Child support can be traced back to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In the young ages of the nineteenth century, the United States courts that handled cases of marital breakdowns and divorce, discovered that the present laws did not provide for a support action. The United States had inherited many of the English laws in that time, and those laws discovered that a father had a non-enforceable duty to support his children. In fact, English precedents forbade and third party from recovering that cost of support unless the cost was pre-approved by a notarized letter with the father.

In 1601, The Elizabeth Poor Law authorized local parishes to claim some of the funds they spent while caring for the custodial parent and their children who were not taking care of by the non-custodial parent. But this statue would only be prevailed on the mother and her children if they were extremely poor.

Child Support becomes the law

Child support continued to develop into the early 1900s. In 1950, the United States Congress pass the first federal child support enforcement legislation having state welfare agencies to inform the appropriate enforcement officials when it became necessary to provide aid to parents with children who had no support by the other parent.

In 1975, Child Support saw big changes, not just for the collection of support, but also for child support enforcement. The Social Security Act, was signed into law on the 4th of January 1975.

In 1984, the next big year for child support laws, when the Child Support Enforcement Amendments were established, requiring improvements in state and local enforcement programs. First, every state in America were required to develop income withholding from all non-custodial parents paying child support. States were also allowed to report any delinquent parents to consumer credit agencies if they were past due on their payments.

For more in depth information on the history of child support laws please click the links below. You will receive more detailed information.

Child Support Laws and the History is a post from: Reference Education Center | Advancedbiofuel.biz

Because you’re about to discover a surefire technique to learn English, at home, with your kids and family.

Best of all it’s easy and fun-filled. You’ll soon begin to amaze your colleagues and friends.

Let’s get started:

Learn English

The motto of success in today’s competitive world is to learn English. Sounds like a simplistic solution, doesn’t it? I can almost visualize you shaking your head in disbelief and wondering if success can depend on a language and one’s expertise in it. Let me convince you however, at the very outset, that if you aspire to make a difference to yourself and the people around you, you have to learn English.

English for most people around the world is a second or at times a third language and it is only natural to feel lost in the maze of this language. This is a problem that needs to be given due consideration, keeping in mind the vital importance that English occupies in today’s global world. English is one language that is used in communication of any kind, be it social, political or work related. In this scenario, why do you want to feel left out? Wouldn’t it be much better if you could learn English and feel confident and good about yourself?

At this point, you might have a lot of doubts in your mind. You might not be very sure about the possibilities of learning English and how to go about it. Well, all I can tell you is how I learnt English and reached a point where I feel great about sharing my experience with others.

I joined EN101 which proved to be the answer to my ardent prayers. They provide the kind of hand-holding that one can only dream of but rarely find. The best part about learning English online with EN101 is that learning doesn’t seem a difficult task at all. On the contrary, you can have a lot of fun in the process of mastering English. One of the problems I had was with the pronunciation of English. So many words can be misleading if you go by the spellings and you never know when you have fallen into a pitfall and made a fool out of yourself. Of course, there is no earthly need to take such an extreme view but if you look at it from another angle, what use is knowledge of any language if it doesn’t serve the purpose of communication?

Well, if you learn English with EN101, you won’t face this problem. In fact, one of the best features of EN101 is that it facilitates with expert audio voices pronouncing each word articulately to reach you, so that you are never confused about how to use words. Again, if you are the conscious type and feel embarrassed about exhibiting your ignorance in front of others, EN101 is ideal for you as it is an online service where you can learn from the privacy of your homes and achieve the maximum benefits. Thus, EN101 not only helps you learn English online but it also sees to it that you learn English from home in a comfortable and relaxed manner.

EN101 has 4 modules that are divided keeping in mind the strengths and weaknesses of the student. These modules have been devised after a lot of research and ensure that you are adept in every field of life where language comes into play. After going through this, you won’t find yourself tongue-tied in social situations groping for the right word but will be able to converse with ease and grace. You might not even think of English as a second language after enrolling with EN101, but come to look upon it as a first language.

Another great idea would be to enroll your kids with EN101. The Learn English for kids program at EN101 is truly a fun experience for kids. Quizzes are taken at regular intervals so that the kid is stimulated and motivated to do better.

If all of this is not enough, with EN101, you can learn English not only in English but also in your native Arabic, Korean, Mongolian, Hungarian, French, Spanish, German, Netherlands, Romanian, Indonesian, Estonian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Latvian, Italian, Lithuanian, Turkish, Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Hebrew and Japanese. Whew! Quite a list, isn’t it?

I think all I need to say further is that by not enrolling at EN101, you are missing the opportunity of a lifetime. So, go ahead and grab the bull by the horns. Be a master of English.

Now, for a limited time only, Learn English Free From EN101!

Go to http://guarantee101.en101.com

Or: http://guarantee101.en101india.com

Click on Learning Center.

The Username is marinabay and the guest Password is guest

1. Simply begin to Learn English.

2. Select ‘Chinese’, ‘Spanish’ or ‘Latvian’ from the top menu if you like to learn these other languages.

(Please feel free to pass this info by email on to anyone you think can use this.)

P.S. Don’t forget that as well as now being able to learn English (Chinese, Spanish

and Latvian) you can also “earn while you and others learn”. When you enroll and

share En101 with others we pay you a commission to “spread the word”.

See http://guarantee101.en101.biz

Or http://guarantee101.en101india.biz for full details.

P.P.S. If the guest password has expired please email me at marinabay_sg@yahoo.com for a new one.

Please note that I will be changing the guest password a few times every month.

By: Vincent Siew

http://www.learn-to-speak-english.com

Learn English is a post from: Reference Education Center | Advancedbiofuel.biz

This erroneous vision was fostered in the 1980s with the crack epidemic centered in Washington Heights, an area located north of New York City and predominantly populated by Dominican immigrants. Thousands of dollars in cash were sent back to the families, who still lived in the Dominican Republic.

Though the days of easy money have passed, the Dominican poor still believe that, if only family member can reach the U.S. and remain for a few years, he or she could bring the entire family remaining in the Dominican Republic out of poverty. Thus, the Dominican Republic is the largest exporter of immigrants to the New York City schools. Dominican immigrants now comprise ten percent of the 1.1 million students in the New York City schools.

These young New York City schools immigrants face particularly difficult problems as they attempt to acclimate into American society. They face the pressures to integrate at school, while facing the pressures to remain the same at home. Parents too face challenges with the New York City schools.

The first problem is culture shock. In the Dominican Republic, children always must defer to their elders and hold their tongues, having no way to express their own feelings or opinions. In contrast, children quickly learn in the New York City schools that American children are vital members of society, like any adult. They realize that adults care what they think. They become more outspoken both at school and at home, finding the social freedoms compelling and liberating.

Parents feel themselves losing control of their children, who are shedding their cultural restrictions. They view New York City schools children as arrogant and flamboyant, with no respect for their elders. Such contrasting expectations between children and parents cause stress at home. Of course, many parents blame the New York City schools for their children adopting these attributes, where they did not wish to send their children anyway.

The Dominican immigrant home environment is not always conducive to learning. For impoverished families in the Dominican Republic, education is not a priority, as it is with the wealthy families there. Though early schooling is free for children, it is seen as a costly endeavor for families just trying to make ends meet. Clothing for school, meals, school supplies, books, and transportation are luxuries for such families. According to the World Bank, 13 percent of children ages 7-14 work outside the home, rather than attend school. According to Unicef, 16 percent of children ages 10-17 are illiterate. Usually, one or both parents have little or no education, due to less long-term educational exposure for children of poorer families. Is it any wonder they may resent the mandatory law for their children to attend the New York City schools?

Though cultural differences present a major obstacle, language is the biggest difficulty for these immigrant children in the New York City schools. According to Robert Mercedes, Principal of Middle School 390 in the Bronx and President of the Association of Dominican-American Supervisors and Administrators, Dominican children arrive at the New York City schools lacking the basic native-language skills of the Dominican Republic. This makes transitioning them into the English language even more difficult.

They feel like outsiders in the New York City schools. They are in a language and cultural isolation. They are generally dumped into bilingual classes at low-income schools, and feel more of a burden to the New York City schools than an equal to the other students. The victim mentality takes over for many of these youth, who separate themselves into close-knit ethnic groups. They are especially vulnerable to street gang recruitment, which pervades the areas around the ghetto-like atmosphere of some of the New York City schools they attend.

On one side, the New York City schools are a haven of new opportunities for the Dominican children and their parents. Yet, these same opportunities can be the downfall of the immigrant family values and the children, as well. It is a dual-edged sword, afflicted with stressful difficulties and insurmountable obstacles for many.

Dominican Children in New York City Schools Face Two-Edged Sword of Difficulties is a post from: Reference Education Center | Advancedbiofuel.biz

The first thing that a first time homeschooling parent would look for is supplies. Its probably one of the first things that a curious parent would ask. All you need to remember if you are looking for supplies is that the internet is very large, and most likely, you will find resources there. Search engines are especially useful too; all youll probably need to do is type home school supplies into the search bar and voila, instant resources!

For those parents who choose a certain curriculum, almost real school like in itself, or are looking for ready made curriculum based programs, you can get ready made curriculum at correspondence schools, or you can make your own.

So the next question is, where can you get ideas on what to teach? If you are homeschooling your child, chances are you dont want to employ the normal school type classes. Homeschooling can bring out the creativity in both the child and the parent.

As a parent, the first idea bank that you should look at would be your own experiences, how a certain object or event taught you a certain lesson while you were growing up. There is a big chance that, that certain situation or object can be found or reenacted in your own home, and who best to teach it than you?

Aside from your memory bank, you can also get ideas from several organizations dedicated to supporting home-schoolers. Camps and scouts may have materials that you can buy even if youre not a member. You can also make use of old publications, newspapers and magazines as textbooks for your child, take his favorite story and make it into a lesson. For a greater learning experience, you can take your child to the library. The library would probably be the biggest resource for both you and your child.

Remember natural learning is accepted in home schooling, and supplies for natural learning can be found all around the house, the chair, the bath, even in various flowers and if you want you can recreate the atmosphere that childrens shows create on television. Using normal items, you can teach your children math, science, english, reading, almost everything. Just focus on your childs interests.

Home Schooling Supplies: What To Use is a post from: Reference Education Center | Advancedbiofuel.biz

1.The earth has warmed up an cooled down many times in its history. It is still here and it is still going strong despite man’s existence and influence on it.

2.Polar bears have seen the ice cap melt before and they are also still here OK, I admit, a few of them have lost their lives on the way and it is pretty uncomfortable being on top of a floating piece of ice that has melted off from the main flow drowning is not nice but neither is being mauled by lions, but the wildebeest don’t complain too much

3.The earth is moving away from the sun at a rate of knots. This is a natural phenomenon and one which will lead to global cooling rather than warming. It is the reason why Mars is cold and Pluto is very, very cold. The earth will cool, it will happen.

4.Carbon dioxide is not the cause of global warming in fact it is the other way around. Global warming CAUSES the retention of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It’s not nice but there is nothing that we should blame ourselves for.

So let us stop whipping ourselves and start driving those big ‘ol cars and flying round the world with impunity. Global warming is natural and we can stop beating ourselves over it.

Forget Global Warming is a post from: Reference Education Center | Advancedbiofuel.biz

Although its not a good idea to over-prepare yourself for a college interview, you should always anticipate certain questions that interviewers are prone to ask. These questions are designed to find out about your interests and passions. Following are some of interviewers favorite questions:

Why do you want to come to this college?

This question is to gauge how well you know about the school; i.e your level of interest. Some schools track interest and use it as a criteria for admission, so youd do well to do research on the school youre applying to. Read up the colleges literature and website, and tie it with your interests. Mix those with some reasons of your own, like the fact that it has a close-knit student community. If you can give some specific examples, the interviewer is likely to be impressed with your research.

How would you contribute to this community?

Colleges want givers. They want people who are able to add life to their campus. So make sure you let them know how you are going to do it. Talk about your skills, your experiences and your contributions. A good tip is to tell them how you plan to give back to the community; whether its tutoring fellow classmates in a subject you are strong at, chartering a new community chapter in the campus or sharing your ideas with fellow students.

Which activities are most meaningful to you?

Like the essay, you would want to mention activities that are your passions. You want the interviewer to know what makes you tick. But unlike the essay, you can discuss your activities at length without word limits. Resist the temptation to brag though. Talk with a natural style, and if youre passionate about what you do, itll show. Talk about specific anecdotes; interviewers like hearing about personal stories. For example, if you are a music enthusiast, you can talk about your first performance and how you nearly fumbled on stage because you were too nervous. Dont make up stories though.

What books have you read lately?

A lot of applicants think that this is a trap question that they must give a book that is either intellectual or have good values. It doesnt have to be. Just talk about a book you did read. Avoid the usual clich titles that you read in English class though. Sicne part of the purpost is to gauge your initiative and creactivity, its better to pcik a book you found rather than the one assigned to you. Dont lie about the books you read though; if the interviewer happens to be familiar with a particular book you fabricated, youll be in trouble.

In the end, the interviewer wants to know more about you, so just be yourself.

College Interview What Questions Should You Expect? is a post from: Reference Education Center | Advancedbiofuel.biz

The truth is, there is a great need for medical care workers right now. A growing, aging population requires plenty of care and there are simply often not enough trained, qualified healthcare workers to provide optimum care for everyone. It is not just nurses and doctors who are needed. People who are trained in medical transcription and medical assisting are also in high demand. In fact, these people are sometimes even in higher demand. Every company providing health care requires the services of people who know about medical transcription and medical assisting. There is a lack of trained professionals out there, which means that some companies and clinics are forced to outsource their work to overseas companies. By getting a health care degree online, you can get jobs in the exciting medical field often after only months of training.

The exciting thing about getting your health care degree online is that you can train for a real career that can truly help others. The potential for job satisfaction is huge, since once you get your degree you will be able to help people recover and enjoy great health. You will be able to directly and positively affect people’s lives. At the same time, you will be able to enjoy career opportunities that afford good wages, excellent benefits, and plenty of room for advancement.

A health care degree online is great for adult learners. Whether you want to advance in the medical field or want to enter it, you may not be able to simply drop your current job and family responsibilities to purse on-campus education full-time. Getting a health care degree online is the perfect solution. As you hone your skills, you can attend your regular job, since online classrooms are open all the time, including those times when it is convenient for you to study. In many cases, online programs hire faculty with real-life experience, since these programs of study are geared towards teaching real-life skills. Rather than focusing on learning plenty of theoretical and abstract ideas, you will focus your time learning the actual skills you will need in your new job. As a nice bonus, you will save money, since you will only pay for your tuition and books.

Whether you want to enter a new field or want to advance in the health field you are already part of, a health care degree online is a very cost-conscious and time-smart way to study. With many opportunities now available in health care, an online program can start you specifically on a path of success towards an exciting and rewarding new job.

There are plenty of jobs now available in this field, and contrary to popular belief, you do not have to put your life on hold or get into six-figure debt in order to enter the field. Plus, as the population continues to age and health care becomes an even bigger concern, more opportunities may open up for trained professionals in the field. Make sure that you find an accredited program and speak to your chosen school about financial options. You may find that a new job opportunity can be yours more easily than you ever imagined.

A Health Care Degree Online Removes The Sting From Job Woes is a post from: Reference Education Center | Advancedbiofuel.biz

However, what’s taught in schools are just basic. What most people, especially religious fundamentalists do not want you to know is that evolution theory can very naturally explain human nature.

It’s not in school. So I’ll tell you here. I’ll start from the least shocking conclusions first and then we’ll go to the most politically incorrect ones people have been trying to hide from you.

Why Cheetah run fast? Simple. In ancient time, some Cheetah run fast, some Cheetah ran slow. Cheetahs that run fast, gather more food, and live. Such Cheetah, then get married, form a family, and life offspring.

The slow Cheetah die. Got it so far? Here we go…

Here, we see that evolution fine tuned Cheetah traits, namely, promoting Cheetahs that run fast.

It turns out, evolution do not only govern physical traits, like how fast you can run and other capabilities. Evolution also fine tuned preferences. Preferences that are working out in the gene pool are preferences that are hard wired in our genes.

Those are preferences that we don’t even have to think about. We just feel like doing it.

For example, most of us have strong preferences to have sex with the opposite sex. Why? Because those who do live have decendants and those who don’t went extinct.

Nothing strange, nothing bizzare.

Now here we go…

Say one male make 1000 kids. Say another male make 1 kids. Which one will survive better in the gene pool? The one making 1000 kids.

You see, gene pool survival is not a boolean value. Survival is not for the fit but for the fittest.

Preferences that work in the gene pool in the past are preferences that are common nowadays.

Ugh, I can sense that the conservative will start going back to their bible. Not yet. Here’s more.

One obvious way to make genetic copies of ourself is by making kids.

Now, if you’re a male, how would you maximize the number of kids you make?

You do so by mating with as many females as possible. Males that mate with more women, and produce more kids, like Genghis Khan, will survive better in the genepool, in the past.

In fact, a genetic testing shows that the y chromosome of Genghish Khan is the same chromosome with 1 out of 4 people in Asia. Now that’s, success.

Let me repeat. Preferences that used to work in the past are preferences that are common nowadays. So, what do common typical males want nowadays? Mate with as many females as possible.

Not necessarily making kids. Our preferences are set up in the past, where sex and kids are inseparable. There are no contraception whatsoever.

So males want as many females as possible. It is normal to want as many females as possible. In fact, the “normality” of those who are homosexual is not far different than the normality of males that are monogamous.

Successful males are males that can make a lot of money, gain huge political power, and mate with many females. Thats what males want.

What do women want? Women want the best genes. Those women that pick the best genes will produce more successful sons. How do women measure the quality of a males genetic material? By success. Got so far?

Now, we got an issue. There are the same number of males and females. If one male is successful, the others dont get any.

And thats the main sources of conflicts all over the world. When were not at war, were in a race. When were in a race, those who are not competitive will want to knock down those running fast. Such preferences are called envy.

Different societies then have different ways to balance tolerance toward success and some socialism to appease those who are not successful.

The conservative, for example, allow economic success but demand socialism through life long monogamous relationship. The liberal, for example, allow sexual success but demand socialism in economy.

None of which are optimum, in my opinion. I wrote plenty of articles suggesting how better social contracts can benefit both the rich and the poor.

For example, taxing kids, rather than income and paying dividend to all citizens, will allow the poor to postpone making kids and have enough capital to get them rich.

Now, thats the basic of evolution theory on humans nature and preferences. I guess thats all for an article.

Properly understood, evolution theory can be very useful. We can understand why there are many criminalization against consensual acts. Well see that those laws are there to protect disgruntled competitors.

Well see why there are so many wars over religious doctrines. That happens because to be successful in countries heavily influenced by envy, the wise need to keep pitting people against each other.

Many more are like this. Properly understood, we can correctly predict the outcome of our choices more accurately. Then we can come up with strategies that will result in what we want more. On the other hand, those who are blind will be eaten by those who see.

Its toward ones best interest to learn and understand evolution theory. Ignore evolution theory at our own peril.

Evolution Theory And Humans’ Nature is a post from: Reference Education Center | Advancedbiofuel.biz

As opposed to most narcissists, psychopaths are either unable or unwilling to control their impulses or to delay gratification. They use their rage to control people and manipulate them into submission.

Psychopaths, like narcissists, lack empathy but many of them are also sadistic: they take pleasure in inflicting pain on their victims or in deceiving them. They even find it funny!

Psychopaths are far less able to form interpersonal relationships, even the twisted and tragic relationships that are the staple of the narcissist.

Both the psychopath and the narcissist disregard society, its conventions, social cues and social treaties. But the psychopath carries this disdain to the extreme and is likely to be a scheming, calculated, ruthless, and callous career criminal. Psychopaths are deliberately and gleefully evil while narcissists are absent-mindedly and incidentally evil.
From my book “Malignant Self Love – Narcissism Revisited”:

“As opposed to what Scott Peck says, narcissists are not evil they lack the intention to cause harm (mens rea). As Millon notes, certain narcissists ‘incorporate moral values into their exaggerated sense of superiority. Here, moral laxity is seen (by the narcissist) as evidence of inferiority, and it is those who are unable to remain morally pure who are looked upon with contempt.’ (Millon, Th., Davis, R. – Personality Disorders in Modern Life – John Wiley and Sons, 2000). Narcissists are simply indifferent, callous and careless in their conduct and in their treatment of others. Their abusive conduct is off-handed and absent-minded, not calculated and premeditated like the psychopath’s.”

Psychopaths really do not need other people while narcissists are addicted to narcissistic supply (the admiration, attention, and envy of others).

Millon and Davis (supra) add (p. 299-300):

“When the egocentricity, lack of empathy, and sense of superiority of the narcissist cross-fertilize with the impulsivity, deceitfulness, and criminal tendencies of the antisocial, the result is a psychopath, an individual who seeks the gratification of selfish impulses through any means without empathy or remorse.”

Narcissist vs. Psychopath is a post from: Reference Education Center | Advancedbiofuel.biz

For those of you who are interested in understanding the law concerning custodial parents who wish to move out of the area with children over the objections of the non-custodial parent, this article is for you.

Presumptive Right to Move

In our increasingly mobile society, custodial parents frequently desire to move out of state or to a different part of the state with the children, leaving the non-custodial parent far behind. Such moves are usually based upon the fact that the custodial parent has found a new job that requires the move or has a network of family members that he or she would like to live near. Based on these realities, California law provides that a parent who has primary physical custody of a child has a presumptive right to change the childs residence i.e., to move away with the child, subject to the power of the court to restrain a removal that would prejudice the rights or welfare of the child.

A custodial parent seeking to relocate with a child bears no burden of establishing that the move is necessary. In fact, the non-custodial parent bears the initial burden of showing that the proposed relocation of the childs residence would cause detriment to the child, requiring a reevaluation of the childs custody.

Procedural Safeguards

Based on our strong public policy favoring stable custody arrangements, trial courts will usually make an immediate interim ruling staying the move-away until the parents have been given the opportunity to participate in meaningful mediation, to obtain an independent custody evaluation and, ultimately, to present their positions at a meaningful hearing including the right to present live testimony.

If the non-custodial parent makes such an initial showing that the move-away would be detrimental to the child, the court must perform the delicate and difficult task of determining whether a change in custody of the child is in the child’s best interest.

Childs Relationship with Non-Custodial Parent a Factor

Among the factors that the court ordinarily will consider when deciding whether to modify a custody order in light of the custodial parents proposal to change the residence of the child are the following: the childs interest in stability and continuity in the custodial arrangement; the distance of the move; the age of the child; the childs relationship with both parents; the relationship between the parents including, but not limited to, their ability to communicate and cooperate effectively and their willingness to put the interests of the child above their interests; the wishes of the child if the child is mature enough for such an inquiry to be appropriate; the reasons for the proposed move; and the extent to which the parents currently are sharing custody.

In light of the above criteria, the court can deny the proposed move if: the custodial parent has a history of not sharing custody with the non custodial parent; if the court finds the proposed move is being made for vindictive purposes; and if the court finds the move would be detrimental to the strong relationship between the child and the non-custodial parent.

Child Custody and the Right to Move Away is a post from: Reference Education Center | Advancedbiofuel.biz