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	<title>Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World:  The Websites of Philip A. Harland</title>
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	<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog</link>
	<description>Portal to my podcast, websites, blog, and publications, providing an entryway into social and cultural life anong Greeks, Romans, Judeans, Christians, and others in ancient Mediterranean.  Ethnicity, Diaspora, and relations among ethnic and minority groups is a focus.</description>
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		<title>Ancient Visual Ethnography: Picturing Invading and Conquered Peoples (Pomona College, Classics presentation, April 2026)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2026/03/ancient-visual-ethnography-picturing-invading-and-conquered-peoples-pomona-college-classics-presentation/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2026/03/ancient-visual-ethnography-picturing-invading-and-conquered-peoples-pomona-college-classics-presentation/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 15 Mar 2026 16:07:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(03) Visual ethnography (via archeology)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=22721</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Galatian invaders characterized by Greeks in Asia Minor (279-160s BCE) 1a) Galatian / Celtic invader clubbed by Herakles at Kyzikos (link) 1b) Priene inscription on &#8220;impious&#8221; and &#8220;savage&#8221; Galatians (link) 2) Nude Galatian warrior crushed by a war-elephant (link) 3) Nude savagely-portrayed Galatian warrior (same link) 4) &#8220;Little barbarians&#8221; with some likely association to Attalid [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2026/03/ancient-visual-ethnography-picturing-invading-and-conquered-peoples-pomona-college-classics-presentation/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Germans and other northerners: Captives in the reliefs from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias (mid-first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2026/03/northerners-captives-in-the-reliefs-from-the-sebasteion-at-aphrodisias-mid-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2026/03/northerners-captives-in-the-reliefs-from-the-sebasteion-at-aphrodisias-mid-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 15 Mar 2026 15:49:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(03) Visual ethnography (via archeology)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Germanic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=22733</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
		
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		<item>
		<title>Germans: Josephos on the accuracy of German divination (late first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2025/06/germans-josephos-josephus-on-the-accuracy-of-german-divination-late-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2025/06/germans-josephos-josephus-on-the-accuracy-of-german-divination-late-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Jun 2025 13:48:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Germanic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Josephos / Flavius Josephus (Judean)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=22162</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Josephos, Judean Antiquities 18.195-202 and 19.343-350 (link). Comments: On the one hand, elsewhere in Antiquities, Josephos offers an overall negative categorization of the German imperial bodyguard and &#8220;Germans&#8221; generally as savages who lack control over their strong emotions (link to a passage which is framed by our two current ones). On the other, here Josephos does [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Germans: Josephos characterizes Caligula&#8217;s bodyguard as savage (late first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2025/06/germans-josephos-josephus-characterizes-caligulas-german-bodyguard-late-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2025/06/germans-josephos-josephus-characterizes-caligulas-german-bodyguard-late-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Jun 2025 14:09:32 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Germanic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Josephos / Flavius Josephus (Judean)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=22143</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Josephos, Judean Antiquities 19.119-153 (link). Comments: Josephos&#8217; account of the death of emperor Gaius Caligula is aimed at demonstrating the power of Josephos&#8217; Judean god even over foreign rulers.  But in the process of relating details, Josephos includes a somewhat detailed episode involving the reaction of the so-called German bodyguard. Josephos&#8217; description shows [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Dorians and Xanthians: Monumentalizing claims of kinship (ca. 206/205 BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2025/02/dorians-and-xanthians-monumentalizing-claims-of-kinship-ca-206-205-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2025/02/dorians-and-xanthians-monumentalizing-claims-of-kinship-ca-206-205-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Richard Last]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 20 Feb 2025 16:41:20 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Inscriptions / epigraphy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dorians (in Greece)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Richard Last]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Xanthians (in Lycia)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=16850</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Xanthians, Dorians, and Aitolians, SEG 38 (1988), no. 1476 (206/205 BCE) = Jean Bousquet, “La stèle des Kyténiens à Xanthos de Lycie,” Revue des études grecques 101 (1988): 12–53 (link). Comments: This document is an important illustration of how different peoples might portray their connections with one another. The Xanthian stone was discovered [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Guide to Dio of Prusa</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/guide-to-dio-of-prusa-dio-chrysostom/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/guide-to-dio-of-prusa-dio-chrysostom/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 08 Sep 2024 12:13:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(11) Guides to ethnographic passages in particular authors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dio Chrysostom of Prusa (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21211</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This post is a guide to ethnographic passages in the speeches or Orations of Dio of Prusa, also known as Dio Chrysostom (late first century CE): Barbarian wisdom – 12 (link) Ethnic diversity in Alexandria – 32 (link) Indians’ superior mode of life – 35 (link) Magians and Zoroastrians among Persians – 36 (link) Scythians [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Guide to Strabo</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/guide-to-strabo/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/guide-to-strabo/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 06 Sep 2024 15:55:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(11) Guides to ethnographic passages in particular authors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=11854</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This post is a guide for reading sequentally through ethnographic passages in Strabo of Amaseia&#8217;s Geography (early first century CE): Celts, Ethiopians and peoples in the middle – 2.2-2.3 (link) Indians, Ethiopians, and Iberians via Eudoxos of Kyzikos&#8217; supposed expeditions and encounters with peoples – 2.3.4-5 (link) Travelers, soldiers and merchants as sources of orally [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Romans: Strabo concludes on their dominance and superiority (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/romans-strabo-concludes-on-their-dominance-and-superiority-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/romans-strabo-concludes-on-their-dominance-and-superiority-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 Sep 2024 16:43:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21838</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 17.3.24 (link). Comments: After surveying all of the inhabited world, Strabo concludes by returning to an ongoing theme throughout his work: the Romans&#8217; superiority and effective control of most peoples throughout that world. These are the final paragraphs of his Geography. ‗‗‗‗‗‗ [For Strabo’s preceding discussion of [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Libyans: Eratosthenes, Artemidoros, and Strabo on peoples and customs (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/libyans-eratosthenes-artemidoros-and-strabo-on-peoples-and-customs-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/libyans-eratosthenes-artemidoros-and-strabo-on-peoples-and-customs-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 Sep 2024 15:57:03 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Artemidoros of Ephesos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gabinius (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gaitulians / Gaetulians (in northern Africa)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Garamantians (in northern Africa)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iphikrates (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Masaisylians (in Libya)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Masylians (in Libya)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maurians / Moors (subset of Libyans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nasamonians (subset of Libyans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ophelas (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Poseidonios (Greek or Syrian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrians (subset of Phoenicians)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21836</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Eratosthenes (third century BCE), Artemidoros of Ephesos (late second century BCE), Gabinius, and others as discussed by Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 17.3.1-23 (with some omisssions) (link). Comments: Strabo&#8217;s account of peoples in Libya (the northwestern part of the modern continent of Africa) is quite sparse on details regarding customs or lifestyles. [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Ethiopians: Strabo on a hard lifestyle in a harsh environment (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/ethiopians-strabo-on-a-hard-lifestyle-in-a-harsh-environment-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/ethiopians-strabo-on-a-hard-lifestyle-in-a-harsh-environment-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 Sep 2024 12:59:58 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21830</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 17.2.1-3 (link). Comments: Strabo&#8217;s discussion of Ethiopians is much shorter than the preceding survey of Egyptians but nonetheless goes into customs more broadly. Overall, Strabo stresses the hard lifestyle that went along with living in a harsh environment under the beating sun. So the image of a [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Egyptians: Strabo on animal gods and accompanying rites (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/egyptians-strabo-on-animal-gods-and-accompanying-rites-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/egyptians-strabo-on-animal-gods-and-accompanying-rites-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 Sep 2024 12:40:33 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Blemmyians (in the Eastern Desert of Egypt)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trogodytes / Troglodytes (between the Nile and the Red Sea)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21818</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 17.1.1-54 (with some omissions) and 17.2.5 (link). Comments: Following his discussion of Arabians, Strabo turns further southwest to deal with Egyptians and some other peoples within Egypt. He starts by suggesting a high level of civilization for Egyptians in many respects when compared to Ethiopians (further south), [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Arabians and Erembians: Poseidonios, Strabo and others on obscure peoples mentioned by Homer (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/arabians-and-erembians-poseidonios-strabo-and-others-on-obscure-peoples-mentioned-in-homer-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/arabians-and-erembians-poseidonios-strabo-and-others-on-obscure-peoples-mentioned-in-homer-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Sep 2024 13:49:46 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arabians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Erembians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21806</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Homer, Poseidonios (first century BCE), and others as discussed in Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 16.4.27 (link). Comments: One of Strabo&#8217;s ongoing concerns throughout his work is to establish the ethnographic reliability of Homer&#8217;s poetry and to refute other authors who did not consider Homer usable for geographic matters (cf. 1.2.31). At [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Arabians and Nabateans: Strabo on their supposedly uncivilized sexual and burial customs (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/arabians-and-nabateans-strabo-on-their-supposedly-uncivilized-sexual-and-burial-customs-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/09/arabians-and-nabateans-strabo-on-their-supposedly-uncivilized-sexual-and-burial-customs-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Sep 2024 13:39:36 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arabians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nabateans (subset of Arabians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21800</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Strabo, Geography 16.4.25-26 (link). Comments: After dealing with Syrians and Phoenicians, Strabo turns his attention to Arabians and Nabateans specifically, sketching out some of their supposed customs. By means of ostensibly paradoxical sexual practices that turn Greek practices on their heads, Strabo exoticizes and apparently demeans as uncivilized Arabians generally. However, his separate [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Judeans: Strabo on decline after Moses and banditry (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/judeans-poseidonios-and-strabo-of-amaseia-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/judeans-poseidonios-and-strabo-of-amaseia-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 31 Aug 2024 17:06:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Poseidonios (Greek or Syrian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=6459</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo, Geography 16.2.28, 34-40, 42-46 (link) Comments: Strabo&#8217;s description of collecting bitumen from the Dead Sea that immediately follows this important ethnographic passage on the origins and customs of the Judeans cites Poseidonios of Apameia (first century BCE) as a source. This, combined with the fact that Strabo&#8217;s story of [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Phoenicians: Strabo on the achievements of Tyrians and Sidonians (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/phoenicians-strabo-on-the-achievements-of-tyrians-and-sidonians-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/phoenicians-strabo-on-the-achievements-of-tyrians-and-sidonians-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 31 Aug 2024 16:46:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phoenicians / Canaanites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sidonians (subset of Phoenicians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrians (subset of Phoenicians)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21779</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Strabo, Geography 16.2.22-24 (link). Comments: As Strabo surveys cities within Syria and Phoenicia, he turns to the two most famous cities, Tyre and Sidon. Here he focusses on the achievements of both of these peoples whose contributions are considered comparable, if different. This contrasts to the very negative treatment of Itureans that preceded. [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Assyrians, Babylonians, and surrounding peoples: Strabo on their customs (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/assyrians-babylonians-and-surrounding-peoples-strabo-on-their-customs-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/assyrians-babylonians-and-surrounding-peoples-strabo-on-their-customs-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 31 Aug 2024 14:31:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arabians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cappadocians (in eastern Anatolia)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Elymaians / Elamites (in Persian territory)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paraitakenians (in Persian territory)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Skenitians / Malians (often a subset of Arabians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21438</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 16.1.1-2, 6, 8, 16-18, 20, 24-27 and 16.3.1 (link). Comments: In this section, Strabo turns to a somewhat vague outline of peoples near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers under the banner of Assyrians or Babylonians. He also deals with some other adjacent peoples, including mountain-dwelling populations that [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Arabians, Trogodytes, and peoples around the Red Sea: Eratosthenes, Artemidoros, and Strabo on their locations and customs (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/arabians-trogodytes-and-peoples-around-the-red-sea-eratosthenes-artemidoros-and-strabo-on-their-locations-and-customs-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/arabians-trogodytes-and-peoples-around-the-red-sea-eratosthenes-artemidoros-and-strabo-on-their-locations-and-customs-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 2024 22:14:18 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Agatharchides (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arabians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Artemidoros of Ephesos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nabateans (subset of Arabians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trogodytes / Troglodytes (between the Nile and the Red Sea)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21440</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Eratosthenes (third century BCE), Geography = FGrHist 241 F95; Agatharchides of Knidos (second century BCE), On the Erythraian Sea = FGrHist 86 F32c, 34c, 35c, 47c; Artemidoros of Ephesos (late second century BCE), FGrHist 438 F99-100 (link to FGrHist), as discussed by Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 16.4.2-5, 8-14, 17-21 (link). Comments: Strabo [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Scythians, barbarians, Greeks, and others: Epiphanios of Salamis on Scythianism as heresy (fourth century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/scythians-barbarians-greeks-and-others-epiphanios-epiphanius-of-salamis-on-scythianism-as-heresy-fourth-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/scythians-barbarians-greeks-and-others-epiphanios-epiphanius-of-salamis-on-scythianism-as-heresy-fourth-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Maia Kotrosits]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Aug 2024 18:47:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maia Kotrosits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=9088</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Epiphanios of Salamis on Cyprus, The Medicine Chest / Panarion preface 2, 3 and 1-4 (link to Greek). Comments (by Maia Kotrosits): The Panarion, or “medicine chest,” was written by Epiphanius of Cyprus, Bishop of Salamis. It is a famous example of Christian heresiological literature, late ancient literature that sought to define normative Christian [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Guide to Tacitus</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/guide-to-tacitus/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/guide-to-tacitus/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Aug 2024 18:33:38 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(11) Guides to ethnographic passages in particular authors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tacitus (Roman)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18386</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This post provides a guide for reading through ethnographic passages on this website from the Roman senator Tacitus (ca. 97-117 CE): Agricola (ca. 97-98 CE) Britons – 10-12 (link) Germania (ca. 98 CE) &#8220;Germans,&#8221; i.e. peoples northeast of the Rhine – Germania in its entirety (link) Histories (ca. 109 CE) Sarmatians – 1.79 (link) Boians among Celts [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Celts: Tacitus on the revolt of Boians under Marricus (early second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/celts-tacitus-on-the-revolt-of-boians-under-marricus-early-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/celts-tacitus-on-the-revolt-of-boians-under-marricus-early-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Aug 2024 18:33:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Boians (subset of Celts)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21275</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Tacitus, Histories 2.61 (link). Comments: Tacitus&#8217; story of a revolt by the Celtic Boians (placed in 69 CE) is much much shorter than his accounts of revolts by Britons (under Boudicca – link) and Batavians (under Civilis – link). But it does once again seek to characterize a particular population (in this case [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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			</item>
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		<title>Britons: Tacitus and Dio Cassius on the revolt of the Icenians and Trinobantians led by Boudicca (early second century)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/britons-tacitus-and-dio-cassius-on-the-revolt-of-the-icenians-and-trinobantians-led-by-boudicca-early-second-century/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/britons-tacitus-and-dio-cassius-on-the-revolt-of-the-icenians-and-trinobantians-led-by-boudicca-early-second-century/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Aug 2024 18:17:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Britons]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dio Cassius (Greek / Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Icenians (subset of Britons)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tacitus (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trinobantians (subset of Britons)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21558</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Tacitus (early second century CE), Annals 14.29-39 (link); Dio Cassius (early third century CE), Roman History 62.3–6, as summarized by John Xiphilinus (eleventh century; link). Comments: Both Tacitus and Dio Cassius use the story of Boudicca&#8217;s leadership of Britons&#8217; (Icenians&#8217; in particular in Tacitus) resistance to Roman rule (placed in 60-61 CE) to [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Germans: Tacitus on the revolt of the Batavians and on Batavian character (early second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/germans-tacitus-on-the-revolt-of-the-batavians-and-on-batavian-character-early-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/germans-tacitus-on-the-revolt-of-the-batavians-and-on-batavian-character-early-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Aug 2024 14:41:44 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Batavians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Germanic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tacitus (Roman)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21560</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Tacitus, Histories 4.12–18 and 5.17, 24-26 (link). Comments: Tacitus&#8217; story of the revolt of the Batavians in what is now the Netherlands, led by Civilis and placed in 69-70 CE (for the full account see 4.12-37, 54-79; 5.14–26), also entails Tacitus&#8217; own sketches here and there of the supposed character of the Batavians, [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Guide to Philo of Alexandria</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/guide-to-philo-of-alexandria/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/guide-to-philo-of-alexandria/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 14 Aug 2024 00:41:46 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(11) Guides to ethnographic passages in particular authors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philo of Alexandria (Judean / Jewish)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18340</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This is a guide for reading ethnographic passages on this website from Philo of Alexandria (early first century CE): Amalekites as an arch-enemy people (link) Midianites and Moabites / Arabians (link) Egyptians and Judeans in conflict at Alexandria (link) Germans (link) Persian, Indian, and Judean (Essene) sages and freedom (link) Persian Magians (link) Babylonian Chaldeans [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Guide to Celsus and Origen of Alexandria</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/guide-to-celsus-and-origen-of-alexandria/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/guide-to-celsus-and-origen-of-alexandria/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 14 Aug 2024 00:38:41 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(11) Guides to ethnographic passages in particular authors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celsus (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Origen (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19711</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This post is a guide for reading through ethnographic passages on this website by Celsus (mid-second century CE) and Origen of Alexandria (mid-third century CE): Barbarian wisdom (link) Persian wisdom, the Magians and howlers of chants (link) Persian and Zoroastrian wisdom via Mithras&#8217; mysteries, according to Celsus (link) Ethnic hierarchies, according to Origen (link) Ethiopians [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Thracians, Scythians, and others: Anonymous author on opposing views and the relativity of what is shameful or good (mid-fourth century BCE [?])</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/thracians-scythians-and-others-anonymous-author-dissoi-logoi-on-opposing-views-and-the-relativity-of-what-is-shameful-or-good/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/thracians-scythians-and-others-anonymous-author-dissoi-logoi-on-opposing-views-and-the-relativity-of-what-is-shameful-or-good/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 14 Aug 2024 00:24:36 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Massagetians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Spartans / Lakedaimonians (in Greece)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21205</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Anonymous (mid-fourth century BCE [?]), Opposing Views / Dissoi Logoi 2.1-19 (link to Greek edition by Weber 1897). Comments: This anonymous work, which may or may not date to the mid-fourth century BCE (Molinelli 2018, 35-44), asserts the relativity or at least situational nature of what is good and what is shameful. In [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Ethiopians: Philo of Alexandria on the supposed lowness of Ethiopians and self-control of Assyrians (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/ethiopians-philo-on-the-supposed-lowness-of-ethiopians-and-self-control-of-assyrians-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/ethiopians-philo-on-the-supposed-lowness-of-ethiopians-and-self-control-of-assyrians-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Aug 2024 22:47:56 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philo of Alexandria (Judean / Jewish)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21299</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Philo of Alexandria (early first century CE), Allegorical Interpretation 1.63-70 and 2.65-67 (link). Comments: In these allegorical or symbolic interpretations of the Adam and Eve narratives in Genesis, the Judean Philo of Alexandria makes the assumption that Ethiopia (and therefore Ethiopians) represents cowardice whereas Assyrians represent self-control. He then returns to Ethiopians in [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/ethiopians-philo-on-the-supposed-lowness-of-ethiopians-and-self-control-of-assyrians-early-first-century-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Ethiopians: Origen on the blackness of Solomon&#8217;s and Moses&#8217; Ethiopian wife and on the spiritual Ethiopian (early third century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/ethiopians-origen-on-the-blackness-of-solomons-and-moses-ethiopian-wife-and-on-the-spiritual-ethiopian-early-third-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/ethiopians-origen-on-the-blackness-of-solomons-and-moses-ethiopian-wife-and-on-the-spiritual-ethiopian-early-third-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Aug 2024 21:52:39 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Origen (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21302</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Origen (early second century CE), Commentary on the Song of Songs 2.1, as paraphrased by Rufinus (ca. 410 CE) (link); Homilies on the Song of Songs 1.6, in Jerome&#8217;s Latin translation (link); On Prayer 27.12. Comments: Origen&#8217;s troubling allegorical approaches to Ethiopian figures, including the Ethiopian woman in Solomon&#8217;s Song of Songs and [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/ethiopians-origen-on-the-blackness-of-solomons-and-moses-ethiopian-wife-and-on-the-spiritual-ethiopian-early-third-century-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Egyptians, Phrygians, Assyrians and Persians: Firmicus Maternus on impious customs (mid-fourth century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/egyptians-phrygians-assyrians-and-persians-firmicus-maternus-on-impious-customs-early-fourth-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/egyptians-phrygians-assyrians-and-persians-firmicus-maternus-on-impious-customs-early-fourth-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Justin Nadeau]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Aug 2024 18:14:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Firmicus Maternus (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Justin Nadeau]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phrygians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=17208</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Firmicus Maternus, On the Errors of Impious Rites / De errore profanarum religionis 1-6  (link; link to Latin). Comments (by Justin Nadeau): We know nothing about Julius Firmicus Maternus beyond what he tells us in his writings. He was from Syracuse in Sicily and had practiced law at some point. Mention of other contemporaries [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa&#8217;s Book of the Laws of Countries, Pseudo-Clementines, and Origen on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/eastern-and-northern-peoples-bardaisan-of-edessa-and-philippos-book-of-the-laws-of-countriessecond-third-centuries-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/eastern-and-northern-peoples-bardaisan-of-edessa-and-philippos-book-of-the-laws-of-countriessecond-third-centuries-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Aug 2024 15:30:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Amazons (legendary subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arabians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Baktrians / Bactrians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bardaisan (Edessan / Christian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Britons]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Christians / Jesus adherents]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethnicity in early Christianity and the New Testament]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gelians (on the Caspian Sea)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Germanic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maurians / Moors (subset of Libyans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medes (often interchanged with Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mediterranean peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Origen (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Parthians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philippos (Christian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phrygians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pseudo-Clementine author(s)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Saracens / Sarakenians (in Arabia)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Serians (Chinese)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=6527</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Bardaisan of Edessa (late-second to early-third century CE) as presented by Philippos, Book of the Laws of Countries, or Dialogue on Fate = FGrHist 719 F3, sections 1, 12-14, 18-31 (link to Syriac and full translation; link to FGrHist); Pseudo-Clement (second-third centuries, but 406 CE in this Latin translation by Rufinus of Aquileia), [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/eastern-and-northern-peoples-bardaisan-of-edessa-and-philippos-book-of-the-laws-of-countriessecond-third-centuries-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Indians, Ethiopians, and Iberians: Poseidonios and Strabo on Eudoxos of Kyzikos&#8217; expeditions (first centuries BCE and CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/indians-ethiopians-and-iberians-poseidonios-and-strabo-on-eudoxos-of-kyzikos-expeditions-first-centuries-bce-and-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/indians-ethiopians-and-iberians-poseidonios-and-strabo-on-eudoxos-of-kyzikos-expeditions-first-centuries-bce-and-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Aug 2024 12:56:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Antiphanes (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euhemeros / Euhemerus (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians (in Spain)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maurians / Moors (subset of Libyans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Poseidonios (Greek or Syrian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pytheas (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21314</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Poseidonios of Apameia (early first century BCE), On Ocean, Kidd F49C, as discussed by Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 2.3.4-5 (link). Comments: Early on in his work on Geography, Strabo deals with broad issues regarding the shape of the earth and its seas and regarding his sources. Poseidonios of Apameia is one [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/indians-ethiopians-and-iberians-poseidonios-and-strabo-on-eudoxos-of-kyzikos-expeditions-first-centuries-bce-and-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Guide to Dio Cassius</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/guide-to-dio-cassius/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/guide-to-dio-cassius/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Aug 2024 18:59:48 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(11) Guides to ethnographic passages in particular authors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dio Cassius (Greek / Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21452</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This post provides a guide for reading sequentally through ethnographic passages from Dio Cassius&#8217; Roman History (ca. 211-233 CE) on this website: Celts / Galatians and their moral character – 12, fragments 50 and 57.6b (link) Romans, an oracle and burying Galatians – 12, fragment via Zonaras 8.19-20 (link) Judeans – 37.15-17; 49.22; 57.18.5; 60.6.6-7; [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Libyans: Dio Cassius and others on Domitian&#8217;s annihilation of Nasamonians (early third century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/libyans-dio-cassius-and-others-on-domitians-annihilation-of-nasamonians-early-third-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/libyans-dio-cassius-and-others-on-domitians-annihilation-of-nasamonians-early-third-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Aug 2024 18:30:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aelius Aristides (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dio Cassius (Greek / Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nasamonians (subset of Libyans)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21266</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Cassius Dio (early third century CE), Roman History 67.4.6-7, as summarized by Zonaras (twelfth century; link); Aristides (mid-second century CE), Orations 41.515 (Letter Concerning Smyrna) (link). Comments: Both Aelius Aristides and Cassius Dio refer to this anecdote regarding emperor Domitian&#8217;s call for the annihilation of the Nasamonians in Libya. For earlier accounts of [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/libyans-dio-cassius-and-others-on-domitians-annihilation-of-nasamonians-early-third-century-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Britons: Dio Cassius on the wild lifestyle and banditry of Maiatians and Kaledonians (early third century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/britons-dio-cassius-on-the-wild-lifestyle-and-banditry-of-maiatians-and-kaledonians-early-third-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/britons-dio-cassius-on-the-wild-lifestyle-and-banditry-of-maiatians-and-kaledonians-early-third-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Aug 2024 17:29:18 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Britons]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dio Cassius (Greek / Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Xiphilinus]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21446</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Dio Cassius (early third century CE), Roman History 77.12.1–5 and 77.15.1-5, as summarized by John Xiphilinus (eleventh century; link). Comments: Primarily as a justification of emperor Septimius Severus&#8217; invasion of Kaledonia around 208 CE, Dio Cassius sketches out a picture of two primitive, wild and dangerous populations on the island of Britannia. A [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/britons-dio-cassius-on-the-wild-lifestyle-and-banditry-of-maiatians-and-kaledonians-early-third-century-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Persians and peoples in their territory: Strabo on their customs and on bandit peoples (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/persians-and-peoples-in-their-territory-strabo-on-their-customs-and-on-bandit-peoplesearly-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/persians-and-peoples-in-their-territory-strabo-on-their-customs-and-on-bandit-peoplesearly-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Aug 2024 17:22:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cappadocians (in eastern Anatolia)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Elymaians / Elamites (in Persian territory)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Homer (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medes (often interchanged with Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nearchos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ouxians / Uxians (subset of Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paraitakenians (in Persian territory)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Polykleitos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21273</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Unstated authors including Herodotos (late fifth century BCE), Histories 1.131-132; and, stated authors Nearchos (late fourth century BCE), FGrHist 133 F26; Polykleitos of Larisa (late fourth century BCE), FGrHist 128 F3a; and, Eratosthenes (third century BCE), FGrHist 241 F86 (link to FGrHist), as discussed by Strabo, Geography 15.3.1, 4, 11-24 (link). Comments: Largely drawing [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Arianians, Gedrosians, and Karmanians: Eratosthenes and Strabo on their locations and some customs (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/arianians-gedrosians-and-karmanians-strabo-on-their-locations-and-some-customs-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/arianians-gedrosians-and-karmanians-strabo-on-their-locations-and-some-customs-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Aug 2024 14:05:44 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arianians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gedrosians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Karmanians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21412</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Eratosthenes (third century BCE) and another itinerary source used by Eratosthenes, as discussed by Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 15.2.8-10, 14 (link). Comments: After dealing with Indians, Strabo begins to move north and west, dealing with peoples in the regions of Gedrosia, Ariana, and Karmania. Eratosthenes is definitely Strabo&#8217;s source for the [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/ichthyophagians-nearchos-agatharchides-and-diodoros-on-fish-eaters-east-of-the-persian-gulf-second-first-centuries-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/ichthyophagians-nearchos-agatharchides-and-diodoros-on-fish-eaters-east-of-the-persian-gulf-second-first-centuries-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Aug 2024 02:25:46 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Agatharchides (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ichthyophagians (Fish-eaters)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nearchos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Photios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=9143</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Nearchos (late fourth century BCE), FGrHist 133, as cited by Arrian of Nikomedia (second century CE), Anabasis, or Indian Matters 8.19-43 (link) and by Strabo, Geography 15.2.2; Agatharchides of Knidos (second century BCE), FGrHist 86 F31b-50, as cited by Diodoros of Sicily (mid-first century BCE), Library of History 3.14-23 (link) and F32c, 34c, [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Germans, Britons, and Indians: Strabo on travelers, soldiers and merchants as sources of information (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/germans-britons-and-indians-strabo-on-travelers-soldiers-and-merchants-as-sources-of-information-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/germans-britons-and-indians-strabo-on-travelers-soldiers-and-merchants-as-sources-of-information-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Aug 2024 01:25:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Albanians of the Caucasus area]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apollodoros of Artemita (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Britons]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Germanic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Getians / Dacians (northern Thracians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians of the Caucasus area]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Massagetians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Megasthenes (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nearchos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Parthians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21320</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Strabo, Geography 2.5.11-13 and 15.1.1-6 (link) Comments: In these two passages – one from the beginning of his work and the other from the introduction to his account of Indians – Strabo outlines not only his own methods but also the methods he assumes that others among the literary elites have used to [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/germans-britons-and-indians-strabo-on-travelers-soldiers-and-merchants-as-sources-of-information-early-first-century-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Indians: Megasthenes, Aristoboulos, Onesikritos, and Strabo on Indian customs and on Brahmans (fourth century BCE-early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/indians-aristoboulos-onesikritos-and-strabo-on-naked-sages-or-brahmans-at-taxila-third-century-bce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/indians-aristoboulos-onesikritos-and-strabo-on-naked-sages-or-brahmans-at-taxila-third-century-bce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Aug 2024 01:16:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aristoboulos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Artemidoros of Ephesos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Megasthenes (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nearchos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nikolaos of Damaskos / Nicolaus of Damascus (Greek or Judean)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Onesikritos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21221</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[authors: Megasthenes (late fourth century BCE), Indian Matters = FGrHist 715 F19b, 20b, 23b, 27b, 31-34a, 35a; Aristoboulos of Kassandreia (late fourth century BCE), FGrHist 139 F41-42; Onesikritos of Astypalaia (late fourth century BCE), FGrHist 134 F16a, 17a; Nearchos of Crete, FGrHist 133 F23 (late fourth century BCE); Artemidoros of Ephesos (early first century BCE), Geographical Descriptions = FGrHist [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/indians-aristoboulos-onesikritos-and-strabo-on-naked-sages-or-brahmans-at-taxila-third-century-bce-on/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Indians: Eratosthenes and Strabo on legendary Nysaians and Sibians (third century BCE / early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/indians-eratosthenes-and-strabo-on-legendary-nysaians-and-sibians-third-century-bce-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/indians-eratosthenes-and-strabo-on-legendary-nysaians-and-sibians-third-century-bce-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 04 Aug 2024 20:04:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Megasthenes (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nysaians (among Indians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sibians (among Indians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21329</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author:  Eratosthenes of Cyrene (third century BCE), Geography = FGrHist 241 F21, 69 (link to FGrHist), as discussed and cited by Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 15.1.7-12 (link). Comments: In this passage, Strabo rejects Megasthenes and instead draws on Eratosthenes. Eratosthenes doubts as mythical several difference campaigns by Herakles, Dionysos, and even Alexander. [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/08/indians-eratosthenes-and-strabo-on-legendary-nysaians-and-sibians-third-century-bce-early-first-century-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/07/indians-iamboulos-and-diodoros-on-a-utopian-island-beyond-india-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/07/indians-iamboulos-and-diodoros-on-a-utopian-island-beyond-india-mid-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Jul 2024 14:52:26 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iamboulos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=8577</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Iamboulos, as cited by Diodoros of Sicily, Library of History 2.55-60 (link) and John Tzetzes (twelfth century CE), Book of Histories / Chiliades 7.711-729 (link; link to Greek). Comments: Immediately following his discussion of peoples in Arabia, Diodoros of Sicily turns to a paradoxical island in the southern ocean somewhere off the coast [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Celts: Cicero on Gauls and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/06/gauls-cicero-and-the-link-between-imperial-conquest-and-negative-stereotypes-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/06/gauls-cicero-and-the-link-between-imperial-conquest-and-negative-stereotypes-mid-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 21 Jun 2024 12:58:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Allobrogians (subset of "Germans" or Celts)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Germanic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Helvetians (subset of "Germans")]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Roman imperialism and ethnic stereotypes]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=10065</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Marcus Tullius Cicero, On the Consular Provinces 31-35 (link). Comments: Although the concern to make sense of other peoples was widespread in various social settings beyond the Roman imperial elites, the focus on who people were, what they were like, how they differed from &#8220;us&#8221; (whoever us was), and what was supposedly bad [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Egyptians: Ammonios&#8217; papyrus letter on &#8220;inhuman Egyptians&#8221; (third century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/06/egyptians-ammonios-papyrus-letter-on-inhuman-egyptians-third-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/06/egyptians-ammonios-papyrus-letter-on-inhuman-egyptians-third-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Jun 2024 13:43:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Papyri / documents on paper]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21181</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Ammonios (third century CE), Oxyrhynchos Papyri / POxy XIV 1681 (link; link to papyri.info). Comments: This letter by Ammonios (likely writing from somewhere near Oxyrhynchos) opens with his (perhaps facetious but at least exaggerated) concern that he will be perceived as uncivilized or even as an &#8220;inhuman Egyptian&#8221; for living deeper into Egypt. [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Guide to Cicero</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/guide-to-cicero/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/guide-to-cicero/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2024 13:30:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(11) Guides to ethnographic passages in particular authors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cicero (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20020</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This post provides a guide for reading through ethnographically significant passages in Cicero&#8217;s (mid-first century BCE) treatises, letters, and speeches on this website: Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts and divination – On the Republic (link) Egyptians, Taurians, Celts and cultural relativity &#8211; On the Republic (link) Persians and Magians – On the Republic and other works [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Guide to Hekataios of Miletos</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/guide-to-hekataios-of-miletos/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/guide-to-hekataios-of-miletos/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2024 22:04:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(11) Guides to ethnographic passages in particular authors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hekataios of Miletos (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21074</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This is a guide for reading through significant ethnographic passages in the remaining fragments of Hekataios of Miletos&#8217; works (FGrHist 1; sixth-fifth centuries BCE) on this website: Tremilians / Lycians in southern Asia Minor – F10 (link) Barbarians of Greece, including Pelasgians and Lelegians – F119 (link) Pelasgian diasporas – F127 (link) Scythians and Thracians [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Syrians, Persians, Indians, Libyans, and others: Hekataios of Miletos on peoples of Asia (sixth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/syrians-leukosyrians-hekataios-of-miletos-on-peoples-of-asia-sixth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/syrians-leukosyrians-hekataios-of-miletos-on-peoples-of-asia-sixth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2024 17:10:19 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hekataios of Miletos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Leukosyrians / White-Syrians (sometimes Cappadocians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stephanos of Byzantion (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21099</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Hekataios of Miletos (sixth-fifth centuries BCE), Asia = FGrHist 1 F198-299, F325-357 (link to FGrHist), with some omissions, as cited by Stephanos of Byzantion (sixth century CE), Ethnika, various entries, by Harpokration, Lexicon on Ten Attic Orators, and by Athenaios, Sophists at Dinner 2.70a-b. Comments: As mentioned in the previous post on Scythians [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Scythians and Thracians: Hekataios of Miletos on European peoples (sixth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/scythians-and-thracians-hekataios-of-miletos-mentions-peoples-of-europe-fifth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/scythians-and-thracians-hekataios-of-miletos-mentions-peoples-of-europe-fifth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2024 14:39:22 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hekataios of Miletos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mossynoikians (in Pontos)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stephanos of Byzantion (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21081</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Hekataios of Miletos (sixth-fifth centuries BCE), Europe, = FGrHist 1 F170-193 (link to FGrHist), with some omissions, as cited by Stephanos of Byzantion (sixth century CE), Ethnika, various entries. Comments: As Stephanos of Byzantion&#8217;s much later (sixth century CE) dictionary of ethnic designations shows, Hekataios of Miletos&#8217; now lost work on Europe at [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Pelasgians, Lelegians, and others: Hekataios of Miletos and Strabo on barbarians of Greece (sixth century BCE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/pelasgians-lelegians-and-others-hekataios-of-miletos-and-strabo-on-barbarians-of-greece-fifth-century-bce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/pelasgians-lelegians-and-others-hekataios-of-miletos-and-strabo-on-barbarians-of-greece-fifth-century-bce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2024 12:19:38 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dryopians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hekataios of Miletos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Illyrians (north of Greece)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kaukonians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lelegians (legendary)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Macedonians or Greco-Macedonians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Molossians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pelasgians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Teleboans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21067</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Hesiod (eighth century BCE), Hekataios of Miletos (early fifth century BCE), FGrHist 1 F119 (link to FGrHist), and Aristotle (fourth century BCE), Communal Organizations, as discussed and amplified by Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 7.7.1-3 (link). Comments: In this passage, Strabo cites the view of the fifth-century BCE author Hekataios of Miletos [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Phoenicians: Dion and Menander on competition between Tyrian and Israelite kings (before the late first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/phoenicians-dion-and-menander-on-competition-between-the-tyrian-and-israelite-king/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/phoenicians-dion-and-menander-on-competition-between-the-tyrian-and-israelite-king/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 26 May 2024 17:03:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Dion (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Menander of Ephesos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phoenicians / Canaanites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrians (subset of Phoenicians)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21042</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Dios, Inquiries Concerning the Phoenicians = FGrHist 785 F1; Menandros of Ephesos, FGrHist 783 F1 (link to FGrHist), as cited by Josephos, Against Apion 1.112-127 (link). Comments: Here the Judean Josephos (ca. 90s CE) preserves passages from two different authors dealing with the Tyrians and the achievements of their rulers. In both cases, [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Parthians: Dio Cassius on their empire and military customs (early third century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/parthians-dio-cassius-on-their-empire-and-military-customs-early-third-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/parthians-dio-cassius-on-their-empire-and-military-customs-early-third-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 26 May 2024 16:30:41 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dio Cassius (Greek / Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Parthians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romans]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21031</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Dio Cassius, Roman History 40.14-15 (link). Comments: In the midst of discussing the earliest tensions between Romans and Parthians, Dio Cassius goes on a digression into the origins and military customs of the Parthians. He expressly wants to avoid getting into their other customs, however, and suggests that many other authors have covered that. [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Parthians and Arabians: Isidoros of Charax and the imperial purposes of geographic and ethnographic information (late first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/parthians-and-arabians-isidoros-of-charax-and-the-imperial-purposes-of-geographic-and-ethnographic-information-late-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/parthians-and-arabians-isidoros-of-charax-and-the-imperial-purposes-of-geographic-and-ethnographic-information-late-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 26 May 2024 15:52:56 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arabians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Isidoros of Charax Spasinou (Charakenian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mardians (in Persian territory)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Parthians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sakians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=21016</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Isidoros of Charax Spasinou, Description of Parthia = FGrHist 781 T1 and F2 (link to FGrHist), as discussed by Pliny the Elder, Natural History 6.141 and partially preserved in Codex Parisinus 443 (link). Comments: The writings of Isidoros of Charax Spasinou (a native of that trading center on the lower Tigris in what is [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on &#8220;Phoenician Matters&#8221; (early second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/phoenician-perspectives-philo-of-byblos-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/phoenician-perspectives-philo-of-byblos-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 26 May 2024 05:13:33 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives on peoples (except Judeans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pherekydes of Syros island (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philo of Byblos (Phoenician)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phoenicians / Canaanites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sanchuniathon (Phoenician)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=6340</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Philo of Byblos (and Sanchuniathon), Phoenician Matters = FGrHist 790 (link to FGrHist), as cited by Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 1.9.23-29; 1.10.6; 1.9.30-10.42; 1.10.44 = 4.16.11 (link; Greek text follows translation below). Comments: Philo of Byblos&#8217; Phoenician Matters (ca. 115–125 CE) provides an example of a native author presenting his own ancestral traditions [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Lycians: Menekrates of Xanthos and Polycharmos on Lycian origins and the practice of fish-divination (late fifth century BCE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/lycians-polycharmos-on-lycian-practices-of-fish-divination-second-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/lycians-polycharmos-on-lycian-practices-of-fish-divination-second-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 25 May 2024 21:09:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Artemidoros of Ephesos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Athenaios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hekataios of Miletos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lycians / Termelians (in southern Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Menekrates of Xanthos (Lycian or Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Polycharmos (Lycian or Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stephanos of Byzantion (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20988</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Panyassis of Halikarnassos and Hekataios of Miletos, FGrHist 1 F10, as cited by Stephanos of Byzantion, Ethnika, at Tremile; Herodotos of Halikarnassos, Histories 1.183 (link to surrounding passages on Lydians); Menekrates of Xanthos (perhaps fourth century BCE), Lycian Matters = FGrHist 769 F1; Polycharmos (perhaps second century BCE), Lycian Matters = FGrHist 770 F1-2 (link [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Carthaginians: Plato, Aristotle, Polybios and others on their character and communal organization (fourth century BCE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/carthaginians-plato-aristotle-polybios-and-others-on-their-character-and-communal-organization-fourth-century-bce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/carthaginians-plato-aristotle-polybios-and-others-on-their-character-and-communal-organization-fourth-century-bce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 May 2024 19:22:07 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aristotle (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carthaginians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians (in Spain)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plato / Pseudo-Plato (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Polybios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20954</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Plato (fourth century BCE), Laws 637, 674a-b (link); Aristotle (fourth century BCE), Politics 1272b, 1324b (link); Polybios (mid-second century BCE), Histories 1.3, 5; 6.43, 51-52, 56 (link); Plutarch (early second century CE), Precepts of Civic Leadership 799c-d (link). Comments: As the Greek historian Polybios mentions in a passage below, Greek authors had not [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Scythians, Thracians, Celts, and Persians: Plato on heavy-drinking and war-like peoples (early fourth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/scythians-thracians-celts-and-persians-plato-on-heavy-drinking-and-war-like-peoples-early-fourth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/scythians-thracians-celts-and-persians-plato-on-heavy-drinking-and-war-like-peoples-early-fourth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2024 23:13:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carthaginians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians (in Spain)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plato / Pseudo-Plato (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20941</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Plato, Laws 1.637 (link). Comments: In this portion of his Laws, Plato has his dialogue characters deal with the question of what the ideal Greek law-giver&#8217;s stance should be with regard to heavy drinking and drunkenness. A Greek law-giver should ensure control of the passions in the population. Plato has his Athenian character [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Lelegians: Plutarch on Greek Trallians&#8217; treatment of indigenous peoples (early second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/lelegians-plutarch-on-greek-trallians-treatment-of-indigenous-peoples-early-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/lelegians-plutarch-on-greek-trallians-treatment-of-indigenous-peoples-early-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2024 17:24:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lelegians (legendary)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Minyans (legendary people around Boiotia)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20935</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Plutarch, Greek Questions 46 (link). Comments: In this passage of his series of questions and potential answers about Greeks, Plutarch refers to legendary peoples that were supposed to have inhabited Caria and Phrygia in the early days, namely Minyans and Lelegians. In the process he sketches some episodes of ethnic relations, having the indigenous peoples ousting [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Lelegians and Carians: Philip of Theangela on civilized Carians and savage Lelegians (third century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/carians-and-lelegians-philip-of-theangela-on-civilized-carians-and-savage-lelegians-third-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/carians-and-lelegians-philip-of-theangela-on-civilized-carians-and-savage-lelegians-third-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2024 14:55:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(08) Criminalization of populations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apollodoros of Athens (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lelegians (legendary)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philip of Thangela (Carian)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20911</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Philip of Theangela, Carians Matters = FGrHist 741 F1-3 (link to FGrHist), as cited by Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 14.2.28 (link); Athenaios, Sophists at Dinner 271b; Scholia on Euripides, Rhesos 509. Comments: The few ethnographic comments preserved from Philip of Theangela&#8217;s third century BCE work on Carian Matters (or perhaps titled On [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/pelasgians-strabo-on-a-legendary-migrating-people-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/pelasgians-strabo-on-a-legendary-migrating-people-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2024 14:35:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Menekrates of Elaia (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pelasgians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=12803</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Strabo, Geography 13.3 and 5.2.4 (link) Comments: Continuing with his discussion of now gone peoples in western Asia Minor (just after Lelegians and Kilikians), Strabo moves on to the Pelasgians and their migrations, with a variety of locales claiming to have been Pelasgian settlements. Strabo places a main hub of Pelasgians in Larisa near [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Judeans: Dio Cassius on customs and Roman elite attitudes (early third century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/judeans-cassius-dio-and-roman-elite-attitudes-early-third-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/judeans-cassius-dio-and-roman-elite-attitudes-early-third-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2024 12:40:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dio Cassius (Greek / Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=9753</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Dio Cassius, Roman History, various passages (link). Comments: Although a Greek-speaking person from Nikaia in Bithynia, Lucius Cassius Dio, or Dio Cassius (who wrote his history about the Romans some time after 229 CE), was firmly embedded in the upper echelons of the Roman imperial elites as a son of a Roman senator who [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Indians: Skylax of Karyanda, a Persian imperial ethnographic expedition, and paradoxical peoples (late sixth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/indians-skylax-of-karyanda-a-persian-imperial-ethnographic-expedition-and-paradoxical-peoples-late-sixth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/indians-skylax-of-karyanda-a-persian-imperial-ethnographic-expedition-and-paradoxical-peoples-late-sixth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2024 15:37:03 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aristotle (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[John Tzetzes (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philostratos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Skylax of Karyanda / Pseudo-Skylax (Carian / Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20875</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Skylax of Karyanda in Caria (late sixth century BCE), FGrHist 709 F1, 5, 7a-b (link to FGrHist), as cited by Herodotos (late fifth century BCE), Histories 4.44; Aristotle, Politics 1332b (link); Philostratos of Lemnos, The Life of Apollonios of Tyana 4.45-47 (link); John Tzetzes (twelfth century CE), Book of Histories, or Chiliades 7, lines [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Lydian diasporas: Herodotos, Timaios of Tauromenion, and others on legends of migration to Tyrrhenia (late fourth century BCE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/lydian-diasporas-herodotos-timaios-and-others-on-legends-of-migration-to-tyrrhenia-late-fourth-century-bce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/lydian-diasporas-herodotos-timaios-and-others-on-legends-of-migration-to-tyrrhenia-late-fourth-century-bce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2024 13:12:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tacitus (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Timaios of Tauromenion (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Umbrians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Velleius Paterculus (Roman)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20847</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Herodotos of Halikarnassos (late fifth century BCE), Histories, or Inquiries 1.94 (link); Timaios of Tauromenion on Sicily (early third century BCE), FGrHist 566 F62a (link to FGrHist), as cited by Tertullian, On Spectacles 5.2 (link); Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 5.2.2 (link); Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History 1.1.4 (link); Tacitus (ca. [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Babylonian wisdom: Iamblichos on Mesopotamian legends and his training in Magian skills (mid-second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/babylonians-and-magians-iamblichos-on-mesopotamian-legends-and-his-training-in-magian-skills-mid-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/babylonians-and-magians-iamblichos-on-mesopotamian-legends-and-his-training-in-magian-skills-mid-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2024 22:03:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives on peoples (except Judeans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20807</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Iamblichos, Babylonian Story, as summarized by Photios (eighth century CE), Bibliotheke, or Collection of Books, codex 94 (link; link to Greek of Iamblichos) and as described by Scholia on Photios, codex 94 (link). Comments: If this fictional story about Babylonian lovers (written after 166 CE) was truly by a Babylonian named Iamblichos (not [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Armenians: Kyrsilos and Strabo on a Thessalian origin story, on worship of Anahita and on supposed sacred prostitution (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/armenians-kyrsilos-and-strabo-on-a-thessalian-origin-story-on-worship-of-anahita-and-on-supposed-sacred-prostitution-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/armenians-kyrsilos-and-strabo-on-a-thessalian-origin-story-on-worship-of-anahita-and-on-supposed-sacred-prostitution-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2024 18:24:58 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kyrsilos of Pharsalos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medeios of Larissa (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medes (often interchanged with Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thessalians (in Greece)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20787</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Kyrsilos of Pharsalos (late fourth century BCE), FGrHist 130 F1, and Medeios of Larissa (late fourth century BCE), FGrHist 129 F1 (link to FGrHist), in Strabo (first century CE), Geography 11.14 (link). Comments: After outlining peoples in historical Median territory, Strabo turns to the Armenians, who are characterized as largely adopting Median and [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Medes: Nearchos and Strabo on neighbouring bandit-peoples and on Median customs (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/medes-nearchos-and-strabo-on-neighbouring-bandit-peoples-and-on-median-customs-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/medes-nearchos-and-strabo-on-neighbouring-bandit-peoples-and-on-median-customs-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2024 16:54:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(08) Criminalization of populations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Elymaians / Elamites (in Persian territory)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kossaians (in Persian territory)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mardians (in Persian territory)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ouxians / Uxians (subset of Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paraitakenians (in Persian territory)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20775</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Nearchos and Apollodoros of Artemita, as discussed by Strabo, Geography 11.13 (link). Comments: In this section Strabo surveys territories previously under the control of the Medes and addresses one of his favourite topics: bandit-peoples. Throughout his Geography, Strabo categorizes many different populations, particularly those in the mountains, as bandits by nature. Drawing on [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Arabians: Strabo and others on Aelius Gallus&#8217; expeditions and the imperial purposes of ethnographic knowledge (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/arabians-strabo-on-aelius-gallus-imperial-expedition-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/arabians-strabo-on-aelius-gallus-imperial-expedition-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 19 May 2024 15:07:39 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arabians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dio Cassius (Greek / Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pliny the Elder (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20749</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Strabo, Geography 2.5.12 and 16.4.22-24 (link); Pliny the Elder, Natural History 6.160-161 (link); Dio Cassius, Roman History 53.29.8 (link). Comments: Strabo&#8217;s description of Aelius Gallus&#8217; expedition (into what is now Saudi Arabia) on behalf of emperor Augustus (in his role as governor of Egypt) is among the most important ancient discussions of the [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/ethiopians-diodoros-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/ethiopians-diodoros-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 19 May 2024 14:06:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Agatharchides (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Artemidoros of Ephesos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ktesias (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=8036</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Herodotos, Ktesias, Agatharchides, and others in Diodoros of Sicily, Library of History 2.15 (link) and 3.2-11 (link). Comments: As with his account on Egyptians, Diodoros of Sicily (or: Diodorus Siculus) begins his main discussion of ostensible Ethiopian perspectives (here dealing with western Ethiopians) with the observation that these people claimed to be the [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Ethiopians: Aristokreon on a people ruled by a dog (mid-third century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/ethiopians-aristokreon-on-a-people-ruled-by-a-dog-mid-third-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/ethiopians-aristokreon-on-a-people-ruled-by-a-dog-mid-third-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 19 May 2024 13:40:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aelian (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aristokreon (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bion (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dalion (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pliny the Elder (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ptoimphanians (subset of Ethiopians)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20730</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Aristokreon (mid-third century BCE), FGrHist 667 F2, 3, 4a, 4b (link to FGrHist), as discussed by Pliny the Elder (mid-first century CE), Natural History 6.183, 191-192 (link); Aelian, On the Characteristics of Animals 7.40 (link); and, Plutarch, Against the Stoics on Common Conceptions 1064b (link). Comments: Aristokreon (about whom we know very little) [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Ethiopians: Dalion on paradoxical peoples (mid-third century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/ethiopians-libyans-dalion-on-paradoxical-peoples-mid-third-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/ethiopians-libyans-dalion-on-paradoxical-peoples-mid-third-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 18 May 2024 17:27:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dalion (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pliny the Elder (Roman)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20723</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Dalion (mid-third century BCE), Ethiopian Matters = FGrHist 666 F2-4 (link to FGrHist), as discussed by Pliny the Elder, Natural History 6.183, 194-195 and 7.17 (link). Comments: We know very little about Dalion beyond these citations by Pliny, which suggest that he lived in the fourth century BCE and made a journey beyond [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Carians, Galatians, Halizonians, and others: Ephoros and Apollodoros of Athens on Anatolian peoples (mid-fourth century BCE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/carians-galatians-halizonians-and-others-ephoros-and-apollodoros-of-athens-on-anatolian-peoples-mid-fourth-century-bce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/carians-galatians-halizonians-and-others-ephoros-and-apollodoros-of-athens-on-anatolian-peoples-mid-fourth-century-bce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2024 18:48:33 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apollodoros of Athens (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bithynians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chalybians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ephoros (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Galatians in Asia Minor]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Halizonians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kilikians in Homer's terms (legendary people in northwestern Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lycians / Termelians (in southern Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mariandynians (in northwestern Anatolia)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Milyans (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mysians / Moesians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paphlagonians (in northern Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phrygians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pisidians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trojans]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20658</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Ephoros of Kyme (mid-fourth century), Histories = FGrHist 70 F162, and Apollodoros of Athens (second century BCE), FGrHist 244 F170, 171, 207 (link to FGrHist), as discussed by Strabo, Geography 14.5.21-29; 12.3.24-25; and, 14.2.28 (link) Comments: In these passages, Strabo engages with Apollodoros of Athens&#8217; (second century BCE) discussion of peoples in Anatolia or [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations of historical peoples in Anatolia (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/trojans-lelegians-and-kilikians-strabo-on-legendary-peoples-and-migrations-in-the-troad-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/trojans-lelegians-and-kilikians-strabo-on-legendary-peoples-and-migrations-in-the-troad-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2024 17:04:44 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aiolians / Aeolians (subset of Greeks)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Antimachos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apollodoros of Athens (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Daes of Kolonai (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dardanians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Demetrios of Skepsis (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dorians (in Greece)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ephoros (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euphorion (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Halizonians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hellanikos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hesiod (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Homer (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kallisthenes (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kilikians in Homer's terms (legendary people in northwestern Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lelegians (legendary)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Myrsilos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phrygians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plato / Pseudo-Plato (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trojans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Xanthos of Lydia (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=12313</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Homer (ninth century BCE), Ephoros of Kyme (mid-third century BCE), Apollodoros of Athens (second century BCE), On the Catalogue of Ships = FGrHist 244 F170, and others as discussed in Strabo, Geography 13.1, 3 and 14.5.22-29 (link). Comments: This section of Strabo&#8217;s Geography further illustrates how much authority he gives to the ninth century [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Lycians, Pamphylians, and Cilicians: Strabo contrasts civilized and uncivilized peoples in southern Anatolia (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/lycians-pamphylians-and-rugged-cilicians-strabo-contrasts-civilized-and-uncivilized-peoples-in-southeastern-anatolia-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/lycians-pamphylians-and-rugged-cilicians-strabo-contrasts-civilized-and-uncivilized-peoples-in-southeastern-anatolia-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Mitchell]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2024 12:14:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apollodoros of Athens (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Artemidoros of Tarsos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cilicians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ephoros (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Homer (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lycians / Termelians (in southern Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Macedonians or Greco-Macedonians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pamphylians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19976</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Artemidoros of Tarsos (first century BCE) and Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 14.3-14.5 (link). Comments: Strabo continues his journey along the southern coast of the Anatolia, moving from Caria and going east through Lycia towards Pamphylia. Strabo takes this as an opportunity to characterize the peoples of Lycia as civilized and their [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Romans: Livy, Pliny, Plutarch, and Dio on Roman human sacrifice of Gauls and Greeks (late first century BCE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/romans-plutarch-on-customs-related-to-human-sacrifice-early-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/romans-plutarch-on-customs-related-to-human-sacrifice-early-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2024 14:45:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dio Cassius (Greek / Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Insubrians (subset of Celts)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Livy (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pliny the Elder (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romans]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20093</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Livy (late first century BCE), Roman History 22.57.6 (link); Pliny the Elder (mid-first century CE), Natural History 28.10-13 and 30.12-13 (link); Plutarch (early second century CE), Roman Questions 32, 83 (link); Plutarch, Marcellus 3 (link); Dio Cassius (early third century CE), Roman History, book 12, fragment via Zonaras&#8217; twelfth century CE summary at 8.19-20 [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries and the astral significance of gods (first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/egyptian-perspectives-chairemon-on-egyptian-priests-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/egyptian-perspectives-chairemon-on-egyptian-priests-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2024 05:05:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives on peoples (except Judeans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chairemon (Egyptian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eusebius (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Porphyry (Syrian)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=6711</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Chairemon of Alexandria, FGrHist 618 F6 and F4, as cited by Porphyry, On Abstinence from Killing Animals 4.6-8 and as discussed in Porphyry, Letter to Anebo as cited by Eusebios, Preparation for the Gospel 3.4.1-3 (link; link to Greek). Comments: The neo-Platonic philosopher Porphyry of Tyre (third century CE) preserves two important passages from [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins, Italic peoples, and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/romans-dionysios-on-legends-of-greek-and-pelasgian-migrations-to-italy-late-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/romans-dionysios-on-legends-of-greek-and-pelasgian-migrations-to-italy-late-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 08 May 2024 15:04:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aborigines (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aischylos / Aeschylus (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Antiochos of Syracuse (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arkadians (in Greece)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ausonians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Brettians / Bruttians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dionysios of Halikarnassos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euxenos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gaius Sempronius (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hellanikos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Homer (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iapygians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Italic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Latins (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ligurians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lucius Mallius (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Macedonians or Greco-Macedonians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medes (often interchanged with Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Morgetians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Myrsilos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oenotrians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pelasgians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pherekydes (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philistos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Polybios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Porcius Cato (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Quintus Fabius Pictor (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sabines (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sicilians / Sikelians (in Italy)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sikanians (Italic people on Sicily)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sophokles (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Spartans / Lakedaimonians (in Greece)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thucydides (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Umbrians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Varro (Roman)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=10118</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Dionysios of Halikarnassos (late first century BCE), Roman Antiquities 1.2-44, 89-90; 2.49; 3.32; 5.37; 7.70-73 (link) Comments: We know very little about the Greek author Dionysios (or: Dionysius) beyond what he tells us: that he is from Halikarnassos in western Asia Minor (in Caria / Karia; modern Bodrum, Turkey), that he went to [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Italic peoples: Cato, Livy, and Florus on Sabines, Samnites, and others (early second century BCE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/italic-peoples-cato-livy-and-florus-on-sabines-samnites-and-others-early-second-century-bce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/italic-peoples-cato-livy-and-florus-on-sabines-samnites-and-others-early-second-century-bce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 08 May 2024 14:10:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aborigines (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Campanians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Capuans (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Etruscans (in Italy)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Florus (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Italic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Livy (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Porcius Cato (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sabines (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Samnites (Italic people)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20248</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Zenodotos of Troizen, FGrHist 19 (though this citation was missed there and in BNJ), as discussed in Cato, Origins 2.21-22 (link), as cited by Dionysios of Halikarnassos, Servius, and Velleius Paterculus; Livy, History of Rome 7.29; 9.13.7; 9.40; 10.38 (link); Florus, Epitome 1.11 (link). Comments: Cato Porcius, also known as Cato the Elder, [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Italic peoples: Strabo on Latins, Sabines, Samnites, Umbrians, Lucanians, and others (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/italic-peoples-strabo-on-latins-sabines-samnites-umbrians-lucanians-and-others-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/italic-peoples-strabo-on-latins-sabines-samnites-umbrians-lucanians-and-others-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2024 17:39:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aborigines (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Albans (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Antiochos of Syracuse (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apulians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arkadians (in Greece)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ausonians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Boians (subset of Celts)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Campanians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cocceius (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dio Cassius (Greek / Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ephoros (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Etruscans (in Italy)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Falerians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Falsicians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Henetians / Venetians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iapygians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Insubrians (subset of Celts)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Italic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kimmerians / Cimmerians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Latins (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ligurians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lucanians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oenotrians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Opicians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oscians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pelasgians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Peucetians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Picentians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Picentinians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Polybios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sabines (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Samnites (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Senonians (subset of Celts)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sicilians / Sikelians (in Italy)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sidicinians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sikanians (Italic people on Sicily)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Spinatians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sybaritians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Umbrians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Volaterranians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20148</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 5.1.1-6.3.11 (link). Comments: Strabo&#8217;s first century discussion of the peoples that inhabited Italy at various historical stages is the most extensive account on the subject of Italic peoples, namely pre-Roman peoples of various origins.  With this discussion, Strabo transitions to explaining the extension of the Romans&#8217; power [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Romans: Strabo on Roman superiority and conquest of peoples (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/romans-strabo-on-roman-superiority-and-conquest-of-peoples-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/romans-strabo-on-roman-superiority-and-conquest-of-peoples-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2024 17:26:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carthaginians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Germanic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians (in Spain)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Illyrians (north of Greece)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Italic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Macedonians or Greco-Macedonians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Parthians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20224</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Strabo, Geography 6.4.1-2 (link). Comments: In this section that immediately follows Strabo&#8217;s discussion of Italic peoples (link), Strabo affirms the superiority of the Romans by way of a story of their gradual dominance over peoples of Italy and, ultimately, over peoples throughout the Mediterranean area (Strabo is writing in the time of Tiberius, [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Italic peoples: Antiochos of Syracuse on migrations of peoples to and within Italy (late fifth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/italic-peoples-antiochos-of-syracuse-on-migrations-of-peoples-to-and-within-italy-late-fifth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/italic-peoples-antiochos-of-syracuse-on-migrations-of-peoples-to-and-within-italy-late-fifth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2024 16:41:38 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aborigines (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Brettians / Bruttians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Morgetians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oenotrians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Samnites (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sicilians / Sikelians (in Italy)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sybaritians (Italic people)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20268</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Antiochos of Syracuse (late fifth century BCE), Sicilian History = FGrHist 555 F1-6, 9, 12-13 (link to FGrHist), as cited by Pausanias, Description of Greece 10.11.3-4; Dionysios, Roman Antiquities 1.12.3; 1.22.1-6; 1.35.1-3; 1.73; Strabo, Geography 5.4.3; 6.1.4; 6.1.6; 6.1.15; 6.3.2-3; Stephanos of Byzantium, Ethnika at Βρέττος. Comments: Antiochos of Syracuse&#8217;s fifth-century BCE work [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Tyrrhenians: Strabo on Etruscans as a powerful &#8220;bandit&#8221; people (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/tyrrhenians-strabo-on-etruscans-as-a-powerful-bandit-people-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/tyrrhenians-strabo-on-etruscans-as-a-powerful-bandit-people-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2024 22:36:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20216</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Strabo, Geography 5.1.10; 5.2.2; 5.4.3 (link). Comments: In the midst of his survey of the Italic peoples (link coming soon), Strabo frequently makes reference to the Tyrrhenians, in this case the equivalent of Etruscans. He draws a picture of a bandit-like people who were nonetheless one of the two dominant powers (the other [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Kimmerian diasporas: Ephoros on legends about Avernus in Italy (mid-fourth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/kimmerian-diasporas-ephoros-ephorus-on-kimmerians-at-avenus/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/kimmerian-diasporas-ephoros-ephorus-on-kimmerians-at-avenus/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2024 22:02:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ephoros (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kimmerians / Cimmerians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20200</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Ephoros of Kyme (mid-third century BCE), FGrHist 70 F134a (link to FGrHist), as discussed by Strabo (early first century CE), Geography 5.1.1-6.3.11 (link). Comments: In this passage, Strabo is surveying various peoples of Italy and comes to Avernus. Here he refers to Ephoros&#8217; work which reported legends regarding the original inhabitants of Avernus, [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Assyrians, Medes, Persians, Macedonians, and Parthians: Polyhistor, Bion and Agathias on a succession of empires (mid-first century BCE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/assyrians-medes-persians-macedonians-and-parthians-polyhistor-bion-and-agathias-on-a-succession-of-empires-mid-first-century-bce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/assyrians-medes-persians-macedonians-and-parthians-polyhistor-bion-and-agathias-on-a-succession-of-empires-mid-first-century-bce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 04 May 2024 14:42:53 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Agathias (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Alexander Polyhistor (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bion (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Macedonians or Greco-Macedonians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medes (often interchanged with Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Parthians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18293</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Alexander Polyhistor (mid-first century BCE), FGrHist 273 F81a, and Bion (before the early third century CE), FGrHist 89 F1a, as discussed by Agathias Scholastikos (sixth century CE) (link to FGrHist). Comments: In this passage, Agathias draws on works by Alexander Polyhistor and Bion (who only survives in two fragments on this same topic) in [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Guide to Plutarch of Chaironeia</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/guide-to-plutarch-of-chaironeia/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/guide-to-plutarch-of-chaironeia/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 04 May 2024 11:57:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(11) Guides to ethnographic passages in particular authors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19993</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This is a guide to ethnographic passages from the works of Plutarch of Chaironeia (early second century CE) and works attributed to him (Pseudo-Plutarch*) on this website: Characterizations of peoples (alphabetical by principal people) Barbarian slaves as a bad influence on Greek children (link) Celts and Germans in the biographies (link) Cilicians as “pirates” threatening [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Scythian wisdom: Plutarch on Anacharsis at the dinner of the seven sages (early second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/scythian-wisdom-plutarch-on-anacharsis-at-the-dinner-of-the-seven-sages-early-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/scythian-wisdom-plutarch-on-anacharsis-at-the-dinner-of-the-seven-sages-early-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 May 2024 21:15:22 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20085</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Plutarch, Dinner of the Seven Sages 1-3, 5-6, 8-10, 12, 21 (link). Comments: Writing around 250 BCE, Ephoros was among the earlier Greeks (if not the first) to place the Scythian Anacharsis among the legendary seven sages (link). It&#8217;s true that, earlier on, Herodotos could admit that Anacharsis was the only wise person [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians, Celts, Thracians, and others: Polyainos on &#8220;tricky&#8221; barbarians (mid-second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/persians-celts-and-thracians-polyainos-polyaenus-as-tricky-barbarians-mid-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/persians-celts-and-thracians-polyainos-polyaenus-as-tricky-barbarians-mid-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 May 2024 16:58:41 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Getians / Dacians (northern Thracians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians (in Spain)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kimmerians / Cimmerians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medes (often interchanged with Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Odrysians (subset of Thracians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Parthians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phrygians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Polyainos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sakians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taurians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20068</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Herodotos and other sources as compiled by Polyainos, Strategies in War, parts of book 7 (on &#8220;barbarians&#8221;) (link; link to Greek). Comments: Polyainos&#8217; compilation of Strategies in War is an ostensibly practical guide aimed at helping emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus in their war against the Parthians (ca. 161-169 CE). Of the [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians, Tyrrhenians and Lycians: Plutarch on brave women and effeminate men (early second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/persians-tyrrhenians-and-lycians-plutarch-on-brave-women-and-effeminate-men/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/05/persians-tyrrhenians-and-lycians-plutarch-on-brave-women-and-effeminate-men/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 May 2024 16:20:19 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians (in Spain)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lycians / Termelians (in southern Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pelasgians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20057</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Plutarch (early second century CE), Virtues of Women, aka Bravery of Women, excerpts involving non-Greek peoples (link). Comments: In addressing Klea, Plutarch here compiles numerous stories of virtuous or brave women, including several included here that involve peoples beyond the Greeks. Some of these stories emphasize foreign gender-bending, as when Persian men behave [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Babylonian / Persian wisdom: Philodemos, Seneca, and others on Chaldeans / Magians at Plato&#8217;s death (first century BCE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/babylonian-persian-wisdom-philodemos-seneca-and-others-on-chaldeans-magians-at-platos-death-late-fourth-century-bce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/babylonian-persian-wisdom-philodemos-seneca-and-others-on-chaldeans-magians-at-platos-death-late-fourth-century-bce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2024 23:00:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philodemos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18900</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Philodemos of Gadara (first century BCE) pictured citing Neanthes of Kyzikos (?) (ca. 300 BCE), who is citing Philip of Opous, FGrHist 1011 F1 (ca. 340s BCE) as preserved on Herculaneum papyrus 1021, columns 9 [old column 3], lines 35-42 and column 10 [old column 5], according to the edition by Dorandi (link); [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Libyans, Iberians, and Celts: Cicero on controlling &#8220;savage&#8221; peoples (mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/libyans-iberians-and-celts-cicero-on-controlling-savage-peoples-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/libyans-iberians-and-celts-cicero-on-controlling-savage-peoples-mid-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2024 17:20:33 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians (in Spain)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20009</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Marcus Tullius Cicero (mid-first century BCE), Letters to his Brother Quintus 1.27-29 (link). Comments: This is a passage from a letter by Cicero to his brother, Quintus (written ca. 60-59 BCE), regarding Quintus&#8217; continuing role as Roman proconsul of Asia. Cicero first puts forward some images of an idealized Roman ruler by suggesting [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Lycians, Lydians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Plutarch on the effeminacy of grief (third-fourth centuries CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/lycians-egyptians-and-celts-pseudo-plutarch-on-the-effeminacy-of-grief-third-fourth-centuries-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/lycians-egyptians-and-celts-pseudo-plutarch-on-the-effeminacy-of-grief-third-fourth-centuries-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2024 12:37:12 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lycians / Termelians (in southern Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=20001</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Pseudo-Plutarch, Letter of Consolation to Apollonios 22 (link). Comments: The author of this letter (attributed to Plutarch) ostensibly aimed at consoling a person who had lost his son emphasizes, among other things, that lengthy or more emotive forms of mourning themselves are characteristic of women, not men.  This document illustrates well how issues [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Barbarians: Plutarch on the bad influence of barbarian slaves on Greek children (early second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/barbarians-plutarch-on-the-bad-influence-of-barbarian-slaves-on-greek-children-early-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/barbarians-plutarch-on-the-bad-influence-of-barbarian-slaves-on-greek-children-early-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2024 18:32:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19995</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Plutarch (early second century CE), The Education of Children 6-7, 20 (link). Comments: In this treatise, Plutarch aims to give Greeks advice on how best to raise children. Among his suggestions is to avoid having foreigners among the enslaved in the home, supposedly because of their bad influence on the education and speech [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Plutarch on the &#8220;barbarian-lover&#8221; Herodotos (early second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/egyptian-and-persian-wisdom-plutarch-on-the-barbarian-lover-herodotos-early-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/egyptian-and-persian-wisdom-plutarch-on-the-barbarian-lover-herodotos-early-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2024 17:48:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medes (often interchanged with Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19989</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Plutarch (early second century CE), On the Malice of Herodotos 1, 12-18 (link; link to Greek). Comments: Among the reasons for Plutarch&#8217;s dismay at Herodotos&#8217; Histories (link) is Herodotos&#8217; supposed favouritism towards &#8220;barbarians&#8221; in his narratives and the supposed misrepresentations of Greeks and others that followed from this. Plutarch famously labels Herodotos a [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Egyptian wisdom: Plutarch on wise Egyptian priests and on Isis and Osiris (early second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/egyptians-plutarch-on-wise-egyptian-priests-and-on-isis-and-osiris-early-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/egyptians-plutarch-on-wise-egyptian-priests-and-on-isis-and-osiris-early-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2024 14:35:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aristagoras (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eudoxos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hekataios of Abdera / pseudo-Hekataios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hermaios (Greek or Egyptian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manetho / pseudo-Manetho (Egyptian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19974</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Various authors as discussed by Plutarch (early second century CE), Isis and Osiris, entire work (link). Comments: Plutarch of Chaironeia&#8217;s treatise on the Egyptian deities Isis and Osiris is the most extensive example of a Greek perspective on Egyptian matters that we possess. However, as with most Greek ethnographic discourses, it is by [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Egyptians: Lykeas of Naukratis on Egyptian kings and meals (first century CE or earlier)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/egyptians-lykeas-of-naukratis-on-egyptian-kings-and-meals-first-century-ce-or-earlier/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/egyptians-lykeas-of-naukratis-on-egyptian-kings-and-meals-first-century-ce-or-earlier/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 12:35:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Athenaios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lykeas of Naukratis (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Theopompos (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18950</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Lykeas of Naukratis (first century CE or earlier), Egyptian Matters = FGrHist 613 F2, 4, as cited by Athenaios (early third century CE), Sophists at Dinner 14.616de and 4.150b-c (link to FGrHist). Comments: Below are two of the mere five citations that exist of Lykeas&#8217; Egyptian Matters, so we know very little about [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/libyan-perspectives-juba-of-numidia-on-ethnographic-matters-late-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/libyan-perspectives-juba-of-numidia-on-ethnographic-matters-late-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2024 17:45:41 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives on peoples (except Judeans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Athenaios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Juba II (Numidian / Berber)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maurians / Moors (subset of Libyans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phrygians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pliny the Elder (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stephanos of Byzantion (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19959</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: King Juba II of Numidia and Mauretania in Libya (active ca. 30 BCE-23 CE), FGrHist 275 F5-6, 9, 15-16, 28-37 (in another post – link), 81, 83-84, 98, 101 (link to FGrHist). Comments: Due to the scarcity of non-dominant perspectives and of Libyan or African ones in particular, the writings of Juba II, [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf and Red Sea (fourth century BCE-first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/karmanians-ichthyophagians-and-others-nearchos-onesikritos-juba-and-pliny-on-the-area-around-the-persian-gulf-fourth-century-bce-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/karmanians-ichthyophagians-and-others-nearchos-onesikritos-juba-and-pliny-on-the-area-around-the-persian-gulf-fourth-century-bce-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2024 16:20:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ichthyophagians (Fish-eaters)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Juba II (Numidian / Berber)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nearchos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Onesikritos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pliny the Elder (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trogodytes / Troglodytes (between the Nile and the Red Sea)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=17113</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Nearchos (late fourth century BCE), FGrHist 133; Onesikritos (late fourth century BCE), FGrHist 134; and Juba II (late first century BCE), FGrHist 275 F28, 30-37, as discussed by Pliny the Elder (first century CE), Natural History 6.96-101, 108-111, 149-170, 175-179 (link; link to FGrHist). Comments: In this excursus, Pliny the Elder makes extensive [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Thracians: Charon of Lampsakos on relations between Bisaltians and Greek Kardians (mid-fifth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/thracians-charon-of-lampsakos-on-relations-between-bisaltians-and-greek-kardians-mid-fifth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/thracians-charon-of-lampsakos-on-relations-between-bisaltians-and-greek-kardians-mid-fifth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2024 14:09:56 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Athenaios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bisaltians (subset of Thracians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Charon of Lampsakos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strabo (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Suda lexicon author(s) (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19942</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Suda lexicon at Χάρων, chi.136 = FGrHist 262 T1 (link); Charon of Lampsakos,  FGrHist 262 F1, as cited by Athenaios, Sophists at Dinner 12.520d–f (link; link to FGrHist). Comments: We know very little about Charon of Lampsakos (on the northwestern coast of the Troad, modern Turkey) beyond what the Suda entry cited below outlines, [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on Tyrians, on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/phoenician-diasporas-timaios-of-tauromenion-trogus-and-appian-on-the-founding-of-carthage-and-on-child-sacrifice-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/phoenician-diasporas-timaios-of-tauromenion-trogus-and-appian-on-the-founding-of-carthage-and-on-child-sacrifice-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2024 21:14:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Appian of Alexandria (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carthaginians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phoenicians / Canaanites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pompeius Trogus (Gaul / Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Timaios of Tauromenion (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrians (subset of Phoenicians)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19907</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Timaios of Tauromenion on Sicily (early third century BCE), Histories = FGrHist 566 F82, as cited by Anonymous, On Women Distinguished in Wars / De Mulieribus 6 (link to Greek; link to FGrHist); Pompeius Trogus (first century BCE) as summarized by Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus 18.3-7 (link; link [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on &#8220;Egyptianizing&#8221; and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/egyptians-lydians-and-other-peoples-kratinos-aristophanes-suetonius-and-others-on-egyptianizing-and-other-ethnicizing-stereotypes-sixth-century-bce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/egyptians-lydians-and-other-peoples-kratinos-aristophanes-suetonius-and-others-on-egyptianizing-and-other-ethnicizing-stereotypes-sixth-century-bce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2024 20:09:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cilicians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Corinthians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cretans / Kretans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dorians (in Greece)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Spartans / Lakedaimonians (in Greece)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=17592</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius, and others outlined below. Comments: Greeks sometimes developed verbal forms in order to capture and express stereotypes about foreign peoples (here especially Egyptians) or to capture the tendencies of certain sub-groups among Greeks themselves. These &#8220;-ize&#8221; words indicated that someone was adopting or acculturating to the behaviour of the ethnic [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians and Thessalians: Lucan compares Thessalian women&#8217;s techniques to Magian ones (mid-first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/persians-and-thessalians-lucan-compares-thessalian-womens-techniques-to-magian-ones-mid-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/persians-and-thessalians-lucan-compares-thessalian-womens-techniques-to-magian-ones-mid-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 21 Apr 2024 21:53:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thessalians (in Greece)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19802</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Lucan of Corduba, Civil War 6.413-588 (link; link to Latin). Comments: Early evidence for Latin-speaking Roman authors directly reflecting knowledge of Greek ethnographic discussions about Persian Magians is somewhat limited (cf. Rives 2010). Greeks had been talking about Magians since the fifth century BCE, but Romans started late. There is Catullus&#8217; poem which [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians: Varro on Pythagoras&#8217; and Numa&#8217;s adoption of Persian forms of divination (first century BCE / early fifth century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/persians-varro-on-pythagoras-and-numas-adoption-of-persian-forms-of-divination-first-century-bce-early-fifth-centiury-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/persians-varro-on-pythagoras-and-numas-adoption-of-persian-forms-of-divination-first-century-bce-early-fifth-centiury-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 20 Apr 2024 13:50:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Augustine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Varro (Roman)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19786</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Marcus Terrentius Varro (first century BCE), Human and Divine Antiquities, book 1 (Cardauns, fragments 3-4), as cited by Augustine, City of God 7.34-35 (link; link to Latin). Comments: In this intriguing passage, Augustine is continuing to cite and respond to an earlier work by Terentius Varro on Human and Divine Antiquities, a now lost [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians: Apion of Alexandria on Pases the Magian (first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/persians-apion-of-alexandria-on-pases-the-magian-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/persians-apion-of-alexandria-on-pases-the-magian-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 20 Apr 2024 13:10:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apion of Alexandria (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Suda lexicon author(s) (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19799</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Apion of Alexandria (early first century CE), On the Magian, or On Homer the Magian, as cited by the author of the Suda lexicon, pi 752 (link). Comments: While many Greek authors wrote about Persian customs, including the Magians, we know of only three (now lost or largely lost) works that were titled [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persian wisdom: Celsus and Origen on Magians and on Moses and Jesus as howlers of chants (second-third centuries CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/persian-wisdom-celsus-and-origen-on-magians-and-howlers-of-enchantments-second-third-centuries-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/persian-wisdom-celsus-and-origen-on-magians-and-howlers-of-enchantments-second-third-centuries-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Apr 2024 17:30:38 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celsus (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Origen (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19684</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Celsus (mid-second century CE) and Origen of Alexandria (mid-third century CE), Against Celsus, numerous passages mentioned below (link). Comments: As I discuss in another post (link), which would be better read before this one, ethnographic matters and the question of what foreign peoples were a source of wisdom (i.e. &#8220;barbarian wisdom) was a [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians: Agathias on the divergent customs of Zoroaster&#8217;s Magians (sixth century CE and earlier)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/persians-agathias-and-his-sources-on-the-divergent-customs-of-magians-and-zoroaster-sixth-century-ce-and-earlier/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/04/persians-agathias-and-his-sources-on-the-divergent-customs-of-magians-and-zoroaster-sixth-century-ce-and-earlier/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Apr 2024 14:10:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Agathias (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Athenokles (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Berossos (Babylonian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Simakos]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19586</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Agathias of Myrina in Asia Minor, aka Agathias Scholastikos, Histories 2.23-26 and 4.30 (link; link to Greek). Comments: Agathias of Myrina in Asia Minor was a lawyer and historian writing in the sixth century CE. Most of his account is focussed on the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian from 552-559 CE and [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/babylonian-diasporas-josephos-and-others-on-legends-of-migration-from-babel-first-second-centuries-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/babylonian-diasporas-josephos-and-others-on-legends-of-migration-from-babel-first-second-centuries-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 31 Mar 2024 19:06:56 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aiolians / Aeolians (subset of Greeks)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Baktrians / Bactrians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cilicians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gaitulians / Gaetulians (in northern Africa)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians (in Spain)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ionians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Josephos / Flavius Josephus (Judean)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kimmerians / Cimmerians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kyprians / Cyprians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medes (often interchanged with Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Paphlagonians (in northern Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phoenicians / Canaanites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Serians (Chinese)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sidonians (subset of Phoenicians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=10839</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Genesis 10-12; Josephos (late first century CE), Judean Antiquities 1.109-139, 143-154 (link); Pseudo-Philo (first century CE), Biblical Antiquities 6-7 (link); Hebrew version of the Testament of Naphtali 8-10 (link); Sibylline Oracles 8.1-16 (late second century CE) (link to Greek). Comments: Within an Israelite or Judean context, the biblical story of the tower of [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Babylonian diasporas: Hippolytos and Epiphanios on legends of migration from Babel (third-fourth centuries CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/babylonian-diasporas-hippolytos-and-epiphanios-on-the-dispersion-of-peoples-after-babel-third-fourth-centuries-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/babylonian-diasporas-hippolytos-and-epiphanios-on-the-dispersion-of-peoples-after-babel-third-fourth-centuries-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 31 Mar 2024 18:49:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mediterranean peoples]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19472</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Hippolytos (early third century CE), Chronicle 44-201 (234/235 CE), following manuscript H1 with some parenthetical additions from H2 (link to Greek); Epiphanios (late fourth century CE), Ancoratus 112-114 (link to Greek). Comments: These somewhat monotonous expansions of the so-called &#8220;table of nations&#8221; in Genesis 10 clearly demonstrate a high level of interest in [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/babylonian-diasporas-hippolytos-and-epiphanios-on-the-dispersion-of-peoples-after-babel-third-fourth-centuries-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-diasporas-pseudo-clement-eusebius-epiphanius-and-basil-on-the-maguseans-and-their-customs-third-century-ce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-diasporas-pseudo-clement-eusebius-epiphanius-and-basil-on-the-maguseans-and-their-customs-third-century-ce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 30 Mar 2024 19:54:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Basil of Caesarea Mazaka (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Clement / Pseudo-Clement (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Epiphanius of Salamis (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eusebius (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19463</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Pseudo-Clement (third-fourth centuries CE), Recognitions 9.21; Eusebios (early fourth century CE), Preparation for the Gospel 6.10.16-17, 38, citing a Greek translation of Bardaisan’s Book of the Laws of Countries (link); Epiphanios of Salamis (370s CE), Ancoratus 112-113 and On the Faith / De Fide 12.5-13.1 (link to Greek); Basil of Caesarea Mazaka in [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-diasporas-pseudo-clement-eusebius-epiphanius-and-basil-on-the-maguseans-and-their-customs-third-century-ce-on/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Persians, Babylonians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on Zoroaster and the origins of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-and-egyptians-pseudo-clementines-on-the-origins-and-nature-of-magian-skill-third-fourth-centuries-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-and-egyptians-pseudo-clementines-on-the-origins-and-nature-of-magian-skill-third-fourth-centuries-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2024 00:23:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pseudo-Clementine author(s)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Zoroaster / pseudo-Zoroaster (ostensibly Persian)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=16799</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Pseudo-Clement (second-fourth centuries, but 406 CE in this Latin translation), Recognitions, various passages (link; link to Latin text of Rufinus’ translation); Homilies 8.14-16; 9.1-8 (link; link to Greek in Dressel&#8217;s 1853 edition). Comments: Scholarly approaches to concepts of &#8220;magic&#8221; and &#8220;magicians&#8221; (etic categories that continue to be rampantly deployed by scholars of the [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-and-egyptians-pseudo-clementines-on-the-origins-and-nature-of-magian-skill-third-fourth-centuries-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Persian wisdom: Celsus on mysteries of Mithras as a source of ancient wisdom (mid-second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-celsus-on-mysteries-of-mithras-as-a-source-of-ancient-wisdom-mid-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-celsus-on-mysteries-of-mithras-as-a-source-of-ancient-wisdom-mid-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 Mar 2024 22:28:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celsus (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Origen (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19400</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Celsus as cited by Origen, Against Celsus 6.22-24 (link). Comments: In a previous post, we have discussed Origen&#8217;s belated debate with Celsus over the question of what &#8220;barbarian&#8221; or foreign sources are more or less on track with regard to discerning the &#8220;true account&#8221; or true wisdom (link). In the passage below, Celsus [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-celsus-on-mysteries-of-mithras-as-a-source-of-ancient-wisdom-mid-second-century-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Persian wisdom: Euboulos and Porphyry of Tyre on Zoroaster and the cave (third century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-euboulos-and-porphyry-on-zoroaster-and-the-cave-third-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-euboulos-and-porphyry-on-zoroaster-and-the-cave-third-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 2024 20:54:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euboulos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Porphyry (Syrian)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19382</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Euboulos (perhaps first or second century CE), Concerning Mithras, as discussed by Porphyry of Tyre (third century CE), On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Thirteenth Book of the Odyssey / De Antro 5-6, 24 (link; link to Greek). Comments: Porphyry was a third century CE figure from Tyre in Phoenicia who [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/judeans-syrians-indians-and-others-porphyry-of-tyre-on-abstinence-from-meat-third-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/judeans-syrians-indians-and-others-porphyry-of-tyre-on-abstinence-from-meat-third-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 2024 20:44:12 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aklepiades (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Asklepiades of Cyprus (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Baktrians / Bactrians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bardaisan (Edessan / Christian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chairemon (Egyptian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cretans / Kretans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Derbikians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dikaiarchos / Dicaearchus (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euboulos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euphantos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ichthyophagians (Fish-eaters)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Josephos / Flavius Josephus (Judean)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Massagetians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Neanthes of Kyzikos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pallas (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phoenicians / Canaanites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Porphyry (Syrian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Spartans / Lakedaimonians (in Greece)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Theophrastos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trogodytes / Troglodytes (between the Nile and the Red Sea)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=8967</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Numerous authors employed by Porphyry, De abstinentia, on On Abstinence from Killing Animals, most of book 4 (link; link to Greek). Comments: In this work, the Neoplatonic philosopher Porphyry of Tyre (third century CE) extensively employs ethnographic materials (while often expressly citing the authors used) in order to argue a particular ethical position [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/judeans-syrians-indians-and-others-porphyry-of-tyre-on-abstinence-from-meat-third-century-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-babylonian-and-indian-wisdom-pseudo-lucian-on-long-living-sages-and-peoples-third-century-ce-and-earlier/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-babylonian-and-indian-wisdom-pseudo-lucian-on-long-living-sages-and-peoples-third-century-ce-and-earlier/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 2024 17:07:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Baktrians / Bactrians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chorasmians (perhaps near Baktrians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medes (often interchanged with Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Parthians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sakians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Serians (Chinese)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19366</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Anonymous / Pseudo-Lucian, Long Lives / Makrobians 1-7 (link). Comments: This anonymous discourse presenting a list of people who lived long was likely already in existence in some form by the time that Cicero wrote Cato the Elder on Old Age. It was further supplemented in the time of Tiberius (14-37 CE) and [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persian wisdom: Aelian on the Magians&#8217; predictions about the savage Artaxerxes III (late second century)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-aelian-on-the-magians-predictions-about-the-savage-artaxerxes-iii-late-second-century/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-aelian-on-the-magians-predictions-about-the-savage-artaxerxes-iii-late-second-century/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 2024 14:43:10 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aelian (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19360</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Aelian (late second century CE), Various Historical Items / Varia Historia 2.17; 4.8 (link to Greek text) and On Characteristics of Animals 10.28 and fragments 35 and 37 (link). Comments: In these passages, Aelian deals with legends about the character and actions of the Persian king Ochos, or Artaxerxes III. Besides the negative [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Greek diasporas: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on barbarizing to Tyrrhenian ways (fourth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/tyrrhenians-aristoxenos-of-tarentum-on-the-barbarizing-greek-poseidonians-of-paestus-fourth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/tyrrhenians-aristoxenos-of-tarentum-on-the-barbarizing-greek-poseidonians-of-paestus-fourth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2024 15:05:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aristoxenos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19314</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Aristoxenos of Tarentum (fourth century BCE), Miscellaneous Table-talk, as cited by Athenaios of Athens (early third century CE), Sophists at Dinner 632a (link; link to Greek). Comments: Aristoxenos of Tarentum was a student of Aristotle in the fourth century BCE who is known best for his writing on music. In this citation by [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/tyrrhenians-aristoxenos-of-tarentum-on-the-barbarizing-greek-poseidonians-of-paestus-fourth-century-bce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/pontic-people-phlyarchos-thibians-scythians-early-second-century-bce-2/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/pontic-people-phlyarchos-thibians-scythians-early-second-century-bce-2/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2024 13:41:15 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apollonides (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cicero (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Damon (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Isogonos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phylarchos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pliny the Elder (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Suda lexicon author(s) (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thibians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19247</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Phylarchos (early second century BCE), Histories = FGrHist 81 F79a-b, as cited by Plutarch, Table-talk 680e, and Pliny, Natural History 7.16-17; and F83, as preserved in the Suda lexicon, at Λευκὴ ἡμέρα = lambda 323 (link; link to FGrHist). Comments: We know very little about the Greek author Phylarchos beyond that he wrote [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Indians: Phylarchos on roots for sexual restraint (early second century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/indians-phylarchos-on-roots-for-sexual-restraint-early-second-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/indians-phylarchos-on-roots-for-sexual-restraint-early-second-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 Mar 2024 19:40:05 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Athenaios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phylarchos (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19237</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Phylarchos, Histories = FGrHist 81 F35a-b, as cited by Apollonios (second century BCE), Historical Wonders / Historiae mirabiles 18 (link) and by Athenaios, Sophists at Dinner 1.18d-e (link; link to FGrHist). Comments: These brief citations of Phlyarchos (a writer in the early second century before the time of Polybios), show that he dealt with [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/indians-phylarchos-on-roots-for-sexual-restraint-early-second-century-bce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Egyptian wisdom: Apuleius on Zatchlas the Egyptian prophet who calls up the dead (late second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/egyptian-wisdom-apuleius-on-zatchlas-the-egyptian-prophet-who-calls-up-the-dead-late-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/egyptian-wisdom-apuleius-on-zatchlas-the-egyptian-prophet-who-calls-up-the-dead-late-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 Mar 2024 15:19:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19228</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Apuleius of Madaura (mid-late second century CE), Metamorphoses, or The Golden Ass 2.21-30 (link; link to Latin). Comments: Among the many &#8220;foreign&#8221; characters in Apuleius&#8217; fictional story of Lucius&#8217; adventures is this Egyptian prophet with skills in consulting the dead. He appears in a tale at a banquet related by the character Thelyphron, [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Sarmatians, Huns, and Goths: Olympiodoros of Thebes on statues as protection against invasions (early fifth century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/sarmatians-huns-and-goths-olympiodoros-of-thebes-on-statues-as-protection-against-invasions-early-fifth-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/sarmatians-huns-and-goths-olympiodoros-of-thebes-on-statues-as-protection-against-invasions-early-fifth-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 22 Mar 2024 15:48:34 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Huns]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Olympiodoros of Thebes (Egyptian / Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sarmatians (subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19211</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Olympiodoros of Thebes  (ca. 365-425 CE), Histories = FHG IV 63 (link), as cited by Photios (eighth century CE), Bibliotheke, or Collection of Books, codex 80 (link). Comments: We know very little about Olympiodoros of Thebes in Egypt beyond what Photios mentions in summarizing Olympiodoros&#8217; work. Olympiodoros&#8217; Histories was probably written shortly after [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/sarmatians-huns-and-goths-olympiodoros-of-thebes-on-statues-as-protection-against-invasions-early-fifth-century-ce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Israelites, Egyptians, Idumeans, Scythians, and others: Origen on ethnic hierarchies and their spiritual equivalents (mid-third century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/israelites-egyptians-idumeans-scythians-and-others-origen-on-ethnic-hiearchies-and-their-spiritual-equivalents-mid-third-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/israelites-egyptians-idumeans-scythians-and-others-origen-on-ethnic-hiearchies-and-their-spiritual-equivalents-mid-third-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 20 Mar 2024 19:42:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Idumeans / Edomites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sidonians (subset of Phoenicians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrians (subset of Phoenicians)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19186</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Origen of Alexandria (mid-third century CE), First Principles (primarily following the Latin version associated with Rufinus) 2.9.3-6; 3.1.23-24; 4.3.6-10 (link; link to Greek / Latin and French translation) Comments: Origen of Alexandria in Egypt (who also spent time in Caesarea in Syria) was a highly educated Jesus adherent who also thought of himself [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Egyptian perspectives: Memphites on the goddess Isis and the origins of civilization among Egyptians (first century BCE on)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/egyptian-perspectives-memphites-aretalogy-on-isis-and-the-origins-of-civilization-among-egyptians-first-century-bce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/egyptian-perspectives-memphites-aretalogy-on-isis-and-the-origins-of-civilization-among-egyptians-first-century-bce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 18 Mar 2024 19:20:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives on peoples (except Judeans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Inscriptions / epigraphy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18564</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Anonymous scribes or priests of Memphis, as well as others who copied or adapted the Memphite inscripton: RICIS 302/0204 = IKyme 41, from Kyme in Aiolis, first century BCE-first century CE (link to Greek); RICIS 113/1201 (supplement I), from Kassandreia in Macedonia, second century CE (link to Greek); IG XII.5 739 (link to [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/egyptian-perspectives-memphites-aretalogy-on-isis-and-the-origins-of-civilization-among-egyptians-first-century-bce-on/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/mediterranean-peoples-pausanias-ethnographic-interests-and-local-traditions-mid-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/mediterranean-peoples-pausanias-ethnographic-interests-and-local-traditions-mid-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 16 Mar 2024 23:31:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Amazons (legendary subset of Scythians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arimaspians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carthaginians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Getians / Dacians (northern Thracians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gorgons (mythical)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hyperboreans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians (in Spain)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ichthyophagians (Fish-eaters)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ktesias (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Maurians / Moors (subset of Libyans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mediterranean peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Odrysians (subset of Thracians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pausanias (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sardinians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Serians (Chinese)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sicilians / Sikelians (in Italy)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trojans]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=14536</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Pausanias (mid-second century CE), Description of Greece, various passages (link; link to Greek text). Comments: A search for a variety of specific peoples in Pausanias&#8217;  guide to Greece reveals how much this second century author (originally from Lydia in Asia Minor) is guided by ethnographic interests, but also how local traditions in Greece [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Babylonian wisdom: Philo on Abraham&#8217;s migration away from Chaldean astrology (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/babylonian-wisdom-philo-on-abrahams-migration-away-from-chaldean-astrology-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/babylonian-wisdom-philo-on-abrahams-migration-away-from-chaldean-astrology-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 16 Mar 2024 21:56:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philo of Alexandria (Judean / Jewish)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19100</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Philo of Alexandria (early first century CE), On Abraham 66-72, 77-88; Migration of Abraham 175-189; Who is the Heir 96-99, 275-279; Preliminary Studies 44-51; On Dreams 47-48, 50-52, 159-161; On the Virtues 212-217; Questions and Answers on Genesis 3.1 (link). Comments: Philo of Alexandria was an active participant in ongoing ethnographic debates about [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Judean wisdom: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/judean-perspectives-philo-on-the-superiority-of-moses-and-judean-ancestral-customs-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/judean-perspectives-philo-on-the-superiority-of-moses-and-judean-ancestral-customs-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 16 Mar 2024 20:35:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philo of Alexandria (Judean / Jewish)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=7041</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Philo of Alexandria, Moses 2.1-3, 12-44 (link). Comments: In his biography on Moses, Philo presents the figure of Moses as an ideal king, philosopher, law-giver, high priest, and prophet. As a child, Moses had outdone any Egyptian, Greek, or Chaldean teachers he had had. Writing in Greek to a wider audience, Philo takes [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus&#8217; collection of &#8220;barbarian customs&#8221; (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/gauls-kimbrians-indians-and-others-valerius-maximus-collection-of-barbarian-customs-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/gauls-kimbrians-indians-and-others-valerius-maximus-collection-of-barbarian-customs-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2024 18:54:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Southern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Celts / Gauls / Galatians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Germanic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians (in Spain)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kimbrians (subset of Germans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lycians / Termelians (in southern Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Numidians (subset of Libyans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phoenicians / Canaanites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Valerius Maximus (Roman)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19088</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Valerius Maximus (early first century CE), Memorable Deeds and Sayings 2.6.10-17 (link to Latin). Comments: Valerius Maximus (who wrote in Latin in the time of emperor Tiberius) was a compiler of what he considered interesting anecdotes about a variety of topics. When he gets to the question of foreign peoples&#8217; customs, Valerius&#8217; approach [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Babylonian wisdom: Gellius on Favorinus&#8217; speech against Chaldean astrology (mid-second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/babylonian-wisdom-gellius-on-favorinus-speech-against-chaldean-astrology-mid-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/babylonian-wisdom-gellius-on-favorinus-speech-against-chaldean-astrology-mid-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2024 16:30:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aulus Gellius (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Babylonians / Chaldeans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Favorinus (Celt / Roman)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19076</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Favorinus&#8217; speech as summarized by Aulus Gellius (mid-second century CE), Attic Nights 14.1 (link). Comments: In these notes about a speech by Favorinus, Aulus Gellius affirms a critique of Chaldean forms of divination with respect to celestial phenomena. Even a source aimed at critiquing Babylonian or Chaldean practices of astrology points to the [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians: Philo on true Magian skill and its criminal counterfeit (early first century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-philo-on-true-magian-skill-and-its-criminal-counterfeit-early-first-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-philo-on-true-magian-skill-and-its-criminal-counterfeit-early-first-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 23:43:15 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(08) Criminalization of populations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philo of Alexandria (Judean / Jewish)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19053</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Philo of Alexandria (early first century CE), On Special Laws 3. 93-103 (link). Comments: In the midst of his discussion of Moses&#8217; laws on poisoning (Exodus 22:18), Philo addresses the problem of distinguishing true Magian skill from countfeit techniques. Philo is affirmative of such techniques as practiced by elite Persian Magians themselves, who [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians: Deinon, Chrysippos, and Cicero on their character and customs (third century BCE / mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-deinon-chrysippos-and-cicero-on-their-character-and-customs-third-century-bce-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-deinon-chrysippos-and-cicero-on-their-character-and-customs-third-century-bce-mid-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 21:45:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chrysippos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cicero (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dinon of Kolophon (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19035</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Deinon of Kolophon (mid-fourth century BCE) and Chrysippos of Soloi (third century BCE), as cited by CIcero; Cicero (mid-first century BCE), On the Republic 3.14-15; On Laws 2.26-27 (link); Tusculan Disputations 1.108 (link); On Divination 1.23 (link). Comments: Gathered here are various ethnographic comments by Cicero (who at points draws on Deinon and Chrysippos) [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians: Cattulus&#8217; poem smearing Magians as incestuous (early first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-cattulus-poem-smearing-magians-as-incestuous-early-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-cattulus-poem-smearing-magians-as-incestuous-early-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 19:40:54 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Catullus (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19033</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Catullus (early first century BCE), Poems 90 (link). Comments: Catullus uses this poem to put down Magians and Persian rites by way of reference to supposed incestuous practices. For quite a different take on Romans&#8217; relation to Persian divination, see Varro&#8217;s discussion of Numa as deriving his forms of divination from Persia (link [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians and Medes: Douris, Herakleides, Klearchos, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-and-medes-klearchos-of-soloi-herakleides-of-kyme-athenaios-and-others-on-royal-banquets-fourth-century-bce-and-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-and-medes-klearchos-of-soloi-herakleides-of-kyme-athenaios-and-others-on-royal-banquets-fourth-century-bce-and-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 19:16:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Athenaios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chares of Mitylene (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dinon of Kolophon (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Douris of Samos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herakleides of Kyme (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Klearchos / Clearchus (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Medes (often interchanged with Persians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Xenophon of Athens (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=7244</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Ktesias of Knidos (late fifth century BCE); Douris of Samos (mid-fourth century BCE), FGrHist 76; Herakleides of Kyme (late fourth century BCE), FGrHist 689; Klearchos of Soloi (late fourth century BCE); and, others, as cited by Athenaios of Naukratis, Sophists at Dinner 4.145-146; 10.434e; and, 12.513-515 (link; link to FGrHist) Comments: With the [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-and-medes-klearchos-of-soloi-herakleides-of-kyme-athenaios-and-others-on-royal-banquets-fourth-century-bce-and-on/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Persian / Hyperborean wisdom: Anonymous author on Gobryas the Magian and the bronze tablets about death and judgment (first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-hyperborean-wisdom-anonymous-author-on-gobryas-the-magian-and-the-bronze-tablets-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-hyperborean-wisdom-anonymous-author-on-gobryas-the-magian-and-the-bronze-tablets-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 17:03:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hyperboreans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plato / Pseudo-Plato (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19014</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Anonymous / Pseudo-Plato (perhaps first century BCE), Axiochos 371-372 (link; link to Greek). Comments: In this anonymous dialogue, Socrates is pictured comforting Axiochos, who is near death and fearful. Among the stories that Socrates tells in order to comfort this Axiochos is one he claims to have heard from a Magian named Gobryas. The [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-hyperborean-wisdom-anonymous-author-on-gobryas-the-magian-and-the-bronze-tablets-first-century-bce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Persian wisdom: Herakleides of Pontos on the Magian who circumnavigated Libya (mid-fourth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-herakleides-of-pontos-on-the-magian-who-circumnavigated-libya-mid-fourth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-herakleides-of-pontos-on-the-magian-who-circumnavigated-libya-mid-fourth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 13:28:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herakleides of Herakleia on the Pontos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=19003</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Herakleides of Herakleia on the Pontos, Zoroaster, as cited by Poseidonios and discussed by Strabo, Geography 2.3.4-5 (link) = Eckart Schütrumpf, ed., Heraclides of Pontus: Texts, Translation (Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2018), fragments 139-140, 179. Comments: While Greek discussions of Persian Magians most often focused on their astrological and healing knowledge, Herakleides (a student [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-herakleides-of-pontos-on-the-magian-who-circumnavigated-libya-mid-fourth-century-bce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Assyrian and Egyptian wisdom: Platonic author on Greek perfection of barbarian astral observation (late-fourth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/assyrian-and-egyptian-wisdom-platonic-author-on-greek-perfection-of-barbarian-astral-observation-late-fourth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/assyrian-and-egyptian-wisdom-platonic-author-on-greek-perfection-of-barbarian-astral-observation-late-fourth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2024 10:16:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Egyptians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Philip of Ochous (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plato / Pseudo-Plato (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18990</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Unknown Platonic author, perhaps the astrologer Philip of Opous, Epinomis / Supplement to Laws (link). Comments: In this supplement to Plato&#8217;s Laws, another Platonic author (perhaps the astrologer Philip of Opous [link], but we just don&#8217;t know) presents a dialogue about what form of study will lead a person to true wisdom and [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Guide to Theopompos of Chios</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/guide-to-theopompos-theopompus-of-chios/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/guide-to-theopompos-theopompus-of-chios/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 13 Mar 2024 20:54:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(11) Guides to ethnographic passages in particular authors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Theopompos (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18948</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[This is a guide for reading through ethnographic passages from Theopompos of Chios (FGrHist 115; late-fifth century BCE) on this website: Thracians and king Kotys I&#8217;s obsession with banquets – F31 (link) Illyrians and banqueting customs – F39-40 (link) Scythians and their dish made from horses&#8217; milk – F45 (link) Persian wisdom of the Magians [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
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		<title>Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia on kings and luxurious customs (mid-fifth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/lydians-xanthos-of-lydia-and-klearchos-of-soloi-fifth-fourth-centuries-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/lydians-xanthos-of-lydia-and-klearchos-of-soloi-fifth-fourth-centuries-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 13 Mar 2024 08:20:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives on peoples (except Judeans)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ephoros (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herodotos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Klearchos / Clearchus (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Xanthos of Lydia (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=6984</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Xanthos of Lydia (mid-fifth century BCE), Lydian Matters = FGrHist 765 F4a-b, 14a, 15, 16, 17, 18a-b, 19a, as cited by Athenaios of Naukratis, Sophists at Dinner 12.515e-516c and 10.415c-d (link); Suda lexicon at Xanthos (link); Strabo, Geography 14.5.29; 12.8.3 (link); Dionysios of Halikarnassos, Roman Antiquities 1.28.2 (link); Excerpts on Virtues and Vices [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Eusebeians and Machimians in an alternative world: Theopompos on pious and war-like peoples (mid-fourth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/peoples-in-an-alternative-world-theopompos-on-pious-and-war-like-peoples-mid-fourth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/peoples-in-an-alternative-world-theopompos-on-pious-and-war-like-peoples-mid-fourth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Mar 2024 16:03:31 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aelian (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eusebeians (imaginary)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Machimians (imaginary)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Meropians (imaginary)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Theopompos (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18889</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Theopompos of Chios (mid-fourth century BCE), FGrHist 115 F75c, as cited by Aelian (late second century CE), Historical Miscellany 3.18 (link to Greek; link to FGrHist). Comments: Aelian summarizes a passage from Theopompos (probably a ninth book on marvels in On Philip) containing a tale of a meeting between king Midas of Phrygia [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-theopompos-and-plutarch-on-zoroaster-fourth-century-bce-and-later/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persian-wisdom-theopompos-and-plutarch-on-zoroaster-fourth-century-bce-and-later/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Mar 2024 14:40:21 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Plutarch (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Theopompos (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=6306</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Theopompos of Chios (mid-fourth century BCE), FGrHist 115 F64b-65, as cited by Aineias of Gaza, Theophrastos 64ed and Plutarch, Isis and Osiris 46-47 (ca. 100 CE) (link; link to Greek text; link to FGrHist). Comments: Plutarch outlines what he or his source believes are the views of Zoroaster (a Greek transliteration of Zarathustra) [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Scythians: Theopompos on a dish made from horses&#8217; milk (mid-fourth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/scythians-theopompos-theopompus-on-a-scythian-dish-made-form-horses-milk-mid-fourth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/scythians-theopompos-theopompus-on-a-scythian-dish-made-form-horses-milk-mid-fourth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Mar 2024 12:06:30 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hesychios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Theopompos (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18876</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Theopompos of Chios (mid-fourth century BCE), FGrHist 115 F45, as cited by Hesychios, Lexicon ι 779 at ἱππάκη (link to FGrHist). . Comments: This brief citation of Theopompos (in a later lexicon) suggests his interest in the details of northern people&#8217;s meals, in this case a specific Scythian dish made from horses&#8217; milk. [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/scythians-theopompos-theopompus-on-a-scythian-dish-made-form-horses-milk-mid-fourth-century-bce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Thracians: Theopompos on king Kotys I&#8217;s obsession with banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/thracians-theopompos-theopompus-on-king-kotys-i-obsession-with-banquets-mid-fourth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/thracians-theopompos-theopompus-on-king-kotys-i-obsession-with-banquets-mid-fourth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Mar 2024 11:34:57 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Odrysians (subset of Thracians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Theopompos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18870</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Theopompos of Chios (mid-fourth century BCE), FGrHist 115 F31, as cited by Athenaios, Sophists at Dinner 531e-532a (link to FGrHist). Comments: This excerpt from Theopompos&#8217; book on Philip of Macedon characterizes the Thracian (Osdrysian) king Kotys I as obsessed with luxury and banquets. Theopompos also suggests the king was brutal in his treatment of [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Tyrrhenians: Theopompos on the Etruscans&#8217; supposed sexual deviance and freedom (mid-fourth century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/tyrrhenians-theopompos-theopompus-on-the-etruscans-supposed-sexual-deviance-and-freedom-mid-fourth-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/tyrrhenians-theopompos-theopompus-on-the-etruscans-supposed-sexual-deviance-and-freedom-mid-fourth-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Mar 2024 11:05:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Athenaios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Theopompos (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Timaios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18867</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Timaios of Tauromenion, FGrHist 566 F1b, and Theopompos of Chios (mid-fourth century BCE), FGrHist 115 F204, as cited by Athenaios, Sophists at Dinner 12.517D (link to FGrHist). Comments: This passage from Theopompos of Chios&#8217; Histories delves into the supposed sexual freedom of the Tyrrhenians (usually equated with the Etruscans). Notions of sexual deviance [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
					<wfw:commentRss>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/tyrrhenians-theopompos-theopompus-on-the-etruscans-supposed-sexual-deviance-and-freedom-mid-fourth-century-bce/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>Persians: Derveni papyrus on the activities of Magians (ca. 400 BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-derveni-papyrus-on-the-activities-of-magians-ca-400-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-derveni-papyrus-on-the-activities-of-magians-ca-400-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 10 Mar 2024 23:42:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Papyri / documents on paper]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dervenis papyrus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18831</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Anonymous, Derveni Papyrus, column 6 = Theokritos Kouremenos, George M. Parássoglou, and K. Tsantsanoglou, The Derveni Papyrus (Florence: L.S. Olschki, 2006). Comments: The so-called Derveni Papyrus was found in a tomb of the mid-fourth century at Derveni in Macedonia. The papyrus also contains a commentary (in columns 7-26) on an Orphic poem about [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians: Hippokratic author on the &#8220;sacred&#8221; disease and Magian attempts at healing (ca. 400 BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-hippokratic-author-on-the-sacred-disease-and-magian-attempts-at-healing-ca-400-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-hippokratic-author-on-the-sacred-disease-and-magian-attempts-at-healing-ca-400-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 10 Mar 2024 23:26:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hippokratic author (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18844</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Hippokratic author, On the Sacred Disease 1-5, 21 (link). Comments: The author of this medical text (written around 400 BCE) argues that what is traditionally labelled the &#8220;sacred&#8221; disease is, in fact, no more sacred that any other disease. All diseases are affected by the climate, environment, and the four humours, which are [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Phrygians: Euripides&#8217; cowardly and inferior easterner via the slave character in Orestes (408 BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/phrygians-euripides-cowardly-and-inferior-easterner-via-the-phrygian-slave-in-orestes-408-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/phrygians-euripides-cowardly-and-inferior-easterner-via-the-phrygian-slave-in-orestes-408-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Mar 2024 16:01:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Euripides (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phrygians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trojans]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18774</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Euripides (late fifth century BCE), Orestes 1350-1556 (link; link to Greek). Comments: As I clarified in the comments on Aeschylus&#8217; Persians (link), Athenian writers of tragedies and comedies used their plays, in part, to portray foreigners or &#8220;barbarians,&#8221; and easterners (Persians and Trojans / Phrygians) were a principal target. As Edith Hall shows [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Persians: Aeschylus on &#8220;barbarian&#8221; hierarchy, luxury, and emotionalism (472 BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-aeschylus-on-barbarian-persian-hierarchy-luxury-and-emotionalism-472-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/persians-aeschylus-on-barbarian-persian-hierarchy-luxury-and-emotionalism-472-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 06 Mar 2024 18:48:03 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aischylos / Aeschylus (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18770</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Aeschylus (early fifth century BCE), Persians in full (link; link to Greek). Comments: Edith Hall&#8217;s ground-breaking work (of 1989) on Greek tragedy argues that the Greek concept of the &#8220;barbarian&#8221; other first emerged in reaction to the external Persian threat and that the earliest manifestation of the Greek-barbarian dichotomy is to be found [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Syrians: Apuleius on &#8220;effeminate&#8221; priests of Atargatis (late second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/syrians-apuleius-on-effeminate-priests-of-atargatis-late-second-century-ce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/syrians-apuleius-on-effeminate-priests-of-atargatis-late-second-century-ce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 06 Mar 2024 15:35:13 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apuleius (Numidian / Gaetulian)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18765</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Apuleius of Madaura (mid-late second century CE), Metamorphoses, or The Golden Ass 8.23-9.10 (link; link to Latin). Comments: Ancient novelistic literature, although expressly fictional, provides us with valuable access into commonly shared perceptions of and stereotypes about particular peoples. In fact, the explicitly fictional nature of the stories may give us better access [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Phrygians: Diodoros on Battakes the priest of the great Mother visiting Rome (mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/phrygians-diodoros-on-battakes-the-priest-of-the-great-mother-visiting-rome-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/phrygians-diodoros-on-battakes-the-priest-of-the-great-mother-visiting-rome-mid-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2024 21:49:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Photios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phrygians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romans]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18753</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Diodoros, Library of History 36.13, as summarized by Photios (eighth century CE), Bibliotheke, or Collection of Books, codex 244 (link). Comments: Photios&#8217; continuing summary of Diodoros&#8217; now lost books at this point turns to an incident involving Battakes, a priest from Pessinous in Phrygia who is pictured visiting Rome around 102 BCE. Since [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Cilicians: Roman authorities, Cicero, and Florus on a population of &#8220;pirates&#8221; (100-67 BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/cilicians-roman-authorities-cicero-and-florus-on-a-population-of-pirates-100-bce-on/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/cilicians-roman-authorities-cicero-and-florus-on-a-population-of-pirates-100-bce-on/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2024 17:41:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(08) Criminalization of populations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(b) Inscriptions / epigraphy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cicero (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cilicians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Florus (Roman)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18716</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: People of Rome, IKnidos 31 (100 BCE; link); Cicero, On Pompey&#8217;s Command 31-35 (link); Florus, Epitome 3.6 (link). Comments: The characterization of entire populations as &#8220;bandits&#8221; or &#8220;pirates&#8221; (i.e. sea-bandits) was a common imperialist strategy to undermine resistance and to legitimize violent suppression or obliteration of particular populations. Earlier examples of this strategy [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia&#8217;s leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/syrians-diodoros-on-eunous-of-apameias-leadership-of-the-slave-rebellion-on-sicily-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/syrians-diodoros-on-eunous-of-apameias-leadership-of-the-slave-rebellion-on-sicily-mid-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2024 15:29:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(08) Criminalization of populations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cilicians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Florus (Roman)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Persians / Iranians / Magians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Photios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18706</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Diodoros, Library of History 34/35.2 and 36.5-6, as summarized by Photios (eighth century CE), Bibliotheke, or Collection of Books, codex 244 (link); Florus (ca. 117-138 CE), Epitome 3.19 (link). Comments: The ethnic dimensions of the first slave rebellion that took place on Sicily around 135-132 BCE (also known as the &#8220;First Servile War&#8221;) [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Thracians: Diodoros on the cruelty and lawlessness of the kings Diegylis and Zibelmios (mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/thracians-diodoros-on-the-cruelty-and-lawlessness-of-king-diegylis-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/thracians-diodoros-on-the-cruelty-and-lawlessness-of-king-diegylis-mid-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 2024 16:41:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18685</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Diodoros, Library of History 33.14 and 34/35.12, from the excerpts for Constantine Porphyrogennetos (link). Comments: While Diodoros (or his sources) apparently viewed the Thracian kings Dromichaites and Kotys positively, presenting them as wise and noble barbarians, the portraits of the later king Diegylis (probably 140s BCE) and his son, Zibelmios, below are quite [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Iberians: Diodoros on Viriathus and the Lusitanians&#8217; resistance to Roman rule (mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/iberians-diodoros-on-viriathus-and-the-lusitanians-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/iberians-diodoros-on-viriathus-and-the-lusitanians-mid-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 2024 15:46:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(08) Criminalization of populations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iberians (in Spain)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lusitanians (subset of Iberians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Photios (Greek)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18664</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient authors: Diodoros, Library of History 33.1; 33.7; 33.21-21a, as summarized by Photios, Bibliotheke, or Collection of Books, codex 244 and extracted for Constantine Porphyrogennetos (link). Comments: In this ninth century summary by Photios of a lost book of Diodoros, Diodoros provides an account of the rise and fall of Viriathus among the Lusitanians in [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Thracians: Diodoros on Dromichaites and Kotys as wise Thracian kings (mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/thracians-diodoros-on-dromichaites-the-wise-thracian-king-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/thracians-diodoros-on-dromichaites-the-wise-thracian-king-mid-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 2024 13:39:22 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(a) Northern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Getians / Dacians (northern Thracians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Thracians (broad category)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18640</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Diodoros (ca. 36 BCE), Library of History 21.11-12 and 30.3, fragments drawn from the excerpts of Constantine Porphyrogennetos (link). Comments: These are extracts later drawn from Diodoros&#8217; lost books in which he outlines  various incidents under Greco-Macedonian rule, now in the early third century BCE. It is difficult to distinguish what Diodoros may [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/sicilians-and-sardinians-diodoros-diodorus-siculus-on-their-encounters-with-herakles-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/sicilians-and-sardinians-diodoros-diodorus-siculus-on-their-encounters-with-herakles-mid-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Mar 2024 16:15:57 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(c) Western peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Carthaginians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cretans / Kretans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iolaeians (supposed descendants of Herakles)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kyrnians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Libyans / Africans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Phoenicians / Canaanites]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Romans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sardinians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sicilians / Sikelians (in Italy)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sikanians (Italic people on Sicily)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Timaios (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=16489</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Diodoros of Sicily (mid-first century BCE), Library of History 4.23-30; 4.78, 80, 82-83; 5.2-15; 11.52, 76, 78, 88-92 (link). Comments: In these passages, Diodoros of Sicily at first continues to relate episodes in the history of particular peoples by way of a retelling of Herakles&#8217; journeys or campaigns. In this case, however, Diodoros [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Isaurians: Diodoros on their bravery and noble death (mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/isaurians-diodoros-on-their-bravery-and-noble-death-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
					<comments>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/isaurians-diodoros-on-their-bravery-and-noble-death-mid-first-century-bce/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Mar 2024 13:47:19 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethnicity in the ancient world]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Isaurians (in Asia Minor)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18614</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Diodoros (ca. 36 BCE), Library of History 18.22 (link). Comments: In the context of discussing incidents during the time of the successors (Diadochi) of Alexander of Macedon), Diodoros describes the siege of the city of the Isaurians in Pisidia (ca. 322 BCE). Here he portrays the Isaurians as brave warriors, having them prefer [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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		<title>Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander&#8217;s conquests (mid-first century BCE)</title>
		<link>https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/2024/03/indians-and-other-peoples-near-india-diodoros-on-alexander-conquests-mid-first-century-bce/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Philip A. Harland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 02 Mar 2024 23:31:15 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[(d) Eastern peoples]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Adrestians (subset of Indians)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arimaspians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gedrosians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Indians / Brahmans]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mardians (in Persian territory)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oreitians (between Gedrosia and India)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Parapanisadians (in the Hindu Kush range)]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.philipharland.com/Blog/?p=18590</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ancient author: Diodoros (ca. 36 BCE), Library of History 17.76-105 (link). Comments: In these passages, Diodoros supplies a narrative about Alexander&#8217;s conquests east of Iran (in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan) as far as India itself. While Diodoros&#8217; discussion of the peoples conquered and their customs may not always be as expansive as Nearchos [&#8230;]]]></description>
		
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