you can choose the AWS and partner migration tools that

best fit your needs while providing visibility into the status of your migration

Migration Hub also provides key metrics and progress information for

individual applications, regardless of which tools are used to migrate them.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Migration Evaluator (Formerly TSO Logic)

you can gain access to insights and accelerate decision-making

for migration to AWS at no cost.

Server cost

Storage cost

Network cost

Data centre cost

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AWS CLOUD PRACTIONER EXAM NOTES - 11

2022-06-29T07:01:00.005-04:00

Storage

1.AWS Backup

2.Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS)

3.Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS)

4.Amazon S3

5.Amazon S3 Glacier

6.AWS Snowball Edge

7.AWS Storage Gateway

a. AWS snow cone

b. AWS Snowmobile

c. AWS Elastic Disaster Recovery (AWS DRS)

d. Amazon FSx

AWS Backup

AWS Backup is a fully managed service that enables you to centralize

and automate data protection across on-premises and AWS services.

AWS Backup also enables you to audit and report on the compliance of

your data protection policies with AWS Backup Audit Manager.

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Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) - Block storage

Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) provides persistent block

storage volumes for use with Amazon EC2 instances in the AWS Cloud.

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Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS)

EFS is a fully managed service that makes it easy to set up and

scale file storage in the Amazon Cloud.

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Amazon S3

S3 is OBJECT storage built to store and retrieve data.

Files can be anywhere from 0 bytes to 5 TB.iles are stored in buckets.

Buckets are root level folders. Any subfolder within a bucket is “folder”.

S3 is a universal namespace so bucket names must be unique globally.

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S3 Glacier

S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval = data rarely accessed n requires retrieval in Milisec

S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval = archived data, retrieval times in minutes or hours

S3 Glacier Deep Archive = lowest cost storage class for long term retention

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AWS Snowball Edge (80 TB)

With AWS Snowball (Snowball), you can transfer hundreds of terabytes or

petabytes of data between your on-premises data centers and Amazon S3.

Snowball edge storage optimised - used for recurring transfer workflow

storage- 80TB HDD, compute - 40 vCPUs and 80gb

Snowball edge compute optimised - used for machine learning,full motion

video,analytics Storage - 42TB HDD

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AWS Storage Gateway

AWS Storage Gateway is a hybrid cloud storage service that gives you on-premises

access to virtually unlimited cloud storage.

Storage Gateway Types:File Gateway, Tape gateway, Volume Gateway

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AWS snow cone( 8 TB)

is a small, rugged, and secure edge computing and data transfer device.

It features 2 CPUs, 4 GB of memory, and 8 TB of usable storage

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AWS Snowmobile (<100 PB)

It is an exabyte-scale data transfer service used to move large amounts

of data to AWS. You can transfer up to "100 petabytes" of data per Snowmobile,

a 45-foot long ruggedized shipping container, pulled by a semi trailer truck

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AWS Elastic Disaster Recovery (AWS DRS)

minimizes downtime and data loss with fast, reliable recovery of on-premises and cloud-based applications using affordable storage, minimal compute, and point-in-time recovery.

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Amazon FSx

makes it easy and cost effective to launch, run, and scale feature-rich,

high-performance file systems in the cloud.

With Amazon FSx, you can choose between four widely-used file systems:

Lustre, NetApp ONTAP, OpenZFS, and Windows File Server.

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