<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-72862056351212014</id><updated>2024-08-30T19:21:43.453+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Referate online</title><subtitle type='html'>Acest blog va pune la dispozitie o sumedenie de referate online atat pentru liceu cat si pentru facultati.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://1001referateonline.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/72862056351212014/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://1001referateonline.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03995260167882711309</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>3</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-72862056351212014.post-3968765081303791427</id><published>2012-02-18T00:39:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2012-02-18T00:48:13.895+02:00</updated><title type='text'>CELE 7 MINUNI ALE LUMII -ISTORIE (LICEU)</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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class=&quot;MsoTitle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;CELE 7 MINUNI ALE LUMII&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:  none&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;1)Piramida lui Keops(Piramida cea mare de la Gizeh)&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Este singura dintre cele 7 minuni ale antichitatii care nu a fst distrusa de-a lungul timpului.piramidele au fost construite ca morminte regale. Prima piramida a&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;fost construita in 2560 i. Chr la Sakkara. Dar cele mai importante sunt cele trei piramide&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;mari construite la Gizeh, printre care se numara si piramida lui Keops.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Ea se afla la 8km de Cairo pe platoul Gizeh. Pe acest platou se afla 11 piramide dintre care 8 mici si&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;3 mari. Aceste piramide au fost construite&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;in timpul celei de-a IV-a dinastii.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;Cele 3 mari piramide sunt atribuite faraonilor : -Mikerinos, Kephren, Keops: inaltime = 148m si lungimea = 233m.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;In urma calculelor facute de specialisti a rezultat ca pentru constructia ei au fost necesare peste 2.300.000 de blocuri de “piatra de calcar galbui”.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;In total piramida cantareste in jur de 6.000.000 de tone.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;Indienii din America Centrala si de sud au construit, deasemenea piramide ca temple in timpul primelor 6 secole d.Chr . Una dintre ele este piramida din&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Cholula, aproape de Mexico City.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;Gradinile suspendate ale Samiramidei&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;Ele apartineau reginei Samiramida, sotia regelui Habucodonosor.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;Descrierea facuta de Diodor ne prezinta Gradinile suspendate astfel&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 29.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;au forma patrata in trepte sau de amfiteatru&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 29.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;terasele au sol artificial, plin cu arbori de toate speciile ce aminteau reginei de tara ei&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 29.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;minunatele gradini au terasele incarcate de verdeata. In mijlocul acestui desert nu mai vegheaza decat un arbore milenar, un ateh urias care poate sa aminteasca de gradinile suspendate.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;Ele au fost consrtuite drept cadou din partea regelui Nabucodonosor&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;pentru sotia sa in 600 i.chr . gradinile erau suspendate la 75m inaltime.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;3) Templul Artemisei din Efes&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Artemis a fost zeita vanatorii, protectoare a oraselor si a corabiilor. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Templul avea:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 29.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;lungimea = 125,8 m&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 29.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;latimea = 65 m&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 29.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list:Ignore&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;127 de coloane in stil ionic, bogat decorate cu reliefuri de soclu&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;templul a fost inceput in secolul VII d. Chr si terminat in secolul IV i.Chr.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;El a fost distrus in sec. IV-VI d. Chr . &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;Astazi&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;langa vechiul amplasament al Artemisului s-a amenajat un muzeu in care se pot vedea cateva vestigii ale maretului templu.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:none&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;4) Mausoleul de la Halicarnas&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;Este mormant si templu al regelui Mausolus, rege al statului antic Caria. A fost construit dupa moartea regelui Mausolus in 353 i. Chr.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;Construit la Halicarnas el a fost inceput de Mausol&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;si terminat de sotia acestuia Artemisa.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;Are 36 de coloane in stilul ionic. Intre coloane se aflau statui reprezentand oameni si animale. Ca si placile care imbracau Piramida cea mare ca si blocurile de piatra ale vestitului Artemision din Efes, marmura alba a Mausoleului s-a risipit in alte ziduri ascunzand&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;in adancul noilor fortificatii sau constructii povestea frunzelor sale; din edificiul care fusese una din minunile lumii n-au mai ramas decat fragmente prin muzee si cateva pietre de fundatie.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;5) Statuia lui Zeus din Olimp&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;A &lt;span style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:RO&quot; lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;fost&lt;/span&gt; construita la jumatatea secolului V i. Chr si a rezistat timp de 1000 ani. Statuia avea 12m inaltime cu soclul de 14 m.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;Zeus era asezat pe un tron cu spatar inalt, bogat decorat, iar pe cap aveao o corana din frunze de maslin. Tronul era din aur. Vesmantul era presarat cu flori de crin. Zeus avea in mana dreapta o statueta a zeitei&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Victoria iar in mana stanga un sciptru.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;Statuia lui Zeus a fost o statuie executata din lemn placat cu aur si fildes, ornamentata cu abanos, bronz si pietre pretioase. Ea a fost executata de Fidias.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;Parasita, dar uitata niciodata! Olimpia si-a legat numele de o minune antica si-l pastreaza legat de una noua, a jocurilor olimpice reanviate. Cu acelasi ceremonial ca acum peste 2500 de ani, la fiecare 4 ani, in olimpia se aprinde flacara ,care, strabatand continente, stajuieste olimpiadele erei noastre. Aceasta flacara, simbol al pacii, prieteniei si solidaritatii umane, este noua minune pe care Olimpia a daruit-o lumii.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;6)Farul din Alexandria&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;A fost construit in 280 i. Chr&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;pentru a calazui corabiile care intrau in portul Alexandria.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;El a fost construit din mai multe corpuri suprapuse(dupa unii 3, dupa altii 4 sau chiar 8).&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Farul avea o inaltime de 130-140m si era asezat la 5,40m peste nivelul marii. Era in intregime din marmura alba.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Intre secolele XII – XIV d.chr , in urma unor cutremure si ale incercarulor arabilor de a-l darama, el a fost disrtus.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Farul din Alexandria a fost inca o dovada a tehnicii remarcabile de constructie a Egiptului antic, care din pacate, s-a pierdut in negura timpului.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Ramasitile acestui templu au fost gasite de foarte putin timp.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;7) Colosul din Rhodos&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Aceasta&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;statuie a fost inaltata de locuitorii orasului Rhodos intre 294 si 282 i. Chr. Pentru a sarbatorii infrangerea macedonilor.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Statuia era din bronz , se afla la intrarea in portul Rhodos si il reprezenta pe zeul soarelui, Helios.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;Descriilile contemporane ii atribuiau circa 32m.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;Cand statuia a fost daramata in 654 d.Chr , au fost necesare 800 de camile pentru a aduna ramasitele. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://1001referateonline.blogspot.com/feeds/3968765081303791427/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://1001referateonline.blogspot.com/2012/02/cele-7-minuni-ale-lumii-istorie-liceu.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/72862056351212014/posts/default/3968765081303791427'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/72862056351212014/posts/default/3968765081303791427'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://1001referateonline.blogspot.com/2012/02/cele-7-minuni-ale-lumii-istorie-liceu.html' title='CELE 7 MINUNI ALE LUMII -ISTORIE (LICEU)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-72862056351212014.post-7962079945348471332</id><published>2012-02-12T00:57:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-02-12T00:57:23.302+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Prelucrari ale metalelor prin deformare plastica -FIZICA(FACULTATE)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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deformare plastica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

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libera a pieselor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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tablelor prin deformare plastica la rece&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Sub acţiunea unor forţe exterioare metalele şi aliajele pot suferi
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&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Deformarea
elastică &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;a materialelor&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;şi aliajelor se menţine numai în timpul
acţiunii unor forţe exterioare &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -27.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;capabile să le modifice forma şi
dimensiunile .La înlăturarea acestor forţe metalul sau aliajul revine la forma
şi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;. dimensiunile iniţiale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -27.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Deformarea
plastică &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;a metalelor şi aliajelor se produce numai la o
animită valoare a forţelor exterioare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -27.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Această deformare se menţine şi după
indepărtarea forţelor care a provocat-o .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -27.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Metalele şi aliajele sunt corpuri solide
deformabile care au însuşiri elastice şi plastice . De aceea ,la prelucrarea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -27.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;metalelor prin lovire sau presare ,deformarea
plastică este precedată întotdeauna de deformarea elastica .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -27.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 27.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;După înlăturarea forţei exterioare
,deformarea elastică se recuperează şi rămîne numai deformarea plastică&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Mecanismul deformării plastice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;La prelucrarea prin deformarea
plastică, metalele şi aliajele se deformează, în principal, prin două &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;mecanisme, şi anume: alunecarea si maclarea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Alunecarea &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;în reţelele cristaline constă în deplasarea în
întregime a unei părţi de cristal, în raport cu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;altele, pe planele de maximă densitate de atomi, numite &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;plane de alunecare&lt;/i&gt;, şi în &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;direcţiile de alunecare&lt;/i&gt; pe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;care atomii au aşezarea cea mai
densă. La alunecare, deplasarea se face cu un multiplu întreg de distanţe &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;atomicesi pe un număr mic de plane atomice ( 1 pînă la 100 plane atomice ),
fără a distruge coeziunea &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;dintre părţile alăturate ale cristalului.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: -63.0pt; margin-top: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Maclarea &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;constă în deplasarea unei părţi de cristal, astfel
încît partea respectivă să se plaseze, în raport&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;cu un plan într-o poziţie simetrică prin reflectare în oglindă. La maclare
atomii se deplasează pe distanţe mai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;mici&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;decît&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;un spaţiu interatomic, de aceea maclarea nu
produce o deformare permanentă însemnată.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Deformarea prin maclare este
favorizată de scăderea temperaturii şi de creşterea vitezei de deformare.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Alunecarea se întîlneşte la
deformarea monocristalelor şi agregatelor policristaline unui număr mare de&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;metale si aliaje în timp ce maclarea
are loc numai în cazul anumitor metale şi aliaje. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;La monocristale, planele de
alunecare au aceeaşi direcţie, în schimb la policristale,( adică la metale, şi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;aliaje industriale), direcţia
planelor de alunecare diferă de la un cristal la altul. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Datorită orientării diferite a
planelor de alunecare de la un grăunte cristalin&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;la altul, a neomogenităţii &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;chimice şi structurale şi a altor factori, procesele de deformare plastică
a agregatelor policristaline sînt mult mai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;complexe decît la monocristale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;La început solicitării
metalelor şi aliajelor mai întîi se deformează cristelele a căror plane şi
direcţii de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;alunecare se apropie cel mai mult de planele înclinate la 45 faţă&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;de direcţia forţei. Pe măsură ce deformarea &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;continuă, alunecarea se produce şi în alte plane cu o înclinare mai puţin
favorabilă faţă de direcţia solicitării.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Din acest punct de vedere &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;plasticitatea &lt;/i&gt;metalelor este determinată
de capacitatea lor de a produce plane &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;de alunecare. Cu cît un metal are mai multe plane de alunecare, cu atît
plasticitatea lui este mai ridicată.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -63.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 120.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Deformarea plastică a metalelor şi aliajelor la rece şi
la cald &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Deformarea la rece are&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt; loc la temperaturi sub 0,3 T&lt;sub&gt;top&lt;/sub&gt;
(temperatura de topire a metalului ,în K),find caracterizată prin creşterea
durităţi şi a rezistenţei la rupere şi prin micşorarea ductibilităţii . Această
stare a materialului obţinută ca rezultat al deformării se numeşte &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;ecruisare &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;şi reprezintă o &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;stare instabilă&lt;/i&gt; .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;Deformarea plastică la cald &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;are loc la temperaturi ce depăşesc 0,7 T&lt;sub&gt;top&lt;/sub&gt;
,fapt ce permite ca &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;procesul de
recristalizare&lt;/i&gt;&lt;u&gt; &lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;să se
desfăşoare in acelaşi timp cu deformarea .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Prelucrarea la cald ,în comparaţie
cu cea la rece , prezintă unele avantaje : reducerea importantă a energiei
necesară deformarii şi diminuează neomogenităţile şi suflurile şi se
fărîmiţează structura grosolană de la turnare . Totodată ,procedeul prezintă şi
unele dezavantaje : se produce oxidarea şi decarburarea suprafeţei materialului
,structura şi proprietăţile mecanice sunt mai puţin uniforme pe secţiunea
transversală decît la metalele prelucrate la rece şi apoi recoapte .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Metalele şi aliajele prelucrate prin
deformare plastică se caracterizează printr-o structură fibroasă rezultată prin
deplasarea particolelor şi incluziunilor ,în structuri paralele cu direcţiile
freferate ale grăunţilor deformaţi .Această structură este stabilă şi nu poate
fii distrusă nici prin tratamente şi nici prin deformări plastice ulterioare . &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;La proiectarea procesului tahnologic
de prelucrare,pentru a se obţine piese cu caracteristici mecanice optime ,se va
ţine seama de structura fibroasă şi de starea de anizotropie a materialului .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;În timpul procesului de deformare plastică ,datorită mişcări relative
dintre corpurile solide în contact apare rezistenţa la mişcarea respectivă .
Frecarea exterioară este ,în general ,dăunătoare , deoarece măreşte energia
consumată la deformare ,curgerea neomogenă a materialului ,diminuează calitatea
suprafeţelor prelucrate şi sporeşte uzura sculelor . Frecarea exterioară este
benifică numai la procesul de laminare,asigurînd prinderea şi antrnarea
metalului .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Clasificarea
procedeelor de prelucrare prin deformare plastică &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Se cunosc multe procedee de prelucrare a metalelor prin deformare plastică
,însă în practica industrială se folosesc un număr limitat de procedee. Pe baza
solicitărilor exterioare aplicate ,procedeele de prelucrare prin deformare
plastică pot fii incluse în cinci grupe .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Deformare prin compresiune &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;, realizată, prin solicitarea de
compresiune mono- şi poliaxială ,în această grupă se includ : &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;forjarea liberă ,forjarea în matriţe
,extrudarea şi laminarea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 123.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;matriţarea
&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;,constă în deformarea simultană în
întregul volum al materialului ,iar curgerea acestuia este dirijata şi
condiţionată de forma ,şi dimensiunile locaşurilor matriţei .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 123.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;forjarea
liberă&lt;/u&gt; , constă în comprimarea succesivă a metalului cu ajutorul a două
scule ,montate pe ciocane sau prese din care una este fixă iar alta mobilă .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 123.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;extrudarea
&lt;/u&gt;,constă in deformarea sub acţiunea presiunii exercitată asupra metalului
,care este obligat să curga printr-o matriţă ,preluînd profilul acesteia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 123.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;laminarea
,&lt;/u&gt; constă în deformarea metalului între doi cilindri cu axe paralele care se
rotesc continuu în sensuri opuse .Odată cu deformarea propriu-zisă ,cilindrii
realizează şi avansul metalului ,datorită frecării dintre suprafaţa cilindrilor
şi fuprafaţa metalului prelucrat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Deformarea prin tracţiune-compresiune &lt;/i&gt;,constă&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;în deformarea metalului printr-o solicitare
compusă de tracţiune şi compresiune , din această grupă fac parte : trefilare
şi tragerea barelor şi a ţevilor şi ambutisarea adîncă .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 120.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;trefilarea sîrmelor şi
tragerea barelor&lt;/u&gt; ,constă în tragerea unei sîrme sau bare prismatice ,cu o
forţă axială ,prin orificiul une scule numită &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;filieră &lt;/i&gt;,cu secţiunea transversala mai mică decît a materialului
iniţial .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 120.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;tragerea
ţevilor &lt;/u&gt;,este procedeul în care ţeava laminată este ddeformată prin tracţiune
,între o filieră şi un dorn care determină diametrul interior şi grosimea de
perete . &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 120.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;ambutisarea
adîncă &lt;/u&gt;, constă în deformarea unui material (semifabricat)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 120.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;de formă plană pînă la forma cavă sau mărimea cavă a unui produs cav ,cu
sau fără modificare voită a grosimii pereţilor .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in left 120.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Deformarea
prin tracţiune &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;,constă în
deformarea plastică a materialului printr-o solicitare de tracţiune mono- sau
poliaxială .În această grupă sunt incluse&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;alungirea ,lăţirea şi adîncirea .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in left 120.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Deformarea
prin încovoiere &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;se obţine prin solicitarea de încovoiere
,aplicată unui semifabricat plan ; încovoierea poate fii realizată liber sau
prin matriţare &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in left 120.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Deformare
prin forfecare &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;constă în
deformarea prin răsucire a unei porţiuni de semifabricat faţă de altele ,ca de
exemplu la răsucirea manetoanelor de la arborii cotiţi .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 123.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Forjarea
liberă&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 123.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 123.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Constă în comprimarea
succesivă a metalului cu ajutorul a două scule(nicovale) ,montate pe ciocane
sau prese din care una este fixă iar alta mobilă .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;La forjarea liberă materialul iniţial este constituit din lingouri şi
semifabricate&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;laminate .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Piesele forjate se caracterizează prin caracteristici mecanice superioare
produselor laminate ,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;dar mai ales a
pieselor obţinute prin turnare ,datorită structurii de forjare caree este
omogenă şi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;densă .Calitatea
pieselor forjate depinde de gradul de forjare numit şi caroiaj ,adică raportul
dintre secţiunea piesei perpendiculare pe direcţia deformaţiei principale
,măsurată înainte şi după forjare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Mărimea gradului de forjare depinde de semifabricatul folosit ,de calitatea
materialului şi de importanţa piesei forjate în timpul funcţiomării &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 105.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Scule şi dispozitive folosite la forjarea liberă &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Se pot grupa în următoarele grupe :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;scule de bază &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;cu
     ajutorul cărora se execută forjarea propriu-zisă &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;scule ajutătoare &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;cu ajutorul cărora se
     realizează manipularea semifabricatelor &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;dispozitive de măsurat şi controlat .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Scule de bază şi ajutătoare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Din această categorie fac parte : &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;nicovale
,matriţe pentru finisare ,dălţile ,întinzătoarele şi dornurile.&lt;/i&gt;De asemenea
se folosesc baroase şi ciocana executate din oţel forjat cementat şi
îmbunătăţit ,prevăzut cu cozi din lemn .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;nicovalele &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;se montează pe berbecul ciocanului şi pe şabotă
,fixîndu-se prin coadă de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;rîndunică
cu pană .Aceste scule au rolul de a deforma materialul ,avînd forme diferite in
funcţie de operaţia pe care o execută .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;nicovalele se execută din OL 50 sau OL 60
forjat şi tratat termic .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;matriţele pentru finisarea barelor se execută
din oţeluri slab aliate ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 54.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dălţile de găurit sunt
confecţionate din acelaşi material ca şi matriţele&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 54.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;întinzătoartele şi netezătoarele
se folosesc pentru înrinderea şi netezirea suprafeţelor .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 54.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;topoarele de tăiat la&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;cald utilizate&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;la tăierea materialului au forme diferite în
funcţie de profilul &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 54.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;materialului de tăiat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;dornurile
folosesc la perforarea materialului pentru a obţine alezaje de diferite forme
şi dimensiuni &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;apoi
la netezirea lor după perforare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 54.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;În timpul forjării
se folosesc şi o serie de scule ajutătoare şi anume :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;cleşti de forjă &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;folosiţi la
prinderea şi mînuirea pieselor calde în timpul forjării;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;cletei de macara &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;este astfel
executat, încît la ridicarea cîrligului macara ,fălcile lui se închid , &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;strîngînd
piesa pe care o pot ridics şi transporta ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;furicile pentru răsucit &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;se
folosesc la manipularea pieselor în timpul lucrului şi au dimensiuni
determinate de piesele forjate ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;manşoanele de prindere &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;se
folosesc la manipularea pieselor grele şi a lingourilor ,fiind manevrate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;cu macaraua ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;dispozitive de rotit &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;piesele grele în jurul axelor
longitudinale;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 54.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Dispozitive pentru măsurat şi controlat .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 54.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;În
timpul forjării se folosesc o serie de dispozitive de măsurat şi controlat ,de
construcţie &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 54.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;simplă ,pentru verificarea dimensiunilor şi formei
piesei forjate . Astfel pentru verificarea secţiunilor transversale
,longitudinale şi unghilor se folosesc :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;compas
simplu ,compas dublu , compas triplu şi compas de interior ,care servesc la
măsurarea alezajelor sau a degajărilor din piesă ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;riglă
metalică gradată sau metru metalic pentru măsurarea lungimilor ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;echer
pentru verificarea unghilor ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;şabloane
pentru verificarea formelor complexe ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 54.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;şublere
pentru măsurarea pieselor cu o precizie mai ridicată .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 1.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 1.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 1.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 1.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Utilaje folosite la forjarea liberă &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 1.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 113.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Ciocanele &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;sunt folosite la construcţia de serie mică sau mijlocie ,ele pot fii :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in left 113.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;vapopneumatice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in left 113.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;pneumatice
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in left 113.25pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;mecanice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 113.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Ciocanele vapopneumatice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 113.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sunt acţionate cu abur sau
aer comprimat la presiunea de 0,7-0,9 MN/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Din figură rezultă principiul de
funcţionare a unui ciocan vapopneumatic .Aburul sau aerul comprimat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig96ZRhQNlSQHucfpkQNyhPX7Umrq4YLPSpUyggtFBJvELX7LQWLaFeTeEZCFZYaollzawIhiHsWKnkv2UlWVkJtCs8FbyV0_Nfz-sUfK2e0eEMLOLMLFASqw-lVmLwS73wIZcAUspMK-W/s1600/REF.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig96ZRhQNlSQHucfpkQNyhPX7Umrq4YLPSpUyggtFBJvELX7LQWLaFeTeEZCFZYaollzawIhiHsWKnkv2UlWVkJtCs8FbyV0_Nfz-sUfK2e0eEMLOLMLFASqw-lVmLwS73wIZcAUspMK-W/s400/REF.jpg&quot; width=&quot;315&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 4.0in; tab-stops: 261.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;furnizat de o centrală este adus prin
conducta 1 în&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;distibuitorul 4 de unde
prin intermediul conductelor 12 ajunge în cilindrul 3 unde acţionează pistonul
5 care va antrena la rîndul său tija 6 ce este legată de berbecul 7 şi nicovala
superioară 8 . Nicovala inferioară 9 este montată pe şabota 10 fixată în
fundaţia 11. La ridicarea pistonului aerul sau aburul iese prin conducta 14 iar
dirijarea berbecului in poziţia sus jos se face cu ajutorul pîrghiei 13 ce este
ficsată împreună cu celelalte dispozitive pe batiul 15&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Regimul de lucru al ciocanului
vapopneumatic constă din : lovituri cu energie variată ,cursa de ridicare a
berbecului în poziţia suspendată şi cursa de coborîre lentă a berbecului
.Ciocanele vapopneumatice pot fii : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 279.0pt; tab-stops: 261.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;cu una sau două coloane ;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 279.0pt; tab-stops: 261.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;cursa berbecului de la 200 pînă la 2500 mm;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 279.0pt; tab-stops: 261.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;greutatea părţilor mobile&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;între 750şi100 000N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;numărul de lovituri pe minut de la 50 la 300;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;energia
de impact între 1000 şi 250 000 J &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Viteza berbecului
este de 7-8 m/s iar durata impactului de 10&lt;sup&gt;-3 &lt;/sup&gt;s. Pentru a mări
puterea ciocanului este necesar să fie accelerată viteza de impact , întrucît
imensiunile ciocanului sunt limitate .Acest lucru se realizează prin acţiunea
aerului sau aburului comprimat asupra pistonului ciocanului .La forjarea liberă
numai o parte din energie produce deformarea materialului ,cealaltă parte este
trimisă nicovalei inferioare ( şabota). În timpul funcţionări ciocanul produce
vibraţii şi zgomote ,iar pentru ca acestea să fie mai mici este necesar ca
raportul dintre masa şabotei şi părţile mobile sa fie adoptate în limitele
15-20 .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ciocanele pneumatice&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;lucrează numai cu aer comprimat şi sunt
acţionate de un motor electric. De la motorul electric prin intermediul unor
roţi dinţate se transmite mişcarea de rotaţie arborului cu manivelă care prin
bielă imprimă mişcare unui piston de comprimare a aerului din cilindrul
comprsor din care se trimite aerul comprimat in cilindrul de lucru unde se
deplasează un puiston ce ese cuplat cu un berbec de care este prinsă nicovala
superioară .În canalele de legătură dintre cei doi cilindri sunt montate
ventilurile orinzotale şi cel central După poziţia ventilelor faţă de canalele
de legătură cu cilindrul de lucru şi cu cilindrul compresor ,ciocanul pneumatic
are cinci regimuri de funcţionare : în gol ,menţinerea berbecului în poziţie
suspendată , lovituri automate ,lovituri individuale si lovituri de presare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;În categoria ciocanelor mecanice&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
intră toate tipurile de ciocane acţionate prin transmisie .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;După modul de
acţionare ,ciocanele mecanice pot fi: &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;cu
arc ,cu scîndură ,cu lanţ , cu curea etc.&lt;/i&gt; Aceste ciocane au masa părţilor
mobile pînă la 250 – 300 kg .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 140.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Operaţii de forjare liberă &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 140.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Principalele operaţii de
forjare liberă sunt : refularea ,întinderea ,gîtuirea ,găurirea ,îndoirea
,răsucirea şi tăierea .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Refularea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;este operaţia prin care în impul deformării se
reduce înălţimea semifabrivatului şi se măreşte suprafaţa secţiuni
transversale. Prin refulare se obţin piese cu secţiune mare şi înălţime mică
,cum sunt : flanşele ,discurile ,pinioanele ,discuri perforate etc.Piesele
obţinute prin refulare au o structură compactă şi caracteristici mecanice superioare
.Pentru executarea corectă a refulări trebuie ca raportul dintre înălţimea
iniţială h&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; a semifabricatului şi diametrul său d&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; să fie
suficient de mic ,adică h&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;lt;2,5 d&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;0. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;La un raport mai mare se produce flambarea semifabricatului .Operaţia de
refulare se execută la prese sau ciocane de forjare liberă mecanică ,fie între
nicovale plate ,fie în matriţe de mînă .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Întinderea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;este operaţia de forjare prin care se obţine
creşterea lungimii semifabricatului şi micşorarea secţiuni lui transversale
.Întinderea se poate realiza fie prin rotirea semifabricatului cu 90&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;
după fiecare lovitură ,fie prin rotirea în spirală în funcţie de
deformabilitatea materialului .Aplicaţiile operaţiei de întindere sunt multiple
,de exemplu ; forjarea pe dorn a inelelor cu diametru mare ,forjarea pieselor
tubulare lungi .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Gîtuirea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;este operaţie
ajutătoare la întindere. De exemplu, în unele piese trebuie întinsă numai o
porţiune sau numai un capăt, restul rămînînd cu secîounea nemodificată.
Porţiunea respectivă de marchează cu ajutorul gîtuitoarelor. Gîtuirea este
operaţia de forjare prin care cu ajutorul unuia sau mai multor dornuri, un gol
care străbate complet sau parţial semifabricatul respectiv.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Îndoirea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;este o operaţie
de forjare prin care se dă semifabricatului o formă curbă după un anumit
contur, în vederea obţineri directe sau în combinaţie cu alte opersţii a
diverselor piese de formă îndoită . Îndoirea are loc cu modificări de secţiune
,care se produc fără ca acestea să reprezinte scopul operaţiei .Prin îndoire se
obţin piese cum ar fii; colţare, corniere, cleme ,bride, cîrlige, scoabe etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Răsucirea
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;este operaţia prin care o
porţiune a unei piese este rotită în jurul axei sale faţă de altă porţiune a
aceleaşi piese caare rămîne fixă .Această operaţie se aplică fie la
semifabricate de secţiune uniformă ,care iau astfel un profil special de
răsucire (burghie elicoidale ),fie la piese care au proieminenţe care trebuie
orientate în plane şi unghiuri diferite unul faţă de celălalt .Operaţia se
execută pe prese hidraulice prin fixarea unei părţi a piesei între nicovale şi
răsucirea părţii indicate în jurul axei longitudinale .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Tăierea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;constă în detaşarea unei părţi din piesa
forjată sau în separarea a două piese forjate împreună. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 76.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Presarea la rece a metalelor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in 76.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Prin &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;presare
la rece&lt;/i&gt; se înţelege operaţia de prelicrare a materialelor prin deformare
plastică ,la temperatura mediului ambiant ,cu aplicarea unor forţe exterioare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in 76.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Procedeele
de presare la rece a materialelor au aplicaţii multiple în industrie, datorită
avantajelor pe care aceasta le prezintă ,în comparaţie cu alte procedee
tehnologice ,şi anume :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .5in list .75in left 76.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;n&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;productivitate mare ,deci cost redus
,utilajul necesar presării fiind de mare randament ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .5in list .75in left 76.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;n&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;posibilitatea de a folosi muncitori cu
calificare inferioară ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .5in list .75in left 76.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;n&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;obţinerea unor piese cu un înalt grad de
precizie,ceea ce asigură&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;interschimbabilitatea acestora în&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in 76.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;ansamblurile în care sunt montate;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in list .75in left 76.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;n&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;pierderi mici de material ,realizarea
printr-o elaborare corectă a proceselor tehnologice ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in list .75in left 76.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;n&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;condiţii favorabile introducerii
mecanizării şi automatizări proceselor de producţie ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .5in list .75in left 76.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;n&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;îmbunătăţirea caracteristicilor mecanice a
materialelor în urma presării la rece ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in 76.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;În schimb presarea la rece ,necesită o pregătire a fabricaţiei ,mai
costisitoare decît alte procedee tehnologice ,este economică la producţia în
serie mare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in 76.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;În
funcţie de scopul urmărit ,laprelucrarea pieselor prin presare la rece
,principalele operaţii tehnologice sunt:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;-- operaţii de tăiere&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;- retezare
,decupare,perforare , tundere &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in 76.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 2;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;-- operaţii de deformare&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;- îndoirea ; profilare, îndreptare&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 211.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;-
ambutisarea ; ambutisare, bordurare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 211.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;-
fasonarea ; reliefarea ,gîtuirea ,umflarea , evazarea &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 211.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;-
formarea ; refularea ,presarea în matriţă &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 211.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;-
ansamblarea ; fălţuire ,sertizare &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 70.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Pregătirea materialelor &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Operaţia de presare la rece poate fii aplicată atît materialelor feroase
cît şi celor neferoase , cu condiţia ca acestea să se poată prelucra uşor şi să
aibă proprietăţile impuse de piesa finită .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Calitatea produselor
obţinute prin presare la rece este condiţionată de următoarele :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;aspectul exterior ,forma şi
     dimensiunile materialului ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;proprietăţile chimice (compotiţia şi
     rezistenţa la coroziune )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;structura internă ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;caracteristicile mecanice (duritate
     ,limită la curgere , rezistenţă la rupere , alungire şi gîtuire la
     rupere);&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;proprietăţi tehnologice (capacitate
     de deformare )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Suprafaţa materialului
trebuie să fie perfect netedă ,laminată curat ,fără cute ,exfolieri şi alte
deteriorări mecanice .De asemenea trebuie să fie lipsit de oxizi sau incluziuni
nemetalice .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;În privinţa formei
,dimensiunilor şi toleranţelor acestora ,materialul trebuie să satisfacă
normele standardelor corespunzătoare pentru sortimentul respectiv .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Proprietăţiile chimice şi
tehnologice structura şi caracteisticile mecanice&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sunt indicate în standarde şi se determină
prin analize şi încrcări.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Scule şi dispozitive utilizate la
operaţiile de presare la rece.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Pentru executarea operaţiilor de tăiere se utilizează ştanţele ,iar pentru
executarea operaţiilor de deformare plastică se utilizează matriţele ,ambele
tipuri putînd fii executate într.o gamă variată de construcţie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ştanţele şi matriţele se
pot clasifica după mai multe criterii:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: .5in list 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;după felul operaţiilor tehnologice ,&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;ştanţele&lt;/b&gt; pot fii : de retezarre,de decupare,de
perforare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;,de tundere ,iar &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;matriţele &lt;/b&gt;pot
fii: de îndoire ,de ambutisare,de bordurare ,de reliefare etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: .5in list 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;după desfăşurarea operaţiilor de lucru
ştanţele şi matriţele pot fii simple sau combinate ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;cele simple&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt; execută la fiecare cursă a poansonului ,una sau
mai multe operaţii de acelaşi fel&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;iar &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;cele combinate &lt;/i&gt;execută la fiecare cursă
a poansonului ,operaţii diferite din punct de vedere tehnologic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: .5in list 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;după particularităţi constructive
,ştanţele şi mnatriţele pot fii: cu sau fară ghidare a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;elementelor deplasabile ,cu sau fără dispozitiv de evacuare a pieselor sau
deşeurilor,cu sau fără limitare a materialului(în cazul ştanţelor),cu sau fără
dispozitiv de apăsare (în cazul matriţelor).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Elementele
componente ale ştanţelor. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Elementele unei ştanţe formează
două ansambluri : &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;un ansamblu mixt
,montat pe masa maşini &lt;/i&gt;şi un &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;ansamblu
mobil, &lt;/i&gt;montat pe culisorul presei . Majoritatea elementelor componente ale
unei ştanţe sunt tipizate cu excepţia elementelor active ,care pot avea
diferite forme ,în funcţie de piesele sau semifabricatele ce rezultă în urma
ştanţării .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Elementele de bază ale ştanţelor &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;au rolul să fixeze ştanţa pe presă .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 107.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;1&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;placa de bază ,&lt;/i&gt;fixează pe masa presei
ansamblul inferior ,care preia în timpul lucrului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 107.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;toate toate eforturile la care este supusă ştanţa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 74.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2 &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;placa superioară &lt;/i&gt;are rolul de a mării
suprafaţa de sprijin a poansonului pe culisorul presei şi de a face legătura
împreună cu placa portpuanson intre cepul de prindere şi şi poanson .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 74.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3 &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;placa de ghidare &lt;/i&gt;are rolul de a conduce
poansonul în placa tăietoare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 74.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;4 &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;cepul de prindere &lt;/i&gt;asigură legătura
dintre culisorul presei şi partea superioară a ştanţei &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 74.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Coloanele şi bucşele de ghidare au rolul de a asigura o poziţionare precisă
a poansonului faţă de placa de tăiere . În majoritatea cazurilor coloanele se
montează în plăcile de bază prin presare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 74.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Elementele active&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;ale unei ştanţe sunt &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;poansonul &lt;/i&gt;şi &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;placa de tăiere&lt;/i&gt; aceste elemente execută
operaţia de tăiere ,fiind supuse solicitărilor principale ce intervin în timpul
lucrului .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 74.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Elementele ajutătoare &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;sunt: placa de presiune
,desprinzătorul ,inelul de strîngere, aruncătorul ,tija aruncătoare ,opritorul
,elementele elastice ,şuruburile şi ştifturile .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 74.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Placa de presiune &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;se montează între poanson şi placa
superioară sau între placa de tăiere şi placa de bază ,cu scopul de a împiedica
imprimarea elementelor active în plăcile respective, datorită diferenţei de
duritate dintre acestea .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 74.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Inelul de stîngere &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;asigură fixarea plăci de tăiere în placa de
bază .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Desprintătorul &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;este utilizat în cazul tăierii după un contur
închis ;el are rolul de a desprinde materialul de pe poanson la cursa de
ridicare a culisorului piesei .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Aruncătorul &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;este utilizat în construcţia ştanţelor de
retezat ,decupat sau perforat cu scopul de a îndepărta piesa executată de unul
din piesele active.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Tija aruncătoare &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;echipează ştanţele cu aruncător montat pe
partea superioară a acestora .Tija aruncătoare acţionează aruncătorul prin
intermediul tamponului din culisorul presei.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Opritorul &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;are rolul de a limita avansul materialului
corespunzător cu forma şi dimensiunile piesei.Ele pot fii fixe sau mobile ,ele
au forma unor ştifturi cilindreice sau ştifturi cu cîrlig montat în placa de
tăiere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Elementele elastice &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;utilizate în construcţia ştanţelor sunt
arcurile elicoidale sau tip taler ,precum şi tampoane din cauciuc &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUPhVGGaAikVzwGyN8jLnTBr9iRCCtNvgwowyE0SIjQ3V1J1q5wmihtxHvjBmhWz4wtobsvJzvVug27aWUIWLEo3jt08AW6mHdXHTMIdN458YTLWqxt0LECyZdobFa3v0TRN-_HKzkCLMe/s1600/REF2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUPhVGGaAikVzwGyN8jLnTBr9iRCCtNvgwowyE0SIjQ3V1J1q5wmihtxHvjBmhWz4wtobsvJzvVug27aWUIWLEo3jt08AW6mHdXHTMIdN458YTLWqxt0LECyZdobFa3v0TRN-_HKzkCLMe/s1600/REF2.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Şuruburile şi ştifturile &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;sunt elemente de ansamblare a ştanţelor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 4;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 378px; left: -1px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 293px;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;white&quot; height=&quot;378&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;&quot; width=&quot;293&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
   &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;
    &lt;div class=&quot;shape&quot; style=&quot;padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;&quot;&gt;

    &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Ştanţă de decupare fără ghidarea poansonului:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1- cap de prindere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2- placă superioară&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3- plăci de presiune&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;4- port poanson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;5- poanson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;6- placă de tăiere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;7- inel de stîngere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;8- şuruburi cu cap înecat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;9- placă de bază&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Elementele componente ale matriţelor
sunt în general cam aceleaşi ca şi cele ale ştanţelor prezentînd unele mici
deosebiri . &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Tehnologia operaţiilor de
presare la rece &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;1 . Operaţia de tăiere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt; .Tăierea este o operaţie de prelucrare
prin care un semifabricat este &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;separat în una
sau mai multe părţi distincte după un contur închis sau deschis .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;a.
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;retezarea&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;constă în separarea unor părţi dintr-un
material după un contur deschis .Retezarea se utilizează în general la tăierea
foilor de tablă în benzi sau în bucăţi dreptunghiulare necesare operaţiilor
următoare .Operaţia de retezare se poate executa cu foarfecele sau cu ştanţele
.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;b.
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;decuparea&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/b&gt;constă în decuparea
completă a unor părţi din material ,după un contur închis ,partea rămasă
constituind deşeul .decuparea se execută pe prese cu ajutorul ştanţelor de
decupat .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;c. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;perforarea
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;constă în separarea completă a unor părţi din material după un contur
închis ,partea desprinsă constituind deşeul .Operaţia de decupare şi cea de
perforare se pot executa simultan .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;d&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;. tunderea&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;constă în separarea surplusului de material de
la marginea piesei ambutisate .Se execută cu ajutorul unor ştanţe speciale &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2.
Operaţii de deformare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Sunt
foarte variate vom prezenta doar cîteva .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;a.
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;îndoirea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;urmăreşte transformarea semifabricatelor plane
în piese curbe sau îndreptare curburi pieselor .Operaţia de îndoire se execută
cu ajutorul matriţelor de îndoire .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;b. profilarea &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;constă în transformarea semifabricatelor plane
în piese curbe prin îndoirea acestora pe muchii sau generatoare paralele între
ele şi paralele cu muchia lor longitudinală .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;c. îndreptare &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;constă în aducerea unei piese curbe la forma
rectilinie sau plană .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;d. bordurarea&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; constă în prelucrarea
prin deformare a margini exterioare a unei piese pentru a se obţine o margine
de racordare sau întărirea marginilor .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;e. fasonarea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;cuprinde operaţiile prin care se modifică forma
piesei sau a semifabricatului ,grosimea materialului rămînînd constantă &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;f. ambutisarea &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;este o operaţie de deformare plastică care se
execută în matriţe cu acţiune simplă şi cu acţiune dublă directă sau inversă
.În funcţie de natura materialului ,de forma şi dimensiunile pieselor
,ambutisare poate fii executată dintr-o singură sau mai multe operaţii .Pentru
reducera frecării de contact dintre suprafeţele piesei ,ale matriţei şi ale
inelului de strîngere ,se folosesc lubrifianţi.Pentru deformarea tablelor
subţiri din aliaje de aluminiu sau din magneziu şi a tablelor din oţel
inoxidabil ,se aplică ambutisarea cu cauciuc sau ambutisare hidraulică .-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Operaţii principale de fasonare :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;a. reliefare &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;constă în scoatere în relief a unor înscripţii
sau desene ,fără modificarea grosimii materialuli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;b. gîtuirea &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;urmăreşte
micşorarea secţiuni transversale a barelor ,ţevilor sau a pieselor realizate
prin ambutisare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;c. umflarea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;este prelucrarea de deformare executată cu
scopul de a mării dimensiunile transversale spre fundul unei piese cave .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;d. evazarea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;constă în marirea progresivă a diametrului
interior al une ţevi sau al unei piese cave .&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;e. formarea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;cuprinde operaţiile care urmăresc modificarea
semifabricatului prin deformare de volum (se aplică numai pieselor din
materiale cu plasticitate mare .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;f. ansamblarea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;cuprinde operaţiile prin care se realizează
îmbinarea diferitelor piese folosind presele . – dintre operaţiile de
ansamblare amintim &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;fălţuirea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;care este o
operaţie de deformare prin care se realizează ansamblare marginilor a două
table sau a două piese prin îndoirea acestora .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Controlul pieselor preasate la rece &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Piesele obţinute prin prelucrare la rece pot avea
un înalt grad de precizie ,dacă ştanţele şi matriţele au fost executate corect
.Piesele prelucrate la rece se controlează cu mijloace universale de control şi
cu şabloane .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O atenţie deosebită trebuie acordată
verificări materialului presat ,nu trbuie să aibă ondulaţii sau fisuri .Cauzele
pot fii : material necorespunzător ,matriţă executată incorect sau reglajul
maşini executat defectuos .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Măsuri de tehnica securităţii
muncii &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;La operaţiile de presare au loc cele mai fregvente
accidente ,care constau în general în prinderea mîinilor muncitorului între
poanson şi inelui matriţei şi ,mai rar , între părţile rotative ale maşinii.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Aceste accidente se datoresc următoarelor cauze:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;-- pornirea neaşteptată a maşini datorită acţionări din greşeală a manetei
sau a pedalei de pornire ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;-- itroducerea sau scoaterea piesei în timp ce presa lucrează;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;-- pornirea presei de către conducătorul maşinii ,fără a se asigura ca
ajutorul a scos mîinile de sub culisor (în cazul în care presa este deservită
de doi sau mai mulţi muncitori )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Pentru prevenirea pornirii neaşteptate ,pedala trebuie prevăzută cu
apărătoare superioare sau laterale .Introducerea sau scoaterea piesei la
presele care lucrează continuu se va face numai cu penseta de prindere ,iar
culisorul trebuie să fie prevăut cu ecrane de protecţie .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Pentru a se evita eventualele accidente presele sunt prevăzute cu dublă
acţiune ,astfel încît muncitorul să fie ocupat cu ambele mîini atunci cînd
porneşte maşina .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;La operaţiile de tăiere se folosesc mănuşi de protecţie &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://1001referateonline.blogspot.com/feeds/7962079945348471332/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://1001referateonline.blogspot.com/2012/02/prelucrari-ale-metalelor-prin-deformare.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/72862056351212014/posts/default/7962079945348471332'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/72862056351212014/posts/default/7962079945348471332'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://1001referateonline.blogspot.com/2012/02/prelucrari-ale-metalelor-prin-deformare.html' title='Prelucrari ale metalelor prin deformare plastica -FIZICA(FACULTATE)'/><author><name>admin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03995260167882711309</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig96ZRhQNlSQHucfpkQNyhPX7Umrq4YLPSpUyggtFBJvELX7LQWLaFeTeEZCFZYaollzawIhiHsWKnkv2UlWVkJtCs8FbyV0_Nfz-sUfK2e0eEMLOLMLFASqw-lVmLwS73wIZcAUspMK-W/s72-c/REF.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-72862056351212014.post-7457657429515637908</id><published>2012-02-12T00:41:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-02-12T00:41:42.304+02:00</updated><title type='text'>ENERGIA EOLIANA -FIZICA(LICEU)</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;b&gt;Energia eoliană&lt;/b&gt; este &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia&quot; title=&quot;Energia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;energia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2nt&quot; title=&quot;Vânt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;vântului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, o formă de &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_regenerabil%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Energie regenerabilă&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;energie regenerabilă&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. La început energia
vântului era transformată în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_mecanic%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Energie mecanică&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;energie mecanică&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Ea a fost folosită de la
începuturile umanitătii ca mijloc de propulsie pe apă pentru diverse &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambarca%C8%9Biune&quot; title=&quot;Ambarcațiune&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;ambarca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;iuni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
iar ceva mai târziu ca energie pentru &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moar%C4%83_de_v%C3%A2nt&quot; title=&quot;Moară de vânt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;morile de vânt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Morile de vânt au fost folosite
începând cu sec al 7-lea î.Hr de &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C8%99i&quot; title=&quot;Perși&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;per&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
pentru măcinarea grăuntelor. Morile de vânt europene, construite începând cu
sec al 12-lea în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia&quot; title=&quot;Anglia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Anglia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
si &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba&quot; title=&quot;Franța&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Fran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
au fost folosite atăt pentru măcinarea de boabe cât si pentru tăierea
bustenilor, măruntirea &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutun&quot; title=&quot;Tutun&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;tutunului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, confectionarea &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2rtie&quot; title=&quot;Hârtie&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;hârtiei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
presarea semintelor de &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/In&quot; title=&quot;In&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
pentru &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulei&quot; title=&quot;Ulei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;ulei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
si măcinarea de piatră pentru &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vopsea&quot; title=&quot;Vopsea&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;vopselele&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; de pictat. Ele au evoluat ca putere de la 25-30 KW
la început până la 1500 KW (anul 1988), devenind în acelasi timp si loc de
depozitare a materialelor prelucrate. Morile de vânt americane pentru ferme
erau ideale pentru pomparea de apă de la mare adâncime. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Turbină&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Turbinele&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
eoliene moderne transformă energia vântului în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_electric%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Energie electrică&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;energie electrică&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; producând între 50-60 KW
(diametre de elice începând cu 1m)-2-3MW putere (diametre de 60-100m), cele mai
multe generând între 500-1500 KW. Puterea vântului este folosită si în
activităti recreative precum windsurfing-ul. La sfârsitul anului 2010,
capacitatea mondială a generatoarelor eoliene era de 194 400 MW. Toate
turbinele de pe glob pot genera 430 Terawatioră/an, echivalentul a 2,5% din
consumul mondial de energie. Industria vântului implică o circulatie a
mărfurilor de 40 miliarde euro si lucrează în ea 670 000 persoane în întreaga
lume.&lt;br /&gt;


Tările cu cea mai mare capacitate instalată în ferme eoliene sunt &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/China&quot; title=&quot;China&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;China&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statele_Unite&quot; title=&quot;Statele Unite&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Statele Unite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
&lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania&quot; title=&quot;Germania&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Germania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
si &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania&quot; title=&quot;Spania&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Spania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
La începutul anului 2011, ponderea energiei eoliene, în totalul consumului
intern era de 24% în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danemarca&quot; title=&quot;Danemarca&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Danemarca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 14% în Spania si &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalia&quot; title=&quot;Portugalia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Portugalia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
circa 10% în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda&quot; title=&quot;Irlanda&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Irlanda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
si &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania&quot; title=&quot;Germania&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Germania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
5,3% la nivelul UE; procentul este de 3% în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia&quot; title=&quot;România&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;România&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
la începutul anului 2012. La aceeasi dată în România existau peste o mie de
turbine eoliene, jumătate dintre ele fiind în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrogea&quot; title=&quot;Dobrogea&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Dobrogea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Morile de vânt persane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Morile de vânt persane aveau palete făcute din
mănunchiuri de &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trestie&quot; title=&quot;Trestie&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;trestie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
care se învârteau în jurul unei axe verticale si erau folosite la măcinarea
grăuntelor. Ele au început să fie folosite de persi din secolul al VII-lea î.Hr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Morile de vânt medievale europene&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Primele mori de vânt din Europa au fost
construite în sec al 12-lea în nordul &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba&quot; title=&quot;Franța&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Frantei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
si în sudul &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliei&quot; title=&quot;Angliei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Angliei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
ele s-au răspândit apoi în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia&quot; title=&quot;Belgia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Belgia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania&quot; title=&quot;Germania&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Germania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; si &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danemarca&quot; title=&quot;Danemarca&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Danemarca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. În Olanda ele au fost folosite pentru a drena
(asana) zonele mlăstinoase pentru a le face locuibile de către &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Leegwater&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Jan Leegwater — pagină inexistentă&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Jan Leegwater&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; si inginerii
danezi care i-au urmat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Morile de vânt europene erau folosite atât la
măcinarea grăuntelor cât si la tăierea bustenilor, măruntirea &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutun&quot; title=&quot;Tutun&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;tutunului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, confectionarea &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2rtie&quot; title=&quot;Hârtie&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;hârtiei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
presarea &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83m%C3%A2n%C8%9B%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Sămânță&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;semintelor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; de &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/In&quot; title=&quot;In&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; pentru &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulei&quot; title=&quot;Ulei&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;ulei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; si măcinarea de piatră pentru &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vopsea&quot; title=&quot;Vopsea&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;vopselele&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; de
pictat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Europenii au dezvoltat mori de vânt cu &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor&quot; title=&quot;Rotor&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;rotoare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; care se învârteau
în jurul unor axe orizontale, spre deosebire de persi care mergeau pe
principiul unor axe verticale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Morile de vânt europene tipice aveau patru
palete, unele aveau cinci si ocazional mai existau si cu sase. Treptat multe
din aceste mori de vânt europene au ajuns să aibă două sau trei nivele interioare
unde bunurile (grăuntele, vopseaua, tutunul) puteau fi stocate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;La început morile de vânt europene erau
capabile de a produce 25-30 kW de putere mecanică dar la momentul de vârf al
evolutiei lor, sfârsitul sec al 19-lea, ele au ajuns să producă aproximativ
1500 MW. Acest nivel nu a fost depăsit până în 1998&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Morile de vânt americane pentru ferme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
Morile de vânt americane pentru ferme se foloseau pentru pomparea de apă de
la mare adâncime, fiind folosite în agricultura americană în vestul Statelor
Unite.&lt;br /&gt;


Eficienta rotorului s-a dublat gratie îmbunătătirilor paletelor- acum din
metal- realizate de inginerul american &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Perry&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Thomas Perry — pagină inexistentă&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Thomas Perry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, la sfârsitul
anilor 1800. Omul de afaceri american &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Verne_Noyes&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;La Verne Noyes — pagină inexistentă&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;La Verne Noyes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; a construit
cea mai de succes moară de vânt pentru ferme, Aermotorul, gratie unor palete de
metal foarte speciale. Aceasta s-a dovedit asa eficientă încât a revolutionat
morile de vânt pentru ferme si se foloseste si în zilele noastre. &lt;br /&gt;


Morile de vânt americane au rămas memorabile prin siguranta si eficienta lor
în capacitatea de a pompa apă de la mare adâncime. Totusi ele produc
aproximativ o zecime din puterea unei &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Turbină&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;turbine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
eoliene echivalente ca mărime. Astfel ele nu sunt potrivite pentru generarea de
&lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricitate&quot; title=&quot;Electricitate&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;electricitate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;


Morile de vânt pentru ferme au fost în vogă în prima parte a sec. al 20-lea.
Mai mult de 1 milion de asemenea mori sunt încă în functiune în lume.&lt;br /&gt;


Între 1850- 1970 au fost construite peste 6 milioane în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statele_Unite&quot; title=&quot;Statele Unite&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Statele Unite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Turbinele eoliene moderne&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Dorinta de electrificare a gospodăriilor de-a
lungul Great Plains din anii 30 a impulsionat dezvoltarea de turbine eoliene
battery-charging. Asa-numitele windchargers au premers turbinelor eoliene cu cu
2 sau trei palete actuale, folosite pentru furnizarea de electricitate pentru
resedintele îndepărtate si pentru a asigura electricitate satelor din tările în
curs de dezvoltare.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Criza petrolului din anii 1970 a fost un
stimulent pentru preocupările de valorificare a energie eoliene ca o sursă
verde, alternativă de electricitate. Turbinele de vânt uzuale moderne generează
între 250-300KW putere, aproape de 10 ori mai mult ca turbinele traditionale
europene de aceeasi mărime.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Aspecte tehnico-ecologice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Mărimea turbinelor eoliene&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
Turbinele eoliene pot fi împărtite arbitrar în trei clase: mici, medii si
mari. Turbinele eoliene mici sunt capabile de generarea a 50-60 KW putere si
folosesc rotoare cu diametru între 1-15 m. Se folosesc în principal în zone
îndepărtate, unde există un necesar de energie electrică dar sursele
traditionale de electricitate sunt scumpe sau nesigure.Unele mici turbine sunt
asa compacte încât pot fi cărate în locatii îndepărtate pe spatele &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal&quot; title=&quot;Cal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;calului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;


Cele mai multe dispozitive eoliene sunt turbinele de dimensiune medie.
Acestea folosesc rotoare care au diametre între 15-60 m si au o capacitate
între 50-1500 KW. Cele mai multe turbine comerciale generează o capacitate
între 500KW-1500KW.&lt;br /&gt;


Turbinele eoliene mari au rotoare care măsoară diametre între 60-100 m si
sunt capabile de a genera 2-3 MW putere. S-a dovedit în practică că aceste
turbine mastodont sunt mai putin economice si mai putin sigure în raport cu
cele de dimensiune medie. În 2010 cea mai mare fermă eoliană din lume era
Roscoe Wind Farm in Texas, care producea 781 MW. Prin comparatie o uzină de
cărbune generează în medie 550 MW. Turbinele eoliene mari produc până la 1,8 MW
si pot avea o paletă de peste 40 m, ele fiind plasate pe turnuri de 80 m.&lt;br /&gt;


Unele &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Turbină&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;turbine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
pot produce 5&amp;nbsp;MW, desi aceasta necesită o viteză a vântului de aproximativ
5,5&amp;nbsp;m/s, sau 20 de kilometri pe oră. Putine zone pe pământ au aceste
viteze ale vântului, dar vânturi mai puternice se pot găsi la altitudini mai
mari si în zone oceanice.&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Siguranta energiei eoliene&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
Energia eoliană este o energie curată si regenerabilă dar este intermitentă,
având variatii în timpul zilei si al anotimpului, si chiar de la un an la
altul. turbinele eoliene operează cam cam 60% din an în regiunile mcu vânt.
Prin comparatie, uzinele de cărbune operează la circa 75-85% din întreaga
capacitate. &lt;br /&gt;


În cazurile în care turbinele eoliene sunt conectate la mari retele de
electricitate, caracterul intermitent al energiei eoliene nu afectează
consumatorii. Zilele fără vânt sunt compensate prin alte surse de energie cum
ar fi uzinele de cărbune sau uzinele hidroelectrice care sunt conectate la
retea.&lt;br /&gt;


Oamenii care locuiesc în locuri îndepărtate si care folosesc electricitatea
de la turbinele eoliene utilizează adesea baterii sau generatoare de rezervă
pentru asigurarea energiei în timpul perioadelor fără suficient vânt.&lt;br /&gt;


Cele mai multe turbine eoliene comerciale sunt offline (pentru întretinere
sau reparatii) mai putin de 3&amp;nbsp;% din timp, fiind, asadar, la fel de sigure
ca si uzinele conventionale de energie.&lt;br /&gt;


Turbinele eoliene au reputatia de a fi longevive. Multe turbine produc
energie de la începutul anilor 80. Multe mori de vânt de fermă americane sunt
folosite de generatii întregi. Unele mori de vânt traditionale europene ating
venerabila vârstă de 300 de ani.&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Fundamentul energiei eoliene moderne&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Fermă eoliană de
turbine de 5 MW, Estinnes, Belgia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Vânturile se formează deorece &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soarele&quot; title=&quot;Soarele&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;soarele&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
nu încălzeste &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt&quot; title=&quot;Pământ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Pământul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; uniform, fapt care creează miscări de aer. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_cinetic%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Energie cinetică&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Energia cinetică&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; din vânt poate fi folosită
pentru a roti niste &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Turbină&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;turbine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, care sunt capabile de a genera &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricitate&quot; title=&quot;Electricitate&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;electricitate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Cresterea ponderii energiei eoliene în lume&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
Energia eoliană este folosită extensiv în ziua de astăzi, si turbine noi de
vânt se construiesc în toată lumea, energia eoliană fiind sursa de &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie&quot; title=&quot;Energie&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;energie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
cu cea mai rapidă crestere în ultimii ani.În ultimii 10 ani, utilizarea energiei
eoliene a consemnat un progres deosebit. Astfel, între 1995 – 2005, rata anuală
de crestere a fost de cca 30%, conducând la o putere instalată totală nouă de
32.000 MW, adică dublu decât în domeniul energiei nucleare din aceeasi
perioadă.&lt;br /&gt;


Majoritatea turbinelor produc energie peste 25&amp;nbsp;% din timp, acest
procent crescând iarna, când vânturile sunt mai puternice.&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Potentialul mondial al energiei eoliene&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Cea mai mare parte din ferma eoliană de 619 MW San Gorgonio
Pass Wind Farm, a patra cea mai mare fermă eoliană din Statele Unite, la
capătul vestic al Coachella Valley, California&lt;/div&gt;
Se crede că potentialul tehnic mondial al energiei eoliene poate să asigure
de cinci ori mai multă energie decât este consumată acum. Acest nivel de
exploatare ar necesita 12,7&amp;nbsp;% din suprafata &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntul&quot; title=&quot;Pământul&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Pământului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(excluzând oceanele) să fie acoperite de parcuri de turbine, presupunând că
terenul ar fi acoperit cu 6 turbine mari de vânt pe &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometru&quot; title=&quot;Kilometru&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;kilometru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
pătrat. Aceste cifre nu iau în considerare îmbunătătirea randamentului
turbinelor si a solutiilor tehnice utilizate&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Top tări energie eoliană&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Turbine eoliene lângă
Copenhaga, Danemarca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/China&quot; title=&quot;China&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;China&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; a ajuns lider mondial în ceea ce priveste capacitatea
instalată în ferme eoliene, devansând &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statele_Unite&quot; title=&quot;Statele Unite&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Statele Unite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
potrivit unui raport al Wind Energy Association (Asociatia Energiei Eoliene-nr)
si citat de &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters&quot; title=&quot;Reuters&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Reuters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
la 11 iunie 2011. La această dată China a ajuns la circa 45.000 MW instalati în
mori de vânt, după ce în 2010 a adăugat 18.900 MW. În SUA s-au adăugat doar
5.116 MW iar totalul a ajuns la 40.000 MW, de ajuns cât să furnizeze energie
pentru 10 milioane de locuinte.În 2009 Statele Unite devansase &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania&quot; title=&quot;Germania&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Germania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
la productia de energie eoliană.În lume cele mai mari producătoare de energie
eoliană sunt: China (44 7333MW), Statele Unite (40 180MW), Germania (27 215MW),
&lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania&quot; title=&quot;Spania&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Spania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(20 776MW), &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/India&quot; title=&quot;India&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(13065 MW), &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia&quot; title=&quot;Italia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Italia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(5797MW), &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba&quot; title=&quot;Franța&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Franta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(5560MW), &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Britanie&quot; title=&quot;Marea Britanie&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Marea Britanie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (5203MW), &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada&quot; title=&quot;Canada&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Canada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(4008MW), &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danemarca&quot; title=&quot;Danemarca&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Danemarca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(3734MW).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Cea mai mare fermă eoliană din lume (2010) este
The Roscoe Wind Complex, cu o capacitate de 781 MW, capabilă de a oferi
electricitate pentru 230 000 gospodării. Ea are 627 turbine, a costat 1 miliard
de dolari, constructia ei a început în 2007 si se întinde pe 100 000 acri de
teren&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Energia eoliană în Europa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Desi încă o sursă relativ minoră de energie
electrică pentru majoritatea tărilor, productia energiei eoliene a crescut
practic de cinci ori între 1999 si 2006, ajungându-se ca, în unele tări,
ponderea energiei eoliene în consumul total de energie să fie semnificativ: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danemarca&quot; title=&quot;Danemarca&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Danemarca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(23%), &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania&quot; title=&quot;Spania&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Spania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(8%), &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania&quot; title=&quot;Germania&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Germania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(6%).Ponderea energiei eoliene, în totalul consumului intern era, la începutul
anului 2011, de 24% în Danemarca, 14% în Spania si &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalia&quot; title=&quot;Portugalia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Portugalia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
circa 10% în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda&quot; title=&quot;Irlanda&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Irlanda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
si &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania&quot; title=&quot;Germania&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Germania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
si 5,3% la nivelul &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/UE&quot; title=&quot;UE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;UE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
iar în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia&quot; title=&quot;România&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;România&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
de numai 1,6%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;La nivelul Uniunii Europene, capacitatea totală
de productie energetică a turbinelor eoliene era la finele anului 2010 de
84.074 MW. Potrivit datelor de la finele anului 2010 Germania are cea mai mare
capacitate de productie de energie eoliană din UE, de 27.214 MW, urmată de
Spania, cu 20.676 MW, iar apoi, la mare distantă, de Italia (5.797 MW) si
Franta (5.660 MW).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;În martie 2011, energia eoliană a devenit, pentru
prima dată, tehnologia cu cea mai mare productie electrică din &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania&quot; title=&quot;Spania&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Spania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
potrivit Retelei Electrice din Spania (REE), cu 21&amp;nbsp;% din totalul cererii
de electricitate din Spania. Pe locurile următore: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_nuclear%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Energie nucleară&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;energia nucleară&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (19%), &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_hidraulic%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Energia hidraulică&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;energia hidraulică&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (17,3%), ciclurile combinate
(17,2%), termocentralele pe cărbune (12,9%) si &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_solar%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Energie solară&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;energia
solară&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (2,6%). Multumită aportului energiei eoline, s-a evitat
importarea de hidrocarburi în valoare de 250 de milioane de euro si emisia de
1,7 milioane de tone de CO2, adică echivalentul plantării a 850.000 de copaci.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;În anul 2011, pentru constructia unei
capacităti de productie energetice eoliene de 1 MW, este necesară o investitie
de 1,5 – 1,7 milioane de euro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;În prezent, parcul eolian Whitelee din Scotia
este cel mai mare parc eolian terestru din Europa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt;&quot;&gt;Energia eoliană în
România&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
În sectorul eolian din România au investit CEZ (Cehia), ENEL (Italia),
Energias de Portugal (Portugalia) si Iberdrola Renovables (Spania)&lt;br /&gt;


CEZ a instalat 115 turbine la Fântânele, 90 dintre ele fiind deja legate la
reteaua natională de energie electrică. Eolienele au cca 100 m înăltime.
Turbinele pentru parcul eolian construit de CEZ sunt livrate de către gigantul
industrial american General Electric.&lt;br /&gt;


Energias de Portugal (Portugalia), al treilea cel mai mare investitor în
energie eoliană la nivel mondial, a terminat constructia unui parc eolian de 69
MW la &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Cernavodă&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Cernavodă&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
în mai 2011. Energia poate alimenta 70 000 de gospodării si a costat 200
milioane de dolari. La această dată în &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrogea&quot; title=&quot;Dobrogea&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Dobrogea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
sunt construite deja parcuri eoliene care însumează 600MW.&lt;br /&gt;


în 2009 erau instalati doar 14 MW. În 2010, în centralele eoliene erau
instalati în total 462 MW. România a ajuns, în 2011, la 850 MW instalati în
total în eolian (adică o putere mai mare decât cea a unui reactor nuclear de la
Cernavodă). Un MW instalat costă 1,6 milioane de euro.&lt;br /&gt;


La începutul anului 2012, în Dobrogea există peste 500 de turbine eoliene.
Cehii de la CEZ, portughezii de la EDP sau italienii de la Enel au investit în
energie eoliană în Dobrogea.&lt;br /&gt;


În &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia&quot; title=&quot;România&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;România&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
la începutul anului 2012, există peste 1000 de turbine eoliene care produc 3%
din totalul de &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie&quot; title=&quot;Energie&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;energie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Investitiile în eoliene au creat până acum 1000 de locuri de muncă.&lt;br /&gt;


Eolienele din România produc, în medie 150 - 200 de megawati-oră. Costul
energie eoliene este de 170 de euro pe megawatt/oră, de aproape trei ori mai
mult fată de energia produsă de hidrocentrale. Potrivit hărtii energiei
&quot;verzi&quot;, potentialul României cuprinde 65% &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomas%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Biomasă&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;biomasă&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
17% energie eoliană, 12% &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_solar%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Energie solară&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;energie
solară&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 4% microhidrocentrale, 1% voltaic + 1% &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_geotermal%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Energie geotermală&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;geotermal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. În România, cu exceptia zonelor
montane, unde conditiile meteorologice dificile fac groaie instalarea si
întretinerea agregatelor eoliene, viteze egale sau superioare nivelului de 4
m/s se regăsesc în Podisul Central Moldovenesc si în Dobrogea. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litoral&quot; title=&quot;Litoral&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Litoralul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
prezintă si el potential energetic deoarece în această parte a tării viteza
medie anuală a vântului întrece pragul de 4 m/s. În zona litoralului, pe termen
scurt si mediu, potentialul energetic eolian amenajabil este de circa 2.000 MW,
cu o cantitate medie de energie electrică de 4.500 GWh/an.&lt;br /&gt;


Pe baza evaluării si interpretării datelor înregistrate, în România se pot
monta instalatii eoliene cu o capacitate de până la 14.000 MW, ceea ce înseamnă
un aport de energie electrică de aproape 23 000 GWh/an. Potrivit unui studiu al
Erste Group, potentialul eolian al tării, estimat la 14.000 de MW, este cel mai
mare din sud-estul Europei si al doilea din Europa.&lt;br /&gt;


Transelectrica a avertizat că în sistemul national pot fi preluate turbine
eoliene de maximum 4.000 de MW, în contextul în care a primit cereri de racord
la retea pentru proiecte de peste 30.000 de MW, din care 8.000 de MW au deja
contracte semnate.&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Comparatii cu alte resurse energetice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Avantaje&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
În contextul actual, caracterizat de cresterea alarmantă a &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poluare&quot; title=&quot;Poluare&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;poluării&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
cauzate de producerea energiei din arderea &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustibil_fosil&quot; title=&quot;Combustibil fosil&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;combustibililor
fosili&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, devine din ce în ce mai importantă reducerea dependentei de
acesti &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustibil&quot; title=&quot;Combustibil&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;combustibili&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;


Energia eoliană s-a dovedit deja a fi o solutie foarte bună la problema
energetică globală.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_eolian%C4%83#cite_note-34&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
Utilizarea resurselor regenerabile se adresează nu numai producerii de energie,
dar prin modul particular de generare reformulează si modelul de dezvoltare,
prin descentralizarea surselor. Energia eoliană în special este printre formele
de energie regenerabilă care se pretează aplicatiilor la scară redusă.&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;&quot;&gt;Principalul avantaj al
     energiei eoliene este &lt;i&gt;emisia zero&lt;/i&gt; de substante poluante si &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz&quot; title=&quot;Gaz&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;gaze&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; cu &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efect_de_ser%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Efect de seră&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;efect de seră&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, datorită faptului că nu se
     ard combustibili.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nu se produc deseuri&lt;/i&gt;.
     Producerea de energie eoliană nu implică producerea nici unui fel de
     deseuri.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Costuri reduse pe unitate
     de energie produsă&lt;/i&gt;. Costul &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_electric%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Energie electrică&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;energiei electrice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; produse în
     centralele eoliene moderne a scăzut substantial în ultimii ani, ajungând
     în S.U.A. să fie chiar mai mici decât în cazul energiei generate din
     combustibili, chiar dacă nu se iau în considerare externalitătile negative
     inerente utilizării combustibililor clasici.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_eolian%C4%83#cite_note-Mitchell_2006-35&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_eolian%C4%83#cite_note-36&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_eolian%C4%83#cite_note-37&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
În 2004 pretul energiei eoliene ajunsese deja la o cincime fată de cel din
anii &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980&quot; title=&quot;1980&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;1980&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
iar previziunile sunt de continuare a scăderii acestora deoarece se pun în
functiuni tot mai multe unităti eoliene cu putere instalată de mai multi &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt&quot; title=&quot;Megawatt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;megawa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Costuri reduse de scoatere din functiune&lt;/i&gt;.
Spre deosebire de centralele nucleare, de exemplu, unde costurile de scoatere
din functiune pot fi de câteva ori mai mari decât costurile centralei , în
cazul generatoarelor eoliene, costurile de scoatere din functiune, la capătul
perioadei normale de functionare, sunt minime, acestea putând fi integral &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclare&quot; title=&quot;Reciclare&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;reciclate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 7.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Dezavantaje&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Fermă de energie eoliană în Tarifa, Spania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;Principalele
dezavantaje sunt: resursa energetică relativ limitată, inconstanta datorată
variatiei vitezei vântului si numărului redus de amplasamente posibile. Putine
locuri pe &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt&quot; title=&quot;Pământ&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Pământ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
oferă posibilitatea producerii a suficientă electricitate folosind energia
vântului.La început, un important dezavantaj al productiei de energie eoliană a
fost pretul destul de mare de producere a energiei si &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiabilitate&quot; title=&quot;Fiabilitate&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;fiabilitatea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
relativ redusă a turbinelor. În ultimii 25 de ani, eficacitatea energetică s-a
dublat, costul unui kWh produs scăzând de la 0,7 euro la circa 0,32 euro în
prezent. Un alt dezavantaj este si &quot;poluarea vizuală&quot; - adică faptul
că au o aparitie neplăcută - iar altul ar fi faptul că produc &quot;poluare
sonoră&quot; (sunt prea gălăgioase). De asemenea, se afirmă că turbinele
afectează mediul si &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistem&quot; title=&quot;Ecosistem&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;ecosistemele&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; din împrejurimi, omorând &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83s%C4%83ri&quot; title=&quot;Păsări&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;păsări&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
si necesitând terenuri mari virane pentru instalarea lor&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;Argumente
împotriva acestora sunt că turbinele moderne de vânt au o aparitie atractivă
stilizată, că &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Mașină&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;masinile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; omoară mai multe păsări pe an decât turbinele si că
alte surse de energie, precum cărbunele, sunt cu mult mai dăunătoare pentru
mediu, deoarece creează &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poluare&quot; title=&quot;Poluare&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;poluare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; si duc la &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efectul_de_ser%C4%83&quot; title=&quot;Efectul de seră&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;efectul de
seră&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: RO;&quot;&gt;De asemenea, există un risc mare de distrugere
în cazul furtunilor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;
Energie eoliană&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3VhNiYwgUoN8CXDAjXy-K8ESNBpZ9nc6aBTyxtfeT9XMKPKInluVtt8-03_619ZMzSLsUWXQEfZUxPHlcG8fev5GETbVaE5vAuAjyVXjnMU-BX8fFwiPL8ZkubKOmGOloI7D_owE9UL5k/s1600/Wind_2006andprediction_en.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;202&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3VhNiYwgUoN8CXDAjXy-K8ESNBpZ9nc6aBTyxtfeT9XMKPKInluVtt8-03_619ZMzSLsUWXQEfZUxPHlcG8fev5GETbVaE5vAuAjyVXjnMU-BX8fFwiPL8ZkubKOmGOloI7D_owE9UL5k/s320/Wind_2006andprediction_en.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.electricsolution.ro/Fi%C8%99ier:Wind_2006andprediction_en.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.electricsolution.ro/Fi%C8%99ier:Wind_2006andprediction_en.png&quot; title=&quot;Extindere&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Puterea eoliană instalată si predictii pe 1997-2010,
Sursa:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;World Wind Energy Association&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Energia eoliană&lt;/b&gt; este o sursă de energie regenerabilă generată din
puterea vântului. La sfârsitul anului 2006, capacitatea mondială a
generatoarelor eoliene era de 73&amp;nbsp;904&amp;nbsp;MW, acestea producând ceva mai
mult de 1&amp;nbsp;% din necesarul mondial de energie electrică. &lt;br /&gt;


Desi încă o sursă relativ minoră de energie electrică pentru majoritatea
tărilor, productia energiei eoliene a crescut practic de cinci ori între 1999
si 2006, ajungându-se ca, în unele tări, ponderea energiei eoliene în consumul
total de energie să fie semnificativ: Danemarca (23%), Spania (8%), Germania
(6%). &lt;br /&gt;


Vânturile se formează deorece soarele nu încălzeste Pământul uniform, fapt
care creează miscări de aer. &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_cinetic%C4%83&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Energia
cinetică&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; din vânt poate fi folosită pentru a roti niste turbine,
care sunt capabile de a genera &lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricitate&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;electricitate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Unele
turbine pot produce 5MW, desi aceasta necesită o viteză a vântului de
aproximativ 5.5m/s, sau 20km/h. Putine zone pe pământ au aceste viteze ale
vântului, dar vânturi mai puternice se pot găsi la altitudini mai mari si în
zone oceanice. &lt;br /&gt;


Energia eoliană este folosită extensiv în ziua de astăzi, si turbine noi de
vânt se construiesc în toată lumea, energia eoliană fiind sursa de energie cu
cea mai rapidă crestere în ultimii ani. Majoritatea turbinelor produc energie
peste 25% din timp, acest procent crescând iarna, când vânturile sunt mai
puternice. &lt;br /&gt;


Se crede că potentialul tehnic mondial al energiei eoliene poate să asigure de
cinci ori mai multă energie decât este consumată acum. Acest nivel de
exploatare ar necesita 12,7&amp;nbsp;% din suprafată Pământul (excluzând oceanele)
să fie acoperite de parcuri de turbine, presupunând că terenul ar fi acoperit
cu 6 turbine mari de vânt pe kilometru pătrat. Aceste cifre nu iau în
considerare îmbunătătirea randamentului turbinelor si a solutiilor tehnice
utilizate. &lt;br /&gt;


&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Avantaje &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
În contextul actual, caracterizat de cresterea alarmantă a poluării cauzate
de producerea energiei din arderea combustibililor fosili, devine din ce în ce
mai importantă reducerea dependentei de acesti combustibili. &lt;br /&gt;


Energia eoliană s-a dovedit deja a fi o solutie foarte bună la problema
energetică globală. Utilizarea resurselor regenerabile se adresează nu numai
producerii de energie, dar prin modul particular de generare reformulează si
modelul de dezvoltare, prin descentralizarea surselor. Energia eoliană în
special este printre formele de energie regenerabilă care se pretează
aplicatiilor la scară redusă. &lt;br /&gt;


&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;&quot;&gt;Principalul avantaj al
     energiei eoliene este &lt;i&gt;emisia zero&lt;/i&gt; de substante poluante si gaze cu
     efect de seră, datorită faptului că nu se ard combustibili. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nu se produc deseuri&lt;/i&gt;.
     Producerea de energie eoliană nu implică producerea nici unui fel de
     deseuri. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Costuri reduse pe unitate
     de energie produsă&lt;/i&gt;. Costul energiei electrice produse în centralele
     eoliene moderne a scăzut substantial în ultimii ani, ajungând în S.U.A. să
     fie chiar mai mici decât în cazul energiei generate din combustibili,
     chiar dacă nu se iau în considerare externalitătile negative inerente
     utilizării combustibililor clasici. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
În 2004 pretul energiei eoliene ajunsese deja la o cincime fată de cel din
anii 1980, iar previziunile sunt de continuare a scăderii acestora deoarece se
pun în functiuni tot mai multe unităti eoliene cu putere instalată de mai multi
megawati. &lt;br /&gt;


&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Costuri reduse de scoatere
     din functiune&lt;/i&gt;. Spre deosebire de centralele nucleare, de exemplu, unde
     costurile de scoatere din functiune pot fi de câteva ori mai mari decât
     costurile centralei}}, în cazul generatoarelor eoliene, costurile de
     scoatere din functiune, la capătul perioadei normale de functionare, sunt
     minime, acestea putând fi integral reciclate. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Dezavantaje &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Principalele dezavantaje sunt resursa energetică relativ limitată,
inconstanta datorită variatiei vitezei vântului si numărului redus de
amplasamente posibile. Putine locuri pe Pământ oferă posibilitatea producerii a
suficientă electricitate folosind energia vântului. &lt;br /&gt;


La început, un important dezavantaj al productiei de energie eoliană a fost
pretul destul de mare de producere a energiei si fiabilitatea relativ redusă a
turbinelor. În ultimii ani, însă, pretul de productie pe unitate de energie
electrică a scăzut drastic, ajungând, prin îmbunătătirea parametrilor tehnici
ai turbinelor, la cifre de ordinul 3-4 eurocenti pe kilowatt oră. &lt;br /&gt;


Un alt dezavantaj este si &quot;poluarea vizuală&quot; - adică, au o
aparitie neplăcută - si de asemenea produc &quot;poluare sonoră&quot; (sunt
prea gălăgioase). De asemenea, se afirmă că turbinele afectează mediul si ecosistemele
din împrejurimi, omorând păsări si necesitând terenuri mari virane pentru
instalarea lor. Argumente împotriva acestora sunt că turbinele moderne de vânt
au o aparitie atractivă stilizată, că masinile omoară mai multe păsări pe an
decât turbinele si că alte surse de energie, precum generarea de electricitate
folosind cărbunele, sunt cu mult mai dăunătoare pentru mediu, deoarece creează
poluare si duc la efectul de seră. &lt;br /&gt;


&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Un alt dezavantaj este riscul mare de distrugere în
cazul furtunilor, dacă viteza vântului depăseste limitele admise la proiectare.
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