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	<title>Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</title>
	
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	<description>Physics, Astronomy and Science News, Community. Job Board, Directories, Forums, Chat, Education Reference, Fun, College, Environmental, Homes Schooling, K-12 Education, Language, Legal, Philosophy, Psychology, Science, Sociology, Weather and more</description>
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		<title>How to Become a Notary Public</title>
		<link>http://at4schools.org/how-to-become-a-notary-public/</link>
		<comments>http://at4schools.org/how-to-become-a-notary-public/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 21:56:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Legal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[How to Become a Notary Public]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Notary Public]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Notary Public Service Locations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Notary Public Supplies]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://at4schools.org/?p=1517</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Notary Publics first became prominent during the 1500s, at the height of the Roman Empire. They were chosen either by the Pope, or the Archbishop of Canterbury to whom the Pope delegated authority. During those years notaries were well versed in foreign languages, as well as the principles and practices of law. On the other [...]<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/how-to-become-a-notary-public/">How to Become a Notary Public</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Notary Publics first became prominent during the 1500s, at the height of the Roman Empire. They were chosen either by the Pope, or the Archbishop of Canterbury to whom the Pope delegated authority. During those years notaries were well versed in foreign languages, as well as the principles and practices of law.</p>
<p>On the other hand, becoming a notary public in the U.S., thereby serving as witness to the signing of documents and an administrator of oaths, does not require special training or experience. It is a relatively easy position to secure, in most cases only requiring the candidate to pass a short test and undergo a background check. With this in mind, the rights and privileges accorded to a notary public do not extend beyond the basic duties of an impartial witness. More specifically, they are not permitted to give any form of legal counsel, prepare legal documents or otherwise practice law.</p>
<p>For those interested in becoming a licensed notary, there are three basic steps to follow:</p>
<p>First, fill out an application, providing your name, address and other contact info. You will also answer questions regarding age, residency and any previous notary commissions held. (Application procedures vary from state to state. For more information regarding the application process, you can visit the National Notary Association website, http://www.nationalnotary.org.) Second, applicants are next required to pay a fee to the commissioning authority. Finally, applicants must take an oath of office, which may be incorporated into the application or filed with a county clerk.</p>
<p>There are other possible steps that may include taking an educational course, passing a test or obtaining a notary bond. These requirements vary from state to state, therefore applicants are encouraged to consult their local official or contact the National Notary Association for more info.<br />
<span id="more-1517"></span><br />
Many states offer notary public classes to help aspiring notaries gain their commission. Pat Meyer, an instructor at a Northern California Notary instruction course has helped thousands of notaries or future notaries obtain or renew their notary commission. The course offers same day classes and exams. For more information about this service, log onto http://www.notaryclasses.net.</p>
<p>For those residing in the state of New York, log onto http://www.notarytrainer.com, where one can purchase a New York Notary Application Kit, which includes sample notary test questions, as well as the official New York Notary Laws and Procedures handbook.</p>
<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/how-to-become-a-notary-public/">How to Become a Notary Public</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
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		<title>Understand American Money</title>
		<link>http://at4schools.org/understand-american-money/</link>
		<comments>http://at4schools.org/understand-american-money/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 15:52:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English Grammar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ESL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[learn English]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://at4schools.org/?p=1515</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Dear ESL Student, The American money system is logical and very easy to use. It is based on the dollar ($1.00), on which all cash and coins are dependent. There are 100 cents in a dollar. Coins are parts of one dollar, for example: a quarter ($0.25) is 1/4 of a dollar, a dime ($0.10) [...]<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/understand-american-money/">Understand American Money</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dear ESL Student,</p>
<p>The American money system is logical and very easy to use. It is based on the dollar ($1.00), on which all cash and coins are dependent. There are 100 cents in a dollar. Coins are parts of one dollar, for example: a quarter ($0.25) is 1/4 of a dollar, a dime ($0.10) is 1/10th of a dollar, and so forth. Paper bills are multiples of a dollar: for example, a $5 bill. US Paper Currency The twenty, ten, five, and one are the most frequently used bills.</p>
<p>When speaking about money, $1 is referred to as &#8220;a one&#8221;, &#8220;a dollar&#8221;, &#8220;a dollarbill&#8221;, or &#8220;a buck&#8221;; $5 is &#8220;a five&#8221;, &#8220;five dollars&#8221;, &#8220;a five dollar bill&#8221;, or &#8220;five bucks&#8221;; etc. Another way to refer to money is to call it &#8220;cash.&#8221; One popular slang term for money is &#8220;cheddar.&#8221; The five, ten, twenty, fifty and hundred dollar bills have recently been changed in order to provide more security features. Both the new and old versions are currently used. The one dollar bill is not being changed as it is not considered as likely to be counterfeited. Also in use but not as frequently seen are the $2, $50 and $100 bills. The two dollar bill is rare &#8211; people often collect, rather than spend, them. $50 and $100 bills are not widely used and many places may not accept them for small purchases. You probably won&#8217;t ever see any larger-value denominations such as $1,000, $500, $5,000, and $10,000. People not familiar with these bills should probably not accept them, because counterfeit, or fake, currency does happen, especially in the higher and more unfamiliar denominations. Store employees may not like the use of very large bills to pay for very small items. For example, try not to use a $50 to pay for a 25 pack of candy! It would be better to pay with a smaller denomination or some coins. If you don&#8217;t have anything smaller, it is polite to let the store worker know. US Coins The most widely used coins are the quarter, dime, nickel, and penny.</p>
<p>Each type of coin has a specific size and design, usually with the image of a president or other famous American person on the front. Quarters have been made with different pictures on their back sides, in honor of the 200th anniversary of the USA, and honoring each state. Coins that are rarely used include the Susan B. Anthony dollar coin, and the Kennedy half-dollar, also known as the 50-cent piece. Canadian coins are seen in the northern United States and are also available in dimes, quarters, nickels, and pennies. However, not all stores and restaurants accept them; commonly, the closer you are to Canada, the more accepted they are. Canadian coins may be accepted as equal in value to US coins, but the exchange rate usually places a higher value on the US versions, so be careful not to accept too many.<br />
<span id="more-1515"></span><br />
Practical use The quarter is one of the most useful coins. If you are a student, be sure to save these! They can be used in almost any coin-operated machine: clothes washers &amp; dryers, arcade games, pay phones, and vending machines dispensing food, drinks, stamps, tickets, newspapers, etc. Quarters and nickels can usually be used in pay phones and vending machines. Many vending machines will take small bills, such as ones, fives, and tens, but the change you get back will all be in coins. Often there will be a dollar changer near coin-operated machines which dispenses quarters in exchange for small bills. One word of caution: vending machines do not take dollar coins, half-dollars, pennies, or Canadian coins. Credit or charge cards are being used more and more, even for buying small things. Many Americans don&#8217;t like to carry much cash, and the cards are easy and safe to use. They are accepted almost everywhere, but not at all fast food restaurants! Traveler&#8217;s checks are a good idea for visitors also. You won&#8217;t have to carry large amounts of money in your pocket or purse, and the checks can be replaced if they get lost or stolen.</p>
<p>Much Continued ESL Success,</p>
<p>The creator of ESL Free Lesson</p>
<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/understand-american-money/">Understand American Money</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
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		<title>Online Computer Degrees – Studying a At A Distance</title>
		<link>http://at4schools.org/online-computer-degrees-%e2%80%93-studying-a-at-a-distance/</link>
		<comments>http://at4schools.org/online-computer-degrees-%e2%80%93-studying-a-at-a-distance/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Jan 2012 17:33:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[K-12 Education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Online Computer Degrees]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://at4schools.org/?p=1513</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Lets be honest with each other. Some things you find on the internet can be a little short of reputable. Thats reasonable isnt it? What about getting yourself a Masters Degree in 5 days? Probably theres a catch there somewhere. But what about obtaining valuable skills that can give you a great advantage in landing [...]<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/online-computer-degrees-%e2%80%93-studying-a-at-a-distance/">Online Computer Degrees – Studying a At A Distance</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Lets be honest with each other. Some things you find on the internet can be a little short of reputable. Thats reasonable isnt it? What about getting yourself a Masters Degree in 5 days? Probably theres a catch there somewhere. But what about obtaining valuable skills that can give you a great advantage in landing a job that youd love? Hmmm, its starting to sound a little more realistic isnt it? Probably depends on the field. Well, online computer degrees are one of the offers online that can deliver exactly what they promise.</p>
<p>The fact is that businesses in every single field of work and in every location rely on computers. Another fact is that computers are highly complex machines. This leaves their users with two problematic issues to contend with. One, computers will inevitably breakdown or suffer from some type of glitch occasionally. The second issue is this, the great majority of people have not the ability, knowledge or resources to solve these problems themselves. Guess what, this is the time that your acquired skills from online computer degrees program is going to make you money.<br />
<span id="more-1513"></span><br />
By getting the online computer degree, you will now be a computer engineer skilled in several areas of computer maintenance, repair, diagnosis and many others. With this title and its accompanying skills your ready to work for firms such as, banking institutions, governments, law enforcement agencies and any other fathomable industry.</p>
<p>If you already have some knowledge about computers and their related issue, thats even better, you can begin your online computer degree at the level that you currently are at. So, start from the beginning or compliment the knowledge that you already have to become a competitive, skilled worker in a field that is greatly needed with online computer degrees.</p>
<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/online-computer-degrees-%e2%80%93-studying-a-at-a-distance/">Online Computer Degrees  Studying a At A Distance</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
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		<title>Who Said Homeschool Is For Kids Only? It’s For Highschools Too!</title>
		<link>http://at4schools.org/who-said-homeschool-is-for-kids-only-its-for-highschools-too/</link>
		<comments>http://at4schools.org/who-said-homeschool-is-for-kids-only-its-for-highschools-too/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 08:21:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Home Schooling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[home school]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[homeschool]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[homeschooling]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://at4schools.org/?p=1510</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[They say homeschooling is only for the younger kids in the elementary or lower levels but highschool homeschooling is also a very popular educational choice. Only this time, the decisions are most probably through the convincing power of the students themselves. Most that do homeschooling are those teenagers who cannot take the pressures at school, [...]<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/who-said-homeschool-is-for-kids-only-its-for-highschools-too/">Who Said Homeschool Is For Kids Only? It&#8217;s For Highschools Too!</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>They say homeschooling is only for the younger kids in the elementary or lower levels but highschool homeschooling is also a very popular educational choice. Only this time, the decisions are most probably through the convincing power of the students themselves.</p>
<p>Most that do homeschooling are those teenagers who cannot take the pressures at school, especially those of peer pressure and bullying. Others cannot catch up with the lessons and curriculum programs of regular schools or would like to start early in life through training, internship and community volunteering jobs that would help them be knowledgeable and prepared for the struggle outside the four walls of their school.</p>
<p>This is why choosing the suitable curriculum for teenagers or highschool is very important. There are a lot of materials or support they can get especially on the Internet. They can talk to other homeschoolers in established groups through message boards, forums and chats to build a network. Homeschooling sites are also all over the net; they can browse through these sites, find an established support group in their area, get some catalogs and enroll in a curriculum or they can create their own study program.</p>
<p>This is good for those students who have very supportive and open-minded parents. But in case there are none and the student is left to carry out his curriculum by himself, homeschooling helps students to stand up and depend on themselves because one thing that is developed within is good independent study skills and more as they engage in continuous studying on their own.</p>
<p>In choosing the homeschool curricula, it is best if teenagers are present and take an active part in deciding which curricula to choose that would best apply to their learning styles and abilities. Better for teenagers is to create their own course of study. In this way, students will have good choices of activities which develop every aspect of their personality instead of just choosing a fixed program. Anyway, there are different approaches to choose from and combine that would help in the holistic development of the student.<br />
<span id="more-1510"></span><br />
For highschool, homeschooling can help them start in life, make a step forward through practical trainings and internship programs depending on the specialization they like to pursue. Computer based jobs like developing software, designing a web, database administration, graphics and multimedia designs, repairs and troubleshooting are very popular among the choices of training and specialization. These are the jobs that most students who hate school like the most.</p>
<p>So, why force them in fixed school curricula when they can actually be successful in what they want and might do best in the future.</p>
<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/who-said-homeschool-is-for-kids-only-its-for-highschools-too/">Who Said Homeschool Is For Kids Only? It&#8217;s For Highschools Too!</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
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		<title>Solar Power: Being Environment Friendly</title>
		<link>http://at4schools.org/solar-power-being-environment-friendly/</link>
		<comments>http://at4schools.org/solar-power-being-environment-friendly/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 02:34:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Environmental]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[solar panels]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Solar Power]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://at4schools.org/?p=1508</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The issue of global warming is gaining wide acceptance with more and more countries making the endeavor to delay the catastrophic effects of this phenomenon. Today, scientists and environmentalists are offering people, across the world, alternatives that can be used in their everyday life. Using solar power or the power of the suns heat is [...]<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/solar-power-being-environment-friendly/">Solar Power: Being Environment Friendly</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The issue of global warming is gaining wide acceptance with more and more countries making the endeavor to delay the catastrophic effects of this phenomenon. Today, scientists and environmentalists are offering people, across the world, alternatives that can be used in their everyday life.</p>
<p>Using solar power or the power of the suns heat is one such attempt. Solar energy is considered to be one of the most powerful forms of all energies on earth. It is derived from the sun, which has been producing energy for billions of years. Solar energy reaches the earth in the form of solar radiation and is converted directly or indirectly into various forms of energy like electricity and heat.</p>
<p>In spite of it being one of the primary sources of energy, solar energy has some drawbacks. They are:</p>
<p>1. The irregular and variable manner of its reaching the earth&#8217;s surface<br />
2. There is a need for a large area to collect it</p>
<p>Solar energy can be used for multiple purposes from heating water for use at homes to drying agricultural products and even generating electrical energy.</p>
<p>Trivia: British astronomer John Herschel used a solar collector box on his expedition to Africa to cook food in the 1830s.<br />
Some of the advantages of using solar power or energy are:</p>
<p>* Solar power is a renewable resource and it will take another billion years for the sun to disintegrate if ever it does. As a result, solar energy will be able to provide us with enough power to carry day-to-day operations like electricity for homes, cooking etc and can be used for commercial applications as well.</p>
<p>* One of the biggest advantages is that solar power is non-polluting. As compared to any other energy resource like oil or coal, solar power will not emit greenhouse gases into the air and hence is considered environmentally friendly.</p>
<p>* Solar power is for free. As compared to oil or coal, which you have to buy, using solar power will cost you much less or almost zero in the long run. Initially you might have to invest a little on the solar panels or cells. The maintenance of solar cells or panels is zero. Apart from this, the life of the solar cells is much longer and comes with a lifetime warranty. You can use solar cells to heat water or even drive a car. The solar cells can convert light into electricity and are often known as photo-voltaic cells.</p>
<p>But today, things are different and the situation at hand is grim. You can use solar energy for various purposes. Some of the uses of solar energy by organizations and individuals are as follows:</p>
<p>1. Companies are trying to implement photo-voltaics in electric utilities. Photovoltaic is a process through which solar energy can be converted into electricity directly.</p>
<p>2. Electricity can also be produced directly from steam generators using solar thermal collectors that can heat working fluid.</p>
<p>3. There are many companies globally who have started to implement Solar PV modules, which can easily be retrofitted into existing roofs. Solar PV modules can be connected to a buildings grid supply for generating electricity, which can be used by offices on the premises.</p>
<p>Photovoltaic Energy<br />
Photovoltaic energy can convert sunlight into electricity by using photovoltaic (PVs) cells. These cells are commonly known as solar cells. Photovoltaic cells are non-mechanical devices that are made primarily from silicon alloys.</p>
<p>Sunlight is basically composed of millions of different particles of solar energy also known as photons. Each photon contains a different degree of energy that corresponds to different wavelengths within the solar spectrum.</p>
<p>When a photon strikes a photovoltaic cell, they will either get absorbed, reflected, or pass right through. The photons which get absorbed can provide enough energy to generate electricity. When the required amount of energy gets absorbed by a semiconductor, then the electrons get dislodged from their material atoms.<br />
<span id="more-1508"></span><br />
Photovoltaic cells are being increasingly used in driving solar powered products. Here are some of them:</p>
<p>Solar chargers<br />
* These chargers can charge some of the most powerful electronic devices like mp3 players, cell phones and digital cameras.<br />
* Some of the top companies of the world use them for their electronic devices like Nokia, Motorola, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, and Palm/Treo.<br />
* These chargers consist of folding solar panels of different outputs like 6.5 watt, 12 watt and 25 watt.<br />
* They are made with high efficiency solar cells that are compact and light in weight.<br />
* These chargers powered with solar cells can recharge lanterns, flash lights, cell phones, satellite phones, GPS units, MP3 players and many others.</p>
<p>Solar Modules<br />
* The solar modules are mostly he mono-crystalline silicon and are composed of composed of solar cells that have an average conversion efficiency of 15% or more and comes with solar glass and Tedlar (TPT) back sheet and EVA sheet compounded from fluoric-plastic and dacron.</p>
<p>Solar Power Radio &amp; Crank Flashlight<br />
* Multi-function solar radio features and can work on MW/FM/SW1/SW2 MW: 530-1600KHZ/FM: 88-108 MHZ/SW1: 3.8-10 MHZ/SW2: 11-17 MHZ<br />
* The solar radio works on built-in single solar cell</p>
<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/solar-power-being-environment-friendly/">Solar Power: Being Environment Friendly</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
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		<title>NCAA Mascot Mayhem Continues–Jonathan Munk</title>
		<link>http://at4schools.org/ncaa-mascot-mayhem-continues%e2%80%93jonathan-munk/</link>
		<comments>http://at4schools.org/ncaa-mascot-mayhem-continues%e2%80%93jonathan-munk/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 20:39:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[College]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[logo design logos maker graphic]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://at4schools.org/?p=1506</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The future of the 17 remaining schools on the NCAAs list of colleges with hostile and abusive nicknames and logos will probably depend on how good the relationship is between the school and the associated tribe. Florida State escaped a costly rebranding two weeks ago, citing support and an ongoing positive relationship between the school [...]<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/ncaa-mascot-mayhem-continues%e2%80%93jonathan-munk/">NCAA Mascot Mayhem Continues–Jonathan Munk</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The future of the 17 remaining schools on the NCAAs list of colleges with hostile and abusive nicknames and logos will probably depend on how good the relationship is between the school and the associated tribe.</p>
<p>Florida State escaped a costly rebranding two weeks ago, citing support and an ongoing positive relationship between the school and the Seminole tribe. The University of Utah also sent in an appeal to the NCAA yesterday, in hopes of being taken off the offenders list as well. In their appeal, the U of U stated they no longer use Ute warrior mascot, cartoon imagery, feathered headbands for their drill team, Indian cheers, or Redskins moniker. Between these and the Us positive relationship with the Ute tribe, I expect them to be able to continue using their current logo.<br />
<span id="more-1506"></span><br />
The University of North Dakota has not been so lucky.</p>
<p>UND suffered a setback yesterday in their appeal to continue using the Fighting Sioux name and logo. A Sioux tribe from the state called UNDs logo an affront to the dignity and well-being of the members of Spirit Lake.</p>
<p>More than 70 Spirit Lake tribe members approved the resolution, and the Tribal Council is expected to approve it by Friday. This resolution is likely to force UND to change their logo and nickname unless some other support from another Sioux tribe can be found.</p>
<p>For the schools not fortunate enough to be taken off the black list, re-branding will be expensive. There will probably be plenty of discussion about who should pay for the new logo design, uniforms, promotional products, etc. Hopefully the NCAA will have made enough money selling hostile and abusive university merchandise on their website (www.shopncaasports.com) to aid in costly re-branding efforts.</p>
<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/ncaa-mascot-mayhem-continues%e2%80%93jonathan-munk/">NCAA Mascot Mayhem ContinuesJonathan Munk</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
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		<title>Are You Considering Hiring A Private Tutor? Part 2</title>
		<link>http://at4schools.org/are-you-considering-hiring-a-private-tutor-part-2/</link>
		<comments>http://at4schools.org/are-you-considering-hiring-a-private-tutor-part-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 15 Jan 2012 21:43:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Weather]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Are You Considering Hiring A Private Tutor? Part 2]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://at4schools.org/?p=1504</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[What types of subjects do private tutors specialize in? Anything you could think of, there is a private tutor out there that specializes in that subject. They are just like teachers in a sense. Consider the fact that for there to be a course of study available, there has to be someone to teach it. [...]<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/are-you-considering-hiring-a-private-tutor-part-2/">Are You Considering Hiring A Private Tutor? Part 2</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>What types of subjects do private tutors specialize in? Anything you could think of, there is a private tutor out there that specializes in that subject. They are just like teachers in a sense. Consider the fact that for there to be a course of study available, there has to be someone to teach it. In that same respect, whether you are studying Pre-Algebra, Quantum Physics, or Packaging there is someone out there who can help you.</p>
<p>If you are debating on whether or not to hire a private tutor for yourself, your child, or someone you know and are wary about the costs, be assured that the benefits of private tutoring are above and beyond any cost constraints involved, and in all reality, private tutors are not as expensive as you might think.</p>
<p>Tutors usually charge for their services on an hourly basis, rather than a flat fee. The key word is usually as some tutors charge a base fee per day or week. For the most cost<br />
Effective private tutoring experience, you will probably want to go to your local public or school library or an academic counselor for help finding a tutor who charges per the hour. Many times, for the best deal, you will probably get a fellow student who has probably already passed the course with flying colors. <span id="more-1504"></span></p>
<p>Many people frown on having fellow students tutor them in their school subjects, but if you or your beloved academic scholar (or not-so-academic-scholar) can stand to swallow their pride a bit, student tutors make the best tutors out there. They have the ability to understand the academic needs that you have as a student better than anybody else. This is especially true of a person who is trained to teach on the subject as they can be somewhat of an expert, and that is not what most people need in a private tutor.</p>
<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/are-you-considering-hiring-a-private-tutor-part-2/">Are You Considering Hiring A Private Tutor? Part 2</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
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		<title>Reversing Mother Nature, Part One</title>
		<link>http://at4schools.org/reversing-mother-nature-part-one/</link>
		<comments>http://at4schools.org/reversing-mother-nature-part-one/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 14 Jan 2012 10:38:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[electricity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ion exchange]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ISL mining]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[nuclear energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[uranium]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[uranium mining]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[utilities]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://at4schools.org/?p=1502</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[We talked to North Americas leading In Situ Leach (ISL) uranium mining engineers, and had them explain exactly how ISL worked. Most of the significant ISL operations in the United States were designed and/or constructed by these engineers. They explained how ISL mining is really just reversing the process of Mother Nature. Blossom is what [...]<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/reversing-mother-nature-part-one/">Reversing Mother Nature, Part One</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>We talked to North Americas leading In Situ Leach (ISL) uranium mining engineers, and had them explain exactly how ISL worked. Most of the significant ISL operations in the United States were designed and/or constructed by these engineers. They explained how ISL mining is really just reversing the process of Mother Nature.</p>
<p>Blossom is what underground uranium miners called the crystals forming on the tunnel walls. Because the ore was in contact with air inside an underground mine, and as ground water moved slowly against the mines walls, a visible crust of uranium crystals would precipitate, or blossom along those walls. Making the uranium soluble doesnt require a lot of oxygen and water because oxidization is a natural process. Adding more oxygen to the groundwater found in, and around, a uranium-mineralized orebody is the principle upon which present-day In Situ Leach (ISL) uranium mining is based.</p>
<p>Eons ago, the uranium was soluble and moved, on or below the surface, with the ground water. In roll front uranium deposits the uranium was transported into the area through the natural groundwater system and precipitated from solution due to some reducing environment, explained Harry Anthony, Chief Operating Officer of Uranium Energy Corp. Often, the reducing agent was something organic, such as coal, deep-seated oil and gas deposits, or hydrogen sulfide gases. In its reduced form, the uranium crystals are insoluble. It will precipitate as a coating on the existing sand grains of the sandstone, added Anthony. As more water containing uranium sweeps through this area, and encounters this reducing environment, more uranium is precipitated until there is a sufficient concentration to make it a commercial deposit.</p>
<p>After the geological team has delineated a companys uranium roll front deposit and determined it is of economic value, the company must turn to its ISL design engineers to complete the mining process. While it takes stellar geologists such as David Miller of Strathmore Minerals, Bill Sheriff of Energy Metals, or William Boberg of UR-Energy to accumulate large, proven uranium-mineralized holdings, as they have done in Wyoming, New Mexico, Texas or elsewhere, each must turn to their engineers to extract the uranium from those sand grains and process them to produce an economic quantity of uranium oxide, or U3O8. The overwhelming majority of ISL facilities, designed in the United States, were engineered by Harry Anthony, Doug Norris and Dennis Stover.</p>
<p>Trained as a mechanical engineer, Harry Anthony has been involved with more than ten ISL uranium operations from Union Carbides Palangana in 1976 to Uranium Resources Bruni, Benavides, North Platte, Kingsville Dome and Rosita ISL projects. Anthonys consulting work has taken him to ISL projects in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and the Czech Republic. Dennis Stover is best remembered for designing Smith Ranch in Wyoming, now owned by Cameco Corp. With a PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Michigan, Dr. Stover helped develop the first commercial alkaline ISL project in south Texas for Atlantic Richfield and helped develop an additional five small ISL operations in south Texas. Also a chemical engineer by training, Doug Norriss paths have crossed with both Stover and Anthony. He helped build the Highland and Smith Ranch ISL operations in Wyoming, and designed Mestenas Alta Mesa ISL operation in south Texas.</p>
<p>HOW DOES ISL MINING REVERSE MOTHER NATURE?</p>
<p>In its natural, reduced environment, uranium exists as a solid in the +4 valence, Anthony explained. In the mining stage, we are reversing Mother Natures process by adding oxygen, oxidizing the uranium from a valence of +4 to a valence of +6. The uranium was oxidized at one time, but then reduced by Mother Nature. By drilling wells into the ore zone, circulating the water and adding oxygen to it, the uranium is made soluble again.</p>
<p>Is it really this simple? Yes and no. Energy Metals Chief Operating Officer Dennis Stover outlined the process, Youre simply adding, into the injection well, gaseous oxygen, just pure oxygen, but youre doing it under the water level in the well. The natural pressure, created by that column of water above the injection point, allows the oxygen to dissolve into the water so that theres no free gas being put into the well.</p>
<p>Stover compared the oxygen dissolved in the liquid to the carbon dioxide dissolved in a bottle of soda. The soda remains clear, dissolved in the liquid, when stationery. But when you shake it up, the gas will break out, added Stover. The pressure thats available that lets you dissolve the oxygen is determined by the amount of naturally occurring water pressure thats on the uranium deposit. Stover explained that if the deposit is 100 feet below the water table, you can dissolve a certain amount of oxygen. If the uranium deposit is 200 feet below the water table, or twice as deep, you can dissolve twice as much oxygen.</p>
<p>Historically, ISL mining evolved from acid leaching to leaching with sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate. Most people add only carbon dioxide in dissolved oxygen at this point, Stover explained. Theres a chemical relationship between carbon dioxide gas, bicarbonate, and the carbonate ion. The host rock typically contains calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate minerals. By adding the carbon dioxide, Stover said, It will lower the PH of the solution just slightly. That enhances the solubility of the naturally occurring calcium carbonate. According to Stover and the other experts, the addition of carbon dioxide is an effective replacement for the previously added bicarbonate ion.</p>
<p>The goal is to get the uranium out of the sandstone and soluble. Were accelerating Mother Nature and making the uranium soluble again, said Doug Norris, engineering manager for Uranium Energy. When its soluble, we can just pump it out of the ground. But it is dissolved in the water like salt in sea water. You cant see it, but its there.</p>
<p>MINING THE URANIUM</p>
<p>ISL mining and processing the uranium is a very simple process. Its a water treatment plant with hundreds of water wells. There are two types of wells: injection and production. The water plus reagent (oxygen, carbon dioxide) is injected into the ground via water wells. Outside the United States, where environmental regulations may be less restrictive, an ISLs aquifer may be bombarded with harsh acid leaching. On Harry Anthonys engineering services website, he describes the process he observed in the Czech Republic, Over 4,100,000 tons of H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), 270,000 tons of HNO3 (nitric acid), 100,000 tons of NH3 (ammonia), and 25,000 tons of HF (hydrofloric acid) were consumed by the mine.</p>
<p>It would be nearly impossible to get an ISL project permitted in the United States using these chemicals to leach the uranium. The water quality division, within a states Department of Environmental Quality (DQE), demands restoration to background, which is about where the groundwater was before ISL mining began. The less things you add, the less you have to reclaim at the end of the process, Doug Norris pointed out. The more stuff you add trying to get it out of the ground, the more you have to clean up.</p>
<p>Dennis Stover explained how the fluids presently used came about, Historically, most ISL operations had a great deal of difficulty with plugging or fouling of their injection wells due to the precipitation of excessive amounts of salts. He pointed out that the chemistry miners were using in conventional milling operations didnt work in ISL mining. Because they had very high concentrated salt solutions, they were trying to accelerate everything, Stover told us. When you take those concentrated solutions and put them underground, Mother Nature is not always happy. Other salts that were present in the rock would dissolve, solutions would become supersaturated and they would precipitate out. The wells would plug up.<br />
<span id="more-1502"></span><br />
Some of the early U.S. operations tried to enhance their production, for example, by using ammonia to enhance the pH of their water. They forgot that ammonia is easily locked up by clay and almost impossible to get back to background, explained Norris. Its pretty reactive and doesnt occur that much in nature. Norris would give anyone using ammonia during the mining procedure, a 95 percent chance of having a very bad time. Why, we asked? Norris responded, Its bad from the fact that nobody has been able to successfully clean up a site that has used ammonia.</p>
<p>Norris explained that sometimes you have to add a carbonate source, such as carbon dioxide to stabilize the dissolved uranium as uranyl dicarbonate. Norris said, The uranium is in a solid state in the ore, as Mother Nature left it. We oxidize it and turn it into uranyl dicarbonate. What goes to the processing plant is called lixiviate, the dissolved uranium in its ionic form. According to Anthony, Today, most ISL mining operates at neutral pH, and the uranium is complexed as a dicarbonate.</p>
<p>Water is circulated through the injection wells with the expressed purpose of separating the uranium coating the sandstone. Each time you circulate the water through the orebody, you are capturing some of the uranium. Each pass through is called a pore volume. Its like filling up a bucket of sand with water, explained Anthony. Once you have the bucket full of sand, you can still pour in water. The amount of water you can pour in until you just bring it up to the top of the sand is termed a pore volume. Pore volume is the interspatial volume.</p>
<p>In Anthonys models for operating an economic ISL plant, he calculates 20 pore volumes (PV). Porosity, or the spaces in between the sand particles, where the water can travel (permeability), helps determine how much uranium can be recovered. It takes about 20 PV to 30PV to recover the highest percentage, said David Miller, who was Cogemas chief ISL geologist in the United States, before becoming President of Strathmore Minerals. But, as the price of uranium keeps going higher, it may be economic to recover a higher percentage of the orebody. Maybe 40PV to 50PV will be possible with the direction the prices are moving. Of course, your average processed grade will go down. A few years ago, you would want to shut wells off at 15 parts per million (ppm), but now you might want to run them at 10ppm. At $50/pound uranium, you may be able to run at 7 or 8ppm.</p>
<p>Typically, an ISL operation should recover about 70 percent of the uranium in the ore, under the 20PV to 30PV scenario. However, in the case of the Czech Republics Diamo project, once Europes largest uranium mining operation, only 55 percent was recovered. Clearly, the more uranium recovered with the least number of pore volumes, the lower the operating costs. Trying to recover more uranium is only possible if you have the plant capacity. Because of the rising price of uranium, we would expect more companies to attempt to recover a higher percentage of uranium. Miller warns, however, You will not make your production quota if your plant is sized at a certain gallons per minutes at a certain grade to meet your annual production. If you lower the average grade and fail to increase your flow rate, your annual production will decrease.</p>
<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/reversing-mother-nature-part-one/">Reversing Mother Nature, Part One</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
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		<title>How to avoid heavy fines for such simple “crimes” as not knowing the rules relating to environmental law</title>
		<link>http://at4schools.org/how-to-avoid-heavy-fines-for-such-simple-crimes-as-not-knowing-the-rules-relating-to-environmental-law/</link>
		<comments>http://at4schools.org/how-to-avoid-heavy-fines-for-such-simple-crimes-as-not-knowing-the-rules-relating-to-environmental-law/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Jan 2012 22:46:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Legal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environment law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environmental law]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://at4schools.org/?p=1499</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Is your company aware of the heavy fines and penalties that can be imposed on your organization for infringing environmental laws and regulations? Many companies are not. It&#8217;s important to know that your organization can be fined for many different kinds of infringement, not just for incidents of pollution. Examples are: - Failure to register, [...]<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/how-to-avoid-heavy-fines-for-such-simple-crimes-as-not-knowing-the-rules-relating-to-environmental-law/">How to avoid heavy fines for such simple &#8220;crimes&#8221; as not knowing the rules relating to environmental law</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Is your company aware of the heavy fines and penalties that can be imposed on your organization for infringing environmental laws and regulations? Many companies are not.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s important to know that your organization can be fined for many different kinds of infringement, not just for incidents of pollution. Examples are:</p>
<p>- Failure to register, for example, with the appropriate regulatory agency or compliance scheme.</p>
<p>- Failure to report specific incidents, such as environmental infringements and impacts</p>
<p>- Failure to comply with the law, for example, regulations relating to pollution prevention and control, waste packaging requirements, emission levels, countryside and habitats protection, and planning and building regulations.</p>
<p>- Failure to keep proper records, such as those related to disposal of hazardous waste materials, waste management licenses, and local air pollution control.</p>
<p>- Lack of certification, including water discharge consents, IPPC Permits, and certificates of competence.</p>
<p>- Provision of false information</p>
<p>- All of these breaches of the environmental regulations can result in your organization being heavily fined. It&#8217;s not just the fine, which can result in a substantial financial penalty, it&#8217;s also the damaging publicity associated with the infringement that is so important for your corporate reputation.</p>
<p>In today&#8217;s world, everything from refrigerator disposal to vehicle emissions, through river water quality, the construction of incinerators, the use of packaging, energy, waste and water infrastructure, pollution abatement, ownership and development of contaminated land, production of chemicals and policy on climate change, is subject to legislation.<br />
<span id="more-1499"></span><br />
International Treaties such as Kyoto, the Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting substances, WTO trade rounds and UN Conventions and Declarations such as the Johannesburg summit on sustainable development in 2002, all require Governments to take action at national level by agreed deadlines. Even companies that don&#8217;t consider themselves directly affected by much of this, may find that their clients or suppliers are faced with new regulatory requirements.</p>
<p>Each year, thousands of companies are prosecuted and fined for environmental offences, and there is pressure every year for the level of penalties to increase, especially for repeat offenders.</p>
<p>The rules and regulations are changing all the time and you need to be certain that you are fully informed about new proposals long before they are introduced.</p>
<p>Just remember, it&#8217;s not just incidents of pollution that can lead to heavy fines. Failure to register, failure to report, failure to comply, failure to keep proper records, lack of certification offences, provision of false information &#8211; these are all treated as serious breaches of environmental law.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s no good pleading ignorance of the law &#8211; that&#8217;s no defence.</p>
<p>You need an early warning system, which ensures that you are always well informed about your responsibilities.</p>
<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/how-to-avoid-heavy-fines-for-such-simple-crimes-as-not-knowing-the-rules-relating-to-environmental-law/">How to avoid heavy fines for such simple &#8220;crimes&#8221; as not knowing the rules relating to environmental law</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
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		<title>Translation Service Now Open All Hours</title>
		<link>http://at4schools.org/translation-service-now-open-all-hours/</link>
		<comments>http://at4schools.org/translation-service-now-open-all-hours/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 07 Jan 2012 21:54:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lingo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[new]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[service]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[translation]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://at4schools.org/?p=1497</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Thanks to an exciting new service being launched by antipodean translation company New Lingo, no business need ever be lost for words again whatever the time of day or night! For New Zealands leading Internet language services company recently added a new string to its corporate bow, with the launch of a 24-hour translation service. [...]<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/translation-service-now-open-all-hours/">Translation Service Now Open All Hours</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thanks to an exciting new service being launched by antipodean translation company New Lingo, no business need ever be lost for words again  whatever the time of day or night! For New Zealands leading Internet language services company recently added a new string to its corporate bow, with the launch of a 24-hour translation service.</p>
<p>Given the 24/7 culture which prevails in international business circles, this news will undoubtedly be sweet music to the ears of New Lingos many clients worldwide. New Lingo is a perfect example of the new breed of virtual company, and its pedigree is impeccable. Established only three years ago, the dynamic language services provider has a well-deserved reputation for excellence, due in no small part to a policy of having every translation independently proof-read. Moreover, with all staff home-based, New Lingos operating costs are kept to a minimum &#8211; a benefit which is passed directly on to their clients in the form of highly competitive rates.<br />
<span id="more-1497"></span><br />
As language experts who pride themselves on their state-of-the-art translation technology solutions, New Lingo staff are renowned for their ultra-modern approach to business. Indeed, in the words of Christof Schneider, chief of operational improvements at New Lingo: This new service is just the latest in a series of technology-enabled firsts. It offers organisations which operate under time-critical conditions an immense commercial advantage. He continues: It also gives our clients complete peace of mind to know that while theyre sleeping, the documents they require for their meeting the next morning are being translated! Korean-born project manager Austin Kim explains: The nature of our business lends itself perfectly to a 24-hour production system. Many of our clients are multi-nationals and operate 24 hours a day themselves. Moreover, our translation team already spans all time zones, so providing a round-the-clock service is simply a natural extension of what we already do. In-house (and at New Lingo, that means her own house!) German expert, Barbara Bumer adds: We have a close reciprocal relationship with a respected UK translation company which works really well. Through them we regularly provide translations for prestigious end-clients such as Microsoft, Orange and Honda.</p>
<p>Impressive names certainly  but equally impressive is what New Lingo itself has achieved in a relatively short timescale. The maths is simple: a network of tried and tested translation professionals, all beavering away during normal working hours in their own time zones, but collectively working 24/7. Add to this equation the New Lingo factors of project management experience and state-of-the-art translation tools, and you have a winning formula: a round-the-clock stress-free professional translation service for members of the global business community.</p>
<p><a href="http://at4schools.org/translation-service-now-open-all-hours/">Translation Service Now Open All Hours</a> is a post from: <a href="http://at4schools.org">Reference Education Center | At4schools.org</a></p>
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