Research Journals

Experimental Infection of Egg-laying Hens with Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Phage Type 4 and its Three Mutants

2011-08-25T16:34:00.000-07:00

Seongbeom Cho, Nicole S. Crisp, Jessica R. Maley, Kristin M. Evon, Muhammad Younus, Mokhtar M. Arshad, Sangwei Lu and A. Mahdi Saeed

Official URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpsa/47/2/47_190/_article
Volume 47, Number 2, April 2010 , ISSN 1349-0486

Abstract : The emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) during the past three decades as major contaminant of eggs and other poultry products caused a surge in human infections. This could have been mediated in part by emerging S. Enteritidis strains with enhanced virulence. The overall pathogenicity of Salmonella is controlled by numerous genes. To assess the role of a few specific genes thought to contribute to the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis in egg laying hens, we conducted an experimental infection of egg-laying hens, with a wild type (WT) S. Enteritidis phage type 4 strain and three mutants (M1, M2, M3). These mutants were produced from the wild type by the inactivation of the prgH, SEN4287, and tyrR genes, respectively. We observed that the WT and the M1 mutant had shorter durations of fecal shedding and faster clearance from internal organs of the infected hens than the M2 and M3 mutants. The isolation rates of the wild type S. Enteritidis and the mutants were highest from the ceca, moderately high from the liver and spleen, and lowest from the ovaries of the infected hens. Hep-2 cells attachment assay revealed attenuated attachment for the M1 mutant while the M3 mutant seemed to have enhanced attachment. Colonization of tissues of the infected hens by M1 mutant appears to have been attenuated.
Keywords : egg-laying hens, experimental infection, mutants, Salmonella Enteritidis, pathogenicity

A Wittgensteinian Defense of Cultural Relativism

2011-07-28T20:03:00.000-07:00

Emily Heckel
Official URL: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=philo

Abstract: Cultural relativism is an integral part of the field methodology for cultural anthropologists. The concept of cultural relativism grew from developments within the philosophy of language, particularly associated with figures such as Wittgenstein, Quine, Whorf, and Sapir. These philosophers all argue for some version of the concept that linguistic categories, encoded in thought, help create the shared cultural realities in which we live. This concept of linguistic relativism, famously articulated in the SapirWhorf hypothesis, led to an emphasis in anthropology on the emic, or insider’s, perspective. Ethnography is the process of eliciting the meanings by which the host culture constructs reality and translating these into the discourse of the discipline in a final written product. Steven Pinker, along with other evolutionary psychologists and cognitive scientists, refers to any and all versions of this view as the Standard Social Science Model allowing him to defeat cultural relativism in one fell swoop (or so he thinks). Until a few years ago, the main critique of the ethnographic method came from the postmodern critique of science, which questions objectivity in the social sciences on both ethical and epistemological grounds. Recently, the critique of cultural relativism has come from evolutionary psychologists and anthropologists. Research in cognitive science and psychology points to an evolutionary cause for what has previously been deemed cultural behavior. Some, including Steven Pinker, believe that this research should lead us to give primacy to evolutionary causes and should undermine any version of cultural relativism. Steven Pinker, an evolutionary psychologist, presents

Post-Racial Leadership: Racialized Mass Incarceration in the Age of Obama

2011-07-28T18:28:00.000-07:00

Ian Haney López
Official URL: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=maccivicf

Abstract: President Barack Obama‘s election has inspired many to marvel that we now live in a ―post-racial‖ America. Obama himself seems to embrace this notion, not perhaps as a claim about where we are now, but as a political stance that dictates how best to approach society‘s persistent racial problems. In this essay, I assess Obama‘s post-racial politics. To do so, I use the lens of racialized mass incarceration. Because race is so central to the contemporary administration of criminal justice, it constitutes a particular challenge to the post-racial narrative. When measured in light of mass of imprisonment, what does the claim to be post-racial mean? Obama rejects this term as a temporal claim that we have come to the end of history as far as race is concerned, or as a descriptive claim that race in the United States no longer corresponds to advantage and disadvantage. ―You know,‖ the President recently remarked, ―on the heels of [my electoral] victory over a year ago, there were some who suggested that somehow we had entered into a post-racial America; all those problems would be solved.‖ Then he deadpanned, ―That didn‘t work out so well.
The rejection of post-racial as a temporal or sociological claim seems entirely appropriate, as even the most cursory engagement with American criminal justice at the start of the twenty-first century demonstrates. The United States puts people under the control of the correctional system at an anomalously high rate, shutting behind bars an overwhelmingly disproportionate number of black and brown persons. A 2009 report shows that one in every 31 adults in the United States is in prison or on parole or probation; broken down by race, that is one in every 11 African Americans, one in 27 Latinos, and one in 45 whites.
Race remains a stunningly powerful predictor of super- and subordination, ensuring that race has not nearly played itself out in America‘s long struggle for a more perfect union.

‘Like The Wick Of The Lamp, Like The Silkworm They Are’: Stupid Schoolteachers In Classical Arabic Literary Sources1

2011-07-28T18:02:00.000-07:00

Antonella Ghersetti
UNIVERSITہ CA’ FOSCARI, VENICE
Official URL: http://www.lancs.ac.uk/jais/

Abstract : he alleged stupidity of schoolteachers was a common topos in adab literature of the Abbasid period as well as in later sources. Indeed, the 'stupid schoolteacher' was a stereotype much like 'the dull person', 'the smart sponger' and 'the ridiculous bedouin'. Frequent references to such images indicate that the intended audience clearly revelled in this kind of literary device. This article examines diverse ways of reading and interpreting the adab sources where we find ourselves in the realm of fantasy as much as reality. Indeed, while the standard steroetypes of schoolteachers are varied, amusing and predominantly negative, they are not all as obvious as they at first appear.

The Role Of The Biographer In Constructing Identity And Doctrine: Al-.Abbadi And His Kitab. Abaqat Al-Fuqaha. Al-Shafi.Iyya

2011-07-28T17:46:00.000-07:00

Felicitas Opwis
Georgetown University

Abstract: This paper explores the role of the biographer in compiling a biographical dictionary, focusing on al-'Abbādī's (d. 458/1066) work on the Shāfi'ī 'school' of law. The paper argues that al-'Abbādī straddles a fine line of faithful transmission of school doctrines and artful arrangement of the materials in order to shape the identity, authority structures, and doctrines of the school according to his vision. To highlight al-'Abbādī's role in constructing the identity and authority structures of the school the paper focuses on three areas: first, how al-'Abbādī lays out his vision of the school in the entry of the eponym of the school by delineating the areas of law that distinguish al-Shāfi'ī from other founders of schools of law; second, how al-'Abbādī deals with contradictory positions held among members of the school; third, how he gives the school of law also a theological identity (Ash'arism) by discussing such topics as free will, the createdness of the Qur'ān, and the definition of faith (īmān). The paper details the author's range of editorial hints and techniques of presentation that guide his audience to the 'correct' Shāfi'ī doctrine. It presents reasons why al-'Abbādī takes recourse to these measures and points to the effects of his presentation of school doctrines.

The .Ubada B. Al-.Amit Tradition At The Crossroads Of Methodology

2011-07-28T17:39:00.000-07:00

Pavel Pavlovitch

SOFIA UNIVERSITY “ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI

Abstract: During the past few decades, Western studies of the origin of Islam have made considerable advances in assessing sources which have long been considered a repository of exegetic, legal and historical material about the first centuries of Islam. Growing scepticism towards the Islamic foundation narratives and the traditional accounts of Islamic history undermined the notion that, unlike other religions, Islam 'was born in the full light of history' and 'its roots are on the surface' (A. Renan). The study of the first centuries of Islam has thus become the focus of clashing methodologies, often yielding conflicting accounts on how, when and where Islam emerged. While studying Muslim traditions (hadīth-s), Western Islamicists expressed varying opinions about reliability of lines of narrative transmission (isnād-s), which, according to the traditional Muslim view, control the authenticity of the information included in the substantive part of the tradition (matn). One pole of the spectrum is represented by scholars who reject the link between the isnad and the matn. For them, the isnād is a fictitious authentication device that does not give any information about the historical development of the narrative. These scholars prefer to study the relationship between topically affiliated narratives, whence they derive information about the chronological development of the concepts conveyed by these narratives (literary analysis). The other part of the spectrum varies in the degree of acceptance of the isnād-s. Nevertheless, these scholars generally agree that, provided certain methodological stipulations are met, a considerable part of the transmission line is authentic and correctly represents the ways through which the traditions were transmitted. With certain qualifications, the method of scholars who accept the isnad may be described as isnād-cum-matn analysis. In this article, I study the famous 'Ubada tradition dealing with the punishment for adultery and fornication (zinā). First, I follow the historical development of the tradition by means of literary analysis. Then I apply to the same tradition the principles of isnad-cum-matn analysis. Although different in their treatment of the hadīth material, the two approaches are shown as capable of yielding results that are not mutually exclusive.

Tokens Of Resentment: Medieval Arabic Narratives About Gift Exchange And Social Conflict

2011-07-28T17:33:00.000-07:00

Jocelyn Sharlet

Abstract: Stories about gift exchange can confirm individual relationships and communal bonds, but they can also articulate social conflict. This analysis focuses primarily on stories in the first of two extant monographic compilations on gift exchange, the tenth-century Book of Rarities and Gifts by the Khālidiyyān, and concludes with a story from the anonymous eleventh-century Book of Treasures and Rarities. It explores expressions of social conflict through the features of rhetorical focal points, silence, communication at a distance, and the incongruity between fine gifts and tense situations. The discussion examines social conflict by following the development of main characters in other stories. These features of gift exchange stories suggest an interest in emotional experience, and the relationships among different stories about the same person imply an interest in character development. The pleasant practice of gift exchange offers a counterpoint to and a commentary on social conflicts.

Revamping the Welfare State: Obama and the Class Challenge of American Politics

2011-07-27T10:53:00.000-07:00

Westenley Alcenat

Abstract : At every stage of major historical events in America in the last century, Du Bois’s thesis has been validated. The New Deal, for example, failed to radicalize the politics of race and create a more inclusive union. Instead, what initially seemed to be a class struggle took on the racialized perception of being more socially beneficial to white Americans than to others. Furthermore, the notoriety of the Civil Rights movement, in terms of the conflicts it posed between government and civil demands, and between the professed ideals of the Constitution and the legal practice of racial segregation, substantiates Du Bois’s claim. President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society also emerged with a racial premise, except this time whites viewed its social policies as benefiting African Americans. More importantly, the cultural and racial backlash spurred by the Civil Rights movement and the Great Society extended well into the 1960s and 1970s, further highlighting the significance of the color-line. Yet, what if we reconsider the Du Boisian analysis in a different light? This essay will part ways with his racial analysis to argue that the sociopolitical lives of Americans are also dominated by a national consciousness of individualism. As a result, many Americans disregard issues relating to the class problems of the country. Consequently, focusing on issues of class inequalities is easily confused with socialism. Therefore, while race and class mutually reinforce each other, the political and social perceptions in which they are framed view class as unimportant. The Tea Party movement, while not representative of the larger public, is symptomatic of this point. Reframing Du Bois’s warning, this essay argues that in the 21st century (as in the 20th century), U.S. politics lacks a class consciousness. It accentuates the schism between traditional American individualism and an emerging need to redress acute class issues.

Hydrogen Absorption In Weldments Of Overlaid Claded Pressure Vessel

2011-07-27T09:41:00.000-07:00

Ronnie Higuchi Rusli

Abstract: Cracks was found in type 347 stainless steel internal attachment welds of a reactor for a high temperature, and high pressure hydrogen service. One of the possible causes of cracking is low cycle fatigue cracking induced by repetition of thermal stress to embrittled weld metal. Type 347 weld metal loses its ductility by presence of sigma phase and hydrogen.
keywords: desulfurization, hydrogen embrittlement, hydrocracking, martensitic, weldment

6-Month Results of Transdiscal Biacuplasty on Patients with Discogenic Low Back Pain: Preliminary Findings

2011-07-27T08:33:00.000-07:00

Haktan Karaman, Adnan Tufek, Gonul Olmez Kavak, Sedat Kaya, Zeynep Baysal Yildirim, Ersin Uysal, Feyzi Celik
Abstract: Chronic discogenic pain is one of the leading causes of low back pain; however, the condition is not helped by most non-invasive methods. The results of major surgical operations for these patients are unsatisfactory. Recently, attention has shifted to disk heating methods for treatment. TransDiscal Biacuplasty is one of the minimally invasive treatment methods. The method was developed as an alternative to spinal surgical practices and Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy for treatment of patients with chronic discogenic pain.
Methods: The candidates for this study were patients with chronic discogenic pain that did not respond to conservative treatment. The main criteria for inclusion were: the existence of axial low back pain present for 6 months; disc degeneration or internal disc disruption at a minimum of one level, and maximum of two levels, in MR imaging; and positive discography. Physical function was assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index when measuring the pain with VAS. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using a 4-grade scale. Follow-ups were made 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment.
Results: 15 patients were treated at one or two levels. The mean patient age was 43.1±9.2 years. We found the mean symptom duration to be 40.5±45.7 months. At the sixth month, 57.1% of patients reported a 50% or more reduction in pain, while 78.6% of patients reported a reduction of at least two points in their VAS values. In the final check, 78.6% of patients reported a 10-point improvement in their Oswestry Disability scores compared to the initial values. No complications were observed in any of the patients.
Conclusions: TransDiscal Biacuplasty is an effective and safe method.
Keywords : discogenic pain, low back pain, transdiscal biacuplasty, intradiscal electrothermal therapy, cool radiofrequency

Isolation of Methyl Laurate from Coconut Oil as Raw Material for Fatty Alcohol Sulfate (FAS)

2011-07-27T07:50:00.000-07:00

Rita Arbianti, Tania Surya Utami, Astri N

Abstract: Isolation of Methyl Laurate from Coconut Oil as Raw Material for Fatty Alcohol Sulfate. Methyl laurate is a raw or base material for many industries, including surfactant industries. In this research, coconut oil (VCO) is transesterified with methanol to produce methyl ester, using NaOH as the catalyst. Methyl laurate is then separated by method based on the difference in melting point. This research focuses at determining the effects of some variables in transesterification on the concentration of produced methyl laurate. The variables are temperature (40 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC, 80 oC), time of transesterification reaction (0,5 hour, 1 hour, 1,5 hours, 2 hours, 3 hours), and the percent weight of the catalyst NaOH (0,5 %, 1 %, 1,5 %, 2 %, 3 %). Research showed the concentration of methyl laurate increased, following the increased temperature, time, and percent weight of catalysts. Optimal conditions were acquired at reaction temperature of 60oC, reaction time of 2 hours, and percent weight of the catalyst NaOH of 2 %. Laurate acid conversion
to methyl laurate that yielded from optimal conditions, after the separation based on melting point, was 55,61 %.
keywords: methyl laurate, coconut oil, fatty alcohol sulfate, transesterification

Sintesa Material Bioaktif Hydroxyapatite (HA) dengan Metode Flame Spray Pyrolysis

2011-07-27T07:36:00.000-07:00

Nurtono, Tantular

Abstract: Hydroxy apatite (HA) particles for biomaterial for implantation of bone tissues need homogen size and high crystallinity. Submicrometer, spherical, and monodispersed HA particles have been synthesized successfully by aerosol prosess in a flame reactor. A flame burner consisted of three concentric cylindrical pipes, each for starting material solution, LPG as fuel, and air as oxidizer. Ca(NO3)2.4H2O-(NH4)2HPO4 solution was selected as starting material. Temperature distribution and particle size evolution were predicted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The morphology and the crystallinity of the generated particles were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-R Diffraction (XRD), respectively. The generated particles were highly affected by fuel flow rate, carrier gas flow rate and heat treatment after flame process. Their crystallinities increased with increasing the fuel flow rate and increased significantly by heat treatment of 800C for 2 hours after flame process.

Model Pembelajaran Proses Penyeimbang Dinamik Dan Pembuatan Prototipe Mesin Penyeimbang Dinamik Roda Mobil Berbasis Komputer

2011-07-27T07:32:00.000-07:00

Winarto, Suhardjono

Abstract: The fast growth of the mobile transportation in Indonesia, especially automobile which in year 2008 increase up to more than 600.000 unit and motorcycle go up to more than 6 million unit, accelerate the supporting technology mainly for its maintenance and repair. The technology of dynamic balancing also must be developed to increase the local content and the domestic market share in industry. For this purpose, it is important to do a experimentally research to learn and to understand the principle of the dynamic balancing process, not only theoretical but also practically experimental. Because of that this research split of by two themes, there are a developing learning model and a prototype of wheel balancing machine for its application. Developing a learning model is used to trace experimentally the fundamental principle of the dynamic balancing process both with phase method and four run method for a single rotating disc according to a miniature of car wheel. The result shows that the four run method has a high balance performance up to 92%, but it needs more time to measure four times the vibration amplitude, after the trial weight on the disc is applied. On the contrary, the phase method can be done fast and easy, however the balance performance is even lower. The reason is that the phase angle depends also on the rotating speed to determine the location of its balance mass. The prototype of the wheel balancing machine uses a swing arm technology, which is developed in the machine tool and vibration laboratory, while the old technology with a sliding mechanism give a vibration signal not a pure sinusoidal, therefore it is difficult to determine the position of the balance mass to be added. This research investigates many tire size with its rim diameter of 12 in., 13 in., 14 in. and 15 in. with three variation of rotating speed of 457 rpm, 510 rpm and 661 rpm for the accommodated balancing process below the natural frequency, on the natural frequency zone and the above natural frequency. The result of the measuring of characteristic of the wheel balancing machine prototype is decreasing amplitude from the initial unbalanced condition to the balance condition or defined as a balance performance of 89.84% for wheel with 13 in. rim, which is performed by rotating speed on the natural frequency zone. By using rotating speed below the natural frequency, the balance performance of 73.9% and 75% is reached by the wheel with 12 in. rim and 14 in. diameter respectively. For the wheel with 15 in. rim diameter gives a balance performance of 89.23%, which is done by the number of rotating above the natural frequency. The balancing process below the natural frequency comes about a phase shift of 180� and the above natural frequency give a phase shift of approximately of 90

The Power Of Facebook In Advertising Product

2011-07-27T07:26:00.000-07:00

Juwita, Oktalia

Abstract: Social media has its uniqueness in supporting marketing system which is the availability of clear defined system, along with the updated news feed to identify behavior of the target market. One of the most used social media site to support marketing system due to its comprehensiveness and highest growth of user is Facebook. Advertising in Facebook went booming since the launching of Facebook Marketplace Application for Classified Listing in May 2007. A lot of big and small scale companies start creating Facebook Page and manage it seriously. In particular, since Facebook launched Facebook Ads in November 2007, which feature was complimented with real time reporting. This application attracted more and more companies to allocate budget particularly to advertise their businesses via Facebook. Advertising in Facebook has the potential of continuous growth, both with simple model or Facebook Ads. Local SME (Small-Medium Enterprises =UKM) could also utilize Facebook to market their products. This research was conducted based on survey using Advertising Balance Scorecard (ABSC) method to measure effectiveness of advertisement. Perspectives being measured were objective perspective, creativity and execution perspective, media perspective. Respondent taken as target sample were SME entrepreneurs in fashion industry who have been using Facebook as their marketing media. Appraisal scale used to measure advertisement effectiveness was Likert scale range from 1 to 5. The effectiveness of advertising from the perspectives of ABSC was declared effective by the value obtained to determine the position of the Likert scale of 4, 20. Calculation results from each perspective were 4, 31 for objective perspective 4, 23 for creativity and execution perspective, and 4, 05 for media perspective. Objective perspective became the most dominant compare to other perspectives. As for reliability of Facebook as media to advertise product, it could be concluded based on 4, 28 score from the conducted analysis that Facebook was very reliable.

Multimedia Knowledge Management Application Design On Educational Video Development Process A Case Studies At BPMTV Surabaya

2011-07-27T07:24:00.000-07:00

Purnomo, Djoko

Abstract: The development of educational video media by Balai Pengembangan Media Televisi (BPMTV) requires a long process involving staff and people who have knowledge, skills and experience from various fields. Multimedia knowledge management is designed with the intention that the knowledge and experience gained and owned by the organization did not disappear along with the retirement of the owners of knowledge, especially the character of tacit knowledge. Knowledge management system is required to perform the categorization of knowledge, to capture, to store and to distribute knowledge. This design defines the specification of knowledge management system requirement, the way to collect explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge and designs knowledge management system in order to be used for the development of educational video media. The stages are traversed during the execution of this study using 10-step roadmap for knowledge management of Amrit Tiwana, with such adjustments because not all the steps done in this study. Stages of infrastructure evaluation is supported by observational data, interviews, documents reviews and questionnaires. Stages of system analysis and design use object-oriented approach using unified modeling language (UML). Analysis of the system uses use case diagrams, activity diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams and statechart diagrams, while the system design includes system architecture design, sitemap and system interface design. The results of this research is a map of organizational knowledge, knowledge capture strategy within the organization and knowledge management system application design.

The Effect Of The Decreased Fish Quality To The Chemical Quality Flour Of Fish Treated By Traditional Method

2011-07-27T07:11:00.000-07:00

Firmansyah Anas Annafi

Abstract: This study is aimed to determine treatment effect on the long decline of fish quality to fish flour chemical quality processed by traditional methods. Quality parameters studied includes moisture content (%), protein content (% db), fat content (%), ash content (%), and yield (%). Long decline of the quality of treatment consists of 0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, and 24 hours.
The results showed that the long decline of the quality of fish had significant effect (p <0.05) on the levels of protein, fat, water and fish meal qualities. The longer the deterioration of quality of fish, the higher water and the - fat content, whereas protein levels decreased.
The best treatment was kept the fish for 0 hours and 6 hours. Quality value resulting from treatment of 0 hours were 3.26%, 56,37%, 6,93%, 20,68% and 15.61% for water content, protein content, fat content, ash content and yield, respectively and for the 6 hour were 4.60%, 55.60%, 8.41%, 21.39% and 13.38% for water content, protein content, fat content, ash content and yield, respectively.
Keywords: fish meal, quality, long decline

Kemunduran mutu ikan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) pada Penyimpanan suhu chilling dengan perlakuan cara mati

2011-07-27T07:08:00.000-07:00

Quality Changes of Dumbo Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) by Killing Techniques

During Chilling Temperature Storage

Mala Nurilmala, Nurjanah, Rahadian Hardja Utama

Abstract: The time of prerigor, rigor mortis, initial postrigor, and the end postrigor phase of catfish killed instantly in 0, 9, 57, and 144 hours was investigated. In addition, the time of prerigor, rigor mortis, initial postrigor, and the end of postrigor phase of catfish killed after 12 hours without water media were 0, 6, 42, and 120 hours. Freshness declination of catfish killed instantly slower than killed after 12 hours without water media. Fish killed instantly had 5.1x105 colonies/g TPC (Total Plate Count) value and 24.36 mg N/100 TVB (Total Volatile Base) value. The sensory value for eyes, gills, mucus of body surface, meats, odor, and texture at the end of storage (the sixth day) was 3.95, 4.05, 4.30, 4.45, 4.45 and 3.45 respectively. On the other hand the fish killed after 12 hours without water media had 1,2x106 colonies /g, TPC value and 25,2 mg N/100 g TVB value. The sensory value for eyes, gills, mucus of body surface, meats, odor, and texture at the end of storage (the sixth day) was 2.3, 2.2, 2.8, 3.9, 3.7 and 2.85, respectively.
Keywords: catfish, fish quality, low temperature

Sources of natural phenolic antioxidants

2011-07-27T07:02:00.000-07:00

Boskou Dimitrios

Abstract: An important field of research today is the control of ‘redox’ status with the properties of food and food components. Natural antioxidants present in the diet increase the resistance toward oxidative damages and they may have a substantial impact on human health. Dietary antioxidants such as ascorbates, tocopherols and carotenoids are well known and there is a surplus of publications related to their role in health. Plant phenols have not been completely studied because of the complexity of their chemical nature and the extended occurrence in plant materials. Extensively studied sources of natural antioxidants are fruits and vegetables, seeds, cereals, berries, wine, tea, onion bulbs, olive oil and aromatic plants. Attempts are also
made to identify and evaluate antioxidants in agricultural by-products, ethnic and traditional products, herbal teas, cold pressed seed oils, exudates resins, hydrolysis products, not evaluated fruits and edible leaves and other raw materials rich in antioxidant phenols that have nutritional importance and/or the potential for applications in the promotion of health and prevention against damages caused by radicals.

Antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethyl acetate extract of Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia, L) fruit and its fractions

2011-07-27T06:59:00.000-07:00

Abdul Rohman, Sugeng Riyanto dan Diah Utari

Abstract: This present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activities, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of ethyl acetate extract of Mengkudu fruit and its fractions. Ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by column chromatography and yielded 15 fractions based on the identical TLC (thin layer chromatography) profile. Antioxidant activities in ethyl acetate extract and its fractions were determined by radical scavenging assay using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Among 15 fractions of ethyl acetate extract evaluated, fraction 8 (IC505,49 μg/mL) and fraction 7 (IC50 7,90 μg/mL) revealed antioxidant activities
that higher than that of vitamin E (IC50 8,27 μg/mL). The total phenolic contents ranged from 5.94 ± 0.08 to 36.52 ± 0.35 g of gallic acid equivalent/100 gram dry material whereas the total flavonoid contents ranged from 1.19 ± 0.02 to 17.65 ± 0.17 g of quercetin equivalent/100 gram dry material. A linier positive relationship existed between the antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of the tested ethyl acetate extract and its fractions y = -1.220x + 44.022; r2 = 0.67, while the correlation between antioxidant activities and total flavonoid contents revealed a linier regression y = -2.202 x + 35.82; r2 = 0.4278.
Keywords: antioxidant activity, Morinda citrifolia, L, Fraction

Phenolic Antioxidants

2011-07-27T06:55:00.000-07:00

Robin L. M. Cheung, BScH, MBA

Abstract: Oxygen. It’s a matter of life and death. Without oxygen most life on earth would cease to exist. But the same reactivity that makes it ideal for using sugars for energy can also backfire and damage the very cells that are using that energy. If allowed to run amok, oxygen can damage DNA, lipids, or proteins. Damage to DNA will either kill cells or turn cancerous. Damage to lipids causes damage to membranes. Damage to proteins inactivates enzymes. All of these effects result in serious disease.
Over time, evolution has developed ways to help mitigate this problem. Antioxidants are compounds that help protect cells from oxidative damage. They function by blocking the reactive compounds caused by oxygen. A quick glance at a drug store’s health food area will demonstrate the tremendous growth in popularity of antioxidants.
Although the popular press provides a lot of recommendations and superficial second-hand information about antioxidants, many of these reports misinterpret original research findings. It is only by referring to primary research journals critically that we can find the truth about antioxidants.
One particular class of antioxidants is the group of phenolic antioxidants. They are so called because they are based on phenol, an alcohol composed of a benzene ring and a hydroxyl group. These are particularly interesting because as recently as a few years ago, they were believed only to be important for flavour (Escarpa and Gonzales 2001).

Effects Of Stress-State On Void Coalescence Under Dynamics Loading

2011-07-27T06:41:00.000-07:00

Samsul Rizal

Abstract: The influence of the specimen thickness on fracture has been investigated under static loading and interpreted in terms of stress conditions near a crack tip, namely crack tip plasticity under plane strain to plane stress condition. This work investigates the effect of stress conditions on void coalescences pro-duced by impulsive stress intensity of 20, 40? and 80??s duration under one-point bending test, experi-mentally and numerically. The fractographic observation shows that several voids nucleated at inclusions ahead of the crack tip coalescence with each others to form a large void, called a dominant void, and that size of the dominant void decreases as the pulse duration decreases from 40 ?s to 20 ?s, whereas the dominant void is nucleated at the constant distance from the crack tip for plane strain and plane stress condition. Finite element simulations show that the normalized hydrostatic stresses ahead of the crack tip can explain the experimental results that the dynamic fracture toughness of a 10 mm thick specimen tis much smaller than that of a 3 mm thick speciment and that the void nucleation site is independent of the speciment thickness.

Effect Of Rubber Particle Size Distribution On Fracture Toughness Of Rubber-Modified Polymer Alloys

2011-07-27T06:37:00.000-07:00

Husaini

Abstract: This paper describes a numerical study on the effects of the distribution of rubber particles size on the fracture toughness of rubber-modified polymer alloys. FEM analyses were conducted on a deformation field near a crack tip under mode I for a small scale yielding condition. Area near the crack tip is modelled as a composite of matrix materials and rubber particles. On the other hand, the outer region is modelled as a homogeneous material which its constitutive equation has been obtained by analysing a unit cell model of matrix and rubber particle. Perfect bonding or partial debonding of the interface is assumed in the computation. Matrix and rubber particles are treated as Mises and Mooney-Rivlin materials, respectively. It is shown that energy flux into fracture process zone, integral is smaller for bimodal type than monomodal one. This behavior largely occurred on the partial debonding case. These results imply that the screening effects occurred in the bimodal type was larger than monomodal one.

Pemanfaatan Maltodekstrin Dari Pati Singkong Sebagai Bahan Penyalut Lapis Tipis Tablet

2011-07-25T07:26:00.001-07:00

Effionora Anwar

Abstract: The Use of Maltodextrin from Tapioca Starch as a Film Coating Tablet Material. Maltodexrin is a modifi ed starch product which can be use as a material fi lm coating tablet. The aim of the research was to study the capability of maltodextrin as a material fi lm coating exipient. Maltodextrin DE 5-10 was made by hidrolysis of tapioca starch with α-amylase enzyme from NOVO (Termamyl L120®), at 80° C, for 65 minute. Maltodextrin was used as a fi lm coating material at concentration 10%,15%,20% dan 25%. As a comparative fi lm coating material was used HPMC. The evaluation of the coating tablet was done accordance to Farmacope Indonesia third and fourth edition. The result show that maltodextrin DE 5-10 from tapioca starch can be used as fi lm coating at concentration 10-25% with concentration 10% gave better result a HPMC.
keywords: Maltodextrin, film coating

Toleransi Dalam Interdiskursus Teks Sastra Dan Teks Non-Sastra

2011-07-25T07:01:00.000-07:00

Lucia Hilman, Lily Tjahjandari, & Retno Untari

Abstract: The Indonesian people as a nation consist of a variety of ethnic groups with differentiated culture as well as witch has been planted over such long periods by authorities, has finally exploded coming to the surface in form of various rioting. Should a more in-depth analysis be made then, the actual basic matter to bridge the problem in the existing tolerance for the differences within our multicultural society. An understanding of a certain related tolerance according to François Shanen is expressed in language. As such, literary works and other essays in newspaper with SARA as themes as well as the nation disintegration, forms the corpus of this investigation. From the analysis of the interdiscourse between literary and non-literary texts, it has been conclude that there exists a parallel of thought patterns offered by the literary and non-literary texts against the insight of tolerance in Indonesia, that is violence in the country as caused by there being no tolerance for that which is difference be in differing opinions as to religion, ethnicity or race. Such matter has brought forth the spread of deceptive hatred against religious, racial and certain ethic groups.

Kontribusi Pajak Daerah Dan Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Dan Anggaran Pendapatan Dan Belanja Daerah (APBD) Guna Mendukung Pelaksanaan Otonomi Daerah (Studi Kasus Pemerintah Daerah Kota Bogor)

2011-07-25T06:57:00.000-07:00

Mohammad Riduansyah

Abstract: The income of local own revenues is a significant sources for routine and developmen expenditure in local government. The amount of local taxation and user charges income are influenced by the kind of local taxation and user charges which is being implemented and adjusted by the rule that is implemented, related with income of local taxation and user charges. The contribution of local taxation and user charges income to acceptance of local own resources in Bogor Municipal in the periode of budget years 1993/1994-2000 has significant meaning with the average income 27,78 per years. The contributin of local taxation and user charges income to the total income of Bogor Municipal can be see in their local government budget, related to the ability in doing local authonomy is good enough. The component of local taxation in the period 1993/1994-2000 has contribute 7,81 % per years with the growth average about 22.89 % per years. Mean while, the acceptance that come form the user charge component, in the same periode has contributed 15,61 % per years with the growth average 5.08 % per years. In increasing the contribution of local taxation and user charge income to the total of local own resources income and their contribution to the local government budget of Bogor Municipal, several things need to be done, such as intensification of collecting local taxation and user charges and also extensification by implementation of new local taxation and user charge, adjusted with the condition and potention that available.
keywords: local own revenues, local authonomy, local taxation, user charges, and local government budget