<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735</id><updated>2026-10-07T08:11:54.896-04:00</updated><category term="biologia"/><category term="enem"/><category term="vestibular"/><category term="ecologia"/><category term="energia"/><category term="pas"/><category term="vestibulares"/><category term="ATP"/><category term="cadeia"/><category term="DNA"/><category term="RNA"/><category term="célula"/><category term="ecossistema"/><category term="sódio"/><category term="FSH"/><category term="LH"/><category term="Polimerase"/><category term="Vida"/><category term="adenosina"/><category 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term="mioglobina"/><category term="miosina"/><category term="miracídio"/><category term="mistas"/><category term="mitose"/><category term="modelado"/><category term="modelo iceberg"/><category term="moderadora"/><category term="monera"/><category term="monossacarídeos"/><category term="monozigóticos"/><category term="mosquito"/><category term="muscular"/><category term="mutualismo"/><category term="método científico"/><category term="mórula"/><category term="músculo"/><category term="nasa"/><category term="nervo"/><category term="nervos"/><category term="neurotransmissor"/><category term="neurônio"/><category term="neurônios"/><category term="nicho"/><category term="nidação"/><category term="nitrificação"/><category term="nitrobacter"/><category term="nitrogênio"/><category term="nitrosomonas"/><category term="nomenclatura binomial"/><category term="nucleotídeos"/><category term="nutricional"/><category term="nutrientes."/><category term="não renováveis"/><category term="nécton"/><category term="nêurula"/><category term="níveis tróficos"/><category term="nível trófico"/><category term="nó neurofibroso"/><category term="nódulos radiculares"/><category term="núcleo"/><category term="oceanos"/><category term="ocitocina"/><category term="oligodendrócitos"/><category term="oncogene"/><category term="organelas"/><category term="organismo"/><category term="orquidismo"/><category term="osmose"/><category term="ovogônia"/><category term="ovulação"/><category term="ovário"/><category term="oxigênio"/><category term="ozônio"/><category term="paisagem"/><category term="panspermia"/><category term="para que serve"/><category term="parasitismo"/><category term="pardas"/><category term="pareamento"/><category term="parto"/><category term="parênquimas"/><category term="passivo"/><category term="pasteur"/><category term="pausas"/><category term="pegada ecológica"/><category term="pele"/><category term="penicilina"/><category term="pentose"/><category 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term="propriedade emergente"/><category term="protocolo"/><category term="protocooperação"/><category term="protoctistas"/><category term="protozoário"/><category term="protozoários"/><category term="provas"/><category term="prófase"/><category term="próstata"/><category term="pseudópodes"/><category term="pteridófitas"/><category term="pêlos"/><category term="pênis"/><category term="pílula"/><category term="queloide"/><category term="queratina"/><category term="questões"/><category term="quitina"/><category term="química."/><category term="radiação"/><category term="reações"/><category term="recall"/><category term="recombinante"/><category term="recombinação"/><category term="recursos naturais"/><category term="redução"/><category term="reflexo"/><category term="reino"/><category term="renováveis"/><category term="reparo"/><category term="resolvidas"/><category term="respiração celular"/><category term="respostas"/><category term="restrição"/><category term="resumo"/><category term="retículo"/><category term="ribose"/><category term="ribossomo"/><category term="ribossomos"/><category term="ribossômico"/><category term="rio"/><category term="rio +10"/><category term="rios"/><category term="riqueza"/><category term="rápida"/><category term="sacarose"/><category term="sais minerais"/><category term="sarcolema"/><category term="sarcoma"/><category term="sarcoplasmático"/><category term="sarcômero"/><category term="saturado"/><category term="saudável"/><category term="saúde"/><category term="schwann"/><category term="secundária"/><category term="semente"/><category term="semiconservativa"/><category term="seminais"/><category term="sequenciamento"/><category term="seres"/><category term="seres vivos"/><category term="sexuada"/><category term="simbiose"/><category term="sistemática"/><category term="sociedade"/><category term="solvente"/><category term="sono"/><category term="sucessão ecológica"/><category term="supressor"/><category term="sífilis"/><category term="síndrome"/><category term="tabelinha"/><category term="taxonomia"/><category term="tecidos"/><category term="teia"/><category term="teias"/><category term="tela subcutânea"/><category term="telófase"/><category term="tendão"/><category term="tensão superficial"/><category term="teoria"/><category term="testículos"/><category term="tilacóide"/><category term="tipos"/><category term="tolerância"/><category term="trabalho"/><category term="trans"/><category term="transgênico"/><category term="transportador"/><category term="transporte"/><category term="triglicerídios"/><category term="tuba"/><category term="tumor"/><category term="turner"/><category term="túbulo T"/><category term="unhas"/><category term="universidade"/><category term="utilidade"/><category term="vacina"/><category term="vagina"/><category term="vasectomia"/><category term="vegetais"/><category term="vegetal"/><category term="verdes"/><category term="vermelhas"/><category term="verruga"/><category term="viado"/><category term="vinho"/><category term="viroide"/><category term="virus"/><category term="virusoide"/><category term="vitaminas"/><category term="vitelínica"/><category term="vivax"/><category term="xilema"/><category term="zinco"/><category term="zona pelúcida"/><category term="zooplâncton"/><category term="ácido fólico"/><category term="ácidos nucleicos"/><category term="águas"/><category term="âmnio"/><category term="éxon"/><category term="índice de massa corporal"/><category term="íntron"/><category term="óleos"/><category term="órgãos"/><category term="ósseo"/><category term="óvulo"/><category term="útero"/><title type='text'>Resumos de Biologia</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>67</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-8226690289860980806</id><published>2026-09-17T07:26:27.000-04:00</published><updated>2026-09-29T07:04:56.359-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="amensalismo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="canibalismo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="colônia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="comensalismo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="inquilinismo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="interespecífica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="intra-específica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mutualismo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="parasitismo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="predação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="protocooperação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="simbiose"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sociedade"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tolerância"/><title type='text'>Ecologia 06 - As interações entre os organismos nas populações, comunidades e ecossistemas.</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;ECOLOGIA 06 - AS INTERAÇÕES ENTRE OS ORGANISMOS NAS POPULAÇÕES, COMUNIDADES E
ECOSSISTEMAS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Maximiliano Mendes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Características das populações nos ecossistemas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Inicialmente, vejamos algumas
definições:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;A &lt;b&gt;população&lt;/b&gt; é um grupo de organismos pertencentes a uma mesma espécie
e que habita uma determinada região em um dado momento. Quando falamos em
evolução biológica, estamos nos referindo não ao indivíduo, mas sim às mudanças
nas frequências genotípicas que ocorrem nas populações ao longo das gerações,
ou seja, nesse sentido, são as populações que evoluem.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As populações podem ser estudadas quanto à sua estrutura e composição, qual é a proporção de machos e fêmeas, qual é
a idade predominante, qual área habita e outros aspectos. Também podemos
estudar as populações em termos da dinâmica, que é como ela varia ao longo do
tempo e das gerações.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Vejamos alguns desses aspectos
das populações:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dispersão ou distribuição espacial:&lt;/b&gt; refere-se à maneira como os
indivíduos estão distribuídos, de maneira mais ou menos uniforme, em uma área
ou volume (neste caso, pense nas populações de organismos aquáticos). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Densidade:&lt;/b&gt; refere-se ao número de indivíduos em relação à alguma
unidade de área ou volume (Densidade populacional = Número de indivíduos / Área
ou Volume).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A densidade pode ser afetada
por alguns fatores:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Taxa de natalidade:&lt;/b&gt; taxa que corresponde a quantos indivíduos vão sendo
adicionados à população por unidade de tempo, como por exemplo, uma taxa anual.
Essa taxa tende a ser maior, quanto mais recursos e espaço houver. Também
depende da idade dos indivíduos da população, pois, se num dado momento a
população apresenta grandes números de indivíduos jovens, a taxa de natalidade
tende a ser maior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Taxa de mortalidade:&lt;/b&gt; taxa na qual os indivíduos morrem e são
eliminados da população, por unidade de tempo. Essa taxa tende a ser maior
quanto menos espaço e recursos há, ou seja, quanto maior a competição. Além
disso, se nascem muitos indivíduos, há também mais indivíduos para morrer, promovendo
o aumento na taxa de mortalidade. A taxa de mortalidade também pode ser
influenciada por fatores físicos como as catástrofes naturais: as secas
severas, os incêndios, as inundações e outros. Mesmo que haja espaço e
recursos, uma catástrofe pode vir a eliminar grande parte de tudo isso,
causando a morte de muitos indivíduos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrl6SyGO7OKBjppcz7Pz8ZxXZ6iwO4DBk7AA8xQ3lOZBbW7-VaGUOTbIQ6_xA83KGfvy0KSl64iTUcStzGSI_yw9FpzhL7Kr9ek0EeEyoXMqCHmMYlnC1v5e4gqevIkQybHhhk/s1600/Eco+06+Aqu%25C3%25A1rio+superlotado.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;355&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrl6SyGO7OKBjppcz7Pz8ZxXZ6iwO4DBk7AA8xQ3lOZBbW7-VaGUOTbIQ6_xA83KGfvy0KSl64iTUcStzGSI_yw9FpzhL7Kr9ek0EeEyoXMqCHmMYlnC1v5e4gqevIkQybHhhk/s400/Eco+06+Aqu%25C3%25A1rio+superlotado.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Taxas nas dispersões dos indivíduos (imigração e emigração):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Taxa de imigração:&lt;/b&gt; número de indivíduos que imigram para a
população, passam a fazer parte dela, aumentando o seu número.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Taxa de emigração:&lt;/b&gt; número de indivíduos que emigram da população, deixam de fazer parte dela, diminuindo o seu número. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Normalmente, são os indivíduos
mais jovens que dispersam das populações e esse processo é importante, pois
pode evitar a extinção de uma espécie que parte para outra região a fim de
sobreviver e também para aumentar a variedade genética das populações,
atenuando os efeitos dos cruzamentos consanguíneos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;De maneira simplificada, o
crescimento populacional pode ser definido da seguinte forma:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;CP = (TN + TI) – (TM + TE).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Crescimento populacional =
(taxa de natalidade + taxa de imigração) – (taxa de mortalidade + taxa de
emigração).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No link a seguir você pode brincar com uma simulação de crescimento populacional: https://share.gemini.google/hEFMfbKtkZFS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;A estrutura etária de uma
população pode ser representada por meio de gráficos chamados &lt;b&gt;pirâmides etárias&lt;/b&gt;. Esses gráficos permitem
visualizar os números de machos e fêmeas em uma população e também quais são as
faixas etárias predominantes. Essas “pirâmides” nem sempre têm o formato de
pirâmide, ou formato triangular, mas quando têm, com a base larga e o topo
estreito, indicam que os números de jovens são maiores que os dos idosos e
adultos, logo, a população pode estar em crescimento. Normalmente são diagramas
que vemos se referindo às populações humanas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWg1PGaofKAc-lUkCucEWKca9bPzLZ3bPgYpoFP5OlNdhI4mRa-zukEj_AD9qXOfQpGqEg1wYlFHsLisaQh-Ev_ku819ZEA0FIXUC56_jhgJndDCaQlTf94mgcRat-qskFqdBZ/s1600/Eco+06+pir%25C3%25A2mide+et%25C3%25A1ria.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;302&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWg1PGaofKAc-lUkCucEWKca9bPzLZ3bPgYpoFP5OlNdhI4mRa-zukEj_AD9qXOfQpGqEg1wYlFHsLisaQh-Ev_ku819ZEA0FIXUC56_jhgJndDCaQlTf94mgcRat-qskFqdBZ/s400/Eco+06+pir%25C3%25A2mide+et%25C3%25A1ria.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Além dos mencionados, também
podemos elencar outros fatores que influenciam na densidade populacional:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Os números de machos e fêmeas na população:&lt;/b&gt; de maneira geral,
quando o número de um dos sexos na população é reduzido o crescimento é
limitado, especialmente se a redução for no número de fêmeas. Um motivo
importante que pode diminuir os números de machos ou fêmeas numa população é a
caça por troféus (é, os humanos são bichos idiotas mesmo), como exemplo, as
presas maiores dos elefantes machos. Inclusive, já há populações de elefantes
com indivíduos machos sem presas, uma boa ilustração de como certas pressões
seletivas podem influenciar a evolução de uma população.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Damos o nome de &lt;b&gt;potencial biótico&lt;/b&gt; à capacidade que uma
população tem de crescer em condições ideais, sem a chamada &lt;b&gt;resistência ambiental&lt;/b&gt;. Nessas condições
imaginárias, a população poderia crescer indefinidamente. Na natureza,
normalmente as populações não podem crescer de acordo com o seu potencial
biótico, justamente por conta da resistência do meio, que se deve a um conjunto
de fatores, como a escassez de recursos, a competição, predação e o parasitismo
e até as catástrofes naturais. Quanto mais a população aumenta de tamanho,
maior é a resistência do meio. Se o meio não oferecesse resistência o
crescimento da população seria exponencial. Damos o nome de &lt;b&gt;capacidade limite ou capacidade de suporte&lt;/b&gt;
do meio (k) ao número máximo de indivíduos que ele pode suportar. Se a taxa de
crescimento excede a capacidade limite, ela decresce de maneira a reduzir o
número de indivíduos para próximo do valor de k. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Essas características podem
sofrer alterações na medida em que, ao longo do tempo, as comunidades mudam no
ecossistema (é o que chamamos sucessão ecológica, assunto a ser visto
posteriormente).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcYj90ER1eZ0ZgH5GvmOsltYknm1ZVqW8eo2dOLzIh1Mx3tNWJnLQQ0exAfkGNDZwN45fdmB4jnI5FnJXU_X-8V37T4OzmwzmT65VernYLSQbbCXUlSaLr2hL9YbcV3gKKDCxS/s1600/Eco+06+Curva+potencial+bi%25C3%25B3tico+resist%25C3%25AAncia+ambiental.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;356&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcYj90ER1eZ0ZgH5GvmOsltYknm1ZVqW8eo2dOLzIh1Mx3tNWJnLQQ0exAfkGNDZwN45fdmB4jnI5FnJXU_X-8V37T4OzmwzmT65VernYLSQbbCXUlSaLr2hL9YbcV3gKKDCxS/s400/Eco+06+Curva+potencial+bi%25C3%25B3tico+resist%25C3%25AAncia+ambiental.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Analisando as imagens, vemos
que inicialmente o crescimento é lento, por conta do número baixo de
indivíduos, mas em seguida ele se torna similar ao exponencial até que, por
conta da resistência do meio, é limitado e se estabiliza.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Considerando a população
humana do planeta, os dados indicam que em 1950 havia 2,5 bilhões de habitantes
e em 2011, 7 bilhões. A previsão para 2050 é de que chegue a 8,9 bilhões. Esse
crescimento é em grande parte devido aos avanços nas ciências médicas, que
acarretaram em uma grande redução na taxa de mortalidade. Também se acredita
que atualmente a população humana já consuma aproximadamente 42,5 % acima da
capacidade de reposição de recursos do planeta e que o déficit aumente
aproximadamente 2,5 % a cada ano. Infelizmente, quanto maior o número de
humanos, maiores e mais frequentes são os possíveis desequilíbrios ecológicos
que podemos causar. É um problema sério e difícil de resolver.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Podemos classificar as
interações entre os organismos da comunidade de acordo com dois critérios:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interações intra-específicas:&lt;/b&gt; ocorrem entre indivíduos da mesma
espécie na mesma população.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interações inter-específicas:&lt;/b&gt; ocorrem entre indivíduos de espécies
diferentes na mesma comunidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;As interações acima ainda
podem ser classificadas como:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Harmônicas:&lt;/b&gt; os organismos que interagem não sofrem prejuízo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Desarmônicas:&lt;/b&gt; pelo menos um dos organismos envolvidos na interação
sofre algum tipo de dano ou prejuízo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Vejamos então alguns exemplos
dessas interações:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Interações intra-específicas e harmônicas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sociedade:&lt;/b&gt; os indivíduos de uma mesma população são separados
anatomicamente e cooperam uns com os outros vivendo juntos, em uma sociedade
com divisão de trabalho. Exemplos: os insetos sociais, como as formigas, cupins
e abelhas e as suas respectivas organizações em formigueiros, cupinzeiros e
colmeias. Uma sociedade humana é similar, mas se deve apontar o detalhe de que,
apesar de cada indivíduo exercer um papel na sociedade, podemos considerar que
as diferenças morfológicas são irrelevantes quando comparamos a nossa espécie
com as abelhas, por exemplo, pois não temos algo como “humano operário” e
“humano rainha”. Os seres humanos são mais do que 99 % iguais geneticamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip7SIkggBct048GN1DqhIHS4I7yCFzlrIrlIRbSkZw4YWVQCec5A23L2y9xctFsw5YVvoxkI6Q72mV52Wv0mRxGsHFOhWadag5XE_9V6MugbScndi-gyk-eSCNTmqXS-BFgYru/s1600/Eco+06+Castas+dos+cupins.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;333&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip7SIkggBct048GN1DqhIHS4I7yCFzlrIrlIRbSkZw4YWVQCec5A23L2y9xctFsw5YVvoxkI6Q72mV52Wv0mRxGsHFOhWadag5XE_9V6MugbScndi-gyk-eSCNTmqXS-BFgYru/s400/Eco+06+Castas+dos+cupins.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Colônia:&lt;/b&gt; difere da sociedade, pois os organismos são unidos
fisicamente. Pode ou não haver organismos individuais com funções
especializadas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Colônias isomorfas: os
organismos constituintes da colônia têm morfologia similar. Exemplo: os corais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Colônias heteromorfas: Nem
todos os organismos têm morfologia similar. Algumas células podem ser
responsáveis pela nutrição, outras pela reprodução, outras atuam na defesa da
colônia e etc. Exemplo: caravela-portuguesa (&lt;i&gt;Physalia physalis&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgEAWotMz7I-pOS5tDW9Qz3icVuo2emRSBDY_RM7PGMf9lZZ47xvowhMgnRS1S4QFxnzi5G02mGSI6vFljC81rrR590F_hOWIlxv8kJ7Eechq1k9uFZsmVIVjE-C0fzFHwEELP/s1600/Eco+06+Medusa+col%25C3%25B4nia.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;386&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgEAWotMz7I-pOS5tDW9Qz3icVuo2emRSBDY_RM7PGMf9lZZ47xvowhMgnRS1S4QFxnzi5G02mGSI6vFljC81rrR590F_hOWIlxv8kJ7Eechq1k9uFZsmVIVjE-C0fzFHwEELP/s400/Eco+06+Medusa+col%25C3%25B4nia.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Intra-específicas e desarmônicas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Canibalismo:&lt;/b&gt; um indivíduo da população mata o outro para se
alimentar. Por exemplo, dependendo da situação, os ratos fazem isso uns com os
outros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBOw5mdMG9CFtESP90gVAUBnIGS_UoayuLvGF9yccR5q25Hjkj86sa5DU3C3RsTpHcZJLn0FLhfx5LKsqcg_1WlrOY7qmOgUQpsgNctrr1upf_RseXmqdHFZjQ0iPfncRjg1cc/s1600/Eco+06+Canibalismo.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;318&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBOw5mdMG9CFtESP90gVAUBnIGS_UoayuLvGF9yccR5q25Hjkj86sa5DU3C3RsTpHcZJLn0FLhfx5LKsqcg_1WlrOY7qmOgUQpsgNctrr1upf_RseXmqdHFZjQ0iPfncRjg1cc/s400/Eco+06+Canibalismo.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Competição intra-específica:&lt;/b&gt; os indivíduos da mesma população
competem uns com os outros em graus variados, dependendo da quantidade de
recursos disponíveis no meio. Eles podem competir por espaço, alimentos,
parceiros reprodutivos e etc. Normalmente, quanto maior for a densidade
populacional, mais competição haverá. Além disso, quanto mais fragmentado for
um ecossistema, nos fragmentos a tendência é que a densidade populacional
aumente, promovendo mais competição.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaTX5mf_7Z-MiQ_AhW_u5gH29dBPjRVCsLLKchfnMd7qgV1A8mp5z_F_3jYbvrdUfFT_PPxOVEyi9v0eLLf7PIhj9JRr3WxsjnB6ALBDSCNz66zOvvzrKBCyTQ3KwUIFPySHsc/s1600/Eco+06+competi%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+intraespec%25C3%25ADfica.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaTX5mf_7Z-MiQ_AhW_u5gH29dBPjRVCsLLKchfnMd7qgV1A8mp5z_F_3jYbvrdUfFT_PPxOVEyi9v0eLLf7PIhj9JRr3WxsjnB6ALBDSCNz66zOvvzrKBCyTQ3KwUIFPySHsc/s400/Eco+06+competi%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+intraespec%25C3%25ADfica.gif&quot; width=&quot;287&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Inter-específicas e harmônicas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mutualismo:&lt;/b&gt; os indivíduos são&amp;nbsp; associados fisicamente, se beneficiam e
dependem uns dos outros para sobreviver. Exemplos: os líquens, associações
entre as algas e os fungos nas quais as algas produzem matéria orgânica via
fotossíntese e os fungos lhes fornecem um ambiente adequado com água e
nutrientes. Outro exemplo é a associação entre os cupins e os protozoários que
vivem nos seus aparelhos digestórios, auxiliando na sua digestão e obtendo
abrigo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0bD7JkXIlyiuNPkR5Xpgj6HkMZ0OTaxdbUuvPmdbfDMeR84KYSwA-RpHgM08gtRPtwwTIhvOEulTT0xYFQlvJJr-5Ta3Klqlkr-GPmdTAk7lPvfIUA9miUOawVsv5ThFX3wTv/s1600/Eco+06+l%25C3%25ADquens.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0bD7JkXIlyiuNPkR5Xpgj6HkMZ0OTaxdbUuvPmdbfDMeR84KYSwA-RpHgM08gtRPtwwTIhvOEulTT0xYFQlvJJr-5Ta3Klqlkr-GPmdTAk7lPvfIUA9miUOawVsv5ThFX3wTv/s400/Eco+06+l%25C3%25ADquens.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Protocooperação:&lt;/b&gt; os indivíduos se beneficiam, mas podem viver
separados fisicamente uns dos outros. Exemplos: o caranguejo eremita e as
anêmonas, ambos podem viver de maneira independente. Os pássaros que se
alimentam dos parasitas nas costas dos búfalos são outro exemplo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh88aHPlUMWirmNO77xAqMnBVk7Bw72jya_cXPpUVUFzX0fqMPhoR1iK_xCUsHEPXcTQ4CRJW5pCM0pJNpX25AwGyl7clq0xvdzjADoQrcTTn_vktuxX1Xeo_lgjLAeHIDvJOdf/s1600/Eco+06+protocoopera%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;275&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh88aHPlUMWirmNO77xAqMnBVk7Bw72jya_cXPpUVUFzX0fqMPhoR1iK_xCUsHEPXcTQ4CRJW5pCM0pJNpX25AwGyl7clq0xvdzjADoQrcTTn_vktuxX1Xeo_lgjLAeHIDvJOdf/s320/Eco+06+protocoopera%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Inquilinismo:&lt;/b&gt; um indivíduo se beneficia nutricionalmente ou adquire
proteção ao viver sobre outro sem prejudicá-lo. Exemplo: o epifitismo entre as
orquídeas e as árvores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikr1gTvWh_gfKF3113xjDmmL6K-cYxsgtTboiabP8b3AaO7NUd3tEuu2Nr6w62qqhNcdhyikUfnD771bykWbxbSfW3CGhn_ocOoZ8bdC6B7HcSs6g832qZOsKWNUksYy8IQxnb/s1600/Eco+06+Orqu%25C3%25ADdeas+inquilinismo+epifitismo.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikr1gTvWh_gfKF3113xjDmmL6K-cYxsgtTboiabP8b3AaO7NUd3tEuu2Nr6w62qqhNcdhyikUfnD771bykWbxbSfW3CGhn_ocOoZ8bdC6B7HcSs6g832qZOsKWNUksYy8IQxnb/s400/Eco+06+Orqu%25C3%25ADdeas+inquilinismo+epifitismo.gif&quot; width=&quot;358&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Comensalismo:&lt;/b&gt; um organismo se aproveita de algo que outro, de outra
espécie, pode lhe prover não intencionalmente, sendo que a espécie provedora
não é prejudicada. Alguns exemplos: um animal pode aproveitar os restos
alimentares de outro, sem prejudicá-lo, como é o caso dos peixes pilotos e os
tubarões. Ou então, um animal pode usar outro para auxiliar na sua locomoção,
como ocorre com as rêmoras grudadas aos tubarões. (Falando assim, parece até
que os tubarões são prestativos...).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIhl1bzYaZjqDpOkZe1fHqtGXmRxDcFi-wmv6ZWTomB4J6mbgfd-tdLQt8czNSau7CygmGy9dMCr1E_IA7HXe8xdJgnSmn34jDlY3J_arEIxpTOCt736xM8IhIwL1xj1sYz1IB/s1600/Eco+06+Comensalismo.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;335&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIhl1bzYaZjqDpOkZe1fHqtGXmRxDcFi-wmv6ZWTomB4J6mbgfd-tdLQt8czNSau7CygmGy9dMCr1E_IA7HXe8xdJgnSmn34jDlY3J_arEIxpTOCt736xM8IhIwL1xj1sYz1IB/s400/Eco+06+Comensalismo.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Inter-específicas e desarmônicas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Amensalismo:&lt;/b&gt; os indivíduos de uma espécie produzem e liberam no
meio substâncias que inibem o desenvolvimento ou a reprodução de outras
espécies. Exemplos: fungos que produzem antibióticos e as marés vermelhas,
fenômeno onde algas como as do grupo das dinoflageladas se multiplicam em
resposta ao enriquecimento da água e liberam toxinas na água do mar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1BtyB3QYiPPfcFLaIqITPYnSIphMEMPre1zrAuBhLs-vZ4KOkOsdQI_sQMKlkjAB5OXD2EK9DmaLIR5XvkAQZzl3ni20W1VKIhtg6kSi9YQaknBK7-dzyYnaoHjHiM-B3lH1Z/s1600/Eco+06+Mar%25C3%25A9+vermelha+Amensalismo.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1BtyB3QYiPPfcFLaIqITPYnSIphMEMPre1zrAuBhLs-vZ4KOkOsdQI_sQMKlkjAB5OXD2EK9DmaLIR5XvkAQZzl3ni20W1VKIhtg6kSi9YQaknBK7-dzyYnaoHjHiM-B3lH1Z/s400/Eco+06+Mar%25C3%25A9+vermelha+Amensalismo.gif&quot; width=&quot;396&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Predatismo:&lt;/b&gt; um indivíduo captura e mata outro, de outra espécie,
para se alimentar.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;Esse tipo de interação
permite que as populações de predadores controlem os números de indivíduos das
populações das presas e, em contrapartida, os números de presas controlam os
números das populações de predadores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwtIfEaN-Cccto0ZIhV2xw5yzQCxCxj9qZwBms47P-WtgpMhjrzuM-6HCikK8W93oW84DHYVSmtsLuhH9iIzFcXSqJoPRj6_nsdzj70xq31zHM_u4IlJDwzttlF1z5ejneVudm/s1600/Eco+06+Aranha+predadora.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;361&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwtIfEaN-Cccto0ZIhV2xw5yzQCxCxj9qZwBms47P-WtgpMhjrzuM-6HCikK8W93oW84DHYVSmtsLuhH9iIzFcXSqJoPRj6_nsdzj70xq31zHM_u4IlJDwzttlF1z5ejneVudm/s400/Eco+06+Aranha+predadora.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Parasitismo:&lt;/b&gt; um organismo habita no corpo de outro, dentro
(endoparasita) ou fora (ectoparasita), e dele retira o seu alimento sem matá-lo
em curto prazo. O parasita pode consumir sangue, outros tecidos ou parte do
alimento obtido pelo hospedeiro. Os piolhos, as amebas e as lombrigas são
exemplos de parasitas. Geralmente os parasitas são mais especializados do que
os predadores e isso inclusive tem relevância no tocante ao controle biológico
de pragas: é mais eficiente utilizar um parasita do que um predador, pois o
predador pode promover mais desequilíbrio ao se alimentar de mais de um tipo de
organismo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVNIdU5bR4ZYO32VLPMGE6iqpOWY2oC4HP4G5_5S2TMmDxA614RZ-Bifqrg4FF-GYu-HBHx3g12ZTlhmhGnYqwbGxamAIeHcI13RZosuZgNTYCH1_6Z14I60t9fGivUCIpum2o/s1600/Eco+06+Carrapato+ectoparasita.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;326&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVNIdU5bR4ZYO32VLPMGE6iqpOWY2oC4HP4G5_5S2TMmDxA614RZ-Bifqrg4FF-GYu-HBHx3g12ZTlhmhGnYqwbGxamAIeHcI13RZosuZgNTYCH1_6Z14I60t9fGivUCIpum2o/s400/Eco+06+Carrapato+ectoparasita.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
A &lt;b&gt;herbivoria&lt;/b&gt; é um tipo de interação em que se come material vegetal. Ela pode ser enquadrada tanto como predatismo como quanto ectoparasitismo. Às vezes um herbívoro como e mata a planta, por exemplo, como quando come uma semente com um embrião. A planta embrião morre. Ou quando uma baleia azul come fitoplâncton. Por outro lado, quando o herbívoro como parte de uma planta, como os passadores e as larvas de insetos, podemos entender a herbívoros como um tipo de ectoparasitismo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Competição inter-específica:&lt;/b&gt; ocorre quando os nichos de duas
populações são similares, então elas disputam os mesmos recursos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhugsfmzexfVeWmJhZ8pHP1ajB4EGJuymR8r4wOBBCST8gDp0FH2JROeQ_avUSYYCvKb30UWsn05LCOmUftdlqMjaTwyYdfQPN3g2bJSgfOL45jPq_1W0JOkTyfl8e1axVFg-eR/s1600/Eco+06+Competi%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+interespec%25C3%25ADfica.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhugsfmzexfVeWmJhZ8pHP1ajB4EGJuymR8r4wOBBCST8gDp0FH2JROeQ_avUSYYCvKb30UWsn05LCOmUftdlqMjaTwyYdfQPN3g2bJSgfOL45jPq_1W0JOkTyfl8e1axVFg-eR/s400/Eco+06+Competi%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+interespec%25C3%25ADfica.gif&quot; width=&quot;362&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;Sobre a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;simbiose&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt; (“vida juntos”): ela é um tipo de interação na qual há uma
associação estável e com contato físico entre organismos de espécies
diferentes. A simbiose pode ser harmônica ou não. Exemplos de interações
simbióticas são o mutualismo (+,+ - os dois organismos se beneficiam), alguns
casos de comensalismo (+,0 – um organismo se beneficia e o outro não se
beneficia e nem é prejudicado) e o parasitismo (+,- - um organismo se beneficia
e o outro é prejudicado).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Os efeitos dos fatores ecológicos nos organismos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Os fatores ecológicos são o
conjunto dos fatores bióticos e abióticos de um ecossistema. Esses fatores
podem afetar o desenvolvimento dos organismos, pois, dependendo do fator e de
sua intensidade, ele pode impedir ou promover o desenvolvimento e a presença de
uma espécie. O motivo, em resumo, é que os organismos apresentam &lt;b&gt;tolerância&lt;/b&gt; às condições ambientais,
eles conseguem suportar algumas alterações. No entanto, se um fator qualquer,
como a temperatura, tem a sua intensidade aumentada ou diminuída de maneira
extrema, uma determinada espécie pode não ser capaz de tolerar esses extremos.
Tome por exemplo, uma espécie qualquer de lagarto que viva em condições
tropicais. Caso esses lagartos sejam submetidos a temperaturas abaixo ou acima
das mínimas e máximas anuais, essas condições podem promover o estresse e
afetar negativamente o desenvolvimento e a reprodução dessa espécie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxQ_UbwuTZvO2LGY-xjhQre5eyfrD2IpOnDxkf6uMyO07WcXWicLsDzWfp2uXVlmyexumA-csujk_Mqi2Nfp16KTQwalekFm49KndzhAoqxZD0dKVEx47BzTPgMaXds3v4I-3A/s1600/Eco+06+Toler%25C3%25A2ncia+ambiental+molin%25C3%25A9sia+eurihalino.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;358&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxQ_UbwuTZvO2LGY-xjhQre5eyfrD2IpOnDxkf6uMyO07WcXWicLsDzWfp2uXVlmyexumA-csujk_Mqi2Nfp16KTQwalekFm49KndzhAoqxZD0dKVEx47BzTPgMaXds3v4I-3A/s400/Eco+06+Toler%25C3%25A2ncia+ambiental+molin%25C3%25A9sia+eurihalino.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Podemos dizer que, se um fator qualquer dificulte ou impeça
a sobrevivência de uma espécie, esse é um &lt;b&gt;fator
limitante&lt;/b&gt;. Alguns exemplos são a disponibilidade de água, a umidade do ar,
a intensidade luminosa, que pode afetar as taxas de fotossíntese e a regulação
dos ciclos de sono e vigília, as temperaturas, que, em condições extremas
afetam grandemente o metabolismo dos organismos ectotérmicos e, como exemplo de
fator biótico, a disponibilidade de alimentos, de predadores e de amensais. Perceba, então, que as vezes a presença ou ausência de certos organismos consiste em um fator limitante. Por exemplo, a ausência de eucaliptos limita a sobrevivência dos coalas. E certas orquídeas precisam de certos fungos para formar associações com as raízes delas, caso contrário não se desenvolvem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;As referências básicas dessa série sobre ecologia são:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Thompson, M. &amp;amp; Rios, EP.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conexões com a Biologia&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 1. Moderna. 2ª ed. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Townsend, CR., Begon, M., Harper, JL.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Fundamentos em Ecologia&lt;/i&gt;. 3ª ed. Artmed. 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Urry, LA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biology&lt;/i&gt;. 11th ed. Pearson. 2016.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lopes, L. &amp;amp; Rosso, S.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;BIO: Volume Único&lt;/i&gt;. Saraiva. 3ª ed. 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;As restantes serão informadas na parte final sobre esse assunto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/8226690289860980806'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/8226690289860980806'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/08/ecologia-06-as-interacoes-entre-os.html' title='Ecologia 06 - As interações entre os organismos nas populações, comunidades e ecossistemas.'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrl6SyGO7OKBjppcz7Pz8ZxXZ6iwO4DBk7AA8xQ3lOZBbW7-VaGUOTbIQ6_xA83KGfvy0KSl64iTUcStzGSI_yw9FpzhL7Kr9ek0EeEyoXMqCHmMYlnC1v5e4gqevIkQybHhhk/s72-c/Eco+06+Aqu%25C3%25A1rio+superlotado.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-1953851794752616322</id><published>2026-04-05T08:16:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2026-04-05T08:16:00.762-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Aristóteles"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bacon"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ciência"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Darwin"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dedutivismo."/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Descartes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="filosofia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="história"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="indutivismo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Kant"/><title type='text'>UMA VISÃO PANORÂMICA DA HISTÓRIA E FILOSOFIA DA BIOLOGIA</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;A Evolução Filosófica e Histórica da Biologia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-2233d99b-7fff-093a-5ac0-e6f1fc0a8213&quot;&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Olá amigos! Que tal fazermos uma viagem panorâmica sobre a história e a filosofia das ciências biológicas? Essa ciência se a partir de uma narrativa que atravessou vários contextos filosóficos, históricos e sociais ao longo do tempo. Vamos lá?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;A Ciência na Grécia Antiga: O Despertar da Observação e a Ordem de Aristóteles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Os primórdios mais importantes da Biologia foram banhados pelo mar Egeu, na Grécia antiga do século quatro antes de Cristo. Antes deste período, a filosofia de Platão afirmava que o conhecimento verdadeiro estava exclusivamente no mundo das ideias, um mundo abstrato. A observação direta da natureza era considerada uma distração. Mas as vezes é fácil se distrair com as belezas naturais não é?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Surge então Aristóteles, ele rejeitou essa ideia de Platão e acabou fundando as bases empíricas da biologia, ou seja, baseadas nas observações e nas experiências práticas. Aristóteles passava horas dissecando animais marinhos e observando o desenvolvimento de embriões de pintinhos, catalogando a diversidade da vida. Ele fundamentou sua biologia em uma filosofia teleológica. “Teleológica?” Sim, a ideia de que todas as coisas na natureza têm um propósito ou uma finalidade. Para ele, a natureza não faz nada sem um motivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Um dos conceitos mais duradouros e pedagogicamente cruciais estabelecidos por ele foi a chamada &quot;Scala Naturae&quot;, a Grande Cadeia do Ser. Aristóteles enxergou um contínuo de complexidade, uma escada fixa de perfeição, indo dos minerais e plantas na base dessa escala, entidades mais simples, até os animais com alma sensitiva, e culminando no ser humano com sua alma racional, logo mais complexos. Essa lógica intuitiva, baseada no senso comum e em propósitos intrínsecos aos seres, apenas reflete como a mente humana é naturalmente aristotélica em sua busca por um propósito no mundo vivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgqNob6e2QXRfjLUKrGzShAVZJoppTz1jwMhF4v3r_wmptN2N7lJDS5l6I9sxPUcNtm0PbnfeKlRAl18rnGMQ1BSDyHD9p2AHAWG0hkXZ1rNEEL7uuxqoO4m5Q7uddVkL3lV2My4SZniHNcsHHJBDj0YebzJQp5YpBzX2Olxje6CyeHEL78-JT0&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1088&quot; data-original-width=&quot;3920&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgqNob6e2QXRfjLUKrGzShAVZJoppTz1jwMhF4v3r_wmptN2N7lJDS5l6I9sxPUcNtm0PbnfeKlRAl18rnGMQ1BSDyHD9p2AHAWG0hkXZ1rNEEL7uuxqoO4m5Q7uddVkL3lV2My4SZniHNcsHHJBDj0YebzJQp5YpBzX2Olxje6CyeHEL78-JT0=w640-h178&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;(Clique nas imagens para aumentar).&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;A Ciência Medieval: A Preservação, a Teologia e a Fixidez das Espécies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;As ideias de Aristóteles persistiram por muitos séculos, inclusive chegando até a idade média. Logo de cara precisamos desmistificar a ideia de que este foi um período estéril, uma “idade das trevas”. A ciência biológica medieval foi uma era de preservação textual e estudos teológicos. A &quot;Scala Naturae&quot; de Aristóteles foi adotada, mas foi cristianizada. O que antes era uma organização puramente biológica tornou-se uma ordem hierárquica decretada pela vontade do próprio Deus! Acreditava-se que todas as espécies de seres vivos eram fixas e imutáveis desde a criação. Um lobo era o mesmo na idade média, foi o mesmo na aurora dos tempos e nunca deixaria de ser um lobo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;No tocante às fontes de conhecimento, a natureza era o &quot;Livro da Natureza&quot;, onde cada ser vivo podia ser interpretado como um símbolo moral. Os bestiários medievais ensinavam, por exemplo, que o pelicano feria o próprio peito para alimentar seus filhotes com seu sangue, uma alegoria biológica para o sacrifício de Cristo. A biologia era serva da teologia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;No mundo islâmico, figuras como Avicena mantiveram o conhecimento empírico vivo, fundindo a filosofia aristotélica com a medicina de Galeno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQtz8enheYvYvImhLF_RQkWMMzIEUdwrvj_lmdtTw3NyOtEqB6O_3TLmODMYeLmDB75zPDccInoGUJEMEoQkS_k9F3iPIZhdiYpLqYBOTTD6Xfk_TbHInchjOI7Kkvh0CDY-m63zublSz8UUV2bTuiBSP_ByIWN0LRvjW_uer_y5cozjGdke0x&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1088&quot; data-original-width=&quot;3910&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQtz8enheYvYvImhLF_RQkWMMzIEUdwrvj_lmdtTw3NyOtEqB6O_3TLmODMYeLmDB75zPDccInoGUJEMEoQkS_k9F3iPIZhdiYpLqYBOTTD6Xfk_TbHInchjOI7Kkvh0CDY-m63zublSz8UUV2bTuiBSP_ByIWN0LRvjW_uer_y5cozjGdke0x=w640-h178&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;A Ciência Moderna: A Revolução de Bacon e a Fisiologia Mecânica de Descartes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;A ruptura com o mundo estático medieval europeu ocorreu através da Revolução Científica, ocorrida ao longo dos séculos 16 ao 18. O inglês Francis Bacon acreditava que a estagnação científica era causada por uma adesão cega às ideias Aristotélicas. Ele era contra a obtenção de conhecimento vindo primordialmente das próprias ideias, inclusive chamava os vieses cognitivos humanos de &quot;Ídolos da Mente&quot;. Em sua obra &quot;Novum Organum&quot;, Bacon propôs que o conhecimento verdadeiro deveria ser obtido através do empirismo rigoroso e do raciocínio indutivo, ou seja, os dados devem ser obtidos das observações e experimentos e insistia na necessidade de se utilizar os grupos de controle nos experimentos. Para Francis Bacon a natureza não deve ser apenas contemplada, mas também, isolada e testada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Logo depois, o matemático francês René Descartes forneceu à biologia o modelo mecanicista. Para ele, os corpos vivos não possuíam uma espécie de força vital mágica, eles operavam como as engrenagens de um relógio complexo: verdadeiras máquinas! Ele formulou a tese do animal-máquina, argumentando que os animais eram autômatos biológicos sem consciência verdadeira, regidos pela física e dinâmica dos fluídos. Apenas os humanos possuíam uma alma racional, que interagia com a máquina do corpo através da glândula pineal. Esse reducionismo mecanicista, embora radical, permitiu que a fisiologia fosse estudada pelas leis da física e da matemática, influenciando descobertas como a da circulação do sangue por William Harvey, no século 17.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Mas, ao contrário de Francis Bacon, que defendia o método científico indutivo, Descartes defendia o método dedutivo: enquanto Bacon acreditava que o conhecimento deveria nascer dos dados acumulados a partir de observações e experimentos, Descartes sustentava que a razão poderia deduzir verdades e conhecimento sobre casos particulares partindo de princípios gerais evidentes e abrangentes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBBc4s0xzeIoTC51zorVdNzZNRNrlg-e2eRqZoo8DpW0q6xDFBHV-Qp4yl7NAjn1MWlj8jC4X0v5u-mqhLfYUcbMzKkOREJI00EsOnzSsmnCNMtJL6xX8Uc3Zf7cf6L4aYiZnvq9w5aEhvexIV5ASuWDviY8JA5Bzj2J8wiqwLaVIk5VITbta7&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1088&quot; data-original-width=&quot;3904&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBBc4s0xzeIoTC51zorVdNzZNRNrlg-e2eRqZoo8DpW0q6xDFBHV-Qp4yl7NAjn1MWlj8jC4X0v5u-mqhLfYUcbMzKkOREJI00EsOnzSsmnCNMtJL6xX8Uc3Zf7cf6L4aYiZnvq9w5aEhvexIV5ASuWDviY8JA5Bzj2J8wiqwLaVIk5VITbta7=w640-h178&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;O Retorno do Propósito: Kant e o Enigma do Organismo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;O filósofo Immanuel Kant percebeu que o empirismo fica limitado pois os experimentos fornecem os dados, mas não explicam sozinhos como eles se organizam. Para isso é necessário usar a mente e a razão. No entanto, o dedutivismo e racionalismo por si sós, mesmo podendo organizar e estruturar conceitos, dependem dos experimentos para obter conhecimentos reais. Daí vem a sua célebre frase: “Os pensamentos sem conteúdo são vazios; as intuições sem conceitos são cegas”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Assim, Kant foi o responsável por fazer uma síntese entre o indutivismo de Francis Bacon e o dedutivismo de René Descartes. Unindo o melhor dos dois mundos, ele propôs que o conhecimento humano resulta da interação entre a experiência sensível e as estruturas racionais &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;a priori&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;. Em sua “Crítica da Razão Pura” de 1781, ele conciliou o empirismo e racionalismo, criando o que chamou de “filosofia crítica”.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Ok, mas ainda havia algo a resolver. Apesar da elegância, o mecanicismo de Descartes esbarrava em um problema: o desenvolvimento autônomo dos seres vivos. Uma máquina é montada por uma entidade externa, como um engenheiro, mas um embrião se desenvolve sozinho em um organismo adulto. Como explicar isso sem invocar algum poder sobrenatural?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Immanuel Kant, em sua obra &quot;Crítica da Faculdade do Juízo&quot;, de 1790, elaborou uma resposta a esse paradoxo definindo os organismos como sendo “propósitos naturais”, ou &quot;Naturzweck&quot;. Kant argumentou que, em um ser vivo, as partes e o todo causam e formam um ao outro reciprocamente. Usando a analogia de uma árvore, ele argumenta que as folhas, as raízes e o caule se produzem e se mantêm de forma recíproca. O organismo é um sistema integrado. Contudo, Kant alertou que atribuir um propósito à natureza é apenas um princípio regulativo, uma ferramenta cognitiva da mente humana para entender os sistemas complexos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg2wwTXWw_b8KMmaOayQksM3HwGD2Mnl87QknfGhRG4NPBNnH2J1c0RU4VcmGH4SJGX-aCIbMQxY8Qh_TUGRG09OB094pUwZUg8ATDX8qtQd90MXD1qvGKAOdNiMAu3zv14NCp7a-fds1cZQHnO85y0YbzPbNbH1M5rXthm0A3HODP7D3JGp-M9&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1088&quot; data-original-width=&quot;3910&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg2wwTXWw_b8KMmaOayQksM3HwGD2Mnl87QknfGhRG4NPBNnH2J1c0RU4VcmGH4SJGX-aCIbMQxY8Qh_TUGRG09OB094pUwZUg8ATDX8qtQd90MXD1qvGKAOdNiMAu3zv14NCp7a-fds1cZQHnO85y0YbzPbNbH1M5rXthm0A3HODP7D3JGp-M9=w640-h178&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;A Biologia Contemporânea: Darwin, Mendel e a Síntese&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Independente das contribuições de Kant, ainda persistia a ideia de fixismo ou imutabilidade das espécies, evidenciado pelo sistema de classificação dos organismos proposto por Karl von Linné em 1758. Ainda usamos alguns dos conceitos desse sistema, como as categorias taxonômicas e o sistema de nomenclatura binomial.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Porém, avançando para a Era Vitoriana, no século 19, o cenário de uma biologia estática ruiu. Os geólogos como James Hutton e Charles Lyell, revelaram o &quot;tempo profundo&quot;, provando através dos estratos rochosos que o planeta Terra era muito antigo, muito mais do que se pensava até então, e esse grande período de tempo geológico é um dos fatores que permite a modificação das espécies ao longo das gerações.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Neste cenário de expansão industrial, o naturalista britânico Charles Darwin realizou a sua icônica viagem de barco ao redor de várias partes do mundo. Darwin não foi o primeiro a propor uma teoria da evolução das espécies, antes dele, o francês Jean-Baptiste Lamarck já havia sugerido a evolução por meio da herança das características adquiridas décadas antes. O que Darwin, e também Alfred Russel Wallace, propuseram de novidade foi um mecanismo operatório: a seleção natural.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Para que a seleção natural funcionasse, a biologia precisava entender como as características eram herdadas. Embora Darwin não o soubesse em sua época, o monge austríaco Gregor Mendel estava plantando ervilhas e descobrindo as bases da hereditariedade e da genética. Quando as ideias de Darwin e Mendel foram finalmente unidas no século XX, nasceu a Síntese Evolutiva Moderna.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Hoje, a biologia contemporânea alcançou a biologia dos sistemas e a biologia molecular. Não vemos mais os organismos apenas como os relógios de Descartes ou as essências de Aristóteles, mas como vastas redes interativas de informações genéticas e proteômicas, fluindo através do ambiente interno, o &quot;milieu intérieur&quot;, num incrível equilíbrio fisiológico e ecológico.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhmNtlnC8OFYkMipOosV1m1PsmmbzullkdxqDYQYLjQuq8wOskhAGoSoNjPCW48zEZ6EbJjdLLnqgFzh8b2iAMrCeP-aXD6L1lR-AaJdZS0kayJ61h2AW4m_xZqI0PxpNuA0X7ndkSWbHzu3OC9FIIiWhP8ixyiX20qg_34VdTdZ-1iAL90686X&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1088&quot; data-original-width=&quot;3910&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhmNtlnC8OFYkMipOosV1m1PsmmbzullkdxqDYQYLjQuq8wOskhAGoSoNjPCW48zEZ6EbJjdLLnqgFzh8b2iAMrCeP-aXD6L1lR-AaJdZS0kayJ61h2AW4m_xZqI0PxpNuA0X7ndkSWbHzu3OC9FIIiWhP8ixyiX20qg_34VdTdZ-1iAL90686X=w640-h178&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Quais serão as próximas grandes surpresas que nos aguardam, na medida em que a nossa compreensão sobre a vida avança?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Referências Bibliográficas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Alberts, B. et al. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Molecular Biology of the Cell&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;. 7th ed. 2022.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Cohen, C. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;The Story of Science&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Futuyma, DJ. &amp;amp; Kirkpatrick, M. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Evolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;. 4th ed. 2017.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Godfrey-Smith, P. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Theory and Reality: an introduction to the philosophy of science&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;. 2nd ed. 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Hall, JE. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;. 14th ed. 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Urry, LA. et al. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Campbell Biology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;. 12th ed. 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;Várias entradas sobre o tema na Wikipedia.org.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhS_fe8_bfrHf9i5REpHfvIWTpiKzzV1_nUvDAGI5grmxlea9w38vg-30OoEs20eWfD5ut9dKKrXHvyMplPUXWIp5qkO10zd-Eiv3t6uUpBAGCsLOKZpTu17Ij6mVbKGRtN8cOqlOJ09bx0PIcrlyYwjRhfJTeaQ0o7PNRIWRq_fBwcBoTwIyg1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1536&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2752&quot; height=&quot;358&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhS_fe8_bfrHf9i5REpHfvIWTpiKzzV1_nUvDAGI5grmxlea9w38vg-30OoEs20eWfD5ut9dKKrXHvyMplPUXWIp5qkO10zd-Eiv3t6uUpBAGCsLOKZpTu17Ij6mVbKGRtN8cOqlOJ09bx0PIcrlyYwjRhfJTeaQ0o7PNRIWRq_fBwcBoTwIyg1=w640-h358&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/1953851794752616322'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/1953851794752616322'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2026/04/uma-visao-panoramica-da-historia-e.html' title='UMA VISÃO PANORÂMICA DA HISTÓRIA E FILOSOFIA DA BIOLOGIA'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgqNob6e2QXRfjLUKrGzShAVZJoppTz1jwMhF4v3r_wmptN2N7lJDS5l6I9sxPUcNtm0PbnfeKlRAl18rnGMQ1BSDyHD9p2AHAWG0hkXZ1rNEEL7uuxqoO4m5Q7uddVkL3lV2My4SZniHNcsHHJBDj0YebzJQp5YpBzX2Olxje6CyeHEL78-JT0=s72-w640-h178-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-7055274263079883265</id><published>2026-02-16T08:29:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2026-02-16T08:31:48.054-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="digestão"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="digestório"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enzimas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fisiologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="funções"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="física"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="hormônios"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="humana"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mecânica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="microbiota"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="química."/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sistema"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibulares"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="órgãos"/><title type='text'>SISTEMA DIGESTÓRIO</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;SISTEMA DIGESTÓRIO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;É o conjunto de órgãos e estruturas responsável por captar o
alimento, digerir as substâncias, gerar a partir dessa digestão as substâncias
absorvíveis, que são os nutrientes e eliminar o material que não foi absorvido
na forma de fezes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiecwcLiNNG74VTdR7AHHH3oWZBoWLVEhYFI0ZD9tQUAo-LlT4HcDIQCothZ3pIpvNU9CaBrEHl07YPDYL10x0rBbAhCxyeuqh363tk2mFd-9DXXOnR7VGswsZ8COmWoKqYof35KgsUpPxt4WcX7R0w-oKhre9fOQ7nGo2cKIizXVhWO84QZ0wa&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;1074&quot; data-original-width=&quot;988&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiecwcLiNNG74VTdR7AHHH3oWZBoWLVEhYFI0ZD9tQUAo-LlT4HcDIQCothZ3pIpvNU9CaBrEHl07YPDYL10x0rBbAhCxyeuqh363tk2mFd-9DXXOnR7VGswsZ8COmWoKqYof35KgsUpPxt4WcX7R0w-oKhre9fOQ7nGo2cKIizXVhWO84QZ0wa=w368-h400&quot; width=&quot;368&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Vejamos o básico sobre o que ocorre em cada porção do
aparelho digestório:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Boca &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Faringe &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Esôfago:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMSwtJN5GT1LAa1aXDr0yBl1gLUvRVjHCQVF7R7XutxV3lMvCaP_n_lEaL-BRK_FFTQakJryms4qwqyzNT7G_rjFdtZydKuWP1FvNDbhplb9lADJquhIwjBpCZhI2q0vXthcYmPNzguDaelm5Itjl_-ibtMrjjwa0f-YCBZMQBfr_4JYm9fJWN&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;813&quot; data-original-width=&quot;915&quot; height=&quot;355&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMSwtJN5GT1LAa1aXDr0yBl1gLUvRVjHCQVF7R7XutxV3lMvCaP_n_lEaL-BRK_FFTQakJryms4qwqyzNT7G_rjFdtZydKuWP1FvNDbhplb9lADJquhIwjBpCZhI2q0vXthcYmPNzguDaelm5Itjl_-ibtMrjjwa0f-YCBZMQBfr_4JYm9fJWN=w400-h355&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Local onde a digestão mecânica, o ato de triturar e misturar
o alimento, prevalece sobre a digestão química. A digestão mecânica é realizada
principalmente pelos dentes e pela língua durante a mastigação. Além de
auxiliar a mastigação, a língua também atua no sentido do paladar, por conter
as papilas gustativas, que percebem os sabores, e na deglutição, o ato de
engolir o alimento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg3u7UprRaZbaYzA6AzMGxTpseDjiR58P45rs_EeZEqSVZ2UXa6j_0J3SaB9cnIOf3IFo-IWAP5GecK0kS_ujtG4exK_v2R1S9WQNZk3ymPu9zSgfSNzFseRWDlOiu6XR2jUeJqFFKHt3Njzwg6CBBNp0oqDUpnj0jUaY-q8qr0Fpujl_LJ7zm8&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;760&quot; data-original-width=&quot;746&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg3u7UprRaZbaYzA6AzMGxTpseDjiR58P45rs_EeZEqSVZ2UXa6j_0J3SaB9cnIOf3IFo-IWAP5GecK0kS_ujtG4exK_v2R1S9WQNZk3ymPu9zSgfSNzFseRWDlOiu6XR2jUeJqFFKHt3Njzwg6CBBNp0oqDUpnj0jUaY-q8qr0Fpujl_LJ7zm8=w393-h400&quot; width=&quot;393&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há também a digestão química, pois as glândulas salivares
secretam a enzima amilase salivar (ou ptialina), capaz de quebrar/digerir o
amido e o glicogênio em unidades de maltose. Normalmente para o ensino médio só
se destaca a amilase salivar na boca, porém, há outras enzimas na saliva,
citando dois exemplos:&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Lisozima: quebra as paredes celulares de bactérias,
dificultando a proliferação de micro-organismos que podem ser indesejáveis.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Lipase lingual: mais importante para os lactentes. Ajuda os
bebês a digerirem os triglicerídeos componentes do leite materno. É secretada
pela própria língua.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A digestão química na boca ocorre em pH próximo ao neutro
~6,2-7,6.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O alimento engolido passa da boca à faringe, porção
compartilhada com o sistema respiratório, e de lá segue para o esôfago. É bom
lembrar que, normalmente o bolo alimentar não adentra a laringe, pois a
abertura da laringe, chamada glote, tem uma tampa cartilaginosa, a epiglote,
que a fecha quando o alimento é engolido. Às vezes o mecanismo falha e nós
engasgamos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibZuPdaJMdB_SD_21nYMyvhLsXfZRwEUWSL8vEKd9PTaBMM2kKKpHAp_W-zLYP302_PgYsfDzsCtK7MMtr5SStn6v434UtgzHVtUaQcPvUFJCmV-SUrNHDhMYSgDAVGHXKVQ0F4IwFXFoQqGzH5v2boRlckfMuVdt3MSWDiBmpECJvKNXIh7SL&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;1092&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1303&quot; height=&quot;335&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibZuPdaJMdB_SD_21nYMyvhLsXfZRwEUWSL8vEKd9PTaBMM2kKKpHAp_W-zLYP302_PgYsfDzsCtK7MMtr5SStn6v434UtgzHVtUaQcPvUFJCmV-SUrNHDhMYSgDAVGHXKVQ0F4IwFXFoQqGzH5v2boRlckfMuVdt3MSWDiBmpECJvKNXIh7SL=w400-h335&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Do esôfago, um tubo de aproximadamente 25 cm em humanos
adultos, o bolo alimentar será transportado para o estômago por ondas de
contrações rítmicas na musculatura lisa que envolve o tubo digestório, o
chamado peristaltismo. Além de impulsionar o alimento adiante no tubo
digestório o peristaltismo também promove a digestão mecânica. Consideramos que
a faringe e o esôfago não produzam enzimas digestórias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. Estômago:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O estômago é um órgão em forma de saco localizado na
cavidade abdominal. A partir dele predomina a digestão química, apesar de que,
por conta dos movimentos da musculatura do aparelho digestório, também há
digestão mecânica. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O tecido epitelial que reveste o interior do estômago têm
glândulas, nesse caso as glândulas fúndicas, que secretam a maior parte do suco
gástrico. Esse suco gástrico contém ácido clorídrico (HCl) e o precursor da
principal enzima estomacal, o pepsinogênio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjy3c2WiTKxLaPbnVOAWnGE1xX_tl0En9rUuK3ERR20APVxG8dS3pZvl3qYNg6IESwIm54wWb-JlHHSY1TBiuLEBHXK6kjCi-AARXnEKd6Wkh0P-cVyMKH9qmUHvSwVQSsKTOuQZUFXtNxGrpPh2Cp8u4ctMywzfLE5WKthps6PXdyaU5B7C685&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;1031&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1973&quot; height=&quot;209&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjy3c2WiTKxLaPbnVOAWnGE1xX_tl0En9rUuK3ERR20APVxG8dS3pZvl3qYNg6IESwIm54wWb-JlHHSY1TBiuLEBHXK6kjCi-AARXnEKd6Wkh0P-cVyMKH9qmUHvSwVQSsKTOuQZUFXtNxGrpPh2Cp8u4ctMywzfLE5WKthps6PXdyaU5B7C685=w400-h209&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As funções do ácido clorídrico são as de tornar o meio
bastante ácido, com o pH ~1,8-2,0. Esse meio ácido, além de eliminar vários
micro-organismos potencialmente patogênicos, também permite a conversão do
pepsinogênio na sua forma enzimaticamente ativa, a pepsina, que é uma enzima
que digere proteínas e gera como produtos principais uma série de peptídeos. O
meio ácido também favorece a digestão química ao desnaturar as proteínas e
facilitar a ação da pepsina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhCoRFm9KusURzdqR_BPbbYEueQbiR1-RhqAJqm2V597OeKoVP-q-nA0Ipg_Kh94u3S9QfTLJBScq9BbSj3KqaANndoTJYPMJZYRHfzTnvz1Y1j7QiNqn14YHgYnNvAzqygLEpe3jH-PfdtQ1Ezxr4R1xAd-Rmk_ZqIdYkVsJbX2eZuEkXSeGl3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;1105&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1995&quot; height=&quot;222&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhCoRFm9KusURzdqR_BPbbYEueQbiR1-RhqAJqm2V597OeKoVP-q-nA0Ipg_Kh94u3S9QfTLJBScq9BbSj3KqaANndoTJYPMJZYRHfzTnvz1Y1j7QiNqn14YHgYnNvAzqygLEpe3jH-PfdtQ1Ezxr4R1xAd-Rmk_ZqIdYkVsJbX2eZuEkXSeGl3=w400-h222&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As glândulas estomacais também produzem um muco,
constituído, dentre outras coisas, por glicoproteínas (mucinas) e íons
bicarbonato (HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;). Esse muco atua protegendo o epitélio
de revestimento do estômago contra a ação da própria pepsina e da acidez do
suco gástrico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; + HCl &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; +
Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Além da digestão de proteínas, no estômago também ocorre a
absorção de água, sais e de alguns medicamentos, como a aspirina (ácido
acetilsalicílico).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Exemplos de hormônios produzidos pelo estômago:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Gastrina: estimula a secreção de HCl e a renovação da mucosa
gástrica, liberada em resposta à presença de proteínas no estômago, à distensão
estomacal e à estimulação via nervo vagal (por exemplo, só de ver e sentir o
cheiro da comida quando se está com fome).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Grelina: gera a sensação de fome quando o estômago está
vazio.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Somatostatina: inibe a secreção de suco gástrico e gastrina quando
o pH da solução estomacal está abaixo de 3,0, a fim de prevenir um excesso de
acidez e possíveis danos.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;





&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgEZ8cvq7vRG8WfGrufgi_GrIbbiDLitTtJuHOdAOAOeCP20uSdMrvZ-zUyCJe1eRsXy-ZfmTHC1--7ziLyZ9stoaz1anYe-4sF73WbNh6NL98553cYph2uC5tx1ZO0IFrN3l89igQWjRSo6feSUwnB37GOPXVQieA-7QqM7Jn6SQ_u0APCIKDb&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;1110&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1884&quot; height=&quot;236&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgEZ8cvq7vRG8WfGrufgi_GrIbbiDLitTtJuHOdAOAOeCP20uSdMrvZ-zUyCJe1eRsXy-ZfmTHC1--7ziLyZ9stoaz1anYe-4sF73WbNh6NL98553cYph2uC5tx1ZO0IFrN3l89igQWjRSo6feSUwnB37GOPXVQieA-7QqM7Jn6SQ_u0APCIKDb=w400-h236&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O bolo alimentar permanece de 2-4h no estômago e então
constituirá uma massa chamada quimo ácido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. Intestino Delgado: é onde ocorre a maior parte da
digestão e também da absorção dos nutrientes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;No intestino delgado ocorre a digestão química em meio
alcalino de vários tipos de substâncias e também é o local onde a digestão
termina e os nutrientes são gerados e absorvidos. Ele é dividido em três
porções: o duodeno, o jejuno e o íleo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSzuPnPdMB403p9uuAdFDM63yHQt75d6Ok5gr5BnX3-AdP931QpImMVYmeRQMcFzeOJz-qg3Kkx1kEv1R8nAQhYkaxFbHnsFfGc4VmKqUdOVeWV9N4jPRH_N141D6N_oe5HxCSnzRc0Nml_2x1OUllCJqXQNQEl1mFO_wfLX_3JS2rLFjfkcNQ&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;1052&quot; data-original-width=&quot;930&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSzuPnPdMB403p9uuAdFDM63yHQt75d6Ok5gr5BnX3-AdP931QpImMVYmeRQMcFzeOJz-qg3Kkx1kEv1R8nAQhYkaxFbHnsFfGc4VmKqUdOVeWV9N4jPRH_N141D6N_oe5HxCSnzRc0Nml_2x1OUllCJqXQNQEl1mFO_wfLX_3JS2rLFjfkcNQ=w354-h400&quot; width=&quot;354&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Há três secreções que atuam no intestino delgado: o suco
pancreático, a bile e o suco entérico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjFD2RK2Qp0YH3N4BKJZBjSsTeXD8IeuuQ2M6dwqKWZhjWclk6V5XYnvWxi0Ze4_VFXYnR5VwNCmlgS88PiAgAdRx7mob6GzZrUiK66KUKg6PG2Y149SLqbzkYH1WwarJcVLf6XB6wLgPP21sa9gzLp5xkyE_tg0R52BVX3KOfRzuqya1CkZWoF&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;1111&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1333&quot; height=&quot;333&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjFD2RK2Qp0YH3N4BKJZBjSsTeXD8IeuuQ2M6dwqKWZhjWclk6V5XYnvWxi0Ze4_VFXYnR5VwNCmlgS88PiAgAdRx7mob6GzZrUiK66KUKg6PG2Y149SLqbzkYH1WwarJcVLf6XB6wLgPP21sa9gzLp5xkyE_tg0R52BVX3KOfRzuqya1CkZWoF=w400-h333&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A bile é uma secreção produzida pelo fígado e armazenada na
vesícula biliar. Essa secreção atua como um detergente, fragmentando gotas de
lipídeos a fim de auxiliar a digestão dessas substâncias, que são hidrofóbicas.
Essa fragmentação aumenta a área de superfície para a ação das lipases, as
enzimas que os digerem. É importante destacar que a bile não contém enzimas nem
ação enzimática.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O suco pancreático é uma secreção produzida pelas glândulas
exócrinas do pâncreas. Contém várias enzimas digestórias
para atuar, basicamente sobre todos os tipos de substâncias orgânicas a serem
digeridas. Dentre as enzimas constituintes, podemos destacar:&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Amilase pancreática: digere amido.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Tripsina e quimotripsina: digerem proteínas. Essas duas
enzimas são proteinases que, assim como a pepsina, também são liberadas na
forma de precursores inativos, o tripsinogênio e o quimotripsinogênio. O
tripsinogênio é convertido em tripsina graças a ação da enzima enteropeptidase,
produzida pelo intestino delgado. A tripsina converte mais tripsinogênio em
tripsina e a tripsina converte o quimotripsinogênio em quimotripsina. Há também
outras proteinases, como as carboxipeptidases A e B e a elastase.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Lipases: lipase pancreática, colipase, fosfolipase A2 e
esterase de colesterol. São enzimas que digerem os lipídeos.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Nucleases: digerem ácidos nucleicos.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;







&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Essas enzimas do suco pancreático atuam em meio alcalino: a
faixa de pH ótima para elas é alcalino. Por conta disso, o suco pancreático
contém íons bicarbonato (HCO3-), para neutralizar a acidez do quimo ácido
proveniente do estômago.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Além da bile e do suco pancreático o intestino delgado
apresenta outra secreção, o suco entérico, produzido pelo próprio intestino
delgado. Essa secreção contém as enzimas que finalizam o processo digestório e
geram os nutrientes, as substâncias absorvíveis. O detalhe importante e
interessante é que essas enzimas normalmente não estão em solução, elas se
localizam nas membranas das células do epitélio intestinal. Como exemplos, há
peptidases e dissacaridases. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjqjuWOgVzySDwUkjETgGm5FxhxNRYk8LcZrV0RRpyUzKHYwr6TiimaxPp0DtyyqUdlA3HIRejyAxP76V8mwSvt5Yw_7p_9Y9g89tFpm3J1ZbxntTsommkK3U_BERY4QaRBhZqYwxjVHEE8_YF_s1hYK-WoJ5HEAC6qhttiVMdNgtjpYuE537Wg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;967&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;242&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjqjuWOgVzySDwUkjETgGm5FxhxNRYk8LcZrV0RRpyUzKHYwr6TiimaxPp0DtyyqUdlA3HIRejyAxP76V8mwSvt5Yw_7p_9Y9g89tFpm3J1ZbxntTsommkK3U_BERY4QaRBhZqYwxjVHEE8_YF_s1hYK-WoJ5HEAC6qhttiVMdNgtjpYuE537Wg=w400-h242&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As peptidases digerem os peptídeos gerados pela ação de
proteinases como a pepsina, tripsina e a quimotripsina. A digestão dos
peptídeos pelas peptidases gera os aminoácidos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Uma dissacaridase importante é a lactase, que digere a
lactose em glicose e galactose. A incapacidade de manter a produção dessa
enzima na idade adulta torna a pessoa intolerante à lactose, pois não a digere.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibxVZwg6XFPgCVAMqrjwlsSkz05uDT1gfzhd_YWf-p8T6VRlCP4WvnY6J9dkQSXh4DxY6qz0EmTglmoc8BrA2N4kKEm1O_kV40SO7K6o7PFKd0WWp2R0ACVTV0eXfgfHDaCc2l2HZ9_QiI5r_UmVe1wTdPjMCi9a0ZRxcj_sp-AaII6_fju_v1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;559&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1024&quot; height=&quot;218&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibxVZwg6XFPgCVAMqrjwlsSkz05uDT1gfzhd_YWf-p8T6VRlCP4WvnY6J9dkQSXh4DxY6qz0EmTglmoc8BrA2N4kKEm1O_kV40SO7K6o7PFKd0WWp2R0ACVTV0eXfgfHDaCc2l2HZ9_QiI5r_UmVe1wTdPjMCi9a0ZRxcj_sp-AaII6_fju_v1=w400-h218&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Também é necessário destacar que tanto a bile, quanto os
sucos pancreático e entérico possuem íons bicarbonato, cuja função é
neutralizar a acidez do quimo ácido proveniente do estômago e tornar a porção
inicial do intestino delgado alcalina (pH ~7,5 – 8,8). As porções mais distais
do intestino delgado têm pH que tende ao levemente ácido por conta da atividade
de lactobacilos, que geram energia via fermentação lática e liberam ácido
lático nesse meio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Após sofrer a ação das secreções que agem no intestino o
bolo alimentar, antes chamado quimo, passa a ser chamado quilo (“quimuitoácido
e quilalcalino”).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A parede interna do intestino delgado apresenta “rugas e
ruguinhas”, são as vilosidades e as microvilosidades, prolongamentos que
aumentam bastante a área da superfície de absorção de nutrientes (200-250 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;!),
para aumentar a eficiência do processo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIRgW20f7L6IOIJPaYv4ueEXQGeqbC7wOi08HRVEIxl05NR3nSFuaw1SrcRhRcqJnjeDXWeWAwpWx8VM2p0MZXDjERunhKdSVZautpDbVBy5553QQTOTu_J8rMQEF0qADAarCO3Cb4GD_2y0bXn_QIcNJXw37x0rWG8dpRh77qbAF-BhvLhXhB&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;1052&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1904&quot; height=&quot;221&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIRgW20f7L6IOIJPaYv4ueEXQGeqbC7wOi08HRVEIxl05NR3nSFuaw1SrcRhRcqJnjeDXWeWAwpWx8VM2p0MZXDjERunhKdSVZautpDbVBy5553QQTOTu_J8rMQEF0qADAarCO3Cb4GD_2y0bXn_QIcNJXw37x0rWG8dpRh77qbAF-BhvLhXhB=w400-h221&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;No tocante à regulação hormonal, destacaremos dois hormônios
produzidos pelo intestino delgado:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A secretina é liberada em resposta à presença do quimo ácido
no intestino delgado e à sua acidez. Ela age no pâncreas e nos dutos biliares,
promovendo a liberação do suco pancreático e da bile (secreções contendo íons
bicarbonato) e também age no estômago inibindo a secreção de suco gástrico. Foi
o primeiro hormônio a ser descoberto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A colecistocinina é liberada em resposta à presença de
lipídeos. Age promovendo a liberação de bile, de suco pancreático (que contém
lipases), inibe o esvaziamento gástrico, a fim de conseguir digerir os lipídeos
que já se encontram no intestino e induz o hipotálamo a gerar a sensação de
saciedade.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgVC-JeYBun1b8fs8_-L0-i5mOrNk_mbUmFgeZTHA2oy4Zl8edpbyTbYEqyMH0g8Dt77VCJEkqLEWnA1yaIAhAhbjcylH6iKgh1Y0AblUuWI_YoxmnA6vRSeS5WXDk3v6V9LVex0aEJ_4poL0wThB57jjKD4SYw0w4M3AIBStWUe3QLLTs4hppG&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;1109&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1504&quot; height=&quot;295&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgVC-JeYBun1b8fs8_-L0-i5mOrNk_mbUmFgeZTHA2oy4Zl8edpbyTbYEqyMH0g8Dt77VCJEkqLEWnA1yaIAhAhbjcylH6iKgh1Y0AblUuWI_YoxmnA6vRSeS5WXDk3v6V9LVex0aEJ_4poL0wThB57jjKD4SYw0w4M3AIBStWUe3QLLTs4hppG=w400-h295&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. Intestino grosso ou cólon &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Reto &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Ânus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A porção inicial do intestino grosso tem um apêndice,
chamado ceco. Ele abriga populações de micro-organismos beneficiais, que podem
repopular o intestino caso necessário e, também possui tecido linfoide em sua
parede. Nesse local há a maturação de linfócitos B e a produção de anticorpos
que controlarão a microbiota intestinal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O intestino grosso propriamente dito é dividido em quatro
porções: os cólons ascendente, transverso, descendente e sigmoide.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXE_BPC6C23wysoAE_3BPmHc-st1UQ9Ikwh7pGLxtyUd51qQShKkc5keYfz9splbyNRvEF3mttAEXt7CdgHnvdUzsmZVKrUl3o2Olu5FO5Pl0FdlgNNENtalb__W9Yy_OOaUxAjsl6ziKP6f8JkfqJ1h168t76KGvEGsGmRNyLp9D4I1-quMLg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;948&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1239&quot; height=&quot;306&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXE_BPC6C23wysoAE_3BPmHc-st1UQ9Ikwh7pGLxtyUd51qQShKkc5keYfz9splbyNRvEF3mttAEXt7CdgHnvdUzsmZVKrUl3o2Olu5FO5Pl0FdlgNNENtalb__W9Yy_OOaUxAjsl6ziKP6f8JkfqJ1h168t76KGvEGsGmRNyLp9D4I1-quMLg=w400-h306&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As funções do intestino groso são basicamente absorver a
água e sais do bolo alimentar. Também há a absorção de algumas vitaminas.
Assim, formam-se as fezes. As fezes são constituídas de 75 % de água e 25 % de
sólidos diversos (bactérias, fibras vegetais, pigmentos e etc.).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Outro detalhe importante sobre o intestino grosso é que ele
abriga a maior parte da microbiota intestinal, um conjunto diverso de
micro-organismos, principalmente bactérias, que habita o órgão, se beneficia
dos restos que não aproveitamos e nos pagam uma espécie de aluguel. O intestino
delgado também possui uma microbiota, mas mais concentrada na porção final, o
íleo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Essas bactérias do cólon se aproveitam das fibras vegetais
que ingerimos. Nós não conseguimos digerir essas fibras, mas as bactérias
conseguem e os usam em processos fermentativos para gerarem energia. Esses
processos geram subprodutos de interesse para nós, como exemplos temos o
butirato, um ácido graxo de cadeia curta usado como fonte de energia pelas
próprias células do intestino grosso. As bactérias da microbiota também
produzem algumas vitaminas, como a K e a B&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguQO5N01zEM1O0x_3qfeVdMeQaFblBwUrY3vQyr0i0P4yXWI6gkNGCBTeGwATQZ3MJczyTPPImZLJ0SqXLjes1rilvbxqW_TZklTsdKzsg8aNbhnM38DVTYzAOslU-TGRLmcSz6yt3QP8n6vjwEjfKbDzLpMn-VKs4outxaK016OhW4yziqHpP&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img data-original-height=&quot;1089&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1758&quot; height=&quot;248&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguQO5N01zEM1O0x_3qfeVdMeQaFblBwUrY3vQyr0i0P4yXWI6gkNGCBTeGwATQZ3MJczyTPPImZLJ0SqXLjes1rilvbxqW_TZklTsdKzsg8aNbhnM38DVTYzAOslU-TGRLmcSz6yt3QP8n6vjwEjfKbDzLpMn-VKs4outxaK016OhW4yziqHpP=w400-h248&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Por fim, as fezes atingem o reto, que possui esfíncteres
(musculatura circular em volta do órgão tubular) que junto a dois esfíncteres
anais, controlam a saída das fezes. O reto possui esfíncteres de Houston, que
ao serem distendidos pela chegada das fezes enviam o sinal ao encéfalo de que
“Houston, we have a problem!” é a vontade de defecar que chegou. Após passar
por esses esfíncteres, as fezes também distendem o esfíncter anal interno, de
contração involuntária e que fica o tempo todo contraído até essas benditas
fezes chegarem até ele. É o momento em que você entende que tem de resolver
esse problema... Então as fezes chegam finalmente ao esfíncter anal externo, de
contração voluntária. Aqui é que surgem os heróis. Ou não, o ideal mesmo é
buscar resolver o problema quando a vontade surge, ficar segurando pode ter
consequências bem desagradáveis, por exemplo, pode haver um peristaltismo no
sentido contrário e as fezes serem devolvidas para o cólon, onde haverá mais
absorção de água, transformando aquele cilindro macio e escorregadio em um
fecaloma, uma pedra de fezes que quando sai, sai de forma rude, pra dizer o
mínimo. Sugiro sempre andar com papel higiênico e lenços umedecidos por aí.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referências:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Livros de biologia do ensino médio: Amabis &amp;amp; Martho;
Lopes &amp;amp; Rosso; Linhares, Gewandsznajder &amp;amp; Pacca. Além desses, o do Campbell de Biologia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Várias entradas na Wikipedia (em inglês).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Livros de fisiologia do Guyton &amp;amp; Hall; e Silverthorn.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;









&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Pesquisas no chatbot com IA (Gemini).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As imagens foram feitas com o uso do Canva, MindtheGraph e do Gemini.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/7055274263079883265'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/7055274263079883265'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2026/02/sistema-digestorio.html' title='SISTEMA DIGESTÓRIO'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiecwcLiNNG74VTdR7AHHH3oWZBoWLVEhYFI0ZD9tQUAo-LlT4HcDIQCothZ3pIpvNU9CaBrEHl07YPDYL10x0rBbAhCxyeuqh363tk2mFd-9DXXOnR7VGswsZ8COmWoKqYof35KgsUpPxt4WcX7R0w-oKhre9fOQ7nGo2cKIizXVhWO84QZ0wa=s72-w368-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-171724254289027222</id><published>2023-06-10T17:56:00.010-04:00</published><updated>2024-04-21T10:09:53.962-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="botânica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="floema."/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="histologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="meristemas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="parênquimas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="plantas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tecidos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vegetal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="xilema"/><title type='text'>HISTOLOGIA VEGETAL</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;O CORPO DAS
PLANTAS (ANATOMIA VEGETAL)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Mais especificamente das
angiospermas dicotiledôneas, representadas pelas árvores que vemos comumente
por aí, como as mangueiras, abacateiros, ipê e etc. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhluZ1s_HnBzdEKuohvp_Aa-lCq-ZhKTex6lvD35dloRZWX83nskWrrfK3t8vgJln8Z_VVlwEaLDEou1TBNIRDzxNKRJpHDWnD5EpSS9zwHqjufULNt8j4PyNy8Zun7prmQkh1l0kFRsWlzFo1jnK2Z2b443Yasplr1BaS8YKle4tC47UYfvA/s722/01.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;722&quot; data-original-width=&quot;479&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhluZ1s_HnBzdEKuohvp_Aa-lCq-ZhKTex6lvD35dloRZWX83nskWrrfK3t8vgJln8Z_VVlwEaLDEou1TBNIRDzxNKRJpHDWnD5EpSS9zwHqjufULNt8j4PyNy8Zun7prmQkh1l0kFRsWlzFo1jnK2Z2b443Yasplr1BaS8YKle4tC47UYfvA/w265-h400/01.gif&quot; width=&quot;265&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shapetype coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; filled=&quot;f&quot; id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot; o:preferrelative=&quot;t&quot; o:spt=&quot;75&quot; path=&quot;m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 1 0&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum 0 0 @1&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1033&quot; style=&quot;height: 227.4pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 151.2pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;HISTOLOGIA
VEGETAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;De forma geral, temos de estudar
este assunto tendo em mente que as plantas apresentam dois tipos básicos de
tecido, os meristemáticos e os adultos/permanentes, e dois tipos de
crescimento, baseados no tipo de tecido responsável pela multiplicação celular,
os crescimentos primário e secundário. Ainda, na mesma planta há partes jovens
e velhas, por exemplo, as extremidades do caule e da raiz são jovens, ao passo
que as partes mais próximas da linha do solo são mais antigas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Os tecidos meristemáticos são
constituídos de células indiferenciadas, capazes de originar os outros tipos de
células e de tecidos. São células que têm, em geral, parede celular mais fina e
vacúolos centrais menores. Já os tecidos adultos têm vários tipos de células
que persistem no corpo da planta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv-cC6L7Xk6sij2lrJ6Eo7McwoAT6uhHjCJkD7m8xi3NmOhxrvIpIXKNYxTuSxA_Znd1yD986Ofx8-KYUJOo-hVkpQJJA-PLRrU3SD8NoSXF1b7MUpNjbxlPf9bdBB5yf669-Mbs_Lzpavx-7oiQ7mO9lgZnMeCrKJJahul_K1vUZDwZ9feQ/s992/02.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;731&quot; data-original-width=&quot;992&quot; height=&quot;472&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv-cC6L7Xk6sij2lrJ6Eo7McwoAT6uhHjCJkD7m8xi3NmOhxrvIpIXKNYxTuSxA_Znd1yD986Ofx8-KYUJOo-hVkpQJJA-PLRrU3SD8NoSXF1b7MUpNjbxlPf9bdBB5yf669-Mbs_Lzpavx-7oiQ7mO9lgZnMeCrKJJahul_K1vUZDwZ9feQ/w640-h472/02.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1032&quot; style=&quot;height: 204pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 276.6pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Sobre as formas de crescimento, o
primário é basicamente o crescimento em comprimento, resultante da
multiplicação dos meristemas localizados na ponta do caule e na ponta da raiz
(os meristemas apicais). Já o crescimento secundário é o crescimento em espessura,
típico das plantas com porte arbóreo, como as angiospermas dicotiledôneas,
sobre as quais daremos ênfase aqui. É um crescimento que resulta da
multiplicação das células localizadas nos meristemas secundários: o câmbio
vascular e o felogênio. Não se preocupe, já veremos todos esses tecidos (ou
seja, preocupe-se, justamente por termos de ver tudo isso &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol-ext; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;☹&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Ebsx1eH21-p0I0nN7pVXaTa4_TleR-zj_5cHdLdhVzjFa5kghTNS545dhoB3dS-6lpQ8Cc-Hz73vNd7WOcGLZQC0K74o0A5wuvz3JJ0Bs9VX6bv9hunQXlAm9PXdCvJdg0ObXkIq1qz-W_9b-PX7ul5TYGGirfG-i_0BQwfP0jrj_-WG1Q/s888/03.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;631&quot; data-original-width=&quot;888&quot; height=&quot;454&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Ebsx1eH21-p0I0nN7pVXaTa4_TleR-zj_5cHdLdhVzjFa5kghTNS545dhoB3dS-6lpQ8Cc-Hz73vNd7WOcGLZQC0K74o0A5wuvz3JJ0Bs9VX6bv9hunQXlAm9PXdCvJdg0ObXkIq1qz-W_9b-PX7ul5TYGGirfG-i_0BQwfP0jrj_-WG1Q/w640-h454/03.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1031&quot; style=&quot;height: 235.2pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 331.2pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Vejamos então a seguir, os tipos
básicos de tecidos vegetais:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;1. Tecidos de revestimento: cobrem
o corpo da planta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;1.1. Epiderme: tecido constituído
de uma camada de células que reveste as folhas e as partes jovens da planta,
que são, ou a planta jovem ou então as extremidades do caule e da raiz. A
epiderme é revestida por uma cutícula constituída de ceras (lipídeos), com a função
de prevenir a perda excessiva de água. Na face de baixo das folhas, chamada de
face abaxial, há estruturas chamadas estômatos, com uma abertura que pode ser
fechada ou aberta, para controlar a entrada de O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; e CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; e
a saída de H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;(g)&lt;/sub&gt; por transpiração. Os estômatos são
estudados nos conteúdos de fisiologia vegetal. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpTRGz_gD8bW0FESbQRMhcf9lg4YYRQvDT3ncsFEUVDGBj4xTE5_hax6tDn1Y39msJtZohfbG39msf2mM5dpHTCDdLoAp3Pl9brvywFrkiuSKq-fpkX-t-udKzTO2H-IvnsPct_48hgpkkQFDDW5daTCvXNFNUlu5EUc7SBOjFIs14jRb9qw/s876/04.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;644&quot; data-original-width=&quot;876&quot; height=&quot;470&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpTRGz_gD8bW0FESbQRMhcf9lg4YYRQvDT3ncsFEUVDGBj4xTE5_hax6tDn1Y39msJtZohfbG39msf2mM5dpHTCDdLoAp3Pl9brvywFrkiuSKq-fpkX-t-udKzTO2H-IvnsPct_48hgpkkQFDDW5daTCvXNFNUlu5EUc7SBOjFIs14jRb9qw/w640-h470/04.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_4&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1030&quot; style=&quot;height: 203.4pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 276.6pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;1.2. Periderme: a casca das raízes
e dos caules adultos é constituída pela periderme e pelo floema. A periderme é
uma camada que possui três tecidos, o súber, o felogênio e a feloderme. Na
medida em que a planta se desenvolve a periderme substitui a epiderme. Em
algumas plantas, a periderme morre e é substituída por outra. A periderme
morta, que se desprende, é chamada &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;ritidoma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (comum em goiabeiras,
por exemplo).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;1.2.1. Súber: tecido mais externo,
também conhecido como cortiça. É constituído de células mortas e cujas paredes
celulares são impregnadas de suberina, uma substância impermeabilizante. No
súber é possível observar pequenas aberturas chamadas lenticelas, que permitem
as trocas gasosas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;1.2.2. Felogênio: meristema
secundário que origina a periderme (o súber e a feloderme). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;1.2.3. Feloderme: tecido
parenquimático.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; style=&quot;height: 267.6pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 338.4pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR3rrn6N7DnTd0HFYHWyLRAAfUeBOlCqBQu9gNNtpvOzV2XkEk5MCKoOuXkMFRUoYaAztkX15Ijv_gCGLsLIPsHTTepr3IbtDjxfvLmv1iUPdgqYyfwqaEgYmtEToEVv_dnmZOqa5YC1AGBn3XxOnWJjuOt5Y2jBO8pOYuU8NwQGM0PK468g/s825/05.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;653&quot; data-original-width=&quot;825&quot; height=&quot;253&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR3rrn6N7DnTd0HFYHWyLRAAfUeBOlCqBQu9gNNtpvOzV2XkEk5MCKoOuXkMFRUoYaAztkX15Ijv_gCGLsLIPsHTTepr3IbtDjxfvLmv1iUPdgqYyfwqaEgYmtEToEVv_dnmZOqa5YC1AGBn3XxOnWJjuOt5Y2jBO8pOYuU8NwQGM0PK468g/s320/05.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;2. Tecidos de preenchimento: são
os parênquimas, um grupo de tecidos bastante diverso. Preenchem os espaços das
plantas, mas podem realizar outras funções. Exemplos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;2.1. Clorofiliano: preenche o
interior das folhas e é constituído de células fotossintetizantes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;2.2. Amilífero: armazena amido (as
batatas e as mandiocas têm bastante).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;2.3. Aquífero: armazena água. Pode
ser encontrado em plantas típicas de ambientes áridos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;2.4. Aerífero: funciona como boia
e permite a flutuação da planta na água.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBos9o04Zs6HZTr8WFUcE73P13UEgsGrxzsw1jZl_wIiZpybX-b6WkX371nYxQfOerU7oYHJ6yhTj0KavC-v1IxIrYHDyrMEWdhiAURpKqPVJiitDSbSphGcXP1fUCNAB27m539YqPOKah834o7tsXDCJ2aM8pyMWbWKeYI7YeOz9bRlCHRQ/s826/06.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;737&quot; data-original-width=&quot;826&quot; height=&quot;572&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBos9o04Zs6HZTr8WFUcE73P13UEgsGrxzsw1jZl_wIiZpybX-b6WkX371nYxQfOerU7oYHJ6yhTj0KavC-v1IxIrYHDyrMEWdhiAURpKqPVJiitDSbSphGcXP1fUCNAB27m539YqPOKah834o7tsXDCJ2aM8pyMWbWKeYI7YeOz9bRlCHRQ/w640-h572/06.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_2&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; style=&quot;height: 244.2pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 273pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;3. Tecidos de sustentação:
sustentam o corpo do vegetal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;3.1. Colênquima: formado por
células vivas, encontrado principalmente no córtex dos caules e nas folhas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;3.2. Esclerênquima: formado por
células mortas, com paredes secundárias espessas e impregnadas da substância
lignina. Esse tecido é mais comumente encontrado em regiões que não crescem
mais, como os caules maduros e as cascas, porém também está presente nas folhas
e nas cascas duras de frutos e de sementes. Algumas das células do
esclerênquima têm formato de fibras e são utilizadas na fabricação de fibras
têxteis e outros produtos similares.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhOJfdA5GKSdB3UczcaQlO4s7sctgPkZksujnq8DobLRcR12cbqZJgB-bg1LfNkSMCtMF1QEVjlyfoyWQ_uyZaaeGpdjJyom-cN5QyR3Hw4fBjZNavqULHW8JwvsVaHgD0CxHL8afX3hONrEKSSX3K4Kli7tAzQ_u4RknI-iSn1CeGZSBf3g/s893/07.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;728&quot; data-original-width=&quot;893&quot; height=&quot;522&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhOJfdA5GKSdB3UczcaQlO4s7sctgPkZksujnq8DobLRcR12cbqZJgB-bg1LfNkSMCtMF1QEVjlyfoyWQ_uyZaaeGpdjJyom-cN5QyR3Hw4fBjZNavqULHW8JwvsVaHgD0CxHL8afX3hONrEKSSX3K4Kli7tAzQ_u4RknI-iSn1CeGZSBf3g/w640-h522/07.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OBS: as paredes celulares primárias são, justamente, as primeiras que se formam. São encontradas em todas as células da planta, compostas primordialmente de celulose, hemicelulose e pectinas, esse tipo de parede é flexível, contém ~70 % de água em sua composição e permite o crescimento da célula. Quando a célula para de crescer, deposita-se mais constituintes no interior da parede primária, inclusive a lignina, de maneira que essa parede se torna mais espessa, mais rígida e resistente e com menor teor de água, é a parede secundária.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_3&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 188.4pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 231pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;3.3. Xilema: (veja abaixo).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;4. Tecidos condutores de seiva:
transportam as seivas bruta e elaborada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;4.1. Xilema (lenho): responsável
pela condução da seiva bruta, das raízes até as folhas. A seiva bruta é uma
solução constituída de água e sais minerais extraídos do solo pela raiz. As
células do xilema são mortas e têm as paredes celulares espessas e reforçadas
por lignina, que auxilia na sustentação da planta. Nas eudicotiledôneas essas são as traqueídes e os elementos de vaso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;4.2. Floema (líber): conduz a
seiva elaborada, das folhas para as outras regiões da planta. A seiva elaborada
é uma solução contendo várias substâncias orgânicas produzidas nas folhas,
graças ao processo de fotossíntese. As células do floema são vivas, são os elementos de tubo crivado e as células companheiras.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgJh2V6Azz8amcGtx9kL_OQqKeCUVqXlhblCBeWW5asFiV-4rG3Q3I61J9lw7If7OOdqYZ3L2SwM5hQHC4rpJs9ji4oxFv5mzLy4tzmi6owRjGliiyIiG2UkF7hLfaJ8HElz17etIHC3DFcTNi5zQm_MKRrqWL8nlf5cTdbA1Ud2bH-J6UfQ/s1047/08.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;678&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1047&quot; height=&quot;414&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgJh2V6Azz8amcGtx9kL_OQqKeCUVqXlhblCBeWW5asFiV-4rG3Q3I61J9lw7If7OOdqYZ3L2SwM5hQHC4rpJs9ji4oxFv5mzLy4tzmi6owRjGliiyIiG2UkF7hLfaJ8HElz17etIHC3DFcTNi5zQm_MKRrqWL8nlf5cTdbA1Ud2bH-J6UfQ/w640-h414/08.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 178.8pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 276.6pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Estrutura
simplificada do xilema e do floema, mostrando os tipos celulares principais.
Imagem modificada de: Adobe Stock.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;5. Tecidos meristemáticos: possui
células indiferenciadas, cujas paredes celulares são menos espessas e os vacúolos
centrais são menores. Esses tecidos originam os tecidos acima.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;5.1. Meristemas primários: são os
que descendem diretamente dos meristemas embrionários, localizados nos ápices
do caule e da raiz (veja de novo a figura lá no começo do texto). Responsáveis pelo crescimento primário, ou seja, longitudinal/vertical.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;5.2. Meristemas secundários: são o
felogênio da periderme, o câmbio vascular (gera os vasos condutores de seiva no caule) e o periciclo (gera os vasos condutores de seiva na raiz). Esses meristemas são originados a
partir da desdiferenciação de tecidos adultos. Promove o crescimento secundário, ou seja, em espessura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A tabela a seguir mostra a origem
e desenvolvimento dos principais tecidos vegetais:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisn7Ai0m9vTdlcq_XDyyZbFbOEzdcS6_d4ajf9EYqWxbqADDcDTGRjfvoPPYPMojVo0XFeP6dSiGGodi-xiQSI88YPi8xto7XKSHQNAZebUUQV_73w9_ErViDFPxrk-ZUrKTOxnaRlYpvCIMmLAlWzlPMwPUnjkLI5PakkANpvFzSET3ah4Q/s1226/09.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;457&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1226&quot; height=&quot;239&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisn7Ai0m9vTdlcq_XDyyZbFbOEzdcS6_d4ajf9EYqWxbqADDcDTGRjfvoPPYPMojVo0XFeP6dSiGGodi-xiQSI88YPi8xto7XKSHQNAZebUUQV_73w9_ErViDFPxrk-ZUrKTOxnaRlYpvCIMmLAlWzlPMwPUnjkLI5PakkANpvFzSET3ah4Q/w640-h239/09.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Na imagem abaixo estão mostrados os principais tecidos vegetais e as disposições deles. Imagem modificada de: Adobe Stock.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRatuOvQoCk7iQzAT1nOVxc76XNWUI1tp7lvBI7Z-v4J2pkU0UEoT_goVL1ZCRBQ985XG2nrzH8ap09TlUAmS0ZacHJWpEYZRhelU5osGje2ywcoJ4HVq2QH1Qpxtgt2nqxb7Vij4nWvlUkWhl7Od36sgaoYktVDX71RG5CpygZuNxCNM7MA/s908/10.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;623&quot; data-original-width=&quot;908&quot; height=&quot;440&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRatuOvQoCk7iQzAT1nOVxc76XNWUI1tp7lvBI7Z-v4J2pkU0UEoT_goVL1ZCRBQ985XG2nrzH8ap09TlUAmS0ZacHJWpEYZRhelU5osGje2ywcoJ4HVq2QH1Qpxtgt2nqxb7Vij4nWvlUkWhl7Od36sgaoYktVDX71RG5CpygZuNxCNM7MA/w640-h440/10.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_1&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 150.6pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 409.2pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.png&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/171724254289027222'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/171724254289027222'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2023/06/histologia-vegetal.html' title='HISTOLOGIA VEGETAL'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhluZ1s_HnBzdEKuohvp_Aa-lCq-ZhKTex6lvD35dloRZWX83nskWrrfK3t8vgJln8Z_VVlwEaLDEou1TBNIRDzxNKRJpHDWnD5EpSS9zwHqjufULNt8j4PyNy8Zun7prmQkh1l0kFRsWlzFo1jnK2Z2b443Yasplr1BaS8YKle4tC47UYfvA/s72-w265-h400-c/01.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-3412855400626605574</id><published>2022-12-20T09:59:00.010-04:00</published><updated>2023-01-30T07:59:13.065-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="abiogênese"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="autotrófica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biogênese"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="endossimbiose"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fontes hidrotermais"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="geração espontânea"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="heterotrófica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="hipótese"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="miller"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nasa"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="origem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="panspermia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pasteur"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="redi"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="RNA"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Vida"/><title type='text'>A ORIGEM DA VIDA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A ORIGEM DA VIDA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Acredita-se que o nosso universo tenha surgido há ~13,7 bilhões de anos
e o planeta Terra há ~4,5 bilhões de anos. No início de sua formação a Terra
era em grande parte coberta por magma, havia intensas descargas elétricas,
atividade vulcânica e bombardeios por meteoritos. As condições eram bem
diferentes das atuais e nesse ambiente inóspito não havia vida.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Porém, na medida em que o planeta começou a resfriar e surgiram as primeiras rochas sólidas, foram surgindo as condições capazes de permitir o
surgimento dos primeiros organismos. Acredita-se que os primeiros microfósseis
datem de ~3,5 bilhões de anos atrás.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMHszzcGBY14RRqerQSvPgUAybubAAqCsTtpJMJwkziVCVOCeWqUS6gsLJ6IdaoSlRpN2f44rKsiU2GxITKORLMEJbhwsC5MXIqEGw60K4BSKJIFjh3Mb3w4KDCFm-RSGAcDevOqCkMf8-3r4R-GuGJ__dQmLRkwalBb267fpQpp9_5s9EhA/s1024/01.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;576&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1024&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMHszzcGBY14RRqerQSvPgUAybubAAqCsTtpJMJwkziVCVOCeWqUS6gsLJ6IdaoSlRpN2f44rKsiU2GxITKORLMEJbhwsC5MXIqEGw60K4BSKJIFjh3Mb3w4KDCFm-RSGAcDevOqCkMf8-3r4R-GuGJ__dQmLRkwalBb267fpQpp9_5s9EhA/w640-h360/01.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aspecto da Terra primitiva.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Há duas correntes principais de pensamento para explicar o surgimento
dos organismos, desenvolvidas muitos anos antes de os pesquisadores terem
noções sobre o surgimento e as condições da Terra primitiva. São elas:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Biogênese: acredita-se que um organismo poderia surgir apenas a partir
de outro, pré-existente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;A&lt;/u&gt;biogênese: acredita-se que a matéria não viva possa se
organizar de maneira a gerar os organismos vivos.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;No âmbito da abiogênese, há conceito antigo e um
moderno:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;- Abiogênese por meio da ação de uma “força vital” ou algo similar, capaz
de reorganizar a matéria não viva e gerar seres vivos rapidamente, como em
poucos dias. É uma ideia antiga, com raízes aristotélicas e também pode ser
chamada de geração espontânea. Lembrando que as pessoas sabiam que a reprodução
originava novos seres vivos, porém, eles também criam que a vida poderia surgir
via geração espontânea.&lt;br /&gt;- Abiogênese por meio de processos de “evolução química”’, de longa
duração, nos quais houve a formação das substâncias constituintes das células,
sua organização e a geração das primeiras células. É o conceito moderno e o
mais aceito pelos pesquisadores.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCuR7I-gddzwRh1iCbXMoW1Ujz-ijr1Siqd2w45sg7mHDmpboWXllz2OTAVQ3oG2ed-QsRwC459hp22SY5l5kQqbHWYLjNI6bSewCQovBYAw5fvkx_3ti7Ks5dYYkQG-897hnwSpUWGTCDQf3hQ4sIeUL785Or1zwTM0XX4iq0ToKq9bc8Zg/s971/OOL04.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;684&quot; data-original-width=&quot;971&quot; height=&quot;450&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCuR7I-gddzwRh1iCbXMoW1Ujz-ijr1Siqd2w45sg7mHDmpboWXllz2OTAVQ3oG2ed-QsRwC459hp22SY5l5kQqbHWYLjNI6bSewCQovBYAw5fvkx_3ti7Ks5dYYkQG-897hnwSpUWGTCDQf3hQ4sIeUL785Or1zwTM0XX4iq0ToKq9bc8Zg/w640-h450/OOL04.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Apesar de esse segundo ser o conceito mais aceito hoje em dia, por
muito tempo, a maioria dos estudiosos cria na hipótese da geração espontânea,
que enfrentou um dos seus primeiros desafios experimentais em 1668. Foi quando
Francesco Redi elaborou um experimento tentando desbancá-la baseado na hipótese
de que as larvas que se observam nos corpos em putrefação são originadas pelos
ovos que as moscas depositam neles, não o resultado de geração espontânea.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Para testar essa hipótese Redi elaborou um experimento que, simplificando,
consistia em colocar pedaços de carne em dois conjuntos de frascos: um conjunto
era mantido destampado, de maneira que as moscas poderiam pousar nas carnes,
enquanto o outro era mantido tampado, isolando as carnes das moscas. Após
deixar os frascos em repouso por alguns dias, observou que só surgiram larvas
nos frascos deixados destampados, onde as moscas poderiam pousar, logo, sua
hipótese foi confirmada: as larvas eclodem dos ovos das moscas e não surgem por
geração espontânea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2WNg6VUScoF1GhXBYmvDx53jnVN-QbDUBiaLOZl1k4uaMGH33QS2PmeqRAcU6YsIAHRxby6xWsBY9GUDM1jAXqprHfF-WECAHWEVk2QTm8wNnm4_GAsipr1Pm5CcA2kofdCuO_Gz47MtcrHWlpZuBpxICB3UZCr89hkfe6mofpYuwdKAuGA/s885/02.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;724&quot; data-original-width=&quot;885&quot; height=&quot;524&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2WNg6VUScoF1GhXBYmvDx53jnVN-QbDUBiaLOZl1k4uaMGH33QS2PmeqRAcU6YsIAHRxby6xWsBY9GUDM1jAXqprHfF-WECAHWEVk2QTm8wNnm4_GAsipr1Pm5CcA2kofdCuO_Gz47MtcrHWlpZuBpxICB3UZCr89hkfe6mofpYuwdKAuGA/w640-h524/02.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esquema simplificado do experimento de Redi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Não obstante, os resultados foram contestados por muito tempo: os
críticos afirmaram que ao tampar os frascos Redi tinha impedido a força vital
de entrar em contato com as carnes, por isso as larvas não surgiram. Ademais, os
defensores da geração espontânea criam que a força vital ainda podia gerar
micro-organismos. Os micro-organismos foram descritos pela primeira vez em
1665, por Robert Hooke.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Após anos de controvérsia, incluindo outros experimentos, a disputa foi
resolvida de vez em 1862 por Louis Pasteur. Pasteur realizou um experimento
para testar a hipótese de que, ao se ferver um caldo nutritivo, os
micro-organismos que se detectam no material posteriormente são provenientes de
contaminação pelo ar, ao invés de surgirem por geração espontânea.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Para isso, Pasteur criou frascos com gargalos longos e curvados,
chamados de pescoço de cisne. Dentro desses frascos foi introduzido o caldo
nutritivo, que foi esterilizado com o uso de uma chama. Então os gargalos também foram curvados também com o auxílio de uma chama. Esses gargalos curvados permitem que a
suposta força vital entre no frasco e tenha contato com o caldo nutritivo,
porém, retêm os micro-organismos contaminantes na curvatura.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEGS0BBSy2WxMunw1Wy_wuFwiwafW4WUJaLbTPhuIKdkkOiLtFQJIIyz-PPAafpaek20VHcYNG-9kBkJ9JdHGOA-C9ugS72ncrE5FPgdeu50UB9NjEdte4vXpRe--NqXnXk1j3vRGh4g7NZNlBJXBJWzhju-3F-Gt2jctSpEwEHM36a-u7Pg/s767/OOL06.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;613&quot; data-original-width=&quot;767&quot; height=&quot;512&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEGS0BBSy2WxMunw1Wy_wuFwiwafW4WUJaLbTPhuIKdkkOiLtFQJIIyz-PPAafpaek20VHcYNG-9kBkJ9JdHGOA-C9ugS72ncrE5FPgdeu50UB9NjEdte4vXpRe--NqXnXk1j3vRGh4g7NZNlBJXBJWzhju-3F-Gt2jctSpEwEHM36a-u7Pg/w640-h512/OOL06.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Frasco com o gargalo curvado usado no experimento de
Pasteur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Dias após realizar o experimento não se encontrou vida nos frascos, mas
quando se arrancavam os gargalos de modo a permitir o contato do ar e dos
micro-organismos contaminantes com o caldo, em pouco tempo as amostras foram
contaminadas por eles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Esse experimento terminou a controvérsia sobre a geração espontânea e a
biogênese de maneira definitiva. Porém, um problema ainda persistia e persiste:
e quanto ao primeiro organismo? Esse não poderia ter sido gerado a partir de
outro. Logo, deveria haver algum tipo de processo abiótico, sem um componente
similar a força vital, capaz de tê-lo gerado. Como mencionado, a maioria dos
pesquisadores aceita a hipótese de que a vida surgiu via abiogênese por
processos de evolução química.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Acredita-se que na Terra primitiva ocorreram processos químicos nos
quais as substâncias simples, ao longo do tempo e nas condições adequadas, geraram
substâncias orgânicas cada vez mais complexas, que, por fim, originaram os
primeiros organismos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_gcOJq8Xy0rJa2zyZc8zQRfYgG1OfL5CoX43FBHDXy8g6tyMtFrysjqEWJCFQafeMTpxClLuuST4zPvoKYC8F-Ndfu3CdMUitY2qOPPl2yUX7cGEYgTh4CB7gF3iJUvSXtgRSylsnIRiWQdpZJ-6KEO3kk8Wd6HD-Uqtx1ggv9flUfK88OQ/s970/OOL08.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;719&quot; data-original-width=&quot;970&quot; height=&quot;474&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_gcOJq8Xy0rJa2zyZc8zQRfYgG1OfL5CoX43FBHDXy8g6tyMtFrysjqEWJCFQafeMTpxClLuuST4zPvoKYC8F-Ndfu3CdMUitY2qOPPl2yUX7cGEYgTh4CB7gF3iJUvSXtgRSylsnIRiWQdpZJ-6KEO3kk8Wd6HD-Uqtx1ggv9flUfK88OQ/w640-h474/OOL08.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Resumo simplificado de como a vida pode ter surgido.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Uma possibilidade é baseada nas propostas de Haldane e Oparin, de 1924
(ambos trabalhando independentemente): supondo uma atmosfera pobre em oxigênio
e composta primariamente por CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; e H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O,
essas substâncias reagiriam graças à energia fornecida por descargas elétricas originando
compostos orgânicos, que seriam concentrados nos oceanos e deram origem à uma
“sopa pré-biótica”, onde os processos de evolução química foram capazes de
permitir o surgimento da vida.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Essa hipótese foi testada em 1953 por Stanley Miller, que elaborou um
aparato simulando essas condições ambientais. No aparato a água que evapora faz
circular os compostos e os eletrodos simulam os relâmpagos, que
fornecem a energia requerida para as reações químicas. Após algum tempo, foram
detectadas algumas substâncias orgânicas como os aminoácidos glicina e alanina.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1R441INH4OgJ1ZnDRVUWUWpWhPf8TLrRkLrPaFJPlrNsjDBSnqUEJq28yPw9mCqw3pOqaLYvMWD4AKPysQHIstD1WcH7G2bIg0tGD3vX7RsrqjLvAGZDrnbSes1-p-xr0UvQfF9P-X5JIEz6RJm9pzPIsvsUtZjMYysn3x-rVl2heUwgv_Q/s890/OOL09.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;723&quot; data-original-width=&quot;890&quot; height=&quot;520&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1R441INH4OgJ1ZnDRVUWUWpWhPf8TLrRkLrPaFJPlrNsjDBSnqUEJq28yPw9mCqw3pOqaLYvMWD4AKPysQHIstD1WcH7G2bIg0tGD3vX7RsrqjLvAGZDrnbSes1-p-xr0UvQfF9P-X5JIEz6RJm9pzPIsvsUtZjMYysn3x-rVl2heUwgv_Q/w640-h520/OOL09.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modelo do aparelho de Miller.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Atualmente acredita-se que essas não tenham sido as condições da
atmosfera primitiva, porém, o experimento mostra a possibilidade de se obter
substâncias orgânicas a partir de substâncias inorgânicas simples, dependendo
das condições ambientais. Além disso, também é possível que micro-organismos ou
várias substâncias tenham sido formados fora da Terra e trazidos para cá em
corpos celestes como os meteoritos. Essa é a hipótese chamada de panspermia,
evidenciada pela presença de vestígios de micro-organismos e de substâncias
orgânicas em alguns meteoritos, que podem ter origem extraterrestre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOj-8njDkVjqT4XEdFp9V-gEwaURbTlEOHG5mmn8jXWAzZjJeZjN1cScxHKPQ_c8l32Tt80nKPC1RtVUkIjuqXbqbW4BlVKYdfINEC90SNSB5HFjZ8vyeY5oZJ5iPj8ARygnPwNrYY7ps9k4zQMMKNbns5XxK47Q6yEUPKvTdzZR8icRMwew/s668/04.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;434&quot; data-original-width=&quot;668&quot; height=&quot;416&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOj-8njDkVjqT4XEdFp9V-gEwaURbTlEOHG5mmn8jXWAzZjJeZjN1cScxHKPQ_c8l32Tt80nKPC1RtVUkIjuqXbqbW4BlVKYdfINEC90SNSB5HFjZ8vyeY5oZJ5iPj8ARygnPwNrYY7ps9k4zQMMKNbns5XxK47Q6yEUPKvTdzZR8icRMwew/w640-h416/04.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A hipótese da panspermia prevê que algumas substâncias e
talvez até micro-organismos possam ter sido trazidos para a Terra em corpos
celestes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;O próximo passo deve ter sido a formação de moléculas orgânicas mais
complexas, como os fosfolipídeos, proteínas e os ácidos nucleicos. Mas para que
haja a síntese dessas moléculas e a vida possa surgir é necessário que haja
catálise e polímeros capazes de armazenar as informações genéticas. Como as
moléculas de RNA são capazes de fazer ambas as coisas, pode ser que elas tenham
surgido antes das outras moléculas complexas: &amp;nbsp;é a hipótese chamada de mundo do RNA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq1j8RCqPz53n4jRj19oGda4SzbEeLfXOQVxB0fJXeEh3qHtIPYt-CN77Ow4SECb2X674JockEpRhVy3PnT6VPCwcGrYNi-_N7Tmz1KbyJJXGDDeygcxLQIv9jNmSSRlZf1-c9rO3ycCQ0hUhGXqAn-c57v4hmJ-QE4WTVL2XhRKkH94Df_A/s918/03.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;728&quot; data-original-width=&quot;918&quot; height=&quot;508&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq1j8RCqPz53n4jRj19oGda4SzbEeLfXOQVxB0fJXeEh3qHtIPYt-CN77Ow4SECb2X674JockEpRhVy3PnT6VPCwcGrYNi-_N7Tmz1KbyJJXGDDeygcxLQIv9jNmSSRlZf1-c9rO3ycCQ0hUhGXqAn-c57v4hmJ-QE4WTVL2XhRKkH94Df_A/w640-h508/03.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como as moléculas de RNA podem tanto transmitir informações
genéticas quanto ter atividade catalítica, podem ter sido as precursoras tanto
do DNA quanto das proteínas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Os fosfolipídeos permitiram a formação das bicamadas fosfolipídicas,
estrutura básica das membranas celulares. Essas bicamadas podem ter permitido a
compartimentação e a concentração das substâncias orgânicas, das moléculas de
RNA inclusive, favorecendo a ocorrência das reações químicas capazes de gerar
as primeiras células.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Tendo surgido, enfim, as primeiras células, acredita-se que elas tenham
sido bem simples, similares às células procariontes mais simples atuais.
Lembre-se de que a Terra tem ~4,5 bilhões de anos e os primeiros possíveis
microfósseis de células, ~3,5 bilhões.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqTkt8bvg2_IKMEvYH8vn4PI30jRdEAiBI87FrHVqI5i-uVgtarCgbnF1kuodwSdCKwAKlUOav7cIcuA1ts6GTXRhUIFaGZbR04l97m1RpZf-LktNFRLXrDyaH2ocNCSWN08wPfJ2ibQ_iD6tCNRCIWtrl-tv69DiM8TaGdB1nxbSvUayY5Q/s500/05.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;445&quot; data-original-width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;570&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqTkt8bvg2_IKMEvYH8vn4PI30jRdEAiBI87FrHVqI5i-uVgtarCgbnF1kuodwSdCKwAKlUOav7cIcuA1ts6GTXRhUIFaGZbR04l97m1RpZf-LktNFRLXrDyaH2ocNCSWN08wPfJ2ibQ_iD6tCNRCIWtrl-tv69DiM8TaGdB1nxbSvUayY5Q/w640-h570/05.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Candidatus Pelagibacter communis&lt;/i&gt;. São as células de vida livre
com o menor genoma conhecido, de 1.308.759 pares de bases e aproximadamente
1389 genes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;No tocante ao tipo de metabolismo energético dos primeiros organismos,
há duas hipóteses, a de que eles eram heterótrofos e a de que eram autótrofos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;- Hipótese heterotrófica: supõe que as primeiras células devem ter sido
as mais simples possíveis nas condições em que se encontravam, logo, como os
sistemas bioquímicos requeridos para a síntese de substâncias orgânicas a
partir das inorgânicas requer um nível maior de complexidade, a hipótese prevê
que os primeiros organismos obtinham os seus nutrientes a partir do meio. Esses
primeiros organismos se desenvolveram em um meio anaeróbico e podem ter
realizado um processo similar à fermentação alcoólica como a conhecemos
atualmente, que, além de gerar energia potencial química, libera etanol e CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
para o meio, sendo que esse CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; pode ter favorecido o surgimento dos
autótrofos, que o utilizam como fonte de átomos de carbono para a síntese de
substâncias orgânicas.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;A sequência de surgimento dos organismos no planeta seria:&lt;br /&gt; Fermentadores (liberam CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) =&amp;gt; Fotossíntéticos (liberam O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) =&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;Aeróbicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;(Detalhe, nem todos os tipos de fermentação liberam CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; para
o meio. A alcoólica, por exemplo, libera, já a lática, não).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;- Hipótese autotrófica: supõe que as primeiras células devem ter sido
autótrofas quimiossintetizantes, pois, apesar da complexidade, não haveria
processos químicos capazes de gerar substâncias orgânicas em quantidades
suficientes para manter os organismos heterótrofos na Terra primitiva. Assim,
os primeiros seres vivos podem ter sido quimiossintetizantes, como os
encontrados nas fontes hidrotermais nas profundezas dos oceanos, que são
ambientes quentes (60°-105° C) e sulfurosos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Esses ambientes seriam protegidos da instabilidade da superfície do
planeta e poderiam permitir que houvesse a seguinte reação:&lt;br /&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;FeS + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S =&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;FeS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + energia potencial química.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;A energia potencial química é então empregada para impulsionar a
síntese de substâncias orgânicas que sevem de alimento ao quimiotrófico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Então, de acordo com essa hipótese, a sequência de surgimento dos
organismos no planeta é:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Quimiossintéticos =&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;Fermentadores (liberam CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) =&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;Fotossintéticos (liberam O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) =&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;Respiração aeróbica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YjQJOGvtNI-o5GFM6szbd8eWqXwo8yrbLnia4vDiQgSPc0FVC5PNZ2JVYbiNJZ7ybqi1DASJWV0rvsH6WXIYixJDtRMbhhzwWMVqSarSlJGx8uueWaoAVLVACTcZ5Z4zyxAAyHNNH8mMty6TxdTVXP4BnLF1Yw4f65UAe3Cn6q-4rueMqQ/s719/Ecossistema%20fonte%20hidrotermal.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;719&quot; data-original-width=&quot;516&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YjQJOGvtNI-o5GFM6szbd8eWqXwo8yrbLnia4vDiQgSPc0FVC5PNZ2JVYbiNJZ7ybqi1DASJWV0rvsH6WXIYixJDtRMbhhzwWMVqSarSlJGx8uueWaoAVLVACTcZ5Z4zyxAAyHNNH8mMty6TxdTVXP4BnLF1Yw4f65UAe3Cn6q-4rueMqQ/w460-h640/Ecossistema%20fonte%20hidrotermal.gif&quot; width=&quot;460&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Resumo de um ecossistema encontrado nas vizinhanças das
fontes hidrotermais.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Posteriormente, além das células procariontes, houve também o
desenvolvimento das células eucariontes, que são mais complexas e possuem
sistemas membranosos internos: as várias organelas membranosas, como o retículo
endoplasmático, complexo de golgi, peroxissomo e etc. Essas células podem ter
surgido há 2,5 bilhões de anos e os sistemas membranosos internos podem ter
sido o resultado de invaginações da membrana plasmática, a sim de corresponder
ao aumento no volume: as células eucariontes são, normalmente, bem maiores que
as procariontes e, enquanto a área de superfície corresponde ao quadrado da
dimensão linear, o volume corresponde ao cubo. Então, para corresponder a
superfície, surgiram as invaginações, que por sua vez geraram as estruturas
membranosas internas.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;Além disso, pode também ter havido o aumento de complexidade graças ao
processo de endossiombiose ou simbiogênese, no qual as células eucariontes
primitivas fagocitaram células procariontes, mas ao invés de digeri-las,
mantiveram-nas em seu interior pois isso lhes conferia vantagens adaptativas.
Bons exemplos de organelas que podem ter surgido assim são as mitocôndrias e os
cloroplastos, que possuem duas membranas, DNA e ribossomos próprios além de
poderem se duplicar.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFIPYVgdvVJELvhFquD28Om6QJJsIUTUqRrqxKGa5sZ47ra-S7yrT7bxuKppSSxUCIrnxWFN3Azk-RlAd-EnT3roOFcith87mbAR8aF-S8bHyeosF21n6EQzcF4LAh0pVt87YbcH0aTdzRDeb25HYqFXtQzWkxt0mu0tTkqWPdkiDsuxWZVw/s1324/07.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;690&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1324&quot; height=&quot;334&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFIPYVgdvVJELvhFquD28Om6QJJsIUTUqRrqxKGa5sZ47ra-S7yrT7bxuKppSSxUCIrnxWFN3Azk-RlAd-EnT3roOFcith87mbAR8aF-S8bHyeosF21n6EQzcF4LAh0pVt87YbcH0aTdzRDeb25HYqFXtQzWkxt0mu0tTkqWPdkiDsuxWZVw/w640-h334/07.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esquema mostrando como poderiam ter surgido e se desenvolvido as
células eucariontes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;E assim, uma vez que a vida surgiu, pôde evoluir e gerar a enorme
biodiversidade que conhecemos. Para terminar, no tocante à questão “o que é
vida?” a NASA define da seguinte forma: a vida como a conhecemos, aqui na
Terra, é um sistema químico autossustentável capaz de evoluir por mecanismos
darwinianos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15209075&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2020/08/26/what-is-panspermia-new-evidence-for-the-wild-theory-that-says-we-could-all-be-space-aliens/?sh=69581af96543&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2019.00076&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/research/life-detection/about/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;



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&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/3412855400626605574'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/3412855400626605574'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2022/12/a-origem-da-vida.html' title='A ORIGEM DA VIDA'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMHszzcGBY14RRqerQSvPgUAybubAAqCsTtpJMJwkziVCVOCeWqUS6gsLJ6IdaoSlRpN2f44rKsiU2GxITKORLMEJbhwsC5MXIqEGw60K4BSKJIFjh3Mb3w4KDCFm-RSGAcDevOqCkMf8-3r4R-GuGJ__dQmLRkwalBb267fpQpp9_5s9EhA/s72-w640-h360-c/01.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-6432169262502993113</id><published>2021-08-12T09:34:00.032-04:00</published><updated>2025-03-11T14:25:25.237-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AIDS"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ciclo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="covid"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="doenças"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="estrutura"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="infecção"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="lisogênico"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="lítico"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="prion"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Replicação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="viroide"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="virus"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="virusoide"/><title type='text'>OS VÍRUS</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;VÍRUS, VIRÓIDES, VIRUSÓIDES E PRÍONS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;CARACTERÍSTICAS GERAIS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Vírus é uma palavra de origem latina
que significa veneno. É utilizada para se referir a um grupo de agentes
infecciosos microscópicos, com tamanho entre 20 e 300 nm, constituídos
basicamente por ácidos nucléicos recobertos por uma capa proteica, podendo haver
também um envoltório membranoso originário da célula alvo onde foi produzido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A capa proteica que recobre o material
genético é chamada capsídeo. Ao conjunto material genético mais capsídeo, dá-se
o nome nucleocapsídeo. No que diz respeito ao seu material genético, o vírus
pode ser de RNA &lt;b&gt;ou &lt;/b&gt;DNA, de cadeia simples ou dupla, sendo que os RNAs de cadeia
simples podem funcionar como mRNAs nas células. Esses são chamados de RNAs senso positivos, os que não funcionam como mRNAS são os senso negativos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPRDKyd2viMcGqrvcjKYOREmrdWiKhmo1GmUqt8YTUoXgiQNuQNLkX0WYsk_3FxhAqHInNMu228FjV0eHv3f700E2RvE5pTb87hcO8Rh4aOqr3aZMra6FG1jQ9JtM0zielKI-e/s626/V%25C3%25ADrus+01.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;453&quot; data-original-width=&quot;626&quot; height=&quot;290&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPRDKyd2viMcGqrvcjKYOREmrdWiKhmo1GmUqt8YTUoXgiQNuQNLkX0WYsk_3FxhAqHInNMu228FjV0eHv3f700E2RvE5pTb87hcO8Rh4aOqr3aZMra6FG1jQ9JtM0zielKI-e/w400-h290/V%25C3%25ADrus+01.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shapetype coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; filled=&quot;f&quot; id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot; o:preferrelative=&quot;t&quot; o:spt=&quot;75&quot; path=&quot;m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:formulas&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 1 0&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum 0 0 @1&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @2 1 2&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 0 1&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @6 1 2&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelWidth&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @8 21600 0&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelHeight&quot;&gt;
  &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @10 21600 0&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:formulas&gt;
 &lt;v:path gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; o:connecttype=&quot;rect&quot; o:extrusionok=&quot;f&quot;&gt;
 &lt;o:lock aspectratio=&quot;t&quot; v:ext=&quot;edit&quot;&gt;
&lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_4&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1039&quot; style=&quot;height: 154.2pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 212.4pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Estrutura de um adenovírus, um vírus
de DNA e sem envelope membranoso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHCfWb-8J46Fryd1tlq9dD7lTBM_PHuWLdHYuAaR6dGftnG2AAsprTibdsGKCowtrhRd1rNhZiTuZnYmHDulOwJLzRMENIF5tQxZ_jG6WFjVJgGxgcS7bniMA2-cOHkN1oSyWe/s800/V%25C3%25ADrus+02.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;535&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;429&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHCfWb-8J46Fryd1tlq9dD7lTBM_PHuWLdHYuAaR6dGftnG2AAsprTibdsGKCowtrhRd1rNhZiTuZnYmHDulOwJLzRMENIF5tQxZ_jG6WFjVJgGxgcS7bniMA2-cOHkN1oSyWe/w640-h429/V%25C3%25ADrus+02.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_5&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1038&quot; style=&quot;height: 174pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 259.8pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Estrutura de um influenzavirus, vírus
de RNA e envelopado. O envelope deriva da membrana plasmática da célula
infectada de onde a partícula viral brota.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Como vemos na imagem acima, alguns vírus possuem uma cobertura membranosa externa ao capsídeo, proveniente da membrana plasmática da célula que estava sendo infectada. Esses vírus saem da célula brotando por meio dessas bolsas membranosas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgORa3aFK6hrxJ29nj24r0wOq4OxdcPj6VjMtC8y1hTSCY7TuTmSpHCJ-WdJrvdoFp6LjOe4rFIbV7ab2M5WQRMp9mIYq5AQVLWThf2xfYwJf23OtQYyGe1Defvy1D1DJXaEX0LjCk_RIo52-Tt_w2pIOyRnYj31gd1RMRH1jJ8HRvAUiNQBF68/s1284/V%C3%ADrus%20da%20AIDS%20brotando.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;322&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1284&quot; height=&quot;160&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgORa3aFK6hrxJ29nj24r0wOq4OxdcPj6VjMtC8y1hTSCY7TuTmSpHCJ-WdJrvdoFp6LjOe4rFIbV7ab2M5WQRMp9mIYq5AQVLWThf2xfYwJf23OtQYyGe1Defvy1D1DJXaEX0LjCk_RIo52-Tt_w2pIOyRnYj31gd1RMRH1jJ8HRvAUiNQBF68/w640-h160/V%C3%ADrus%20da%20AIDS%20brotando.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Na imagem vemos um HIV, o vírus causador da AIDS, brotando de uma célula infectada.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Virus-Budding-Rheinemann-Sundquist/162d4fb4e8ab8fb119ef898b1173b61e4049c239&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Os vírus não apresentam organização
celular, ou seja, são acelulares. Em decorrência disso, não apresentam
metabolismo próprio e são considerados sistemas moleculares replicativos não
vivos, ou pelo menos no limite do que é vivo e do que é inanimado. Como não têm metabolsimo e não fazem nada por si sós, são parasitas
intracelulares obrigatórios, pois dependem da maquinaria de replicação da
célula que infectam para poderem ser produzidos, eles não reproduzem por conta própria. Existem vírus capazes de
infectar organismos de todos os reinos de seres vivos: das bactérias aos
animais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDyD6jU7vFkhyphenhyphenlQUeWhIfoHFBG-44qTRZrtxxswDWK_84Q0xblpGYknQDrFp1XkfVkvKlr9EBbgbfY4yo8r5czxVNMMf3cd1-pIZNOUfZPa_L_dZ0-hyoI1LsVtPi_uAH0_yUD/s438/V%25C3%25ADrus+03.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;331&quot; data-original-width=&quot;438&quot; height=&quot;242&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDyD6jU7vFkhyphenhyphenlQUeWhIfoHFBG-44qTRZrtxxswDWK_84Q0xblpGYknQDrFp1XkfVkvKlr9EBbgbfY4yo8r5czxVNMMf3cd1-pIZNOUfZPa_L_dZ0-hyoI1LsVtPi_uAH0_yUD/s320/V%25C3%25ADrus+03.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_6&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1037&quot; style=&quot;height: 148.2pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 196.2pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Na imagem são mostrados um
bacteriófago, vírus que infecta bactérias, e um vírus do mosaico do tabaco, que
infecta plantas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Uma boa analogia para se referir aos
vírus e às células que eles infectam seria compará-los com um disco, tipo
Blu-ray, e um computador ou console de videogames. O disco, assim como um vírus, contém as informações,
como o código para instalar um jogo, por exemplo, mas para que essas
informações sejam lidas e executadas, é necessário o hardware e o software
celulares, neste caso, do computador ou videogame fazendo o papel de célula.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A REPLICAÇÃO VIRAL&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para que haja a produção e a montagem
de novas partículas virais, a chamada replicação viral, o vírus deve invadir
uma célula alvo em um processo denominado infecção. A replicação como um todo normalmente segue os passos a seguir:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;1. Adesão: é o processo no qual o
vírus se liga à célula alvo que irá infectar. Na superfície da célula alvo
existem proteínas chamadas receptores, que se ligam às proteínas presentes na
superfície do vírus, os ligantes virais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;2. Inserção: é a internalização da
partícula viral e/ou do material genético viral na célula alvo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;3. Biossíntese: a partir dos ácidos
nucléicos virais inicia-se a síntese de mais ácidos nucléicos e proteínas
virais. Os genes dos vírus alteram o
metabolismo e os recursos celulares no sentido da síntese dos componentes
virais.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;4. Montagem: as moléculas constituintes dos vírus, as proteínas e os ácidos nucleicos, sintetizados pela célula infectada, interagem de maneira a gerar as novas
partículas virais. Pode
haver a produção e a montagem de centenas de novos vírus para cada célula alvo infectada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;5. Liberação: as partículas virais
montadas são liberadas pela célula. Pode ocorrer por exocitose ou pela lise (=
rompimento) celular. Os vírus contendo envelope membranoso brotam da célula por exocitose, já os sem envelope, podem lisar a célula infectada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiak8EK00LGxTFbsd0BsXmE7XfAZCuETDZH9VmbJZfFxEpwbg6xH-qSNTShsjwIQy66nSvi2Wu-rOkQ57q9nLmZjeLS659ZaJJaaO9ddbV4nlVcKSGmgRo2lv1lRWzEQkmYeQ95/s1000/V%25C3%25ADrus+04.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;667&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1000&quot; height=&quot;426&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiak8EK00LGxTFbsd0BsXmE7XfAZCuETDZH9VmbJZfFxEpwbg6xH-qSNTShsjwIQy66nSvi2Wu-rOkQ57q9nLmZjeLS659ZaJJaaO9ddbV4nlVcKSGmgRo2lv1lRWzEQkmYeQ95/w640-h426/V%25C3%25ADrus+04.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_7&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1036&quot; style=&quot;height: 193.8pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 290.4pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Esquema simplificado da replicação
viral. Há muita variedade nos processos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Dá-se o nome de vírions às partículas
virais capazes de infectar uma célula alvo e direcioná-la a produzir novos
vírus (basicamente, é o vírus completo). Às vezes utiliza-se o nome vírus para
se referir apenas aos estágios intracelulares.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;No caso de alguns vírus, como os que
infectam as bactérias, os bacteriófagos, pode acontecer de o material genético
viral se incorporar ao genoma da célula alvo e permanecer em estado latente.
Nesse caso, ele passa a ser chamado provírus. Para esses vírus o ciclo de
replicação pode seguir dois caminhos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;1. Ciclo lítico (de lise): não ocorre
a integração do material genético do vírus no genoma da bactéria. Há a produção
e a montagem de novas partículas virais, que vão promover a lise da bactéria quando os vírus forem liberados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;2. Ciclo lisogênico: nesse caso o
material genético do vírus é integrado ao genoma da bactéria e lá permanece
latente, até o momento em que algum estressor promova a sua liberação do cromossomo bacteriano, iniciando um ciclo lítico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWFvxOoioglqx-GIWREYamzht7ODd4ID9kVUISm1bLXorjw5Fg8it7zPmbDabeofduEAnsyf-tbxeda36XPT8NR5wQXcWGv59RaC4xvBTGjnzi3IOXCZm6ByOkQYiyv6Nr38J8/s1160/V%25C3%25ADrus+05.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;714&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1160&quot; height=&quot;394&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWFvxOoioglqx-GIWREYamzht7ODd4ID9kVUISm1bLXorjw5Fg8it7zPmbDabeofduEAnsyf-tbxeda36XPT8NR5wQXcWGv59RaC4xvBTGjnzi3IOXCZm6ByOkQYiyv6Nr38J8/w640-h394/V%25C3%25ADrus+05.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_8&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1035&quot; style=&quot;height: 184.2pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 299.4pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Ciclo lítico e lisogênico em
bacteriófagos. Eventos de estresse ambiental podem desencadear o início de um
ciclo lítico: como a bactéria passar por carência nutricional ou entrar em
contato com substâncias tóxicas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;DOENÇAS VIRAIS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Os vírus causam doenças, pois, para a
célula alvo, o resultado da infecção geralmente é a morte, podendo ser causada
pela própria ação viral, como no momento da fase de liberação (lise), ou pelo
reconhecimento e destruição pelo sistema imunológico. Se um tecido ou órgão
perde suas células, perde sua função. Além desse mecanismo, os vírus também
podem originar cânceres, pois como vimos, são capazes de integrar seu material
genético no genoma da célula alvo transformando-a em uma célula tumoral, pois
esse material genético viral pode se inserir no meio de um gene que controla a
progressão do ciclo celular.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A transmissão de doenças virais pode
se dar de diversas formas, como através de:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Secreções. Ex: saliva, vírus da raiva
(Lyssavirus).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Fluídos corporais, como o esperma e o
sangue. Ex: HIV (o vírus da AIDS).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Gotículas em suspensão no ar. Ex: gripe
(Influenzavirus), Hantavírus e Coronavirus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Vetores animais, como os arbovírus (&lt;i&gt;arthropod
borne vírus&lt;/i&gt; – Vírus “originados” de artrópodes). Ex: vírus da febre amarela
e da dengue (Flavivirus, vetor: mosquito&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Aedes aegypti&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Toque. Ex: vírus da herpes simples
labial (HSV-1).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Alguns vírus têm a capacidade de
infectar tanto as células humanas quanto as de outros animais. Sendo assim,
pode-se adquirir doenças virais caso se tenha contato com animais contaminados.
Estas doenças são chamadas de zoonoses virais. Como exemplos têm-se o vírus da
raiva, que pode ser transmitido pela saliva de cães e morcegos infectados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwYjMdFviW3LFErVTWDAYNL1uCDHHihUj0Vmz44grIvtgB5k1h6Tl5562Qbih4wZ0-wULE021De6fAn7FjRYJKvCLt93zgOjs2dv7-rXmd9mpiz3c0cXzDKFjdfeQX_Is-Ehhm/s561/V%25C3%25ADrus+06.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;561&quot; data-original-width=&quot;546&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwYjMdFviW3LFErVTWDAYNL1uCDHHihUj0Vmz44grIvtgB5k1h6Tl5562Qbih4wZ0-wULE021De6fAn7FjRYJKvCLt93zgOjs2dv7-rXmd9mpiz3c0cXzDKFjdfeQX_Is-Ehhm/w622-h640/V%25C3%25ADrus+06.gif&quot; width=&quot;622&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_10&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1034&quot; style=&quot;height: 210.6pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 205.2pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Formas pelas quais os morcegos podem
transmitir vírus para os humanos. Quando os morcegos emitem os gritos da
ecolocalização, expelem saliva que pode estar contaminada com os vírus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Chamam-se reservatórios naturais, os animais portadores dos vírus, que podem ou não
apresentar as doenças. Por exemplo, os cães são reservatórios naturais do vírus
da raiva. De forma geral, a destruição de ambientes naturais e a expansão
populacional humana, fatores causadores de desequilíbrios ecológicos, acabam
por promover a exposição da espécie humana a novos tipos de vírus “armazenados”
em espécies reservatórios, com as quais nós normalmente
não tínhamos contato. É o caso das viroses emergentes, como as epidemias de
SARS, MERS e COVID19, todas geradas por coronavírus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;De forma geral, as melhores formas de
se lidar com as doenças virais são:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Prevenção, que é adotar práticas que
permitam ao indivíduo não ser infectado pelo vírus. Como por exemplo, evitar o
contato com animais considerados reservatórios naturais do vírus, contato
sexual desprotegido com pessoas infectadas por vírus causadores de infecções
sexualmente transmissíveis ou usar máscaras em lugares onde há aglomerações, de
maneira a evitar inalar gotículas ou aerossóis contendo partículas virais capazes
de infectar o aparelho respiratório como os influenzavirus e os coronavírus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Vacinação para que caso seja
infectado pelo vírus, não desenvolva a doença ou pelo menos não desenvolva os sintomas
graves da doença.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Tratamento com drogas antivirais, no
caso de ter sido infectado e apresentar os sintomas da doença. Essas drogas
objetivam impedir etapas específicas do ciclo de replicação dos vírus. Em princípio, não é
possível tratar as viroses com o uso de antibióticos, visto que não possuem
organização celular.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRMDhlUIX_8ZR8NEh6PdgeQV1RulGcEltUT4nBzLNDr2_4tJYrG00ePambtXQE4jftVO1BXKdzwpoP4X5vFZpUcRHjde3imfAMGKcZWRu4KCQW4gXBrfFuEseBfSjWIRKkwAaGUjcSR2UmwFo41rxqPCtkYkUgZvhHFyIvf6Pfj9JG8CY1lEy-/s654/Antivirais%20inibidores%20de%20neuraminidase.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;438&quot; data-original-width=&quot;654&quot; height=&quot;268&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRMDhlUIX_8ZR8NEh6PdgeQV1RulGcEltUT4nBzLNDr2_4tJYrG00ePambtXQE4jftVO1BXKdzwpoP4X5vFZpUcRHjde3imfAMGKcZWRu4KCQW4gXBrfFuEseBfSjWIRKkwAaGUjcSR2UmwFo41rxqPCtkYkUgZvhHFyIvf6Pfj9JG8CY1lEy-/w400-h268/Antivirais%20inibidores%20de%20neuraminidase.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Exemplo de medicamento antiviral contra os vírus que causam gripe. Os inibidores de neuraminidase inibem a atividade dessa proteína superficial dos vírus, impedindo que eles brotem das células.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra050740&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A tabela a seguir mostra um resumo de algumas
doenças importantes causadas por vírus:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 520px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Doença&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Transmissão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Prevenção&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Manifestações&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Gripe/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Influenza&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Gotículas
  em suspensão no ar. Superfícies contaminadas (fomitos).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Evitar o
  contato com os doentes; evitar aglomerações, uso de máscaras, vacinação.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Febre,
  coriza, tosse e obstrução nasal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Rubéola&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Gotículas
  em suspensão no ar;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Pode ser
  transmitida via transplacentária.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Evitar o
  contato com os doentes; Vacinação.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Febre,
  linfonodos inchados, manchas avermelhadas na pele, dores nos músculos e articulações,
  e malformações congênitas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Varíola&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Contato
  direto; Gotículas em suspensão no ar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Evitar o
  contato com os doentes; Vacinação.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Lesões
  cutâneas, febre e hemorragias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Poliomielite&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Secreções
  respiratórias; Via fecal-oral.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Saneamento
  básico, isolamento dos doentes; Vacinação.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Febre, diarreia,
  fraqueza muscular e paralisia (pois o vírus pode atingir o sistema nervoso
  central).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Raiva&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Secreções
  (mordidas de animais contaminados).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Vacinação
  humana e dos animais; Eliminação de animais contaminados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Cefaleia,
  mal-estar, convulsões e dificuldade para engolir e respirar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Hepatite
  A&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Água ou
  alimentos com resíduos de fezes contaminadas, contato direto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Evitar o
  contato com os doentes; Adotar medidas de saneamento e higiene; Vacinação.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Icterícia,
  febre, dor abdominal, urina escura e fezes claras.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Dengue &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Picada
  do mosquito vetor&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Aedes aegypti&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Eliminar
  os mosquitos vetores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Febre,
  dor muscular, hemorragias e cefaleia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Febre
  amarela&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Picada
  do mosquito vetor&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Aedes aegypti&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Eliminar
  o mosquito; Vacinação.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Febre,
  icterícia, dor muscular, vômitos, diarreia, hemorragia e insuficiência renal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66pt;&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;SARS/COVID19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 124.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Inalação
  de gotículas contendo os vírus (via preferencial) ou tocar uma superfície
  recentemente contaminada e levar as mãos aos olhos ou ao nariz.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;130&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Evitar o
  contato com os doentes; evitar aglomerações; evitar tocar o rosto; vacinação.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105pt;&quot; width=&quot;140&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Febre,
  dores de cabeça, tosse, dificuldades para respirar e cansaço físico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Vejamos um pouco mais sobre algumas
doenças virais de maior interesse:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;O HIV e a AIDS:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;O HIV, vírus da imunodeficiência
humana, é o agente causador da AIDS, síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida,
doença que jjá chegou a afligir cerca de 433 mil indivíduos no Brasil, e aproximadamente 33 milhões de pessoas no mundo. O vírus é transmitido a partir de fluidos
corporais contaminados, como o sangue e o esperma, e sua célula alvo principal
são os linfócitos T CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; (ou T helpers, ou T auxiliares), células
responsáveis por organizar a resposta imune do organismo. A imunodeficiência é
resultante da destruição e/ou da parada do funcionamento adequado dessas
células, então o organismo não consegue mais combater agentes que normalmente
não seriam capazes de causar doenças, nesses casos, chamados de agentes
oportunistas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;O vírion apresenta um envelope
membranoso envolvendo o capsídio, que por sua vez envolve duas moléculas de RNA
de cadeia simples e duas enzimas responsáveis por processos importantes durante
o ciclo de replicação viral:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Transcriptase reversa: enzima que
catalisa a síntese de DNA a partir do RNA viral (sintetiza uma cadeia simples,
ao mesmo tempo em que degrada o RNA viral, e depois produz uma cadeia de DNA
complementar à que já havia sido sintetizada).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;O fato de apresentar uma etapa
de transcrição reversa em seu ciclo de replicação caracteriza o HIV como um
retrovírus.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Integrase: catalisa a reação de
integração do DNA viral no DNA cromossomal da célula hospedeira.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Protease: cliva os polipeptídeos
precursores gerados após a tradução dos mRNA virais nas proteínas virais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrpRwwccfVXMVWPqrw8-1kqvTBqIyGvTXJGeL1YFcxV0aN0Zh1LsJAqe9lrZybopksWHgS9DM9IU_6vaAWAuyjvqGO7CxycQwGMsbXwiQaLXty1ZHdH2xbrowPmgDmLwaEezJx/s1000/V%25C3%25ADrus+07.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1000&quot; data-original-width=&quot;746&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrpRwwccfVXMVWPqrw8-1kqvTBqIyGvTXJGeL1YFcxV0aN0Zh1LsJAqe9lrZybopksWHgS9DM9IU_6vaAWAuyjvqGO7CxycQwGMsbXwiQaLXty1ZHdH2xbrowPmgDmLwaEezJx/w477-h640/V%25C3%25ADrus+07.gif&quot; width=&quot;477&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_11&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1033&quot; style=&quot;height: 389.4pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 290.4pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Estrutura do HIV, vírus causador da
AIDS. Trata-se de um vírus envelopado cujo material genético consiste de duas
moléculas de RNA. No capsídeo, além das moléculas de RNA, encontram-se também
três proteínas importantes no processo de replicação viral, a transcriptase
reversa (uma DNA polimerase RNA-dependente), a integrase e a protease. A
proteína de superfície viral, que se liga ao receptor celular, é a gp120. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Basicamente, o ciclo de replicação se
dá da seguinte forma:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Adesão do HIV ao linfócito T CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;.
CD4 é o nome do receptor do linfócito, a proteína de superfície do HIV se chama
GP120 (glicoproteína 120).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;1. Fusão do envelope viral à membrana
celular.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;2. Inserção do capsídeo no
citoplasma, onde é desintegrado e libera os RNA virais e as enzimas
transcriptase reversa e integrase.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;3. Síntese de DNA viral por
transcrição reversa. O DNA viral e a integrase penetram no núcleo da célula, e
lá o DNA viral é integrado ao DNA cromossomal da célula.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;4. Biossíntese de RNA viral, via
transcrição, e de proteínas virais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;5. Montagem dos nucleocapsídios
contendo as enzimas transcriptase reversa e integrase.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;6. Liberação das partículas virais via
brotamento a partir da membrana plasmática.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0BXrOyPoB2oALi6PILfypor7dHN9GBC67IEsNF7bB0-83I99GtMGgB5javd7CSXIFtWAJU_uyrwl8-IoBvszhSfq1sr-r7BIJAA0UDnvCAiq1QH1YNBleCHdLmALlPtxA-lQb/s1024/V%25C3%25ADrus+08.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1024&quot; data-original-width=&quot;828&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0BXrOyPoB2oALi6PILfypor7dHN9GBC67IEsNF7bB0-83I99GtMGgB5javd7CSXIFtWAJU_uyrwl8-IoBvszhSfq1sr-r7BIJAA0UDnvCAiq1QH1YNBleCHdLmALlPtxA-lQb/w518-h640/V%25C3%25ADrus+08.gif&quot; width=&quot;518&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_12&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1032&quot; style=&quot;height: 351.6pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 284.4pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Replicação do HIV. O ciclo inicia com
a ligação do virus à célula alvo e a entrada da partícula viral. O capsídeo
desintegra e a enzima transcriptase reversa, transportada pelo vírus, sintetiza
DNA viral, tendo como molde as moléculas de RNA viral. Esse DNA viral é
transportado para o núcleo e integrado, graças à ação de uma integrase viral,
ao DNA cromossomal do linfócito. Os genes virais são então transcritos
normalmente, pela maquinaria da célula infectada e são produzidos RNAs virais. Alguns deles se tornam o genoma das partículas virais que serão produzidas e outros
são traduzidos em proteínas virais (essa síntese proteica também ocorre
normalmente, com o uso da maquinaria celular). Enfim, os componentes virais
interagem e as partículas virais montadas brotam. Fonte: NIAID.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Em geral, os sintomas da infecção pelo
HIV são a imunodeficiência (caracterizada pelas infecções oportunistas), febre,
sudorese noturna, perda de apetite, perda de peso, cansaço e diarreia. É comum
que os acometidos apresentem um tipo de tumor nos vasos sanguíneos da pele chamado sarcoma de
kaposi que, na verdade é causado por vírus da herpes atuando como uma infecção oportunista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A AIDS é o estágio mais avançado da
infecção pelo HIV, em que o número de linfócitos T CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; cai para 200
por mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; de sangue. A infecção é caracterizada por três fases, e pode
durar vários anos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Fase aguda: É o início.
Os números de linfócitos T CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; no sangue estão elevados, e o número
de vírus aumenta e decresce rápida e bruscamente. Decresce pois os vírus entram em estado latente. Dentre os sintomas, podemos destacar o inchaço dos nódulos linfáticos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Fase crônica assintomática: O número
de linfócitos T CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; decresce ao longo dos anos, ao passo que o
número de vírus aumenta. Essa é a fase mais longa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Fase aguda sintomática: É a AIDS
propriamente dita. O número de partículas virais no sangue está bastante
elevado, enquanto o número de linfócitos T CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; cai para 200 por mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
de sangue. Nessa etapa os sintomas principais são as infecções oportunistas e uma perda de peso bastante pronunciada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0bKn05CYGflMtRF0P4vcUppGgKtaNQjpnnXTd7rVQ5wUxk86qA1p-Ci4BH_IsL6JcxHSfWNX7gWA6eK6Sf_aE_ls4WHAQSRtxhK2zA2FMks7yBSzQ20btpodhBvEkGJI96lnR/s1040/V%25C3%25ADrus+09.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1000&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1040&quot; height=&quot;616&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0bKn05CYGflMtRF0P4vcUppGgKtaNQjpnnXTd7rVQ5wUxk86qA1p-Ci4BH_IsL6JcxHSfWNX7gWA6eK6Sf_aE_ls4WHAQSRtxhK2zA2FMks7yBSzQ20btpodhBvEkGJI96lnR/w640-h616/V%25C3%25ADrus+09.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_13&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1031&quot; style=&quot;height: 266.4pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 277.2pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Evolução da infecção pelo HIV. No
gráfico de cima é mostrado o aumento de variação nos genomas das partículas
virais que circulam no indivíduo infectado e os nomes das variantes dominantes.
No gráfico de baixo, a linha vermelha mostra a evolução da carga viral e a
azul, as quantidades de linfócitos T CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ao longo do tempo. De
acordo com https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/10/1984/htm.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A AIDS é uma doença ainda sem cura e
uma das principais causas disso é o fato de que o vírus HIV apresenta muita
variabilidade por sofrer muitas mutações em seu material genético. Normalmente, as enzimas que sintetizam RNA ou a transcriptase reversa não têm uma boa capacidade de correção de erros, de maneira que são mais propensas a sintetizar moléculas de RNA ou DNA contendo mutações.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A prevenção
se dá principalmente com o uso de preservativos durante as relações sexuais ou
abster-se delas. Além disso é importante testar adequadamente o sangue
utilizado nas transfusões. O tratamento pode ser feito com o uso de drogas
antivirais (como por exemplo, inibidores de transcriptase reversa, como o AZT –
zidovudine), que no caso da AIDS, infelizmente, devido ao uso repetitivo,
tendem a selecionar as formas resistentes do vírus. Sendo assim, a melhor opção
é o uso de um coquetel de drogas antivirais. Todavia, também se sabe que o uso
dos coquetéis pode promover o surgimento de efeitos colaterais, como náuseas,
inflamações e diminuição dos números de eritrócitos e leucócitos do sangue.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpumtr2mA2SJbiWThg6kLMLbDYUeiKtcHcIDBDi7aOYKENfVdAPQtqR86SHq6smWjOV_PpZW8_v_iRllUZfJv1rjSEeRFp9qo06lF5nbtFV7hsNZdQ1EhkzGv3_OB9OG6CBo87/s1000/V%25C3%25ADrus+16.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1000&quot; height=&quot;461&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpumtr2mA2SJbiWThg6kLMLbDYUeiKtcHcIDBDi7aOYKENfVdAPQtqR86SHq6smWjOV_PpZW8_v_iRllUZfJv1rjSEeRFp9qo06lF5nbtFV7hsNZdQ1EhkzGv3_OB9OG6CBo87/w640-h461/V%25C3%25ADrus+16.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;O SARSCov2 e a COVID19:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;O SARSCoV2 é um coronavírus: um vírus
de RNA e envelopado transmitido primordialmente através de gotículas contendo
partículas virais que viajam pelo ar e são inaladas. SARS é a abreviação de &lt;i&gt;Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome&lt;/i&gt; (síndrome respiratória aguda e grave) e Cov2,
coronavírus 2, pois antes desse, em 2002/2003, já houve uma epidemia de SARS
causada por outro coronavírus ao qual esse se assemelha. Também houve outra
epidemia relevante em 2012/2013 causada por outro coronavírus, cuja síndrome
foi chamada de MERS (&lt;i&gt;middle east respiratory syndrome&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8SFcx-axSi7JurmIKf_RJ_cqxJbUOeuOmgHcp1axhOrZcZiUhqtKBwnEBLa7w7vJNVulj8UYkxwi8Ah0tVf0Ef_wzmaGVP97FNFNgt63F-TkO_QcmhpEVzyjYu3wi3uRrTx0x/s1280/V%25C3%25ADrus+10.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1280&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8SFcx-axSi7JurmIKf_RJ_cqxJbUOeuOmgHcp1axhOrZcZiUhqtKBwnEBLa7w7vJNVulj8UYkxwi8Ah0tVf0Ef_wzmaGVP97FNFNgt63F-TkO_QcmhpEVzyjYu3wi3uRrTx0x/w640-h360/V%25C3%25ADrus+10.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_14&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1030&quot; style=&quot;height: 174pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 309.6pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.png&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Estrutura do SARSCov2, causador da
COVID19. Imagem: The Economist.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A COVID19 é uma doença altamente
contagiosa, especialmente quando as pessoas estão aglomeradas e ainda pior
quando se encontram em ambientes com má ventilação natural ou fechados, como
por exemplo, veículos de transporte público cheios e com as janelas fechadas,
ou ambientes de trabalho com muitas pessoas e também mal ventilados. Nessas
situações é mais fácil que as gotículas contendo partículas virais se espalhem
e sejam inaladas pelas pessoas. Por isso as formas mais eficazes de prevenção
são baseadas em evitar as aglomerações de pessoas, usar máscaras, lavar as mãos
com água e sabão e evitar passar as mãos no rosto. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQna-5IOG9jLqiCaAdZ9B02FBADLjDigobxdFtVvM5rJ4DyWIm8EOyCRDvqE50JMLr7h5rLt-MwdzfrFhAZnV7tqymptRHRe3PLLubJEor64RNTJreskoP-6bRrwI4tqNTo01c/s2048/V%25C3%25ADrus+11.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1536&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2048&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQna-5IOG9jLqiCaAdZ9B02FBADLjDigobxdFtVvM5rJ4DyWIm8EOyCRDvqE50JMLr7h5rLt-MwdzfrFhAZnV7tqymptRHRe3PLLubJEor64RNTJreskoP-6bRrwI4tqNTo01c/w640-h480/V%25C3%25ADrus+11.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_15&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; style=&quot;height: 208.2pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 312pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Local pouco ventilado e aglomerado,
propício à contaminação por SARSCov2. Imagem: Wired.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;O SARSCov2 se liga nas células alvo na
proteína receptora chamada enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 – ACE-2 (&lt;i&gt;angiotensin
converting enzyme 2&lt;/i&gt;), componente do sistema renina-angiotensina e que age
na regulação da pressão sanguínea. É uma proteína expressa em diversos tecidos
e órgãos, como os pulmões, rins e vasos sanguíneos, logo, os vírus podem
infectar diversos órgãos, inclusive, podendo causar até dano cerebral. É uma
infecção sistêmica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Dentre os principais sintomas da COVID19
podemos citar a febre, tosse seca, dores de garganta, fadiga e dificuldade para
respirar. Além desses, ainda há outros, menos frequentes, como as diarreias e
as lesões na pele. Caso apresente dificuldades para respirar, junto com a febre
e a tosse, é recomendado procurar atendimento médico. ~80 % dos acometidos se
recuperam sem precisar de cuidados hospitalares e a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uol.com.br/vivabem/noticias/redacao/2020/10/05/o-enigma-da-letalidade.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;taxa de
letalidade é estimada em aproximadamente 0,5-1,0 %&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mas a&lt;/span&gt;pesar de a taxa de letalidade ser baixa, os
números de óbitos são altos, pois a doença é muito contagiosa e quanto maior o
número de infectados, maior o número de óbitos. Há também alguns fatores que
predispõem o indivíduo acometido ao óbito, como a idade avançada, obesidade,
doenças cardíacas, problemas pulmonares e diabetes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfJ8j8pcPcWSrvqMip3_eMcCi5yq3VsjB7ltBdZqsYoGf_nJW6J2c70B4KguIzUmKyFYs1RAg2BIvyRBLtf4_IDv4jpgsjHbH57jWrM7QK_Feet68t_WipoH4oJKxZjcapJrdr/s750/V%25C3%25ADrus+12.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;421&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfJ8j8pcPcWSrvqMip3_eMcCi5yq3VsjB7ltBdZqsYoGf_nJW6J2c70B4KguIzUmKyFYs1RAg2BIvyRBLtf4_IDv4jpgsjHbH57jWrM7QK_Feet68t_WipoH4oJKxZjcapJrdr/w640-h360/V%25C3%25ADrus+12.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_1&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; style=&quot;height: 170.4pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 303pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.png&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Imagem: Revista Pesquisa Fapesp.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;https://www.uol.com.br/vivabem/noticias/redacao/2020/10/05/o-enigma-da-letalidade.htm&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Dentre as causas de letalidade estão a
destruição da parede dos alvéolos pulmonares com a consequente entrada de muco, que
prejudica as trocas gasosas, e a formação de coágulos nos vasos sanguíneos, que
dificulta o transporte de nutrientes e gases respiratórios. Ambos resultados de
reações inflamatórias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_9&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 162pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 354pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.png&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFRkHzBnaY-_wviCRIyHTRyyFTxt8zhEu4JgAJztrK26yzR3unKeGEF3b3qkxzFxc_6fBv2r4XelM4W_UpVXdtFLpHmjkhr9f-mWUNs6UOQQPE1seMv01DjrJOsTnk6ibJPRqh/s1463/V%25C3%25ADrus+13.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;669&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1463&quot; height=&quot;292&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFRkHzBnaY-_wviCRIyHTRyyFTxt8zhEu4JgAJztrK26yzR3unKeGEF3b3qkxzFxc_6fBv2r4XelM4W_UpVXdtFLpHmjkhr9f-mWUNs6UOQQPE1seMv01DjrJOsTnk6ibJPRqh/w640-h292/V%25C3%25ADrus+13.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;No tocante ao tratamento, ainda não
existe medicamento com ação antiviral comprovadamente eficaz. O que se faz é gerenciar
os sintomas da infecção. Por exemplo, administrar medicamentos como o
paracetamol para aliviar as febres e as dores e, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://saude.abril.com.br/medicina/covid-19-anticoagulantes-em-doses-altas-nao-trariam-beneficios-adicionais/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;talvez&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;,
anticoagulantes para lidar com os coágulos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Há vacinas disponíveis para
prevenir a COVID19 e as suas formas graves e essa, associada às formas de
prevenção, parece ser a melhor alternativa para combater essa doença. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;OUTROS PARASITAS ACELULARES&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;VIRÓIDES: Moléculas de RNA de cadeia simples e circulares que infectam células de plantas. Não produzem proteínas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFz337qwVDNIlz-8kC3J458M4IeKiXCVeRvbw3dttk-jzx5lisZcDfCotuJKzvi74JVwiEzeyCzSctqsgUDFSvPcmOHHUn7OPxjKwEVEK6s_i2dyFlImX6QLK7uIsMKljp8SQ6/s1184/V%25C3%25ADrus+14.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;86&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1184&quot; height=&quot;46&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFz337qwVDNIlz-8kC3J458M4IeKiXCVeRvbw3dttk-jzx5lisZcDfCotuJKzvi74JVwiEzeyCzSctqsgUDFSvPcmOHHUn7OPxjKwEVEK6s_i2dyFlImX6QLK7uIsMKljp8SQ6/w640-h46/V%25C3%25ADrus+14.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_2&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 43.8pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 324pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.png&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Estrutura do viroide PSTV (&lt;i&gt;potato
spindle tuber viroid&lt;/i&gt;). Imagem: wikipedia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;VIRUSÓIDES: Praticamente iguais aos
viróides, exceto pelo fato de que só se multiplicam se a célula estiver sendo
infectada simultaneamente por determinados tipos de vírus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;PRÍONS: &lt;i&gt;Proteinaceous Infectious
Particles&lt;/i&gt; – partículas proteicas infecciosas. Proteína outrora normal, mas
cujo gene sofreu uma mutação e tornou-se um príon, capaz de transformar outras
proteínas, as correspondentes normais dela, em príons. Parece um monstro, tipo um lobisomem, que morde os outros e os transforma em lobisomens também. O problema com os príons
é que estas proteínas não sofrem digestão no aparelho digestório, e penetram
intactas na circulação sanguínea. A partir daí começam a se acumular nos
neurônios, transformando proteínas normais em príons e causando a morte destas
células. Os príons são os responsáveis pelas doenças chamadas encefalopatias
espongiformes, dentre as quais, a mais comum é a doença da vaca louca. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_3&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 135pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 135pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.png&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZOVcAssTMXmD8xHjWsb4kEyAuFkX3_jIwjM9SK4uxmHB3eNTWGtipSSnl1v4oH7ZspNFRjI1fgjRZe3FFOP0EGwO4c-D3znEOq4yjcP-PegWa43tilN2Dlte_I5SPP6zA8ziB/s806/V%25C3%25ADrus+15.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;688&quot; data-original-width=&quot;806&quot; height=&quot;546&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZOVcAssTMXmD8xHjWsb4kEyAuFkX3_jIwjM9SK4uxmHB3eNTWGtipSSnl1v4oH7ZspNFRjI1fgjRZe3FFOP0EGwO4c-D3znEOq4yjcP-PegWa43tilN2Dlte_I5SPP6zA8ziB/w640-h546/V%25C3%25ADrus+15.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Esquerda: representação tridimensional
de uma proteína no estado de príon. Direita: proteína normal. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Imagem: http://www.invivo.fiocruz.br/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=1441&amp;amp;sid=9&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Referências:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Livros de biologia do ensino médio da
Sônia Lopes e Amabis, várias entradas sobre o assunto na Wikipedia, Britannica
e nos links das imagens. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/6432169262502993113'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/6432169262502993113'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2021/08/os-virus.html' title='OS VÍRUS'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPRDKyd2viMcGqrvcjKYOREmrdWiKhmo1GmUqt8YTUoXgiQNuQNLkX0WYsk_3FxhAqHInNMu228FjV0eHv3f700E2RvE5pTb87hcO8Rh4aOqr3aZMra6FG1jQ9JtM0zielKI-e/s72-w400-h290-c/V%25C3%25ADrus+01.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-3528106392948542519</id><published>2021-02-18T07:41:00.012-04:00</published><updated>2026-05-19T17:42:09.070-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="angiospermas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="briófitas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ciclo de vida"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="flor"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fruto"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gimnospermas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="importância"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pinha"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="plantae"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="plantas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pteridófitas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="reino"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="semente"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibulares"/><title type='text'>REINO PLANTAE</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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   Name=&quot;Normal Table&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;annotation subject&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;No List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Contemporary&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Elegant&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Professional&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Balloon Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Theme&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;41&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;42&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;43&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;44&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;45&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;40&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;REINO PLANTAE – DIVERSIDADE E CARACTERÍSTICAS
GERAIS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;O Reino Plantae é constituído pelas&amp;nbsp;plantas, dos
pequenos musgos às grandes sequoias. Acredita-se que esses organismos tenham se
originado a partir de um grupo de protistas, as Carófitas, relacionadas às
algas verdes, pois também possuem cloroplastos com clorofilas a e b, e parede
celular constituída de celulose.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDatgqGr7Z8gZj9uGEYW9WStXkWhC-sIoEq9XRRX9NVeYBzsZXYt6WLU_JT4B7n-HNyrH1dAjnzqcgBH8kNrohNNVOeisvLPgJ-NMhZV39a6JnIkQYcE6M8BtSGgxhcHYtyquf/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;402&quot; data-original-width=&quot;525&quot; height=&quot;491&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDatgqGr7Z8gZj9uGEYW9WStXkWhC-sIoEq9XRRX9NVeYBzsZXYt6WLU_JT4B7n-HNyrH1dAjnzqcgBH8kNrohNNVOeisvLPgJ-NMhZV39a6JnIkQYcE6M8BtSGgxhcHYtyquf/w640-h491/Plantas+01.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Filogenia das plantas, mostrando a sua origem.
Imagem: &lt;a href=&quot;https://in.pinterest.com/pin/375980268893055707/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pinterest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Características gerais das plantas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pluricelulares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Autótrofos&amp;nbsp;fotossintetizantes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Existem exceções, como o&amp;nbsp;cipó-chumbo,
planta parasita. Nesse caso, essas plantas perderam a capacidade fotossintética
ao longo das gerações e atualmente possuem plastídeos vestigiais, incapazes de
realizar a fotossíntese, mas ainda capazes de realizar atividades metabólicas
acessórias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8U-JuN5GKsCMBf1_nyNTah1pqpslFeAcHuMEkrOE2wsWr8Z4oeBJeuWRkWA-g9x0h_u_MhLA3tF4yNDcI1WgV_3eIJLs7B4vAexJiDDjswtIbSe3JD47uYw1xJiwkyrL6jThW/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;347&quot; data-original-width=&quot;450&quot; height=&quot;309&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8U-JuN5GKsCMBf1_nyNTah1pqpslFeAcHuMEkrOE2wsWr8Z4oeBJeuWRkWA-g9x0h_u_MhLA3tF4yNDcI1WgV_3eIJLs7B4vAexJiDDjswtIbSe3JD47uYw1xJiwkyrL6jThW/w400-h309/Plantas+02.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cipó chumbo, planta amarela que parasita outras fixando-se a elas por meio de raízes modificadas chamadas haustórios.
Imagem: &lt;a href=&quot;https://br.pinterest.com/pin/437130707565840848/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pinterest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Com a exceção das briófitas, as plantas possuem&amp;nbsp;tecidos
diferenciados, como por exemplo, o xilema e o floema, condutores de seiva.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Possuem um&amp;nbsp;embrião multicelular&amp;nbsp;que se
desenvolve sobre e às custas da planta mãe.&amp;nbsp;Essa é uma das apomorfias
(novidades evolutivas) do grupo, as algas verdes não possuem este tipo de
embrião, portanto não são plantas. Também devido a esta característica, as
plantas podem ser chamadas de embriófitas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Possuem células contendo&amp;nbsp;plastídios, como o
amiloplasto, que armazena amido, e o cloroplasto que é o responsável pela fotossíntese,
um grande&amp;nbsp;vacúolo central e parede celular constituída de celulose.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As células meristemáticas das plantas, que são indiferenciadas, como as células embrionárias dos animais, possuem um plastídeo inicial, chamado proplastídeo. Esse proplastídeo se diferencia em outros plastídeos dependendo das necessidades metabólicas. Por exemplo, nas folhas se diferenciam em cloroplastos e nas raízes e tubérculos se desenvolvem em amiloplastos e armazenam amido. Os tubérculos são estruturas que atuam como reserva de nutrientes, derivados dos caules subterrâneos ou das raízes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Acredita-se que as plantas tenham sido os primeiros
organismos a colonizar o ambiente terrestre tornando-o propício para a
posterior colonização por parte dos animais. Todavia, para tal foi necessário
que houvesse o surgimento de uma série de adaptações morfológicas (que as algas
não têm):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Um sistema de absorção de água do solo, e condução
de soluções aquosas (seiva). Esse sistema é composto pelas raízes e os vasos condutores de seiva.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Tecidos capazes de impermeabilizar a superfície do
organismo, a fim de evitar a perda de água, e tecidos rígidos de sustentação do
corpo (pois o ar é pouco denso). As plantas desenvolveram um polímero chamado esporopolenina, que reveste, como o nome sugere, os esporos e os grãos de pólen impedindo que eles ressequem no ambiente terrestre. Ainda veremos o que são os esporos e os grãos de pólen das plantas, mas adiantando, estão relacionados à reprodução e à dispersão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Mecanismos de trocas gasosas, a fim de facilitar o
processo de fotossíntese.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.3333px;&quot;&gt;Além disso, se formos pensar em quão inóspitos eram os solos da terra primitiva, muito rochosos, as plantas conseguiram conquistar o ambiente terrestre com o auxílio dos fungos, formando associações simbióticas com eles, de maneira a conseguirem se fixar e absorver minerais desses solos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As plantas apresentam um ciclo de
vida onde ocorre a alternância de gerações, caracterizado pela presença de
organismos adultos&amp;nbsp;haplóides (n)&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;diplóides (2n). Além dessa reprodução gamética/sexuada, pode também haver reprodução agamética/assexuada via fragmentação, em que pedaços de um organismo podem originar um novo
indivíduo idêntico. Basicamente, a ciclo de vida pode ser resumido da seguinte
forma:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;1. A planta adulta diplóide (2n), o esporófito&amp;nbsp;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;planta
que produz esporos&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;), produz esporos (haploides – n) por meiose (R! - divisão reducional), em uma
estrutura chamada esporângio.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;2. O esporo (n) é disseminado, germina em um local
apropriado e origina o indivíduo adulto haplóide (n), o gametófito&amp;nbsp;(&lt;i&gt;planta
que produz gametas&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;3. O gametófito produz gametas em estruturas chamadas
gametângios: os anterídios produzem os gametas masculinos, que podem ser
os anterozoides ou as células espermáticas, dependendo do grupo de plantas. Os
arquegônios produzem os gametas femininos, chamados oosferas. Os gametas são produzidos por mitose (E! - divisão equacional).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;4. Na fecundação&amp;nbsp;ocorre a união dos gametas (n),
formando um&amp;nbsp;zigoto&amp;nbsp;(2n), o novo indivíduo da espécie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;5. O zigoto se desenvolve em um novo esporófito, que reinicia o ciclo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3HJwwdMbCWQZ_6Emarjl64Q7u7TEjJ3qka2o5NJNzW6meFW_mWt1W5wbWz5ZCF-4jKgwOVPpJQQikTvk96f7-FDw7x5ulHHDQaVAm6h1e5XaxpKkyDdLjnpOS0dVmFsdVO0E4/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;485&quot; data-original-width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;389&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3HJwwdMbCWQZ_6Emarjl64Q7u7TEjJ3qka2o5NJNzW6meFW_mWt1W5wbWz5ZCF-4jKgwOVPpJQQikTvk96f7-FDw7x5ulHHDQaVAm6h1e5XaxpKkyDdLjnpOS0dVmFsdVO0E4/w400-h389/Plantas+03.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Esquema geral sobre o ciclo de
vida com alternância de gerações das plantas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ao longo do tempo, a tendência evolutiva neste
Reino foi a redução progressiva da fase gametofítica em detrimento da
esporofítica, ou seja, a planta adulta diploide (2n), o esporófito, domina, no sentido
de ser a planta maior, que vemos normalmente. Por exemplo, quando você vê uma goiabeira, está vendo o esporófito. Veremos ao todo quatro grupos de
plantas: as briófitas, pteridófitas, gimnospermas e angiospermas. As
características mais básicas e gerais destes grupos estão listadas na tabela a
seguir:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;111&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Grupo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Geração Dominante&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Vasos Condutores*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Estruturas Reprodutoras**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Possuem Semente?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Fruto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;111&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Briófitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Gametofítica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Avasculares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Criptógamas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Não&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Não&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;111&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pteridófitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Esporofítica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Vasculares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Criptógamas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Não&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Não&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;111&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Gimnospermas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Esporofítica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Vasculares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Fanerógamas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Sim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Não&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;111&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Angiospermas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Esporofítica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Vasculares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 75.5pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;101&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Fanerógamas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.15pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Sim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 37.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Sim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;*Estamos nos referindo especificamente ao xilema e
floema, porém, surpresa: alguns musgos também apresentam tecidos primitivos capazes de conduzir seiva:&amp;nbsp; o&amp;nbsp;hadrome, que é o equivalente do xilema e o leptome, equivaleme ao floema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 8pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;**Criptógamas: Estruturas reprodutoras pouco
evidentes / Fanerógamas: Estruturas reprodutoras bem visíveis (flores e
pinhas).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Vejamos a seguir os grupos de plantas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;BRIÓFITAS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Dr79krq8bMJsMzcBZ0icC3DIsBcBGYGrdSo1UzRLVEcWnYXC3gvk9OdFXY7m2_Hfd6ny3UmvAk2FpIjPFPPB-jYNfSX0WZz0Yvq1z9PuIn8_HxYfqu7f2u6U6_gHNem782k_/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;354&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1272&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8Dr79krq8bMJsMzcBZ0icC3DIsBcBGYGrdSo1UzRLVEcWnYXC3gvk9OdFXY7m2_Hfd6ny3UmvAk2FpIjPFPPB-jYNfSX0WZz0Yvq1z9PuIn8_HxYfqu7f2u6U6_gHNem782k_/w640-h178/Plantas+04.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Amostra de diversidade das briófitas. Musgo, hepática,
hepática e antócero. Imagem: &lt;a href=&quot;https://sites.google.com/site/botany317/session-2/eukaryotes/plants/embryophytes/session-4&quot;&gt;Botany
317&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Briófitas (grego: bryon - musgo, phyton - planta) são
plantas criptógamas,&amp;nbsp;ou seja, as estruturas reprodutoras são pouco
evidentes. São avasculares, não possuem vasos condutores de seiva, o transporte
de substâncias se dá por difusão entre as células e é um processo lento, o que
limita seu tamanho (as briófitas são plantas de porte pequeno). As briófitas
mais conhecidas são os musgos, as hepáticas e os antóceros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Seu ciclo de vida apresenta nítida alternância de
gerações, onde a geração gametofítica (n) é dominante em relação à geração
esporofítica (2n). O gametófito é o vegetal duradouro e fotossintetizante. Os
musgos que você vê são os gametófitos, possuidores de anterídios e arquegônios.
Cada anterídio produz vários anterozóides que,&amp;nbsp;na presença de água, nadam
até o arquegônio para fecundar a oosfera (cada arquegônio produz uma oosfera),
e originar um zigoto (2n). A presença de água é fundamental para que ocorra a
fecundação, pois promove o rompimento da parede dos anterídios e permite que os
anterozóides, flagelados, nadem até a oosfera, guiados por substâncias químicas
dissolvidas na água. Haja vista a necessidade de água para que ocorra a
fecundação, as briófitas são geralmente encontradas em ambientes terrestres
úmidos e sombreados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1i58W6nJX_c1sKRYd50z9Gy_3IneSTCnshCT8reFofI4JKiK6Ny4kZWBgb_ZHBd_AhZLWkGFlb2DYa2OS6bdV25UKuqaWNQALnDJTD9EdYy8zV0po1d_QAZ7O3w88xxdlCcrK/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;667&quot; data-original-width=&quot;418&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1i58W6nJX_c1sKRYd50z9Gy_3IneSTCnshCT8reFofI4JKiK6Ny4kZWBgb_ZHBd_AhZLWkGFlb2DYa2OS6bdV25UKuqaWNQALnDJTD9EdYy8zV0po1d_QAZ7O3w88xxdlCcrK/w250-h400/Plantas+05.gif&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Estrutura de um musgo, um bom representante das
briófitas. O esporófito se desenvolve sobre o gametófito e nem sempre pode ser
visto. Imagem: clutchprep.com.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;O zigoto se desenvolve num esporófito (2n), que
cresce sobre o gametófito (n) e é dependente dele (total ou parcialmente). No
ápice do esporófito encontra-se um esporângio, chamado cápsula, que é o local
de produção dos esporos (n), todos iguais (essas plantas são isosporadas). A
cápsula pode conter restos do arquegônio, que conferem proteção (caliptra). Ao
germinar, o esporo pode se desenvolver e originar diretamente o gametófito, ou
no caso dos musgos, pode inicialmente originar uma estrutura filamentosa
chamada protonema, que pode dar origem a vários gametófitos, a partir de gemas
(reprodução agamética via fragmentação). Além de produzirem os anterídios e
arquegônios, no caso das hepáticas, os gametófitos podem também produzir
estruturas denominadas conceptáculos, estes produzem gemas (propágulos), que
também podem originar outros indivíduos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLTxlQavDF5daNz7eCCrcu9cVvnTasBepBOA2KRw526PCzYwDeNW4IlttKoyTpWLWd6EIzaCG4qu3J5Cun0uvVwqhC-qaytVGnsVAcHdFd1PIsWpyXa5b_BrWC7FP13dAGeOBf/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1043&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1493&quot; height=&quot;448&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLTxlQavDF5daNz7eCCrcu9cVvnTasBepBOA2KRw526PCzYwDeNW4IlttKoyTpWLWd6EIzaCG4qu3J5Cun0uvVwqhC-qaytVGnsVAcHdFd1PIsWpyXa5b_BrWC7FP13dAGeOBf/w640-h448/Plantas+06.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ciclo de vida de um musgo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As briófitas são classificadas em três Filos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Bryophyta: os musgos, com gametófito organizado em
rizóides, caulóide e filóides.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Hepatophyta: as hepáticas, com gametófito
prostrado, onde não ocorre a diferenciação entre filóides e caulóides.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Anthocerophyta: os antóceros (raros).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Importância das Briófitas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As briófitas são organismos&amp;nbsp;pioneiros&amp;nbsp;em
uma sucessão ecológica, podem se desenvolver em rochas e os produtos
resultantes de sua atividade biológica modificam este substrato de forma a
permitir que outras espécies também possam se desenvolver nele. Dependendo do
ambiente, a quantidade de carbono que estas plantas absorvem pode influenciar
grandemente o ciclo biogeoquímico deste elemento. São também plantas bastante
sensíveis à poluição atmosférica, sendo assim podem ser&amp;nbsp;indicadoras de
áreas muito poluídas, quando nestes locais a quantidade de briófitas é bastante
reduzida. Musgos do gênero&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Sphagnum&lt;/i&gt;, os&amp;nbsp;musgos de turfeira,
são importantes na agricultura, pois auxiliam na retenção de água pelo solo,
além de melhorarem sua textura. A turfa é composta de depósitos destes musgos e
plantas associadas. Pode ser comprimida, seca e queimada como combustível. Além
disso, a fumaça proveniente de sua queima influencia o sabor de uísques
escoceses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;PTERIDÓFITAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW5VZVi5NDeXvPPMrdt6OgYoR7ESlVbdFZgm12ChsC48d-V7hF5vIxEigV-DrSurnImqyYkYZ9RC-O_40jDMQh5ae0JK-anO13tKqkQTI3bhpZZombqMyn46tVtRqNCCctUI3g/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;534&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1000&quot; height=&quot;342&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW5VZVi5NDeXvPPMrdt6OgYoR7ESlVbdFZgm12ChsC48d-V7hF5vIxEigV-DrSurnImqyYkYZ9RC-O_40jDMQh5ae0JK-anO13tKqkQTI3bhpZZombqMyn46tVtRqNCCctUI3g/w640-h342/Plantas+07.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Uma samambaia qualquer, um bom representante das
pteridófitas. Imagem de autoria desconhecida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As pteridófitas, assim como as briófitas, são
plantas criptógamas. Foram as primeiras plantas vasculares, ou seja, a apresentam
vasos condutores de seiva (xilema e floema), sendo que isto proporciona a elas
reporem as perdas de água de forma mais eficaz, e atingirem maiores
comprimentos, inclusive podendo apresentar porte arbóreo, como a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaxim&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;samambaiaçu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. Apresentam raízes, caules e
folhas verdadeiros. As pteridófitas mais comuns são as samambaias, avencas,
cavalinhas e selaginelas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Apresentam ciclo de vida com alternância de
gerações, sendo que neste caso (e nos grupos de plantas seguintes) a geração esporofítica
(2n) é dominante em relação a gametofítica (n). O esporófito é autótrofo e
possui esporângios, as estruturas produtoras de esporos (n).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkhBncbmowMO1duaNJ6lvpVo4mldR6iD9C-Cwm8gRX39DManq5EgIs3MJ-AcuTOVRt7K274e7_7tdZDXkylVUwuPMBVRA-l9gKVs_GIqJDzaBCas-kDje1SEAI1eVNlH8k0eHl/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;600&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkhBncbmowMO1duaNJ6lvpVo4mldR6iD9C-Cwm8gRX39DManq5EgIs3MJ-AcuTOVRt7K274e7_7tdZDXkylVUwuPMBVRA-l9gKVs_GIqJDzaBCas-kDje1SEAI1eVNlH8k0eHl/w640-h640/Plantas+08.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;O ciclo de vida de uma samambaia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;O gametófito, também chamado prótalo, é autótrofo,
apresenta estrutura laminar, e tamanho reduzido (~1 cm). Produz em sua face
inferior os gametângios: os arquegônios e os anterídios. Cada arquegônio produz
uma oosfera (n), enquanto cada anterídio produz vários anterozoides (n), que
podem fecundar a oosfera e originar o zigoto (2n). As pteridófitas, assim como
as briófitas também necessitam de água para que ocorra a fecundação, e devido a
este fato, também são geralmente encontradas em ambientes úmidos e sombreados.
Algumas são aquáticas (gêneros&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Salvinia&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Azolia&lt;/i&gt;),
mas não existem representantes marinhos. O zigoto se desenvolve e origina o
esporófito. Este depende do gametófito apenas no início de seu desenvolvimento,
em que se encontra associado a ele.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As pteridófitas são classificadas em 4 Filos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pterophyta: Samambaias e Avencas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Psilotophyta: Psilotum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Lycophyta: Licopódios e Selaginelas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Sphenophyta: Cavalinhas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Também se pode dividir as pteridófitas em dois
grupos, no que diz respeito aos esporos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Isosporadas&amp;nbsp;(ex: samambaias), que assim como
as briófitas só produzem um tipo de esporo, que se desenvolve em um gametófito monoico;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Heterosporadas&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;(ex: selaginelas), que
produzem&amp;nbsp;micrósporos&amp;nbsp;(masculinos) e&amp;nbsp;megásporos&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;ou&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;macrósporos&amp;nbsp;(femininos).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Os microsporângios produzem numerosos micrósporos,
que ao se desenvolverem irão originar gametófitos masculinos, enquanto os
megasporângios produzem 4 grandes esporos que irão se desenvolver em
gametófitos femininos.&amp;nbsp;A Selaginela é uma pteridófita heterosporada, e é
interessante notar que, como os gametófitos desenvolvem-se no interior das
paredes dos esporos e o embrião é nutrido por reservas nutritivas provenientes
do megagametófito, acredita-se que este conjunto seja o precursor evolutivo das
sementes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Importância das Pteridófitas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;São amplamente utilizadas como plantas ornamentais,
sendo que inclusive, o caule da samambaiaçu serve para se fazer xaxim. Os
atuais depósitos de carvão mineral (hulha), um importante combustível, foram
formados a partir da fossilização de pteridófitas de porte arbóreo, de
aproximadamente 375-290 milhões de anos atrás. Algumas podem ser utilizadas na
fabricação de alimentos e medicamentos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;GIMNOSPERMAS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVrLSr52ZstqwDyrudVhS005qZ_xx5RwWff14rQTCE9q-IX151ZA1sSYWOzHhc6Ur4qPP91CQd7XJGF96aZy5bgyvMFI4qudiZKey9kRFb_RBDOPcVSVE_LduD2X_TXGIjw7q1/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;490&quot; data-original-width=&quot;699&quot; height=&quot;448&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVrLSr52ZstqwDyrudVhS005qZ_xx5RwWff14rQTCE9q-IX151ZA1sSYWOzHhc6Ur4qPP91CQd7XJGF96aZy5bgyvMFI4qudiZKey9kRFb_RBDOPcVSVE_LduD2X_TXGIjw7q1/w640-h448/Plantas+09.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Os pinheiros são as plantas mais conhecidas dentre
as gimnospermas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As gimnospermas são plantas de porte arbóreo,
climas temperados, e vasculares (ou traqueófitas) pois apresentam vasos
condutores de seiva. Ao contrário das briófitas e pteridófitas (criptógamas),
formam estróbilos&amp;nbsp;ou pinhas, as estruturas reprodutoras que abrigam os
esporângios (são as “&lt;i&gt;flores&lt;/i&gt;” das gimnospermas), sendo então classificadas
como&amp;nbsp;fanerógamas, por terem as estruturas reprodutoras evidentes. Estas
plantas possuem sementes, todavia, não formam frutos: gimnosperma
significa&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;semente nua&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(mas têm casca). Dentre as gimnospermas
mais conhecidas estão os pinheiros, o pinheiro-do-paraná (&lt;i&gt;Araucaria
angustifólia&lt;/i&gt;), e as sequoias, que estão dentre as maiores árvores
conhecidas atualmente. Além disso, uma gimnosperma apelidada de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuselah_(tree)&quot;&gt;Matusalém&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;provavelmente
é o ser vivo mais velho do planeta, com aproximadamente 4800 anos de idade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Seu ciclo de vida apresenta alternância de gerações
pouco nítida, com o gametófito (n) bastante reduzido. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikyOQy0HYYpquInQc-K3QgnAy08mFKg0yRcimXtSZLa0dxoKTvlY_0TOcO8b-RpGbjZl0XDEGjba_GC6goLwJhgQPy5tc3n2WN1uEc0uNTP8wrV9-2RdhrPyOTcXU9419Q__cJ/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;888&quot; data-original-width=&quot;732&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikyOQy0HYYpquInQc-K3QgnAy08mFKg0yRcimXtSZLa0dxoKTvlY_0TOcO8b-RpGbjZl0XDEGjba_GC6goLwJhgQPy5tc3n2WN1uEc0uNTP8wrV9-2RdhrPyOTcXU9419Q__cJ/w528-h640/Plantas+10.gif&quot; width=&quot;528&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ciclo de vida de um pinheiro&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Os estróbilos são unissexuados, sendo o masculino
denominado microestróbilo (2n) e o feminino macroestróbilo (2n). São ambos
formados por um eixo de onde partem folhas modificadas responsáveis pela
formação dos microsporângios (2n) e macrosporângios (2n), chamadas folhas
carpelares, os microesporófilos (2n) e macroesporófilos (2n).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dentro dos microsporângios, as células mães de
esporos produzem por meiose os micrósporos, estes por sua vez originam&amp;nbsp;os
grãos de pólen (n), que são os gametófitos masculinos (microprótalos) imaturos.
Cada grão de pólen contém uma célula geradora, que será a responsável pela
produção dos gametas masculinos, as&amp;nbsp;células espermáticas, e uma célula do
tubo (ou vegetativa), responsável pela formação do tubo polínico. A célula
geradora seria algo como um gametângio masculino.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;O óvulo é constituído pelo megasporângio (nucela)
mais o tegumento que o recobre. Uma grande célula mãe de esporos localizada no
megasporângio sofre meiose e origina 4 células (n), sendo que 3 degeneram e uma
delas forma o megásporo (n), este por sua vez se desenvolve em gametófito
feminino, o megagametófito, contendo arquegônios (gametângios femininos), que
produzem os gametas femininos, as oosferas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Denomina-se polinização o processo pelo qual os
grãos de pólen são transportados até a abertura do óvulo (micrópila). Transportados
pelo vento até a câmara polínica e em contato com os óvulos, os grãos de pólen
germinam iniciando seu desenvolvimento em microgametófitos maduros com a
formação do tubo polínico. A polinização mediada pelo vento se chama anemofilia.
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Na medida em que o tubo polínico se
desenvolve, a&amp;nbsp;célula geradora se divide e origina dois núcleos espermáticos,
sendo eles os gametas masculinos. Ao atingir o arquegônio, um dos gametas
masculinos fecunda a oosfera e origina o zigoto (2n) (o outro degenera). Ao contrário
das briófitas e pteridófitas, onde a fecundação ocorre por oogamia, processo em
que anterozoides flagelados se deslocam em meio aquoso até a oosfera, a
fecundação das gimnospermas geralmente se dá da forma descrita acima, a
sifonogamia, em que os gametas masculinos atingem a oosfera a partir do
crescimento do tubo polínico. Esta forma de fecundação não necessita da
presença de água para ocorrer. Observação: as Cicadáceas e as Gincófitas ainda
dependem da água para a fecundação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;O zigoto se desenvolve e origina o embrião, e o
óvulo se desenvolve formando a semente, constituída pelo tegumento (2n) do
óvulo, e pelo corpo do gametófito feminino (n) convertido em um tecido que
armazena substâncias nutritivas. Graças a este tecido nutritivo, algumas sementes
de gimnospermas (pinhões) são comestíveis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As gimnospermas são classificadas mais comumente em
4 Filos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Coniferophyta: pinheiros, sequóia, araucária.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cycadophyta: cicas (ornamentais).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Gnetophyta: efedra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ginkgophyta: com somente uma espécie, a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Ginkgo
biloba&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Importância das gimnospermas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Este grupo é importante para a indústria madeireira
e da celulose (produção de papel), inclusive, a araucária é uma espécie em
risco de extinção graças à exploração excessiva (a madeira da araucária é
resistente às águas das chuvas).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A semente do pinheiro-do-paraná (araucária),
o&amp;nbsp;pinhão, é utilizada na alimentação humana e animal. A gnetácea&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Welwitschia
mirabilis&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;também tem sua semente utilizada como alimento no deserto de
kalahari, na África.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Da Gnetophyta efedra extrai-se a substância denominada
efedrina, um estimulante do Sistema Nervoso Central, e também é utilizada como
descongestionante nasal no tratamento de pessoas asmáticas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Como já mencionado, acredita-se que o chá das
folhas da&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Ginkgo biloba&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;atue no sentido de favorecer a
irrigação cerebral e &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tuasaude.com/ginkgo-biloba/&quot;&gt;estimular
a memória&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As gimnospermas também são utilizadas na
ornamentação, neste caso, principalmente as cicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ANGIOSPERMAS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSboWrlLrBw-ghTWz0eqG0ozQyoCTiQBs4fp_uVZrcpgDiaCz_HPA4byfQslNXgVyEyRKnjLJabcGivpGZkj6qeNOrVRRqsFDTcWps3oHTw3I151W04t3vliI9jIrFZPj1Ohd8/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;683&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;342&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSboWrlLrBw-ghTWz0eqG0ozQyoCTiQBs4fp_uVZrcpgDiaCz_HPA4byfQslNXgVyEyRKnjLJabcGivpGZkj6qeNOrVRRqsFDTcWps3oHTw3I151W04t3vliI9jIrFZPj1Ohd8/w400-h342/Plantas+11.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Uma laranjeira (Citrus sinensis) com flores e
frutos. Imagem: garden.eco&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As angiospermas são as verdadeiras plantas
superiores. São o grupo vegetal atual mais representativo e com a maior
diversidade morfológica, variando de ervas a árvores, além de serem também o
grupo com a maior distribuição geográfica e de ambientes, inclusive existem
algumas espécies marinhas. São fanerógamas que além de produzirem flores,
também produzem os frutos, que conferem proteção às sementes além de auxiliarem
na sua dispersão (&lt;i&gt;angios&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;– urna, caixa). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Antes de se entrar em detalhes sobre o ciclo de
vida destas plantas, deve-se inicialmente analisar a estrutura das flores e
frutos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A flor é constituída por uma haste que termina em
um&amp;nbsp;pedúnculo, este por sua vez, apresenta uma extremidade dilatada (receptáculo&lt;b&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;floral), que sustenta um conjunto de folhas especializadas com funções
relacionadas à reprodução, os verticilos florais. Denomina-se&amp;nbsp;verticilo&lt;b&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;floral um conjunto de folhas especializadas do mesmo tipo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKgCOEHUO7BjEsbkMgtL1uswpBhgNNKUu74bc9Ye3uHebO1vPgVfz09c34TPoojREP_T3Pc6i7VFLTdYJF-WlK5NNTYEj7bCBSqcxS2dY6eGiUfKKSadjIR9Ww_fVfcrtJJ8Xv/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;604&quot; data-original-width=&quot;900&quot; height=&quot;430&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKgCOEHUO7BjEsbkMgtL1uswpBhgNNKUu74bc9Ye3uHebO1vPgVfz09c34TPoojREP_T3Pc6i7VFLTdYJF-WlK5NNTYEj7bCBSqcxS2dY6eGiUfKKSadjIR9Ww_fVfcrtJJ8Xv/w640-h430/Plantas+13.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Estrutura básica de uma flor. Imagem modificada de:
ScienceFacts.net.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Os elementos florais e o nome dos verticilos que
eles constituem são listados a seguir:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Estames&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;Carpelos&amp;nbsp;são os
esporófilos, as folhas que abrigam os esporângios:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Estames: são microsporófilos formados pelo&amp;nbsp;filete,
uma haste que sustenta uma estrutura chamada&amp;nbsp;antera, que por sua vez
abriga microsporângios denominados&amp;nbsp;sacos polínicos. A antera é unida ao
filete por um tecido denominado&amp;nbsp;conectivo. Ao conjunto de estames dá-se o
nome de androceu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Carpelos: são macroesporófilos formados pelo&amp;nbsp;ovário,
a base larga que abriga os macrosporângios, os óvulos, um&amp;nbsp;estilete, porção
alongada que serve de substrato para o crescimento do tubo polínico, e a porção
dilatada do estilete, chamada&amp;nbsp;estigma&amp;nbsp;(onde os grãos de pólen se aderem).
Ao conjunto de carpelos dá-se o nome&amp;nbsp;gineceu. Os carpelos (ou o único
carpelo) forma uma estrutura denominada pistilo, que recebe este nome por ser
semelhante à uma&amp;nbsp;mão de pilão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pétalas&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;sépalas&amp;nbsp;constituem o
perianto:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Sépalas: folhas verdes, estéreis, com função de
proteção de outros verticilos. Constituem o cálice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pétalas: folhas geralmente de coloração diferente
do verde, devido à presença de pigmentos. As cores das pétalas, assim como a
presença de substâncias produzidas por elas, como o&amp;nbsp;néctar, têm o objetivo
de tornar a flor mais atrativa aos agentes polinizadores, como insetos, aves e
morcegos. As pétalas constituem a corola.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Caso as pétalas sejam iguais às sépalas de forma
que não se pode diferenciá-las, o perianto passa a ser chamado perigônio, e as
pétalas e sépalas passam a ser chamadas tépalas. Além das sépalas, pode haver a
presença de uma outra folha modificada com a função de proteção da flor ou de
uma inflorescência, a bráctea (a palha da espiga de milho é uma bráctea).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;O fruto é proveniente do desenvolvimento do ovário
após a fecundação. É constituído pela&amp;nbsp;semente&lt;u&gt; &lt;/u&gt;(proveniente do
desenvolvimento do óvulo)&amp;nbsp;mais um conjunto de três camadas que a recobrem,
denominado pericarpo e proveniente da parede do ovário. O pericarpo é
constituído de três camadas, de fora para dentro: Epicarpo, Mesocarpo
(geralmente é a porção comestível dos frutos) e Endocarpo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKF_v5DKMbGh5QW1-XNwCgg-l0Nn443TX9_VY7GG1gyh1hjzuGzgdZnjDliRo6OYgP1MZ4KdWRfAiFNttoUOnpiGMrA6cf_oCGmROvm5N6xxUJhzS9rey-A4VeYDgjjvCZta1n/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;686&quot; data-original-width=&quot;750&quot; height=&quot;366&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKF_v5DKMbGh5QW1-XNwCgg-l0Nn443TX9_VY7GG1gyh1hjzuGzgdZnjDliRo6OYgP1MZ4KdWRfAiFNttoUOnpiGMrA6cf_oCGmROvm5N6xxUJhzS9rey-A4VeYDgjjvCZta1n/w400-h366/Plantas+14.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Estrutura de um fruto. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Denomina-se fruto carnoso, aquele cujo pericarpo
armazena substâncias nutritivas de reserva e fruto seco o caso contrário. O
fruto carnoso constitui um mecanismo de dispersão das sementes servindo de
alimento aos animais, que disseminam as sementes a partir das fezes. Além deste
caso, existem também frutos com espinhos que se grudam ao corpo de animais e
frutos alados, cujo meio de dispersão é o vento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Sobre o ciclo de vida das angiospermas, o
esporófito é o vegetal dominante, duradouro e fotossintetizante, enquanto o
gametófito, assim como no caso das gimnospermas, é bastante reduzido, se
desenvolve associado ao esporófito e é dependente dele. As angiospermas, assim
como as gimnospermas, também apresentam heterosporia e a fecundação se dá por
sifonogamia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj9t4sD13EwKniGlqbZiKCkbFYr_zJwiwVRWPMkSjyf-13NPIBDjsOrqgYJAJPuI7KMy5hms5eSzgeg5MHnfElC_a8a64Ipgb8JiWMZfQxPnOIe9RHbYLZxIb9SjHkvi6VRi8R/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;813&quot; data-original-width=&quot;900&quot; height=&quot;577&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj9t4sD13EwKniGlqbZiKCkbFYr_zJwiwVRWPMkSjyf-13NPIBDjsOrqgYJAJPuI7KMy5hms5eSzgeg5MHnfElC_a8a64Ipgb8JiWMZfQxPnOIe9RHbYLZxIb9SjHkvi6VRi8R/w640-h577/Plantas+15.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ciclo de vida das angiospermas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Os microesporângios (sacos polínicos) localizam-se
no interior das anteras, onde as células mães de esporos (2n) originam
micrósporos (n) por meiose. Os micrósporos se desenvolvem em grãos de pólen
(n), os microgametófitos. Estes grãos de pólen também possuem uma célula do
tubo, que origina o tubo polínico, e uma célula geradora, que origina as
células espermáticas (gametas masculinos).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;No interior do ovário, tem-se os óvulos,
constituídos pelo megasporângio (2n), e o tegumento que o recobre. Dentro do
megasporângio há uma célula mãe de esporos que sofre meiose e origina quatro
megásporos (n), sendo que três degeneram e um permanece como o megásporo fértil
e funcional. Este megásporo germina e origina o megagametófito também chamado
saco embrionário, contendo um conjunto de 7 células (e 8 núcleos):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Três células próximas à micrópila (abertura do
óvulo): uma oosfera (gameta feminino) no meio de duas&amp;nbsp;sinérgides.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Uma célula grande e central, contendo dois núcleos
polares.&amp;nbsp;Esta célula também será fecundada, originará um tecido triplóide (3n),
com função de reserva nutritiva para o embrião, o endosperma. (Lembre-se de que
o megagametófito das gimnospermas também origina um tecido de reserva
nutritiva, mas naquele caso, o tecido é haplóide e não é sinônimo de
endosperma).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Três células distantes da micrópila (no extremo
oposto), denominadas antípodas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9A2VedT94h1KkSqO6KqGgHyzZ18dcLav7lFHVXYRqnaqdTec0qOLqP3oyutdtHgl7N8hcX9UumGfOApLQUHB8Wv3Yi0c3Ep23NEVCDAhQqPOzyx-tCABp6op0AKwNFcZ5escx/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;563&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1000&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9A2VedT94h1KkSqO6KqGgHyzZ18dcLav7lFHVXYRqnaqdTec0qOLqP3oyutdtHgl7N8hcX9UumGfOApLQUHB8Wv3Yi0c3Ep23NEVCDAhQqPOzyx-tCABp6op0AKwNFcZ5escx/w640-h360/Plantas+16.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Estruturas dos megasporângios. Imagens:
plantlet.org e digitalatlasofancientlife.org.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A polinização precede a fecundação. As anteras se
rompem e o grão de pólen é transportado até o estigma, onde a partir daí
germina. Caso o grão de pólen caia no estigma da própria flor, a polinização é direta,
caso caia no estigma de uma flor distinta, é cruzada. Esta pode ser mediada por
diversos agentes, como por exemplo:&amp;nbsp;insetos (entomofilia), vento
(anemofilia), pássaros (ornitofilia) e morcegos (quiropterofilia).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Quando o grão de pólen cai sobre o estigma, germina
e forma o tubo polínico, que cresce ao longo do estilete em direção ao óvulo.
Ao contrário da fecundação das gimnospermas, nas angiospermas ocorre uma dupla
fecundação, onde o 1º núcleo espermático fecunda a oosfera e forma o zigoto
(2n), e o 2º núcleo espermático fecunda a célula central (que contém os dois
núcleos polares) e a célula resultante (3n) originará por mitose o endosperma
(tecido de reserva nutritiva). A partir daí,&amp;nbsp;o óvulo se desenvolve originando
a semente, o zigoto origina o embrião, e o ovário origina o fruto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As angiospermas são classificadas em apenas um
Filo:&amp;nbsp;Magnoliophyta. Além disso, podem também ser subdivididas de acordo
com o número de cotilédones que possuem. Os cotilédones&amp;nbsp;são folhas
especializadas dos embriões, cuja função é nutri-los transferindo substâncias
acumuladas diretamente para o embrião ou transferindo para o embrião os
nutrientes do endosperma (3n). De acordo com esse critério, pode-se dividir as
angiospermas em:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Monocotiledôneas, cujo embrião contém apenas um
cotilédone.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dicotiledôneas, cujos embriões contêm dois
cotilédones:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dicotiledôneas basais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Eudicotiledôneas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;(As gimnospermas geralmente possuem dois ou mais
cotilédones.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz87qeWa8oU76QS4cjc_0_01fcJAlly1klwhth_Vea4KuUkrgv5lbJ1hzNth4OxMmU0iE-Cu-C58EjAA5mJwXkp3UEZkOVPcVao2IBqYHCRnkTC5KPhM6QiEL3H8HPSIa4qEee/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;398&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;228&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz87qeWa8oU76QS4cjc_0_01fcJAlly1klwhth_Vea4KuUkrgv5lbJ1hzNth4OxMmU0iE-Cu-C58EjAA5mJwXkp3UEZkOVPcVao2IBqYHCRnkTC5KPhM6QiEL3H8HPSIa4qEee/w400-h228/Plantas+17.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieVZozT_mCHmqvTSn13AhJwRJT5q6aKyl0i7abLTACUYqWTTD81XGkxIdy_hUMrrjUEmlTKlJavr5Qcr0DayGUaje_mTPWwbF4d2-LQ9NX9x3zhDpq90vffJx_5iaO464r6qge/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;443&quot; data-original-width=&quot;803&quot; height=&quot;354&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieVZozT_mCHmqvTSn13AhJwRJT5q6aKyl0i7abLTACUYqWTTD81XGkxIdy_hUMrrjUEmlTKlJavr5Qcr0DayGUaje_mTPWwbF4d2-LQ9NX9x3zhDpq90vffJx_5iaO464r6qge/w640-h354/Plantas+18.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Comparativo entre as dicotiledôneas e as
monocotiledôneas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Importância das Angiospermas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Como já visto anteriormente elas são o grupo
vegetal mais diverso e representativo. Sendo assim, são muito importantes para a
humanidade em diversos aspectos, como alguns exemplos temos: a&amp;nbsp;agricultura&amp;nbsp;(são
os principais componentes da dieta dos seres humanos), medicina (plantas
medicinais), economia (indústria madeireira e de celulose) e ornamentação. Têm
também papel fundamental na reciclagem do O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;e CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;atmosféricos
e&amp;nbsp;regulação climática&amp;nbsp;(as grandes florestas seriam grandes aparelhos
de ar-condicionado) e por serem autótrofas fotossintéticas ocupam o primeiro
nível trófico nos ecossistemas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Referências:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Livros de biologia do ensino médio da Sônia Lopes e
Amabis, várias entradas sobre o assunto na Wikipedia e Britannica e nos links
das imagens.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.3333px; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;https://edisciplinas.usp.br/mod/book/view.php?id=2434060&amp;amp;chapterid=19900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/3528106392948542519'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/3528106392948542519'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2021/02/reino-plantae.html' title='REINO PLANTAE'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDatgqGr7Z8gZj9uGEYW9WStXkWhC-sIoEq9XRRX9NVeYBzsZXYt6WLU_JT4B7n-HNyrH1dAjnzqcgBH8kNrohNNVOeisvLPgJ-NMhZV39a6JnIkQYcE6M8BtSGgxhcHYtyquf/s72-w640-h491-c/Plantas+01.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-5186590377932426413</id><published>2021-02-16T07:47:00.008-04:00</published><updated>2025-04-08T09:20:20.549-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="alimentação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="alucinógenos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="candidíase"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cordyceps"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="decomposição"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fungi"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fungos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="importância"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="LSD"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="líquens"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="micorrizas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="penicilina"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="radiação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Saccharomyces"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibulares"/><title type='text'>REINO FUNGI - OS FUNGOS</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;O REINO FUNGI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Características
gerais:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Reino constituído
por seres vivos que vivem fixos a um substrato e, apesar de superficialmente aparentarem semelhança com algumas plantas, os fungos são mais proximamente
relacionados aos animais, pois possuem parede celular constituída
de&amp;nbsp;quitina&amp;nbsp;(ao invés de celulose) e utilizam o&amp;nbsp;glicogênio&amp;nbsp;como
reserva energética (ao invés do amido).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDukoYWotCT-crnXUkYbE4SGzM4MGfi63JHelZZC1xB6ocOr4dcfuX_gnH51z5AFKrCOziDuigIhfZmQlFlRIB1ox-adhnnVfY6dsv-AKFQGiekgjFgQyNmt_ebk2m_jDMVV5E/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;629&quot; data-original-width=&quot;978&quot; height=&quot;258&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDukoYWotCT-crnXUkYbE4SGzM4MGfi63JHelZZC1xB6ocOr4dcfuX_gnH51z5AFKrCOziDuigIhfZmQlFlRIB1ox-adhnnVfY6dsv-AKFQGiekgjFgQyNmt_ebk2m_jDMVV5E/w400-h258/Fungos+01.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Imagem mostrando
as relações filogenéticas dos fungos em relação aos animais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;São:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Eucarióticos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Heterótrofos.
(Apesar de haver controvérsia sobre alguns fungos capazes de realizar a
radiosíntese).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Unicelulares
(leveduras) ou pluricelulares (cogumelos e orelhas de pau).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Podem ter reprodução
agamética ou gamética.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A digestão ocorre fora do corpo, pois o fungo libera enzimas no meio e depois absorve os nutrientes do meio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;O corpo dos fungos
é constituído por filamentos chamados hifas. Ao conjunto de hifas dá-se o nome
micélio (não é um tecido nem um órgão).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAxxVJMC7oO-D9ni0psDSqdNx_uaGZqgBma9GpM3zpYdiy7FZDxhcnQvY6IOEJD73zKLidXDz4cLAtrOq1Ca51NuCjxY4bf1zus4bEQTOrKproMR-M55A515QJPahQaCa3cuPQ/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;255&quot; data-original-width=&quot;430&quot; height=&quot;238&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAxxVJMC7oO-D9ni0psDSqdNx_uaGZqgBma9GpM3zpYdiy7FZDxhcnQvY6IOEJD73zKLidXDz4cLAtrOq1Ca51NuCjxY4bf1zus4bEQTOrKproMR-M55A515QJPahQaCa3cuPQ/w400-h238/Fungos+02.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;O corpo dos
fungos, formado por diversas hifas (os filamentos).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As hifas podem
ser:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Septadas&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;cada
célula da hifa é delimitada por um septo (parede) incompleto, ou seja, há
continuidade citoplasmática entre as células.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cenocíticas&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;não
há septos ou qualquer parede delimitando as células da hifa. Cada hifa é um
tubo contínuo preenchido por citoplasma e núcleos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrIUJHOFa08oH9Oo3lDKmnUe2uFIGlAcxRWkR0cgxPpme2-6HqD3hQJS7Cq_nhUKfNRMzeDisncL3Az0Jg75APl-7CQ6iIAQtVGW-J0PUOy2ssFzN8IoUlj8RiQ2GFpZ4ii3Na/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;440&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;352&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrIUJHOFa08oH9Oo3lDKmnUe2uFIGlAcxRWkR0cgxPpme2-6HqD3hQJS7Cq_nhUKfNRMzeDisncL3Az0Jg75APl-7CQ6iIAQtVGW-J0PUOy2ssFzN8IoUlj8RiQ2GFpZ4ii3Na/w640-h352/Fungos+03.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Hifas septadas e
hifas cenocíticas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;O micélio pode
ser:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Vegetativo: composto
por hifas imersas em um substrato (como um pão velho, por exemplo). Essas hifas
podem se estender por grandes distâncias dentro do substrato, por exemplo, o
maior organismo que existe é um fungo,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Armillaria ostoyae&lt;/i&gt;, de mais
de 3000 anos de idade, cujos filamentos estendem-se por 6×10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,
no estado de Washington, EUA.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRaxorXulGO7pUmX1yGINu1F1LkscN463ogrNX25WEuovWxYMsfD-tiXuDtlf8D1QUlnqonayX0K38FHvtWJDAFESMo1MAzzDRi8oNpKdXBambQmMtn9q8sIWgimRTS8qggQ_L/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;487&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;305&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRaxorXulGO7pUmX1yGINu1F1LkscN463ogrNX25WEuovWxYMsfD-tiXuDtlf8D1QUlnqonayX0K38FHvtWJDAFESMo1MAzzDRi8oNpKdXBambQmMtn9q8sIWgimRTS8qggQ_L/w400-h305/fungos+04.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Hifas de fungos sob
o solo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Reprodutor: constituído
por hifas capazes de produzir esporos, que geralmente se desenvolvem
externamente ao substrato. Em alguns casos pode ser chamado de corpo de
frutificação&amp;nbsp;(é o cogumelo propriamente dito).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJLOo-cp9eVGwV8idDmMYW2qwuXJF_PCEG2JUpMqlXoyOfKFdk8sW972_VE_dhP6tvGYSsDmcy72VWExOaYBbR-Cb04DL2qDnXVvbEE-2mtObELCZPRhCYYoGqSp0-46ZOH5_8/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;570&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;285&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJLOo-cp9eVGwV8idDmMYW2qwuXJF_PCEG2JUpMqlXoyOfKFdk8sW972_VE_dhP6tvGYSsDmcy72VWExOaYBbR-Cb04DL2qDnXVvbEE-2mtObELCZPRhCYYoGqSp0-46ZOH5_8/w400-h285/fungos+05.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Cogumelo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Amanita
muscaria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;. O cogumelo é o corpo de frutificação, um tipo de micélio reprodutor. Esse fungo produz substâncias com efeito alucinógeno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Assim como as
bactérias, os fungos saprofágicos vivem sobre a matéria orgânica em
decomposição, obtendo dela as substâncias que lhes servem de alimento. Eles
podem atuar como decompositores da matéria orgânica,&amp;nbsp;devolvendo os
elementos químicos para o meio ambiente na forma de compostos simples que podem
ser utilizados por outros organismos&amp;nbsp;(como o CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;,
PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; e etc.).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A nutrição dos
fungos é heterótrofa e a digestão é&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;extracorpórea. Os fungos
liberam enzimas digestórias no meio e depois absorvem as substâncias
resultantes dessa digestão.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQz5A1yxAiCugrTAEPK_vECRunbzt3bEz2pSs5kImyecejb9XfrE_XHMK2q3kYEh9qf6vtmaN4AN6_0v1de2aEVB55g50NA9krZZzuKZ_FkEhLxKDNvghldZb5NAup3OtytOcM/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1068&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQz5A1yxAiCugrTAEPK_vECRunbzt3bEz2pSs5kImyecejb9XfrE_XHMK2q3kYEh9qf6vtmaN4AN6_0v1de2aEVB55g50NA9krZZzuKZ_FkEhLxKDNvghldZb5NAup3OtytOcM/w640-h432/Fungos+06.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Fungos atuando
como decompositores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Os fungos podem se
associar de forma simbiótica com outros organismos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Liquens: associação
entre fungos e algas (ou fungos e&amp;nbsp;cianobactérias) encontradas em trocos de
árvores ou em rochas. A alga, por ser autótrofa e fotossintetizante, fornece
nutrientes para o fungo, ao passo que o fungo envolve as algas com as suas
hifas e fornece para elas um ambiente úmido e compostos inorgânicos simples.
Reproduzem-se por meio de estruturas propagativas chamadas sorédios, que
consistem em algas envoltas por hifas dos fungos. Os líquens não conseguem
viver em regiões poluídas, sendo assim, a ausência de líquens em determinados
locais é um indicativo de baixa qualidade ambiental. A maioria dos fungos que
formam líquens são do grupo dos ascomicetos, o mais numeroso. OBS: alguns
estudiosos não consideram os líquens como um tipo de mutualismo, mas sim como
um exemplo de parasitismo, do fungo parasitando as algas. Tome-lhe plot twist.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4g7w98hYe_W9cF9ZlbDp1T-GHRhEcVr5MCi9pkdNeKrWiSGuZiQUyvTq02VGvjy2TZXMG7zgmRncbndSJCHuYdj81iWv4xO2L4nhVrceJ3i0VVt2tlgB-mo-OkoM2nXXc07Q6/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;485&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;222&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4g7w98hYe_W9cF9ZlbDp1T-GHRhEcVr5MCi9pkdNeKrWiSGuZiQUyvTq02VGvjy2TZXMG7zgmRncbndSJCHuYdj81iWv4xO2L4nhVrceJ3i0VVt2tlgB-mo-OkoM2nXXc07Q6/&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Líquens no tronco de uma árvore.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Micorrizas (“raízes
que contêm fungos”): associação mutualística entre fungos e raízes de plantas
na qual as hifas do fungo invadem as raízes da planta. Os fungos obtêm
nutrientes da planta, que é autótrofa e fotossintetizante, ao passo que
auxiliam a planta a absorver água e minerais escassos no solo. Além disso, as
plantas conseguem produzir substâncias sinalizadoras em reposta aos ataques de
patógenos e herbívoros e transmitir essas substâncias para outras plantas
através dos fungos, de maneira que as vizinhas possam produzir substâncias de
defesa em tempo. Estima-se que mais de 90 % das espécies de plantas vasculares formem
micorrizas (pteridófitas, gimnospermas e angiospermas).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm_SddBXXQEiTqR_AGcEm7Ecdl3E__ICXZu5l8HV8iRXzX1rM0NXw2x8WdX2-efwwcjQr77uwFbZVEM3iwEvCgMd9rrtT8O2kH0isTVjEFPuipRvb9isO3MZ6R0C_8l8RkpcJd/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;514&quot; data-original-width=&quot;693&quot; height=&quot;296&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm_SddBXXQEiTqR_AGcEm7Ecdl3E__ICXZu5l8HV8iRXzX1rM0NXw2x8WdX2-efwwcjQr77uwFbZVEM3iwEvCgMd9rrtT8O2kH0isTVjEFPuipRvb9isO3MZ6R0C_8l8RkpcJd/w400-h296/Fungos+08.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Micorrizas. As hifas verdes estão fazendo a comunicação entre as duas árvores.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Classificação&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;De forma geral, o
nome do grupo é baseado no nome da estrutura produtora de esporos, dentre os
principais grupos estão:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Grupo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 354pt;&quot; width=&quot;472&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Características&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Cythridiomycota&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 354pt;&quot; width=&quot;472&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Unicelulares ou filamentosos
  (hifas cenocíticas). Predominantemente aquáticos.&amp;nbsp;São os únicos que
  apresentam flagelos em algum estágio do ciclo de vida.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Zygomycota&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 354pt;&quot; width=&quot;472&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Hifas cenocíticas. Formam
  esporos sexuados chamados zigósporos. Não possuem corpo de
  frutificação. São saprofágicos. Podem ser utilizados na produção do molho de soja shoyu, e na produção de medicamentos anti-inflamatórios e contraceptivos. Formam micorrizas. Exemplos:&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Rhizopus&lt;/i&gt;, o bolor
  negro do pão.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ascomycota&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 354pt;&quot; width=&quot;472&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;É o grupo com o maior número
  de espécies. Hifas septadas. Formam esporos sexuados chamados ascósporos, em
  hifas especializadas chamadas ascos. Algumas espécies formam corpo de
  frutificação (ascocarpo).&amp;nbsp;Formam liquens. Exemplos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Leveduras (como a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Saccharomyces
  cerevisiae&lt;/i&gt;, usada na fabricação de massas e bebidas alcoólicas).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Trufas (fungos saprofágicos
  do gênero &lt;i&gt;Tuber&lt;/i&gt; que formam micorrizas e são apreciados na culinária).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Penicillium sp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;., que produzem o antibiótico penicilina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dos grãos de centeio
  infectados por &lt;i&gt;Claviceps purpurea&lt;/i&gt; obtêm-se o ácido lisérgico (usado na
  fabricação do LSD – dietilamina do ácido lisérgico) e a ergotina. Ambos os
  compostos são alucinógenos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Aspergillus flavus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; crescem em amendoins e produzem toxinas
  cancerígenas chamadas aflatoxinas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Penicillium roquefortii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; e &lt;i&gt;P. camembertii&lt;/i&gt; são usados na produção
  de queijos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Basidiomycota&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 354pt;&quot; width=&quot;472&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Hifas septadas. Formam
  esporos sexuados chamados basidiósporos em hifas especializadas chamadas
  basídios. Alguns são utilizados como alimento. Também podem formar
  micorrizas. Algumas espécies formam corpo de frutificação (basidiocarpo: cogumelos
  e orelhas-de-pau). Exemplos:&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Champignons e shitake, utilizados na alimentação
  humana.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Amanita muscaria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; e &lt;i&gt;A. phalloides&lt;/i&gt; produzem a substâncias
  tóxicas e alucinógenas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Psilocybe sp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;. produzem a psilocibina, substância alucinógena.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.4pt;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Deuteromycota&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 354pt;&quot; width=&quot;472&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Reúne fungos sem
  classificação definida, nos quais não se conhecem processos sexuais de
  reprodução. É uma categoria de conveniência.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Importância e
utilização:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Os fungos
saprofágicos atuam como&amp;nbsp;decompositores&amp;nbsp;da matéria orgânica,
devolvendo elementos químicos para o meio na forma de compostos simples, que
podem ser utilizados por outros organismos, como já visto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Alimentação, como
os basidiomicetos: como exemplos temos os champignons e o shitake.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Preparação
de&amp;nbsp;alimentos fermentados: fazem as massas como as dos pães crescer, graças
ao processo de fermentação alcoólica, que libera CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; na massa.
Utilizados na produção de bebidas alcoólicas e laticínios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Alguns
produzem&amp;nbsp;antibióticos&amp;nbsp;(ex: penicilina) e&amp;nbsp;toxinas&amp;nbsp;importantes
(ex: aflatoxinas – produzidas por fungos do gênero&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Aspergillus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;que
se desenvolvem em amendoins).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Alguns são
parasitas de humanos, causando&amp;nbsp;micoses, e outros são parasitas de culturas
vegetais importantes para a agricultura, como a vassoura de bruxa, parasita do
cacau, que podem causar grandes prejuízos. O fungo&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Candida albicans&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;é
o causador da&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dst.com.br/pag12.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;candidíase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;,&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;infecção
sexualmente transmissível. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTbAPL2XLPMAZuTIHZSN4v3xipUItaoIDM_G5g2x3NIrwX29eOvCifG0MKfj-ejdxQvUfwM4ef9aJGnSd7lvtT2DCLrorOPbOo3qgyduibZdP0eCkt4HeweQUpcoulq_eYuOnJ/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;467&quot; data-original-width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;293&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTbAPL2XLPMAZuTIHZSN4v3xipUItaoIDM_G5g2x3NIrwX29eOvCifG0MKfj-ejdxQvUfwM4ef9aJGnSd7lvtT2DCLrorOPbOo3qgyduibZdP0eCkt4HeweQUpcoulq_eYuOnJ/w400-h293/Fungos+09.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Algumas drogas
alucinógenas como a psilocibina e a dietilamina do ácido lisérgico (LSD) são
procedentes de fungos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Alguns fungos,
como os &lt;i&gt;Cordyceps&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Ophiocordyceps&lt;/i&gt;) são parasitas que podem
controlar o comportamento dos animais que infectam, de maneira que o
comportamento do animal infectado facilita a dispersão de esporos fungais. Há indícios de que esses fungos podem
ser usados no tratamento de doenças respiratórias como a asma e a bronquite, pois podem produzir substâncias antiinflamatórias e modular a atividade do sistema imunitário.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGXC070W8kSbcHYhmc_lCL1lbMuNeO3l1hBR31mPXASGBoXPqjJiKzuNrlzIr3ar-SUjMNIcNR033UA9TE35lnj0GVPGyQVMeCWiq9XKhpFBmD1uk0kcxw1czhyphenhyphenC9oZXYEgnYu/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;449&quot; data-original-width=&quot;573&quot; height=&quot;314&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGXC070W8kSbcHYhmc_lCL1lbMuNeO3l1hBR31mPXASGBoXPqjJiKzuNrlzIr3ar-SUjMNIcNR033UA9TE35lnj0GVPGyQVMeCWiq9XKhpFBmD1uk0kcxw1czhyphenhyphenC9oZXYEgnYu/w400-h314/Fungos+10.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Cordyceps
infectando um grilo. Veja os micélios reprodutivos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Alguns fungos,
como os que habitam a localidade de Chernobyl, na Ucrânia, têm grandes
quantidades de melanina e se acredita que possam aproveitar a energia
proveniente da radiação residual do acidente ocorrido em 1986 em reações
capazes de convertê-la em energia química: é a radiosíntese, que converte a energia da radiação ionizante em energia potencial química.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsKZ9gMnv4zXHzQGvxrJEMV_oo49-OAOu4f-_onu0NzBxZDeY5npK6UwzWkWH_VwGHMVrd1EV4H2J3k4UAeZEG4yGVKaRI5b4phnK9ogdE9ZQjqeDbRO7Dx1yqWqQ9jdSPUpf-/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;394&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;225&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsKZ9gMnv4zXHzQGvxrJEMV_oo49-OAOu4f-_onu0NzBxZDeY5npK6UwzWkWH_VwGHMVrd1EV4H2J3k4UAeZEG4yGVKaRI5b4phnK9ogdE9ZQjqeDbRO7Dx1yqWqQ9jdSPUpf-/w400-h225/Fungos+11.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Referências:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Livros de biologia
do ensino médio da Sônia Lopes e Amabis, várias entradas sobre o assunto na
Wikipedia e Britannica e nos links das imagens.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/5186590377932426413'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/5186590377932426413'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2021/02/reino-fungi-os-fungos.html' title='REINO FUNGI - OS FUNGOS'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDukoYWotCT-crnXUkYbE4SGzM4MGfi63JHelZZC1xB6ocOr4dcfuX_gnH51z5AFKrCOziDuigIhfZmQlFlRIB1ox-adhnnVfY6dsv-AKFQGiekgjFgQyNmt_ebk2m_jDMVV5E/s72-w400-h258-c/Fungos+01.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-6295918553689070416</id><published>2021-02-09T15:14:00.011-04:00</published><updated>2025-03-18T13:47:11.173-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="amebíase"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cílios"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="doença de chagas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="flagelos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="leishmaniose"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="malária"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="protistas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="protozoários"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pseudópodes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibulares"/><title type='text'>OS PROTISTAS PARTE 02 - OS PROTOZOÁRIOS</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;OS PROTISTAS PARTE 02 - OS PROTOZOÁRIOS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFhaqCN_3PQsnPhScjbEXuQOAFj1vkQhVSBg-WPiQqdWCdriFZIx69RBp4M30SRcu6zGgUXSxuMAuJSbpZfIO4HjQnMiuXQKBEuKwFlwLE7i0ffRKvHmvCpHHUAESLARs1_8V6/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;844&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1001&quot; height=&quot;337&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFhaqCN_3PQsnPhScjbEXuQOAFj1vkQhVSBg-WPiQqdWCdriFZIx69RBp4M30SRcu6zGgUXSxuMAuJSbpZfIO4HjQnMiuXQKBEuKwFlwLE7i0ffRKvHmvCpHHUAESLARs1_8V6/w400-h337/Protozo%25C3%25A1rios+00.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Protozoário é um
termo que significa “animal primordial”. Não são animais, pois não são
multicelulares. São seres (comparar com as algas):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Eucariontes;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Unicelulares;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Heterótrofos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;A imagem abaixo
mostra um pouco da diversidade dos protozoários. No ensino médio usamos uma classificação artificial, que mostra representantes dos táxons de protozoários de acordo com o tipo de estrutura locomotora que possuem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtIkS7GaeTEiDiD8FmA7sKLHL4kjQlZCOUdf_SlNyyWaCQWbQRmRJnIybciwTqtMXosGgsqwX1G3SMJHeKT_5cCCkedMl_QmQRgB3gh-dOMeWHaLC0cOsghe-AOPD9cm2tNKNH/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;400&quot; data-original-width=&quot;593&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtIkS7GaeTEiDiD8FmA7sKLHL4kjQlZCOUdf_SlNyyWaCQWbQRmRJnIybciwTqtMXosGgsqwX1G3SMJHeKT_5cCCkedMl_QmQRgB3gh-dOMeWHaLC0cOsghe-AOPD9cm2tNKNH/w640-h432/Protozo%25C3%25A1rios+01.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Diversidade dos
protozoários.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Podem ser de vida
livre, geralmente aquáticos, ou então parasitas. Uma característica marcante
deste grupo é o fato de que alguns destes organismos, utilizaremos os ciliados
como exemplo, possuírem células bastante complexas, com um micronúcleo e um
macronúcleo, e com regiões especializadas, análogas aos órgãos dos seres
pluricelulares com tecidos verdadeiros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfHjedmd93QXe8BVO_Vax4w32aGh3ca5hhUW1aL9OQR5RBQ6_OdYwxob4XEr-5iTaE2g3_r9R0ae8ITUa9r3Hh2b8ViRp4Vx85T3pK4Q1wUHUNQJQqy3ej3isBrHjygU3MwXKY/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;390&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;260&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfHjedmd93QXe8BVO_Vax4w32aGh3ca5hhUW1aL9OQR5RBQ6_OdYwxob4XEr-5iTaE2g3_r9R0ae8ITUa9r3Hh2b8ViRp4Vx85T3pK4Q1wUHUNQJQqy3ej3isBrHjygU3MwXKY/w400-h260/Protozo%25C3%25A1rios+02.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paramecium sp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;. um protozoário ciliado aquático comum, que se
locomove por meio de vários cílios localizados em sua superfície. A célula
apresenta grande diversidade de organelas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Cílios: diversos
prolongamentos citoplasmáticos que permitem a locomoção da célula.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Vacúolo contrátil:
É uma estrutura responsável pela osmorregulação e pela excreção. Elimina o
excesso de água absorvida pelo protozoário e também pode eliminar excretas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Citóstoma: “boca”
celular. Abertura por onde entram as partículas alimentares, inclusive&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;bactérias. Os
paramécios são filtradores e atraem alimento para o citóstoma utilizando o
batimento dos cílios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Citoprócto: “ânus”
celular. Elimina os restos não aproveitados dos alimentos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Tricocistos –
Bolsas com fios enovelados que podem ser disparados em resposta a certos estímulos.
Não se sabe as funções exatas dessas estruturas, mas elas podem variar entre os
protozoários, sendo usadas para capturar partículas de alimento, defesa e, no
caso dos paramécios, talvez tenha a função de ancorar a célula.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Micronúcleo e
macronúcleo: aparentemente, o macronúcleo participa das atividades metabólicas em
geral e também da reprodução assexuada das células, já o micronúcleo parece
participar apenas dos processos reprodutivos, sexuados ou não. É como se fosse um backup do macronúcleo. Veremos mais
adiante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;No que diz
respeito à reprodução dos protozoários, esta pode ser:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Assexuada, como exemplos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Divisão binária.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Divisão múltipla,
em que ocorre a multiplicação do núcleo antes da divisão propriamente dita.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Sexuada, como exemplo:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Fusão de
organismos adultos&amp;nbsp;e formação de um zigoto, que por sua vez origina outros
indivíduos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Os ciliados, que
possuem um macronúcleo e um micronúcleo, podem efetuar o processo de conjugação.&amp;nbsp;O
processo é mediado pelos micronúcleos, que se multiplicam e são transferidos
para a célula parceira. Ocorre a degeneração do macronúcleo das células, porém,
ao término do processo os micronúcleos originam novos macronúcleos. O processo
termina por gerar quatro indivíduos diferentes dos dois originais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2rCtzow7T0d7nrRTRAX9lWVIyN40TcHRixPI57WxVzCXnp93CHFZx31tDa1mQVeVySO4I_U8fOOudJRO_wEvs99_5FMEzZLWFqIJr0FbTIrNy0Cb83cNVHh5zA8J2_oXL7ds/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;779&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1151&quot; height=&quot;434&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2rCtzow7T0d7nrRTRAX9lWVIyN40TcHRixPI57WxVzCXnp93CHFZx31tDa1mQVeVySO4I_U8fOOudJRO_wEvs99_5FMEzZLWFqIJr0FbTIrNy0Cb83cNVHh5zA8J2_oXL7ds/w640-h434/Protozo%25C3%25A1rios+03.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Esquema do
processo de conjugação entre dois paramécios. 1. Células de linhagens compatíveis
se encontram e se fundem parcialmente. 2. Os micronúcleos sofrem meiose e geram,
cada um, quatro micronúcleos haploides (n). 3. Três desses micronúcleos
desintegram e o restante sofre mitose. 4. As duas células trocam de
micronúcleo. 5. As células se separam. 6. Os micronúcleos haploides se fundem
em cada célula, formando micronúcleos diploides (2n). 7. Ocorrem três mitoses,
originando oito micronúcleos. 8. Quatro dos novos micronúcleos se convertem em
macronúcleos e os macronúcleos antigos se desintegram. 8. A divisão binária
ocorre duas vezes e gera quatro células filhas idênticas. Imagem: Wikipedia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Classificação dos
protozoários:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Como mencionado, classificação
utilizada para o ensino médio é baseada em características das células, como a flexibilidade
da membrana plasmática&amp;nbsp;e as estruturas locomotoras que possuem&amp;nbsp;(as
estruturas locomotoras, nas espécies sésseis, são utilizadas para a captura de
alimento). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5KGnum_wmecMp_B_fod8EgNKAszqVEbFfqvIIVJhdDrhCoDJtO1lHgwncHO842ebSIE2rs6JDuSr4ItJRc7GU7NfhE45WWGY43NYnOeh86W-3eYxk2rF-nXVm4o0li67eCcZ/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;400&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5KGnum_wmecMp_B_fod8EgNKAszqVEbFfqvIIVJhdDrhCoDJtO1lHgwncHO842ebSIE2rs6JDuSr4ItJRc7GU7NfhE45WWGY43NYnOeh86W-3eYxk2rF-nXVm4o0li67eCcZ/w400-h266/Protozo%25C3%25A1rios+04.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Estruturas
locomotoras dos protozoários. Imagem: https://biologywise.com/protozoa-classification-characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Vejamos alguns
grupos importantes:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: white; border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-right: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.8%;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Grupo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.2%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;66%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Características&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.8%;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Amebozoários&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(Amebas)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.2%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;66%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Célula flexível.
  Locomovem-se e capturam alimento com o uso dos &lt;b&gt;pseudópodes&lt;/b&gt;. As amebas dulcícolas
  são hipertônicas em relação ao meio e possuem vacúolos contráteis para
  expulsar o excesso de água. Podem apresentar mitossomos, organelas derivadas
  das mitocôndrias, mas que não executam a respiração celular. Algumas formam
  carapaças chamadas testas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Entamoeba&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;histolytica&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;causa
  a amebíase.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.8%;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Actinopoda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(radiolários e
  heliozoários)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.2%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;66%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Também apresentam
  pseudópodes. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Os heliozoários são comuns em
  águas doces. Alguns apresentam exoesqueleto. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Os radiolários têm um
  endoesqueleto interno de sílica. Podem se associar de forma simbiótica com
  algas (zooxantelas&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;– dinoflageladas).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.8%;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Foraminifera&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(foraminíferos)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.2%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;66%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Também apresentam
  pseudópodes. Possuem um esqueleto de carbonato de cálcio perfurado que pode
  formar depósitos calcários chamados vasas, as rochas usadas na construção das
  pirâmides do Egito são provenientes desses depósitos. São indicadores da presença
  de petróleo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.8%;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Apicomplexa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(esporozoários)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.2%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;66%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Não possuem estruturas
  locomotoras*&lt;/b&gt;. &amp;nbsp;Apresentam um conjunto de
  estruturas que constituem um complexo apical, responsável pela penetração do
  protozoário na célula hospedeira.&amp;nbsp;Têm também um apicoplasto, um plastídeo
  que perdeu a capacidade fotossintética. &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium sp.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;causam a
  malária e &lt;i&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;/i&gt; causa a toxoplasmose.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;*Você pode considerar assim para o ensino médio, mas, na verdade, os apicomplexos possuem uma estrutura chamada &lt;b&gt;glideossomo &lt;/b&gt;(de &lt;i&gt;glide&lt;/i&gt;, deslizar) que permite que eles se locomovam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.8%;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Flagelados/Cinetoplastídeos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.2%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;66%&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Locomovem-se com o uso de
  &lt;b&gt;flagelos &lt;/b&gt;(nas espécies sésseis, os flagelos servem para a captura de
  alimentos). Têm uma mitocôndria grande, próxima ao flagelo, com uma dilatação onde se concentra o
  DNA, chamada cinetoplasto.&amp;nbsp;Há espécies parasitas, como o &lt;i&gt;Trypanosoma
  cruzi, &lt;/i&gt;causador da doença de chagas, &lt;i&gt;Leishmania chagasi&lt;/i&gt;, causador
  da leishmaniose visceral e &lt;i&gt;Leishmania brasiliensis&lt;/i&gt;, causador da
  leishmaniose de pele.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.8%;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Diplomonadidos e
  Parabasálios&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.2%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;66%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Derivam da linhagem que
  adquiriu apenas as mitocôndrias a partir de endossimbiose primária. Vivem em
  condições anaeróbicas ou microaerofílicas. Também possuem flagelos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Os diplomonadidos Têm mitossomos,
  derivados das mitocôndrias, que agem na maturação de proteínas contendo centros
  de ferro e enxofre. Há representantes parasitas, como &lt;i&gt;Giardia intestinales&lt;/i&gt;,
  causador da giardíase.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ao invés dos mitossomos os
  parabasálios tem outro tipo de organela derivada das mitocôndrias, os
  hidrogenossomos, capazes de gerar ATP em condições anaeróbias a partir dos
  piruvatos gerados na glicólise. O processo gera H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. O &lt;i&gt;Trichomonas
  vaginalis&lt;/i&gt; causa a IST chamada tricomoníase. Os &lt;i&gt;Trichonympha sp&lt;/i&gt;.
  vivem como simbiontes nos aparelhos digestórios dos cupins e os auxiliam a
  digerir a celulose.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.8%;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ciliados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(ciliados, como
  os paramécios)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.2%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;66%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Locomovem-se com o uso de
  &lt;b&gt;cílios &lt;/b&gt;e nas espécies sésseis, os cílios servem para a captura de alimentos.
  É o grupo de protozoários com a maior diversidade de espécies. Têm dois
  núcleos, um macronúcleo e um micronúcleo (este, envolvido no processo de
  conjugação). &lt;i&gt;Balantidium coli&lt;/i&gt; causa a balantidiose.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Algumas doenças causadas pelos protozoários:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Antes de vermos as
doenças: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Parasita heteroxeno:
necessita de mais de um hospedeiro para completar seu ciclo de vida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Hospedeiro
definitivo: é aquele onde ocorre a reprodução sexuada (pode haver também
reprodução assexuada!). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Hospedeiro intermediário:
é aquele onde &lt;u&gt;só&lt;/u&gt; ocorre reprodução &lt;u&gt;assexuada&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Parasita monoxeno:
o parasita necessita de apenas um hospedeiro para completar seu ciclo de vida.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Amebíase:&lt;/b&gt; Também
chamada disenteria amebiana, é causada pelo protozoário&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Entamoeba
histolytica&lt;/i&gt; (ameboide). Adquire-se o protozoário via ingestão de água e
alimentos contaminados com cistos&amp;nbsp;(bolsas contendo amebas). As amebas
invadem células da parede intestinal, causando diarreias sanguinolentas.
Previne-se com medidas de saneamento básico. O tratamento é feito com
medicamentos específicos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Esses medicamentos específicos usados para tratar as doenças causadas por protozoários é como se fossem o equivalente deles em relação aos antibióticos, que são substâncias que agem nas células dos parasitas e perturbam algum processo. Mas no caso dos protozoários, não usamos o termo antibiótico para esses medicamentos pois, tradicionalmente, os antibióticos são substâncias produzidas por fungos e que agem contra as bactérias, enquanto essas contra os protozoários têm fontes diversas, tanto puramente sintéticas como de outros organismos. Por exemplo, um medicamento utilizado no tratamento da amebíase é a paromomicina, originada a partir da fermentação realizada por bactérias do gênero &lt;i&gt;Streptomyces&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk2o72-BiyMeDwyREPyccmVsPXyJSWXH9dre-k_v3OOJHMmVsuSpKxsYdkA22N16V3SYGqV7S0c34Dz1YYSc2ENjvUym0R_QYeNhWioyVf6vSrBFOu-ZI3CrKzvoN9hSYhyE_W/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;749&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;600&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk2o72-BiyMeDwyREPyccmVsPXyJSWXH9dre-k_v3OOJHMmVsuSpKxsYdkA22N16V3SYGqV7S0c34Dz1YYSc2ENjvUym0R_QYeNhWioyVf6vSrBFOu-ZI3CrKzvoN9hSYhyE_W/w640-h600/Protozo%25C3%25A1rios+05.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Esquema mostrando
o ciclo de vida de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Entamoeba histolytica&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;. Imagem: Wikipedia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Leishmanioses:&lt;/b&gt; causadas
por protozoários do gênero&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Leishmania&lt;/i&gt;. Podem ser:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Visceral, quando o
baço e o fígado são atacados. Os sintomas são febres e a perda do apetite.
Causada pelo &lt;i&gt;Leishmania chagasi&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Tegumentar, também
chamada&amp;nbsp;úlcera de Bauru, quando o protozoário ataca a pele. O sintoma
principal é o aparecimento de feridas ulcerosas. Causada pelo &lt;i&gt;Leishmania
brasiliensis&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;O protozoário é
transmitido pela picada do&amp;nbsp;mosquito palha&amp;nbsp;(gênero&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Lutzomya&lt;/i&gt;).
Previne-se combatendo o mosquito (inseticidas, uso de filós, eliminar
criadouros...). O tratamento é feito com medicamentos contendo o
elemento químico Antimônio (Sb).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPkIf82YFzhr-4gmY_0e-QYAWOlR5yWVFTAI19gew6CT5bfAMipNQ7hrq1jiCXEAvcyv1FxRScdrjJQ2HulmM5OQ0tESYgH51ZrR9a5wcLxv9nFO8YG0L5wBmPH6ILPjEt83uQ/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;608&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1004&quot; height=&quot;389&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPkIf82YFzhr-4gmY_0e-QYAWOlR5yWVFTAI19gew6CT5bfAMipNQ7hrq1jiCXEAvcyv1FxRScdrjJQ2HulmM5OQ0tESYgH51ZrR9a5wcLxv9nFO8YG0L5wBmPH6ILPjEt83uQ/w640-h389/Protozo%25C3%25A1rios+06.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ciclo de vida de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Leishmania
sp&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;. Nesse ciclo, considera-se que os mosquitos sejam os hospedeiros
intermediários e os mamíferos os hospedeiros definitivos, pois os protozoários
na forma de amastigotas podem realizar reprodução sexuada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Doença de Chagas:&lt;/b&gt;
causada pelo protozoário&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Trypanossoma cruzi&lt;/i&gt;, cujo vetor são insetos
hematófagos de hábitos noturnos chamados barbeiros, como o&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Triatoma
infestans&lt;/i&gt;. Eles têm esse nome pois picam geralmente no rosto, a parte que
fica descoberta quando dormimos. Ao picar a pessoa, o barbeiro elimina fezes contaminadas
com o protozoário, pois suga uma quantidade muito grande de sangue. Ao se
coçar, devido à reação inflamatória no local da picada, a pessoa acaba por
provocar pequenas lesões na pele e é por aí que os protozoários penetram no
organismo. Eles se instalam preferencialmente nas células cardíacas. Os
sintomas iniciais são febres e cansaço. Previne-se combatendo o inseto vetor
com o uso de filós e o vedamento de frestas onde o inseto se esconde, por
exemplo. A doença pode ser tratada com medicamentos específicos&amp;nbsp;ainda no
início da infecção. Lembre-se:&amp;nbsp;Não é a picada do barbeiro que transmite o
protozoário, ele é adquirido a partir das &lt;u&gt;fezes contaminadas&lt;/u&gt;, penetrando pelas
lesões causadas no ato de coçar! Inclusive, é possível adquirir esses protozoários ingerindo caldo de cana ou açaí contendo fezes ou restos de barbeiros contaminados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTOaeRGVKkVOoXXDvQw_jgmUUHQalWlcgYiMcLYLuqOqiUOZsX_aze8LV6PVzuBvte2Veo6csULce5uRQWZWXKJeCBXP0Eb8Bw3-_rbgZI0RppScdewJgKSAPp2RHqKakuHyGS/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;463&quot; data-original-width=&quot;435&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTOaeRGVKkVOoXXDvQw_jgmUUHQalWlcgYiMcLYLuqOqiUOZsX_aze8LV6PVzuBvte2Veo6csULce5uRQWZWXKJeCBXP0Eb8Bw3-_rbgZI0RppScdewJgKSAPp2RHqKakuHyGS/w375-h400/Protozo%25C3%25A1rios+07.gif&quot; width=&quot;375&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ciclo de vida
simplificado do &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;T. cruzi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;. O homem é o hospedeiro definitivo. Imagem:
chagasfound.org.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Malária&lt;/b&gt;: causada
por protozoários do gênero&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;, transmitidos pela picada das
fêmeas dos mosquitos do gênero&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Anopheles&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;também chamados&amp;nbsp;mosquitos
prego&amp;nbsp;(não confundir com o palha, da leishmaniose). Os protozoários
infectam inicialmente o fígado e depois infectam e lisam as hemácias em ciclos
regulares, de 48 h ou 72 h, dependendo do plasmódio. Os sintomas principais são
febres em intervalos regulares de tempo, coincidentes com os eventos de lise
das hemácias. O tratamento é feito com o uso de medicamentos capazes de
eliminar o protozoário do sangue como o quinino e a artemisina (que
infelizmente acabam por selecionar formas resistentes), e a prevenção é feita
combatendo-se os mosquitos. É curioso notar que&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030298&amp;amp;ct=1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;a
expiração de indivíduos infectados com os plasmódios atraem fêmeas não
infectadas dos mosquitos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGQ6_d2_Ea_2lmLyiRt72BO7KsZ_qqLwzry8NKJcxCizd7r8pVCFJaTXnl4pVr5WrT5HgRVsxKQxGxuP6KPiFk2WFPzXrzHJfjyEVIs1MBlZDCc1t0-fSJHnPMuHc_w0plhqOd/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1080&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1440&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGQ6_d2_Ea_2lmLyiRt72BO7KsZ_qqLwzry8NKJcxCizd7r8pVCFJaTXnl4pVr5WrT5HgRVsxKQxGxuP6KPiFk2WFPzXrzHJfjyEVIs1MBlZDCc1t0-fSJHnPMuHc_w0plhqOd/w640-h480/Protozo%25C3%25A1rios+08.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ciclo de vida dos
plasmódios. Nesse ciclo o hospedeiro definitivo é o mosquito.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Referências:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Livros de biologia do ensino médio da Sônia Lopes e
Amabis, várias entradas sobre o assunto na Wikipedia e Britannica e nos links
das imagens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/6295918553689070416'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/6295918553689070416'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2021/02/reino-protoctista-parte-02-os.html' title='OS PROTISTAS PARTE 02 - OS PROTOZOÁRIOS'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFhaqCN_3PQsnPhScjbEXuQOAFj1vkQhVSBg-WPiQqdWCdriFZIx69RBp4M30SRcu6zGgUXSxuMAuJSbpZfIO4HjQnMiuXQKBEuKwFlwLE7i0ffRKvHmvCpHHUAESLARs1_8V6/s72-w400-h337-c/Protozo%25C3%25A1rios+00.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-3574424862740676327</id><published>2021-02-08T09:19:00.027-04:00</published><updated>2025-04-08T09:14:45.163-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="algas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="alimentação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="branqueamento dos corais"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="classificação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="diatomáceas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dinoflageladas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="maré vermelha"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pardas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="protistas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="protoctistas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="verdes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vermelhas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><title type='text'>OS PROTISTAS PARTE 01 - AS ALGAS</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;OS PROTISTAS PARTE 01 - AS ALGAS&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Antes de começar, assista a esse &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/1H1Ytf9n_SE&quot;&gt;vídeo resumo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Os protistas constituem uma categoria artificial, constituída pelas algas e pelos protozoários, seres vivos que
habitam ambientes aquáticos, úmidos e com algumas espécies parasitas (apenas os protozoários podem ser parasitas). Estes
seres têm várias origens evolutivas distintas. De
forma geral, os organismos eucariontes que não se encaixam adequadamente nos
Reinos Fungi, Plantae e Animalia, são classificados nos vários táxons de protistas. Apesar de os protozoários serem unicelulares e nem todas as algas serem multicelulares, pode-se destacar a multicelularidade
como sendo uma apomorfia importante do grupo, das algas, pois os organismos multicelulares têm um corpo, chamado talo, e isso também constitui o primeiro passo no que
diz respeito ao surgimento de tecidos verdadeiros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMMZSDaRZONayrI3GRka6hXnOucA3tBhDBohRoIuIFnaUJcOE8fzeaD79gE3_9ALpmX7TCqS7sA1N9DEVYdSm_axvBhKqkocmZzBu2hV3jVHNhMnMOjrVPar_YXoPquF_piFE8/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;480&quot; data-original-width=&quot;639&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMMZSDaRZONayrI3GRka6hXnOucA3tBhDBohRoIuIFnaUJcOE8fzeaD79gE3_9ALpmX7TCqS7sA1N9DEVYdSm_axvBhKqkocmZzBu2hV3jVHNhMnMOjrVPar_YXoPquF_piFE8/w400-h300/Protistas+01.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Filogenia
simplificada dos protistas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A classificação dos protistas é baseada em vários aspectos, se são uni- ou multicelulares, autótrofos ou não, quais estruturas celulares possuem e um critério interessante é o da endossimbiose. Apenas as algas verdes e as algas vermelhas são endossimbiontes primários. Outros grupos fagocitaram e não digeriram as algas verdes ou as vermelhas para adquirir os seus cloroplastos, que podem ter sido perdidos ou alterados ao longo das gerações.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdcPcP_-q9w8dPqNsuYK1rg3kPqnf5Oyl0y0YY8UWfuTe08va-9B0M8eA0Tn7so6_8vjtkZ-AJCJ1OM2as_dyjaOCTQ6IHcDohJJ759mjC26kyopLZMEAA74etokQ9Ma4mDZNO/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;426&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;454&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdcPcP_-q9w8dPqNsuYK1rg3kPqnf5Oyl0y0YY8UWfuTe08va-9B0M8eA0Tn7so6_8vjtkZ-AJCJ1OM2as_dyjaOCTQ6IHcDohJJ759mjC26kyopLZMEAA74etokQ9Ma4mDZNO/w640-h454/Algas+01b.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;ALGAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;São seres:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Eucariontes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Unicelulares ou pluricelulares: os multicelulares têm um corpo chamado &lt;b&gt;talo&lt;/b&gt;, ainda sem tecidos e órgãos diferenciados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Todas são autótrofas
fotossintetizantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As algas
compreendem um grupo diverso de organismos geralmente aquáticos ou de ambientes
úmidos, um dos quais, o das algas verdes, pode ser considerado como o ancestral
das plantas. Apesar disso, &lt;u&gt;as algas não são plantas&lt;/u&gt;, pois não apresentam tecidos e órgãos diferenciados e nem um
embrião multicelular que retira alimento da planta genitora. Superficialmente, o talo das algas multicelulares pode
se parecer com as partes de uma planta, mas não possui tecidos diferenciados,
nem raízes, folhas e caules verdadeiros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8HvD65fs2i_q7RIpv_Pwwp8cXZ0BVZ2S-5kvyLemdc15wzOwISmNW90bRgXtPAmfM2IWxQkgALzgERzxyoqA9hTErsL6onolfOZFiCdHrGZ5OLT2355Ptd3NvQLhss1GUstQc/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;456&quot; data-original-width=&quot;850&quot; height=&quot;172&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8HvD65fs2i_q7RIpv_Pwwp8cXZ0BVZ2S-5kvyLemdc15wzOwISmNW90bRgXtPAmfM2IWxQkgALzgERzxyoqA9hTErsL6onolfOZFiCdHrGZ5OLT2355Ptd3NvQLhss1GUstQc/&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Imagem
representativa da diversidade das algas. A a E: glaucófitas, rodófita (alga
vermelha), clorófita (alga verde), acetabulária (alga verde) e uma planta. São
os eucariontes que contém cloroplastos arqueoplastídeos primários.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;F a J: criptomonas, haptófita, diatomácea,
alga parda e dinoflagelado. Têm cloroplastos derivados de algas vermelhas. K a
O: rhizária, Euglena, rhizária, dinoflagelada, plasmódio (apicomplexo, têm uma
organela, chamada complexo apical, derivada dos cloroplastos). Outras linhagens
de cloroplastos. As barras de escalas na imagem indicam 5 micrometros.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Imagem: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51175061_Do_Red_and_Green_Make_Brown_Perspectives_on_Plastid_Acquisitions_within_Chromalveolates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As algas são
organismos que vivem geralmente em ambientes aquáticos, tanto de água doce
quanto de água salgada e também em ambientes úmidos. A maioria das algas
apresenta parede celular, sendo que em certos casos,&amp;nbsp;alguns componentes
destas paredes celulares podem ser de interesse econômico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As algas aquáticas
podem fazer parte tanto do Plâncton quanto do Bentos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Plâncton: Grupo de
organismos que vivem à deriva em ambientes aquáticos, pois não conseguem vencer as correntes de água e nadar livremente. O plâncton pode ser dividido em fitoplâncton, constituído dos organismos fotossintéticos como as algas e as cianobactérias, e em zooplâncton, constituído de protozoários e microcrustáceos, por exemplo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Bentos: Grupo de
organismos aquáticos que vivem no fundo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;O Nécton é o grupo de organismos capaz de nadar livremente e vencer as correntes de água. O exemplo mais fácil são os peixes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvHJ8lEPm_wAhOOpiK2SlguxkKOcWRB2uTwd1dETKhBvDNBqpIuanIVDKA47kwSOUcHsaWJDgtqAZXakEhjAowK4W0K4In_p6r53tgqmh7wZDlx1KCOBEN6DMgnBHPDly5AQFr/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;776&quot; data-original-width=&quot;703&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvHJ8lEPm_wAhOOpiK2SlguxkKOcWRB2uTwd1dETKhBvDNBqpIuanIVDKA47kwSOUcHsaWJDgtqAZXakEhjAowK4W0K4In_p6r53tgqmh7wZDlx1KCOBEN6DMgnBHPDly5AQFr/w362-h400/Protistas+03.gif&quot; width=&quot;362&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Imagem mostrando o
plâncton, o bentos e o nécton (grupo dos organismos que consegue se locomover,
vencendo as correntes de água).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Fonte: http://mrgulka.weebly.com/3-groups-of-ocean-animals.html&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As algas podem
apresentar reprodução:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Assexuada:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Divisão binária,
no caso de algas unicelulares, em que uma célula se divide originando duas
iguais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Fragmentação do
talo, em que um fragmento da alga pode regenerar um novo talo. O talo, como já mencionado, é o corpo
vegetativo de uma alga multicelular.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Zoosporia, em que
uma alga haploide produz zoósporos por mitose, células flageladas que têm a capacidade
de se desenvolver e originar um novo indivíduo adulto. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Sexuada:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pela&amp;nbsp;formação
de zigósporos, em que duas células adultas haploides funcionam como gametas, unindo-se e
formando um zigoto dentro de um envoltório chamado zigósporo, diploide. Este zigoto sofre
meiose e origina 4 novos indivíduos haploides.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Por conjugação, em
que há a diferenciação de certas células haploides de um filamento em gametas masculinos
e femininos, que se unem, originando um zigoto diploide. Este, por sua vez, dá origem a
novos talos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Alternância de
gerações. Há a alternância de indivíduos adultos haplóides (n), os gametófitos
(“&lt;i&gt;planta&lt;/i&gt;” que produz gametas) e indivíduos adultos diplóides (2n), os
esporófitos (“&lt;i&gt;planta&lt;/i&gt;” que produz esporos). Neste caso, os gametófitos
(n) produzem gametas (n), que após a fecundação originam um zigoto (2n). O
zigoto se desenvolve e origina um esporófito (2n), que produz esporos (n). Os
esporos germinam e originam gametófitos, reiniciando o ciclo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBOsXfi1vFKhQgS7QHP0meUwFfRqN8VvMimJuszXNp4GFbKITfFVQZ1Zk_uTkCSssyKo-0Bsr2sOmgPs6klAp-HdYA2jtj2m1_-dL9sJq_2x1WqtWz1MaHSRvZhu6E-ovdjLEj/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;324&quot; data-original-width=&quot;624&quot; height=&quot;333&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBOsXfi1vFKhQgS7QHP0meUwFfRqN8VvMimJuszXNp4GFbKITfFVQZ1Zk_uTkCSssyKo-0Bsr2sOmgPs6klAp-HdYA2jtj2m1_-dL9sJq_2x1WqtWz1MaHSRvZhu6E-ovdjLEj/w640-h333/Protistas+04.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; Reprodução sexuada
e assexuada em &lt;i&gt;Chlamydomonas&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Imagem: https://www.biologyjunction.com/algal__fungal_protist_notes_b1.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCSeBCj_mJLoIEBuauffPFvnOarLsFe5EWZuvU9ZbdpGxclA0SnwSTxFWfTPIZE5pz37S8Kx30vAwWlTqyPx2LKlODAoTm9Ohac2M1ITBl8eXMHmeBX_zCRVH_Vw-wZMYyHW5DZODWLDqo9QQoprw92GbIqFnKz4ynyyvq0BDAabNfOYHL_BGQ/s700/Reprodu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20sexuada%20por%20conjuga%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20em%20Spirogyra.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;488&quot; data-original-width=&quot;700&quot; height=&quot;279&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCSeBCj_mJLoIEBuauffPFvnOarLsFe5EWZuvU9ZbdpGxclA0SnwSTxFWfTPIZE5pz37S8Kx30vAwWlTqyPx2LKlODAoTm9Ohac2M1ITBl8eXMHmeBX_zCRVH_Vw-wZMYyHW5DZODWLDqo9QQoprw92GbIqFnKz4ynyyvq0BDAabNfOYHL_BGQ/w400-h279/Reprodu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20sexuada%20por%20conjuga%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20em%20Spirogyra.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Reprodução sexuada por conjugação em &lt;i&gt;Spirogyra&lt;/i&gt;. Imagem: Myloview.com.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDsT28OisBt3U4Q-K6ROcpjYJ5DVm7wNthL3BVPqFW0jJGzlIOCXe1pZx0X9x9lGUxeh3gF7AITKuaUfwb99U-n3_s7e2IlXGgF0y3QwyT4fB0Y0a-0tLXmr8QtxgEZDnhtVaM/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;670&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;534&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDsT28OisBt3U4Q-K6ROcpjYJ5DVm7wNthL3BVPqFW0jJGzlIOCXe1pZx0X9x9lGUxeh3gF7AITKuaUfwb99U-n3_s7e2IlXGgF0y3QwyT4fB0Y0a-0tLXmr8QtxgEZDnhtVaM/w640-h534/Protistas+05.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Ciclo de vida com
alternância de gerações em &lt;i&gt;Ulva sp&lt;/i&gt;. Imagem: plantscience4u.com.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Importância
ecológica das algas: as algas, por serem autótrofas fotossintetizantes, são a
base das cadeias alimentares de ambientes aquáticos (são os&amp;nbsp;produtores).
São também responsáveis por&amp;nbsp;~90% da fotossíntese realizada no planeta,
sendo assim, são responsáveis pela manutenção da quantidade de O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;presente
na atmosfera (~21%). São o&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;pulmão do mundo&lt;/i&gt;, ao passo que as
grandes florestas são grandes aparelhos de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ar condicionado&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii5pQG7Orrf8GI2oN6NrmP_N6aBUdrz40LNGKYDeET7P6zPMPqxUxcRZjR6t_rtU4X9mzdiNdxzaYhv9F3TDIk2kJawJ5mhs-pNJKiUAM721jDYz5Yeq7MQO1EjTn0gvwCGdp7VYBMPuygWAGvuWregYLtzU_4T4yvvUzWyL7jc2X-D73zJadY/s804/Cadeia%20alimentar%20algas%20produtoras.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;804&quot; data-original-width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii5pQG7Orrf8GI2oN6NrmP_N6aBUdrz40LNGKYDeET7P6zPMPqxUxcRZjR6t_rtU4X9mzdiNdxzaYhv9F3TDIk2kJawJ5mhs-pNJKiUAM721jDYz5Yeq7MQO1EjTn0gvwCGdp7VYBMPuygWAGvuWregYLtzU_4T4yvvUzWyL7jc2X-D73zJadY/w304-h400/Cadeia%20alimentar%20algas%20produtoras.png&quot; width=&quot;304&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Cadeia alimentar de ambiente aquático mostrando as algas como produtoras. Imagem:&amp;nbsp;https://www.dalconenvironmental.com.au/services/.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Os chamados “florescimentos”
danosos das algas são eventos nos quais as algas podem se multiplicar de maneira
excessiva, de maneira que o que inicialmente pode parecer bom e/ou inofensivo, pode resultar na morte de vários organismos aquáticos. Como exemplos desses florescimentos podemos citar a eutrofização e as marés vermelhas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Na eutrofização ocorre inicialmente um a&lt;/span&gt;umento na entrada de nutrientes no ambiente, sobretudo os compostos nitrogenados e fosfatados. Isso promove a multiplicação excessiva das algas, que inclusive formam uma camada superficial que dificulta a passagem da luz para as regiões mais profundas, prejudicando a fotossíntese das algas bentônicas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Esse excesso de algas gera também um excesso de restos dessas algas, o que promove a multiplicação dos organismos decompositores aeróbicos no fundo. Essa multiplicação consome mais O2 do que as algas conseguem liberar, gerando zonas hipóxicas, ou seja, com quantidades de O2 insuficientes para manter a vida de um organismo aeróbico. Isso gera a morte de vários deles, como os peixes, prejudicando inclusive quem depende da pesca.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwz7RNka_VHnhv5bxygKLjhZUAQujNX895_u8EDSId2txgzt41JhpDOX1cO9zmxNn_VH6yVBuNNfe9E9oCh0eQR0gdx0B3kyM1H72OYsHp6EmCdN9p0oi32l7H8vsGLksGd5Iy/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;623&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1012&quot; height=&quot;394&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwz7RNka_VHnhv5bxygKLjhZUAQujNX895_u8EDSId2txgzt41JhpDOX1cO9zmxNn_VH6yVBuNNfe9E9oCh0eQR0gdx0B3kyM1H72OYsHp6EmCdN9p0oi32l7H8vsGLksGd5Iy/w640-h394/Protistas+06.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Nos casos em que
ocorre eutrofização, o fator determinante é o aumento das concentrações
de&amp;nbsp;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;e SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;no
meio, geralmente provenientes das atividades humanas. Esses nutrientes promovem
a multiplicação das algas, o que desencadeia uma sequência de eventos que leva a geração das zonas hipóxicas e à morte de organismos aquáticos aeróbicos. &lt;/span&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Imagem: http://ngojwg.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;No caso das marés vermelhas típicas o início é semelhante ao que vimos na eutrofização. Ocorre uma entrada excessiva de nutrientes no ambiente, promovendo a multiplicação das algas, mas nesse caso, as algas que se multiplicam são as dinoflageladas, capazes de liberar toxinas no meio. Tendo em vista que essas algas possuem pigmentos, multiplicam-se excessivamente e formam uma população muito densa, as águas adquirem uma coloração avermelhada, por isso o nome do fenômeno. As toxinas que essas algas liberam causam a morte de peixes e, dependendo da situação, nas proximidades das águas as toxinas podem ser dispersadas em gotículas e causar até problemas respiratórios em humanos, além de poder causar outros tipos de problemas caso as pessoas ingiram os peixes contaminados com as toxinas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNrY018XAtsd0Qs8ehDQstXgWcz6K0qs4i7NTSeGzoBuGMDpHmt9xpyVlLaQ5QDudlZ3S7gEqsTovqhCdDbcMHzEdqcJQcQwVwfzV8uckXytYFBEC_O5ldgkygLjLhUzbWUR8i/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;454&quot; data-original-width=&quot;635&quot; height=&quot;458&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNrY018XAtsd0Qs8ehDQstXgWcz6K0qs4i7NTSeGzoBuGMDpHmt9xpyVlLaQ5QDudlZ3S7gEqsTovqhCdDbcMHzEdqcJQcQwVwfzV8uckXytYFBEC_O5ldgkygLjLhUzbWUR8i/w640-h458/Protistas+07.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Algumas algas
podem viver de maneira simbiótica com outros grupos de organismos, como por exemplo,
os líquens, que são associações entre algas e fungos, as zooxantelas,
associações normalmente entre corais e algas dinoflageladas e as zooclorelas, associações normalmente entre algas verdes e corais. Nesses tipos de associações as
algas, por serem organismos produtores, fornecem substâncias orgânicas para os fungos
ou corais, e recebem deles proteção e alguns compostos simples. Esses tipos de associações
permitem aos organismos viver e colonizar ambientes que, talvez, por si sós,
não conseguiriam. &lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJFLME_kmqmnAiFlCTmVkASdxOBL3Hnfjxfbu9rD9GY04AkP-vtmDup9O6HthX-Z4hGDXh6dEceFarr2RvcEP3Q6f92nGCDmc1_yfjTkSdtORMuEqMMQeiL5i6nvXKP90dTfJW/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;449&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;299&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJFLME_kmqmnAiFlCTmVkASdxOBL3Hnfjxfbu9rD9GY04AkP-vtmDup9O6HthX-Z4hGDXh6dEceFarr2RvcEP3Q6f92nGCDmc1_yfjTkSdtORMuEqMMQeiL5i6nvXKP90dTfJW/w400-h299/Protistas+08.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Líquens em um
galho de árvore. Imagem: Wikipédia.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnmW6PIJjYwm2sVaq2JePdZP3x6BakqafjJb8UlFERqeQ1rDkPEjURQ4OP7F-zCTNmhQAaIaSe1VwcB1yetRsXC_57wJ-uZ4hd2O3qb8tuxXQs3Xn1XZtLQ36_kSxoHh7K9YTl/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;448&quot; data-original-width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;358&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnmW6PIJjYwm2sVaq2JePdZP3x6BakqafjJb8UlFERqeQ1rDkPEjURQ4OP7F-zCTNmhQAaIaSe1VwcB1yetRsXC_57wJ-uZ4hd2O3qb8tuxXQs3Xn1XZtLQ36_kSxoHh7K9YTl/w400-h358/Protistas+09.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Pólipo de coral &lt;i&gt;Montipora
sp&lt;/i&gt;. Esse coral possui algas dinoflageladas vivendo como simbiontes. Caso
não tivesse, teria a coloração branca. Imagem: Wikipédia.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Por conta do
aumento da temperatura das águas oceânicas e do acúmulo de poluentes, vários corais têm passado por um processo de branqueamento, no qual as algas podem morrer ou serem
expulsas dos tecidos dos corais, terminando a relação simbiótica, o que pode
até levar à morte dos corais, pois os tornam mais vulneráveis. O branqueamento se deve ao fato de que sem as
algas, vemos apenas a cor dos esqueletos calcáreos dos corais. Inclusive, a
ausência das algas também pode dificultar a formação desses esqueletos calcários.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOzGEKLAis8TEzscdDBP6BgFWVYlQHGYHjPZ-NAxfNk1LfWYCfKC-qcu-FvmWosGd3ahWFVmGmAmq4Ao8xz4fOWoEdPWhwi3fDDp5LuWvQzGZ9r0cx29siHC1DJ1llgIIAyduO/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;342&quot; data-original-width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;285&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOzGEKLAis8TEzscdDBP6BgFWVYlQHGYHjPZ-NAxfNk1LfWYCfKC-qcu-FvmWosGd3ahWFVmGmAmq4Ao8xz4fOWoEdPWhwi3fDDp5LuWvQzGZ9r0cx29siHC1DJ1llgIIAyduO/w400-h285/Protistas+10.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Esquema mostrando o branqueamento dos corais. Imagem: Universidade do Wisconsin.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Importância
econômica das algas: Várias espécies de algas pluricelulares são utilizadas na
alimentação humana, como as algas pardas, verdes e vermelhas. Além disso, algumas
produzem substâncias de interesse econômico. Alguns exemplos: as diatomáceas
são algas que possuem carapaças constituídas de SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (dióxido de
silício), que podem formar depósitos e serem utilizadas na fabricação de
produtos de polimento e cosméticos. As algas vermelhas têm bastantes nutrientes
e são utilizadas na culinária oriental, como o nori, que embala os sushis.
Outros grupos de algas, com as verdes e as pardas, também têm espécies comestíveis. Na tabela sobre a classificação há alguns exemplos a mais.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;As algas podem ser utilizadas no processo de biorremediação, que consiste em &quot;limpar&quot; ambientes poluídos com o uso de organismos capazes de neutralizar poluentes ou reduzir as suas concentrações no ambiente. Como exemplos, as algas &lt;i&gt;Chlamydomonas &lt;/i&gt;são capazes de neutralizar herbicidas e as algas &lt;i&gt;Chlorella&lt;/i&gt; e &lt;i&gt;Spirulina&lt;/i&gt; são capazes de absorver metais pesados do meio, como o chumbo, cádmio e o mercúrio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Classificação das
algas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;A tabela a seguir
mostra &lt;u&gt;alguns&lt;/u&gt; dos principais grupos de algas, que, dependendo da fonte,
são classificados como Filos ou Classes. A classificação é baseada em aspectos
diversos, como os tipos de clorofila, outros pigmentos que contêm e as
substâncias de reserva nutritiva:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-right: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.28%;&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Filo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.72%;&quot; width=&quot;76%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Importância e peculiaridades&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: black; border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black black; border-left-color: black; border-right-color: initial; border-style: none none solid solid; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.28%;&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Chlorophyta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;(algas verdes)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.72%;&quot; width=&quot;76%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Prováveis ancestrais das
  plantas; algumas espécies são comestíveis; podem formar associações simbióticas
  com fungos (líquens) e cnidários (zooclorelas). As paredes celulares podem conter ulvanos, substâncias usadas como espessantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: black; border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black black; border-left-color: black; border-right-color: initial; border-style: none none solid solid; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.28%;&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Phaeophyta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;(algas pardas)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.72%;&quot; width=&quot;76%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Apresentam espécies comestíveis
  (kombu); possuem os maiores talos. A algina da parede dá a consistência de
  alimentos, como a espuma da cerveja, e funciona como&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com.br/search?hl=pt-BR&amp;amp;client=firefox-a&amp;amp;rls=org.mozilla%3Apt-BR%3Aofficial&amp;amp;q=define%3Aemuls%C3%A3o&amp;amp;btnG=Pesquisar&amp;amp;meta=&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;emulsificante&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;de sorvetes, doces e maionese. Nas paredes celulares há também os fucoidanos, utilizados na produção de geis e como antioxidantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: black; border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black black; border-left-color: black; border-right-color: initial; border-style: none none solid solid; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.28%;&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Rhodophyta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;(algas
  vermelhas)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.72%;&quot; width=&quot;76%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Apresentam espécies
  comestíveis (nori do sushi). O ágar da parede é utilizado na fabricação de géis e a
  carragenina, como estabilizante de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com.br/search?hl=pt-BR&amp;amp;client=firefox-a&amp;amp;rls=org.mozilla%3Apt-BR%3Aofficial&amp;amp;q=define%3Aemuls%C3%A3o&amp;amp;btnG=Pesquisar&amp;amp;meta=&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;emulsões&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt; usada na produção de alimentos, medicamentos e produtos cosméticos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: black; border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black black; border-left-color: black; border-right-color: initial; border-style: none none solid solid; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.28%;&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Bacillariophyta
  (diatomáceas)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.72%;&quot; width=&quot;76%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Recobertas por carapaças
  chamadas frústulas constituídas de SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. O acúmulo de carapaças no
  fundo do mar origina os&amp;nbsp;diatomitos, utilizados na produção de polidores,
  filtros, tijolos e isolantes térmicos. Também, caso sejam encontradas nos
  pulmões de cadáveres, podem indicar morte por afogamento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: black; border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black black; border-left-color: black; border-right-color: initial; border-style: none none solid solid; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.28%;&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Chrysophyta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;(algas douradas)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.72%;&quot; width=&quot;76%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Nada particularmente
  especial…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: black; border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black black; border-left-color: black; border-right-color: initial; border-style: none none solid solid; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.28%;&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Euglenophyta
  (euglenóides)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.72%;&quot; width=&quot;76%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;São unicelulares e sem paredes celulares.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Populações grandes destes organismos sugerem que as águas estão poluídas por matéria orgânica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: black; border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black black; border-left-color: black; border-right-color: initial; border-style: none none solid solid; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.28%;&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Dinophyta
  (dinoflagelados)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.72%;&quot; width=&quot;76%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;São as
  responsáveis por causar as marés vermelhas, fenômeno em que ocorre a
  proliferação excessiva destes organismos, com a liberação de toxinas nas
  águas, que terminam por matar animais marinhos. Podem ser encontrados
  associados com protozoários actinopodes e corais (zooxantelas). Algumas
  apresentam bioluminescência. Atribui-se ao fenômeno do aquecimento global e
  ao acúmulo de poluentes, o fato de que os corais estão se tornando brancos
  devido à morte das zooxantelas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: black; border-color: currentcolor currentcolor black black; border-left-color: black; border-right-color: initial; border-style: none none solid solid; border-top-color: initial; border-width: medium medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.28%;&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Charophyta
  (carofíceas)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 76.72%;&quot; width=&quot;76%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;Nada particularmente
  especial…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-themecolor: text1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Referências:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Livros de biologia do
ensino médio da Sônia Lopes e Amabis, várias entradas sobre o assunto na
Wikipedia e Britannica e nos links das imagens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/3574424862740676327'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/3574424862740676327'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2021/02/reino-protoctista-parte-01-as-algas.html' title='OS PROTISTAS PARTE 01 - AS ALGAS'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMMZSDaRZONayrI3GRka6hXnOucA3tBhDBohRoIuIFnaUJcOE8fzeaD79gE3_9ALpmX7TCqS7sA1N9DEVYdSm_axvBhKqkocmZzBu2hV3jVHNhMnMOjrVPar_YXoPquF_piFE8/s72-w400-h300-c/Protistas+01.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-4526872228700721989</id><published>2021-02-03T14:05:00.026-04:00</published><updated>2025-03-06T12:22:03.161-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="arqueas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bactérias"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Biotecnologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="doenças"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="domínios"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="importância"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="metabolismo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="microbioma"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="monera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="recombinação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="reprodução"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="utilidade"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibulares"/><title type='text'>OS ORGANISMOS PROCARIONTES: DOMÍNIOS BACTERIA E ARCHAEA</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;OS SERES PROCARIONTES: DOMÍNIOS
BACTERIA E ARCHAEA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Os organismos procariontes, ou
seja, aqueles cujas células não apresentam envelope nuclear, até recentemente
eram classificados como pertencentes ao “Reino Monera”, porém, atualmente esses
tipos de organismos são categorizados em dois domínios, os Domínios Bacteria e o
Archaea. Ambos os tipos de organismos têm aspecto similar quando vistos ao microscópio, porém, apresentam algumas diferenças em nível molecular. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirJf2bYH8mdEqOaeGt8Q4o_rEZ4jRD9dBFCttUuKq82jQwc0jQPgQnhMn-KVfBGHGmf3ZSAWWSvE_6JdygGowLaNiYiauvMotLN8neBiTjC8CdHLzoqYyjkAyb4SFZRB1d58Ei/s844/Monera+01.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;462&quot; data-original-width=&quot;844&quot; height=&quot;219&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirJf2bYH8mdEqOaeGt8Q4o_rEZ4jRD9dBFCttUuKq82jQwc0jQPgQnhMn-KVfBGHGmf3ZSAWWSvE_6JdygGowLaNiYiauvMotLN8neBiTjC8CdHLzoqYyjkAyb4SFZRB1d58Ei/w400-h219/Monera+01.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Filogenia dos três Domínios de
organismos baseada em análises de sequências de rRNA, de acordo com Woese &lt;i&gt;et
al&lt;/i&gt;. (1990). Perceba que o domínio Archaea é mais próximo do Eukaryota. Imagem: Wikipedia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;As arqueas são seres
geralmente associados aos ambientes extremos (salinidade, temperatura, pH…) e
diferem das bactérias por possuírem rRNA 16 S distinto (16 S se refere ao &lt;a href=&quot;https://hmn.wiki/pt/Sedimentation_coefficient&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;coeficiente de sedimentação&lt;/a&gt; da molécula), parede celular de composição distinta, constituídas de proteínas e glicoproteínas, sem peptidioglicanos (os peptidioglicanos são complexos de aminoácidos com glicídeos, exclusivos do domínio Bacteria), possuem histonas, com as quais podem compactar o DNA cromossomal (as bactérias não possuem) e apresentam os processos de transcrição gênica e tradução (síntese proteica) mais semelhantes aos dos seres
eucariontes, tendo, inclusive, genes con íntrons. Assim, são efetivamente mais proximamente relacionadas aos eucariontes e podemos dizer que os domínios Archaea e Eukarya constituem um grupo monofilético.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;A maioria do que será visto aqui é referente às bactérias,
pois são os principais representantes dos procariontes, podendo ser encontradas em uma variedade enorme de ambientes, tendo vários papeis ecológicos e podendo ser utilizadas por nós em vários processos. Vale também mencionar
que nem todas as arqueas habitam ambientes extremos e também há bactérias em ambientes extremos, um bom exemplo é a bactéria &lt;i&gt;Thermus aquaticus&lt;/i&gt;, cuja
polimerase é utilizada no procedimento de amplificação de DNA chamado de PCR
(polymerase chain reaction).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Características gerais das
bactérias e arqueas:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Unicelulares, que podem viver
isolados ou em colônias (organismos ligados fisicamente). (*Porém, pode haver procariontes multicelulares, como as
&lt;a href=&quot;https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15522508/&quot;&gt;magnetotáticas&lt;/a&gt;. Isso ainda é discutido, mas quase
tudo em biologia tem exceções...).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Procariontes, ou seja, não
possuem membrana nuclear (carioteca). Note que é errado dizer que esses
organismos não têm organelas, pois pelo menos os ribossomos eles possuem, mas acontece que os procariontes praticamente não possuem organelas membranosas como os
eucariontes. Há possíveis exceções em alguns procariontes, p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;or exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;A. Compartimentos membranosos semelhantes
aos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;acidocalcissomos&amp;nbsp;de eucariontes, cujas funções parecem
estar relacionadas ao armazenamento de íons Ca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;+2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;, metabolismo energético e regulação do pH celular.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;B. Os tilacoides,
que além dos cloroplastos podem ser encontrados em bactérias fotossintéticas,
onde ocorre a etapa fotoquímica.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;C. Os magnetossomos, que contêm cristais de
magnetita ou greigita e permitem a algumas bactérias perceber e se alinhar ao
campo magnético da Terra.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;- Autotróficos ou heterótrofos,
aeróbios ou anaeróbios. Há uma enorme diversidade de tipos de metabolismo entre
os procariontes, de maneira que eles participam de vários nichos e têm enorme
importância ambiental, tanto atuando como produtores quanto como consumidores e decompositores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigOCbwP5VR8NazgYGTcwe13WeFBh3fjS_iZ0uCFA9MAlZ9RSDUEQLVi8sQ1saOCh7dhCbdPM4wwuZ7xZ6H4_W5FGI4EJVVr6ajUW7S9E9W3Hu5zJuFcuzjA2qDNEQK9JElTnEl/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;884&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1199&quot; height=&quot;236&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigOCbwP5VR8NazgYGTcwe13WeFBh3fjS_iZ0uCFA9MAlZ9RSDUEQLVi8sQ1saOCh7dhCbdPM4wwuZ7xZ6H4_W5FGI4EJVVr6ajUW7S9E9W3Hu5zJuFcuzjA2qDNEQK9JElTnEl/&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Exemplo de metabolismo e tipo de nutrição de procariontes com a produção de metano
em sedimentos pela ação das arqueas metanogênicas. As bactérias metanotróficas
oxidam o metano na interface ar-água, produzindo CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Imagem: Bio,
Volume Único. Lopes &amp;amp; Rosso. 2013. As arqueas metanogênicas liberam metano como subproduto do metabolismo energético e vivem em ambientes anaeróbicos, como os pântanos e os intestinos de herbívoros e cupins. O metano é um gás estufa e pode ser utilizado como combustível.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- As células bacterianas medem
aproximadamente 0,5 e 5,0 µm (&lt;a href=&quot;https://largest.org/animals/bacteria/&quot;&gt;algumas
exceções podem ser bem maiores&lt;/a&gt;). No tocante à estrutura, têm membranas
plasmáticas constituídas de bicamadas fosfolipídicas, assim como as dos
eucariontes. No citoplasma, há ribossomos, talvez algumas organelas, o cromossomo
bacteriano, que tem formato circular e, além dessa molécula de DNA, há outras,
também circulares, porém menores e acessórias, os plasmídeos, que podem conter genes que conferem resistência contra antibióticos e podem ser
replicados e transferidos entre as células. Os plasmídeos são amplamente utilizados em biotecnologia como vetores de
expressão heteróloga (neles podem ser inseridos genes de outros organismos, para que as bactérias sintetizem os produtos desses genes).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTJsFObdp1Mmpww1cSpABanw5L7QmMML0BOXrkwhmu3IlHcLJ-CX0attxAkOOu2bscLqWpBpvrdQ7zhqb8Ij6p0kxKz2lL_b9mERadfjCo95URoI3DQpUBiYRIWGKriNl4vc4c/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;698&quot; data-original-width=&quot;627&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTJsFObdp1Mmpww1cSpABanw5L7QmMML0BOXrkwhmu3IlHcLJ-CX0attxAkOOu2bscLqWpBpvrdQ7zhqb8Ij6p0kxKz2lL_b9mERadfjCo95URoI3DQpUBiYRIWGKriNl4vc4c/w360-h400/Monera+03.gif&quot; width=&quot;360&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A imagem mostra a estrutura de
uma bactéria gram positiva hipotética, com várias das suas estruturas. Imagem: Wikipedia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- A parede celular é um
envoltório rígido que recobre a célula e contribui para a manutenção do seu
formato. Nas bactérias é constituída de peptidioglicanos: polímeros de carboidratos
interligados por aminoácidos. Algumas bactérias e arqueas não possuem parede e
as paredes das arqueas são constituídas de proteínas e polissacarídios, apesar
de que algumas possuem peptidioglicanos, mas distintos dos das bactérias. A diversidade é muito grande e lembrando, quase sempre há exceções em biologia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Podem apresentar um ou mais
flagelos, estruturas utilizadas para a locomoção, geralmente constituídas de um
longo filamento que se estende a partir da superfície da célula, associado a um
motor localizado na membrana e parede celular. Este motor pode girar até 15 mil
vezes por minuto. Os flagelos bacterianos apresentam composição e
funcionamento distintos dos flagelos das células eucarióticas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Algumas bactérias secretam
para o seu exterior uma cobertura gelatinosa, composta de proteínas e/ou
polissacarídios, chamada cápsula bacteriana. Esta estrutura dificulta a
fagocitose das bactérias pelas células fagocitárias do sistema imune
(macrófagos e monócitos), logo, podem contribuir para a sua patogenicidade, no caso das bactérias patogênicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;- Às vezes as bactérias podem se
apresentar na forma de endósporos, uma forma de resistência. Quando as
condições ambientais são adversas, dá-se início a um processo em que a célula
desidrata, duplica seu cromossomo e forma uma parede espessa ao redor de um dos
cromossomos. Esta estrutura não apresenta metabolismo, mas pode ser reativada
quando as condições ambientais voltam a ser favoráveis. Como há a duplicação do cromossomo bacteriano, alguns autores/pesquisadores consideram a formação dos endósporos como um tipo de reprodução agamética/assexuada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijt-yOU-5g8L2UasIL6Z8EE2-ZGvrpFYt2vNmiHhwH8VLQUbyb7Fs8pgvtXSNR_EwI0cDaWE8QqBzQXG1eLGMzZixfp-O3x7CnzLzB0K1vLkbhttfSYBrnaPpCOvPS5BbTgD_S/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1078&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1920&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijt-yOU-5g8L2UasIL6Z8EE2-ZGvrpFYt2vNmiHhwH8VLQUbyb7Fs8pgvtXSNR_EwI0cDaWE8QqBzQXG1eLGMzZixfp-O3x7CnzLzB0K1vLkbhttfSYBrnaPpCOvPS5BbTgD_S/w640-h360/Monera+04.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Exemplo de formação de um
endósporo. Imagem: Wikipedia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;No que diz respeito à parede
celular, as bactérias podem ser classificadas em dois grupos básicos (há exceções...) de acordo com o
método de coloração de Gram. Este método consiste em submeter as bactérias a um
tratamento com dois corantes, um violeta e um rosa, e após o tratamento podem se
identificar dois tipos distintos de bactérias:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Gram positivas: apresentarão
coloração violeta. Possuem uma parede celular espessa externamente à membrana
plasmática. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Gram negativas: apresentarão
coloração rosa, pois não retêm o corante violeta. Externamente à membrana plasmática
também possuem uma parede celular, porém mais fina e além dela há outra
membrana fosfolipídica. Entre a membrana plasmática e a parede celular há um espaço chamado de espaço periplásmico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIXFIYf0p7oMLTixq_VzliBakdWCisII0-bUDfIT_hBV_lwud5YEgZyZDEHrPfIBM-uzsRmXO1Y7sUtTRLCEFODLNBGW74boeOx_SwrzRRJuMq0tdL7SeqRArkMV5wct-qLJ2n/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;327&quot; data-original-width=&quot;799&quot; height=&quot;262&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIXFIYf0p7oMLTixq_VzliBakdWCisII0-bUDfIT_hBV_lwud5YEgZyZDEHrPfIBM-uzsRmXO1Y7sUtTRLCEFODLNBGW74boeOx_SwrzRRJuMq0tdL7SeqRArkMV5wct-qLJ2n/w640-h262/Monera+11.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3TX83UDIK3cJJqqBQYcxeAm74Opm9M97a25C983kgEt1x3RHqkL7-P8jkvhOEBkkLprztXBt-2WfOW852HPGKQvjFM14htzCei-Bzi7uDg5ucp-1rcpcaDcEQQSHqX8Dimwhq/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;427&quot; data-original-width=&quot;972&quot; height=&quot;282&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3TX83UDIK3cJJqqBQYcxeAm74Opm9M97a25C983kgEt1x3RHqkL7-P8jkvhOEBkkLprztXBt-2WfOW852HPGKQvjFM14htzCei-Bzi7uDg5ucp-1rcpcaDcEQQSHqX8Dimwhq/w640-h282/Monera+05.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;O método de coloração de Gram.
Imagem: https://laboratoryinfo.com/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;Esse método de identificação pode constituir um passo preliminar na identificação e tratamento de certas infecções bacterianas.&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;No que diz respeito à forma, as
bactérias podem ser:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Unicelulares:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Cocos: Formato esférico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Bacilo: Formato de bastonete.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Vibrião: formato de vírgula.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Espirilo: Formato espiralado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Colônias (indivíduos ligados fisicamente):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Diplococos, estreptococos,
sarcinas (cubo) e estafilococos (cacho).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Diplobacilos e
estreptobacilos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTRLTQtA4_ih7B6E4hYJKGahsSOkW7Cxdn-R2D98tzMbkB1guJuQBF3o0FGsRm2ipUibirJO3NPkJ3mdyXqXY8OEMZUAaAO_XGw0EKGlTOCZ-IXcVn2Rlwrb0jvPIVLHIb01fG/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;762&quot; data-original-width=&quot;825&quot; height=&quot;591&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTRLTQtA4_ih7B6E4hYJKGahsSOkW7Cxdn-R2D98tzMbkB1guJuQBF3o0FGsRm2ipUibirJO3NPkJ3mdyXqXY8OEMZUAaAO_XGw0EKGlTOCZ-IXcVn2Rlwrb0jvPIVLHIb01fG/w640-h591/Monera+06.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A imagem mostra vários dos
formatos mais comuns das bactérias. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/934700/view/bacteria-of-different-shapes-illustration&quot;&gt;Veja
essa também&lt;/a&gt;. Normalmente não é preciso decorar isso.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;Metabolismo dos procariontes:&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Quanto à nutrição e ao
metabolismo das células procariontes, como mencionado, há uma grande variedade. Elas podem
ser autótrofas fotossintéticas, tanto oxígenas, como as cianobactérias, como
anoxígenas, como as sulfurosas, que liberam enxofre (S) ao invés de O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.
As arqueas halófitas extremas realizam fotossíntese com o pigmento
bacteriorrodopsina, a fotossíntese mais simples. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Há vários exemplos de arqueas
quimiossintéticas que habitam os ambientes extremos ou os anóxicos e também as
bactérias que atuam no ciclo do nitrogênio (&lt;i&gt;Nitrosomonas&lt;/i&gt; e &lt;i&gt;Nitrobacter&lt;/i&gt;),
para citar alguns exemplos. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Dentre as heterótrofas pode haver
as aeróbicas, anaeróbicas facultativas (ex: &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt;) e as
anaeróbicas obrigatórias (ex: &lt;i&gt;Clostridium sp&lt;/i&gt;.), havendo então, variação nos
processos responsáveis pela geração de energia, como a fermentação, respiração aeróbica
e respiração anaeróbica. Ainda, bactérias saprofágicas são as que obtêm seu
alimento a partir da matéria orgânica morta, como os cadáveres, sendo assim, atuam
como decompositoras, reciclando a matéria orgânica complexa, ao transformá-la
em matéria orgânica simples, que pode ser utilizada por outros seres vivos, mais especificamente, os produtores nos ecossistemas. As parasitas
obtêm seu alimento instalando-se nos organismos ainda vivos, podendo causar
doenças.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrRBsSNCiUK_GFZz2SkH7gF1e5r2mNYm-z7J9aGVjMETHTq1Bhrk6tJuy9I-ZvtqyDhOjQ7e3D_TOrrNGoTRAUjiAYQDgKmbWQ6b0jwQ1Pk1hWFFKIPUHXbG1eMwKr05oh7LPN/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1200&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrRBsSNCiUK_GFZz2SkH7gF1e5r2mNYm-z7J9aGVjMETHTq1Bhrk6tJuy9I-ZvtqyDhOjQ7e3D_TOrrNGoTRAUjiAYQDgKmbWQ6b0jwQ1Pk1hWFFKIPUHXbG1eMwKr05oh7LPN/w640-h480/Monera+07.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Imagem mostrando as bactérias
que atuam no ciclo do nitrogênio e o papel de outras bactérias que podem, junto
com os fungos, por exemplo, atuar como decompositoras. No caso da imagem, essas
decompositoras produzem amônia a partir dos restos dos organismos. Imagem: https://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/2478/2537811/Media-Portfolio/chapter_07/07.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Reprodução das bactérias:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;As bactérias se reproduzem de
forma assexuada por divisão binária ou cissiparidade, processo em que uma
célula duplica seu DNA, e se divide em duas (idênticas). Note que esse processo
não é a mitose, pois inclusive esse termo se refere à divisão do núcleo e é
utilizado para as células eucariontes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR4NF2v8xvcnbByEC-LuLiAoUK8yNnb989UPu20APUwwBuQ9oayYoE5h4sRDHg8mVT3ZBIKrtZAvtM6lRleKyihFy2sI9U6sEmXr0ByIia0oah11Go8Qr0lDhnGAbHUfZKhoWm/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;453&quot; data-original-width=&quot;909&quot; height=&quot;199&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR4NF2v8xvcnbByEC-LuLiAoUK8yNnb989UPu20APUwwBuQ9oayYoE5h4sRDHg8mVT3ZBIKrtZAvtM6lRleKyihFy2sI9U6sEmXr0ByIia0oah11Go8Qr0lDhnGAbHUfZKhoWm/w400-h199/Monera+08.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Processo de divisão binária em
uma célula procarionte qualquer. Imagem: Wikipedia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Apesar das bactérias não apresentarem reprodução sexuada/gamética, podem
adquirir sequências de DNA contendo genes de outras bactérias, processo
denominado transferência gênica horizontal. Pode se dar de três formas básicas:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Transformação: absorção de
moléculas de DNA dispersas no ambiente, provenientes de bactérias mortas. As
moléculas de DNA podem trazer genes novos para a bactéria que os absorve.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;- Transdução: transferência de sequências
de DNA de uma bactéria para outra a partir de um vírus bacteriófago. Neste
caso, a montagem do bacteriófago ocorreu de forma errônea e ao invés do seu
capsídeo conter o material genético viral, na verdade contém um fragmento do
DNA da bactéria que ele havia infectado. Ao infectar outra bactéria, injeta
este DNA, que pode se incorporar ao cromossomo da bactéria que está sendo
invadida agora.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Conjugação: transferência
direta de DNA entre duas bactérias através de tubos proteicos chamados pili,
fímbrias ou pelos sexuais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMGqUSKK386oNWLxUtOXVt0szHLooVKCnBnngZBGBedApBEZjWetqwZAoeapVD3hDc12FHWPc9QcSzmR9lKgIbbS1dTwKumzcZswdNnH66WIDmCAi4FkqIznTJhaFtxPVxllqH/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;634&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMGqUSKK386oNWLxUtOXVt0szHLooVKCnBnngZBGBedApBEZjWetqwZAoeapVD3hDc12FHWPc9QcSzmR9lKgIbbS1dTwKumzcZswdNnH66WIDmCAi4FkqIznTJhaFtxPVxllqH/w378-h400/Monera+09.gif&quot; width=&quot;378&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Imagem ilustrando de maneira
bem simplificada os três processos de recombinação gênica que podem ocorrer em
bactérias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Importância dos procariontes.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Aqui serão mencionados
aspectos mais associados com as bactérias.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Esses organismos têm importância
ambiental, pois os procariontes autótrofos podem agir como produtores e outros,
heterótrofos, como decompositores da matéria orgânica. São muito utilizados em
processos da biotecnologia e também têm importância fundamental na nossa saúde,
pois, além de causarem doenças, um número enorme sobrevive em nossos corpos
fazendo parte daquilo que chamamos de microbiota. Os organismos componentes
dessa microbiota podem&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;prevenir infecções pelos micro-organismos patogênicos e também produzir substâncias de interesse para nós, como exemplos as vitaminas K e algumas vitaminas B. Veremos um pouco mais sobre a microbiota adiante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;As bactérias e o ciclo do nitrogênio:
para que possa ser absorvido pelos seres vivos, o elemento N, na forma de gás
nitrogênio, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;é inicialmente absorvido pelas bactérias fixadoras de
nitrogênio. Elas converterão o N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; em amônia, NH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;, que por
sua vez, pode ser absorvido por algumas plantas. Outras bactérias, as chamadas bactérias
nitrificantes, transformam o NH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; (ou NH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;) em
Nitrato, NO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;. Sendo que os nitratos são as substâncias
contendo nitrogênio mais facilmente absorvidas pelas plantas. Isto se dá em
duas etapas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Bactérias do gênero &lt;i&gt;Nitrosomonas&lt;/i&gt;
convertem a amônia ou o amônio em nitrito: 2NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; +3O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;gt;
2NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; + 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + 2H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + Energia!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Bactérias do gênero &lt;i&gt;Nitrobacter&lt;/i&gt;
convertem o nitrito em nitrato: 2NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; + O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;gt; 2NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; + Energia!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;As bactérias fixadoras do
gênero &lt;i&gt;Rhizobium&lt;/i&gt; são capazes de infectar as raízes das plantas
leguminosas, e viver de forma simbiótica com elas ao formar nódulos (que são tumores).
A bactéria absorve o N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, e compartilha com a planta as substâncias
nitrogenadas que produz, ao passo que a planta fornece outras substâncias
orgânicas às bactérias. Como estas plantas se tornam muito eficientes no
processo de fixação de nitrogênio, ao morrerem, acabam fertilizando o solo,
pois liberam o nitrogênio na forma de amônia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Além dos processos de fixação
e nitrificação, outras bactérias são capazes de converter o NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;
em N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, devolvendo o elemento N para a atmosfera. Estas são as
bactérias desnitrificantes e o processo pelo qual fazem isso é chamado
desnitrificação.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Bactérias e biotecnologia: as
bactérias têm sido intensamente utilizadas nos processos de expressão de genes
heterólogos, ou seja, inserir no genoma bacteriano genes de outros tipos de
seres vivos, como o gene da insulina humana, para que elas possam produzi-los
com fins comerciais. Basicamente, este processo é feito com o uso das chamadas
enzimas de restrição, produzidas pelas bactérias, cujo intuito é cortar, em
pontos específicos, o DNA de bacteriófagos que venham a infectá-las. Pode se utilizar estas mesmas enzimas para se cortar qualquer molécula de
DNA. Sendo assim, utiliza-se estas enzimas para se inserir genes de interesse
(como o da insulina humana) em plasmídios bacterianos. Os plasmídios contendo
os genes de interesse são então introduzidos nas bactérias e elas passam a
produzir a proteína heteróloga.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Bl5zpuy0VJI07Zcx-8Yp6p95spKMQBpAeAWvFmt1vpvMumFAjc_29RDh7gCLrRQ7gPnV4HUJj76rcClmMPRLldWYgaUcQ0EHsShTbz_AeFKafCzr5heymkqnhmZK81eB4e8l/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;800&quot; data-original-width=&quot;464&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Bl5zpuy0VJI07Zcx-8Yp6p95spKMQBpAeAWvFmt1vpvMumFAjc_29RDh7gCLrRQ7gPnV4HUJj76rcClmMPRLldWYgaUcQ0EHsShTbz_AeFKafCzr5heymkqnhmZK81eB4e8l/s16000/Monera+09b.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Esquema mostrando uma forma de se expressar genes heterólogos em bactérias utilizando plasmídeos como os vetores de expressão. Os plasmídeos utilizados devem ter um gene que confira resistência contra antibióticos (como a ampicilina ou kanamicina). (1). Isola-se a sequência de DNA do gene de interesse. (2). Insere-se o DNA de interesse no plasmídeo vetor. 2a. cortam-se o DNA com o gene de interesse e o DNA vetor com a mesma enzima de restrição, 2b. ao se misturar as moléculas de DNA em solução elas se anelam graças ao pareamento das bases nitrogenadas, 2c. a enzima DNA ligase une os fragmentos às suas relativas cadeias de nucleotídeos. Daí se obtém um plasmídeo recombinante. (3). Introduz-se o plasmídeo recombinante em &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt;. (4) As células são clonadas. 4a. as células são cultivadas em uma placa com ágar contendo antibiótico (no caso da imagem, ampicilina), 4b. cada colônia contém o plasmídeo recombinante e a habilidade de crescer em ágar com ampicilina. (5) Escolhem-se colônias a serem cultivadas em um meio de cultura maior, para multiplicar os plasmídeos. (6) Isolam-se os DNAs das culturas amplificadas. (7) Transferem-se os plasmídeos recombinantes para as células desejadas (como outras bactérias, leveduras, células animais e etc.) e testam-se as propriedades do gene de interesse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #111111;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #111111;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imagem:&amp;nbsp;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Steps-for-recombinant-DNA-technology-Bacterial-plasmids-with-a-resistance-gene-present_fig1_273188183&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;As bactérias também podem ser
utilizadas para se produzir plantas transgênicas. Isso é feito com o uso da
bactéria &lt;i&gt;Agrobacterium tumefaciens&lt;/i&gt; que apresenta o chamado plasmídio Ti (indutor de tumor). Esta bactéria tem a capacidade de inserir parte do plasmídio
Ti no cromossomo das células das raízes de certas plantas e desta forma induzir
a célula a se multiplicar, originando um tumor (daí o nome Ti). O número
aumentado de células da planta produz as substâncias que a bactéria necessita.
Pode se desenvolver plantas transgênicas ao infectar células vegetais com
bactérias contendo um Ti modificado, em que se substitui os genes indutores de
tumor por algum outro de interesse, como os genes que confiram resistência
contra os herbicidas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;A microbiota ou microbioma
humano: estima-se que vivam em nosso corpo um número de células bacterianas dez
vezes maior que o número das nossas próprias células. Em grande parte, essas bactérias
não nos causam enfermidades e em alguns casos, podem nos favorecer. Por
exemplo, a presença delas dificulta o estabelecimento em nossos corpos de populações
de micro-organismos patogênicos. De particular interesse recente são as bactérias
residentes nos nossos intestinos, que podem produzir substâncias úteis, como as
vitaminas K e várias vitaminas B, além de influenciarem na saúde geral. Convém
notar que a composição dessa microbiota varia dependendo da dieta, sendo que
dietas mais balanceadas, ricas em fibras, favorecem a prevalência de
micro-organismos mais benéficos resultando em menos processos inflamatórios no
intestino. Outros fatores que afetam o microbioma são o estresse/ansiedade, se
o indivíduo teve o primeiro contato com esses micro-organismos no canal vaginal
da mãe durante o parto normal e se passou por um período adequado de
amamentação. Além das bactérias há também outros tipos de organismos, como os
fungos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsRp_S6GP770ycr93ny8wUz0qll4LsFckSl8BQpSL0knqRCHKWTNCPg5TT4XvNgmi1Ff2oeecgu_1LAaxn_BYEL8U8F8UfQ5YoYP0c4KTyu4jEisp6i06y6kQswbLcQmMUHn9M/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1125&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1500&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsRp_S6GP770ycr93ny8wUz0qll4LsFckSl8BQpSL0knqRCHKWTNCPg5TT4XvNgmi1Ff2oeecgu_1LAaxn_BYEL8U8F8UfQ5YoYP0c4KTyu4jEisp6i06y6kQswbLcQmMUHn9M/w640-h480/Monera+10.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alguns efeitos que o microbioma
intestinal pode ter em nossos organismos. Imagem: &lt;a href=&quot;https://drjockers.com/10-ways-improve-gut-microbiome/&quot;&gt;https://drjockers.com/10-ways-improve-gut-microbiome/&lt;/a&gt;.
Tem muitas informações boas nesse link.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Sobre as doenças causadas pelas
bactérias: em geral, as bactérias parasitas instalam-se em meio às células dos
tecidos, onde podem causar dano ao destruir as células diretamente ou
produzirem substâncias tóxicas que terminam por causar danos a elas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;A prevenção e o tratamento
geralmente se dão com o uso de vacinas e antibióticos. Os antibióticos são
substâncias produzidas por micro-organismos, capazes de matar ou inibir a
proliferação de outros micro-organismos. Por exemplo, a penicilina é um
antibiótico produzido pelos fungos do gênero &lt;i&gt;Penicillium&lt;/i&gt;, e esta
substância é capaz de impedir que a bactéria sintetize sua parede celular,
então a bactéria lisa e morre.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;A tabela a seguir resume algumas
doenças causadas por bactérias:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;mso-cellspacing: 1.8pt; mso-padding-alt: 4.2pt 4.2pt 4.2pt 4.2pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 528px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 48.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;65&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;DOENÇA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 77.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;AGENTE
  ETIOLÓGICO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 74.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;TRANSMISSÃO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;PREVENÇÃO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 64.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;SINTOMAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 48.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;65&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Pneumonias
  bacterianas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 77.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Pneumococos,
  hemófilos, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 74.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Gotículas
  em suspensão no ar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Evitar o
  contato com os doentes; vacinação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 64.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Tosse,
  febre, dor torácica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 48.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;65&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Tuberculose&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 77.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Bacilo de
  Koch (&lt;i&gt;Mycobacterium&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;tuberculosis&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 74.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Gotículas
  em suspensão no ar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Evitar o
  contato com os doentes; Condições salutares de moradia e alimentação;
  vacinação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 64.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Febre, sudorese noturna,&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;tosse, emagrecimento, hemoptise (expectoração com sangue).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 48.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;65&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Hanseníase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 77.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Mycobacterium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;leprae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 74.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Contato com a pele dos doentes ou secreções nasais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Evitar o
  contato com os doentes. A vacina contra a tuberculose também oferece proteção contra a lepra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 64.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Lesões
  claras ou avermelhadas na pele; áreas com perda de sensibilidade tátil; nódulos; regiões de pele
  seca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 48.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;65&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Tétano&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 77.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Clostridium
  tetani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 74.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Contaminação
  de ferimentos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Cuidado com
  os ferimentos; Vacinação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 64.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Espasmos
  musculares; distúrbios respiratórios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 48.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;65&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Cólera&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 77.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Vibrio
  cholerae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 74.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Água e
  alimentos contaminados por fezes de doentes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Isolamento
  dos doentes; Saneamento básico; Vacinação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 64.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Diarreia
  intensa, vômitos, febre e dor abdominal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 48.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;65&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Sífilis (veja mais sobre a sífilis na postagem sobre as ISTs).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 77.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Treponema
  pallidum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 74.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Contato
  sexual; Transmissão materno-fetal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Abstinência;
  uso de preservativos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 64.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Feridas&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;nos órgãos genitais (cancros duros); manchas na pele; lesões neurológicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 48.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;65&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Gonorreia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 77.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Neisseria
  gonorhoeae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 74.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Contato
  sexual; Transmissão no parto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Abstinência;
  uso de preservativos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 64.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Dor ao
  urinar; Corrimento vaginal ou uretral; dor durante as relações sexuais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 48.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;65&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Antraz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 77.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Bacillus
  anthracis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 74.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Inalação ou
  ingestão de esporos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Evitar
  locais onde animais contaminados morreram.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 64.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Infecção
  generalizada, pneumonia, febre e dificuldade para respirar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 48.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;65&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Acne&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 77.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Propionibacterium
  acnes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 74.25pt;&quot; width=&quot;99&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Proliferação
  excessiva da bactéria, nos folículos pilosos, graças ao aumento da secreção
  sebácea durante a adolescência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 63.75pt;&quot; width=&quot;85&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Cuidar da
  higiene da pele. Existem antibióticos específicos para se tratar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 4.2pt; width: 64.5pt;&quot; width=&quot;86&quot;&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Inflamação
  dos folículos pilosos e formação de cravos e pústulas na pele.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Referências:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Livros de biologia do ensino médio da Sônia Lopes e Amabis, várias entradas
sobre o assunto na Wikipedia e Britannica e nos links das imagens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/4526872228700721989'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/4526872228700721989'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2021/02/os-organismos-procariontes-dominios.html' title='OS ORGANISMOS PROCARIONTES: DOMÍNIOS BACTERIA E ARCHAEA'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirJf2bYH8mdEqOaeGt8Q4o_rEZ4jRD9dBFCttUuKq82jQwc0jQPgQnhMn-KVfBGHGmf3ZSAWWSvE_6JdygGowLaNiYiauvMotLN8neBiTjC8CdHLzoqYyjkAyb4SFZRB1d58Ei/s72-w400-h219-c/Monera+01.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-2206083366295770729</id><published>2021-02-01T14:35:00.008-04:00</published><updated>2023-11-20T17:23:49.816-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="categorias"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cladograma"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="classificação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="domínios"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="especiação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="filogenia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="lineu"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nomenclatura binomial"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="para que serve"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sistemática"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="taxonomia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibulares"/><title type='text'>SISTEMÁTICA E TAXONOMIA - CLASSIFICAÇÃO</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sistemática e taxonomia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Se você for o dono de um supermercado sabe que se os produtos forem dispostos aleatoriamente nas prateleiras, o gerenciamento e as vidas dos clientes, que terão de passar mais tempo procurando o que querem, serão prejudicados. Tendo isso em vista, quando se tem muitos itens para se gerenciar e estudar é essencial adotar um sistema para organizá-los. No tocante à diversidade da vida, há uma quantidade enorme de organismos diferentes, sendo assim, é essencial que sejam categorizados.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhscQywxClqwoPinLYH-pKXCojINQErBLaPPxdM1RT9tRDDLn4PJQJLUt6nm4OecG5q0NVcimyPdag52__jBXpOnkLMYooTibSmLS1ci7gxglVfEDwQULPCe9uWXTmQgJPCQpxx/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;453&quot; data-original-width=&quot;679&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhscQywxClqwoPinLYH-pKXCojINQErBLaPPxdM1RT9tRDDLn4PJQJLUt6nm4OecG5q0NVcimyPdag52__jBXpOnkLMYooTibSmLS1ci7gxglVfEDwQULPCe9uWXTmQgJPCQpxx/&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Esta Foto de Autor Desconhecido está licenciado em CC BY-NC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;“A sistemática pode ser definida como o estudo dos tipos e diversidade de organismos e das relações entre eles. A taxonomia, por outro lado, é a teoria e prática de identificar, descrever, nomear e classificar os organismos. A classificação é o arranjo dos organismos em grupos, os táxons (plural: taxa), com base nas relações entre eles.” (&lt;a href=&quot;https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-4380-8_4&quot;&gt;Fonte&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A sistemática tem como objetivos, descrever a biodiversidade na forma de catálogos de espécies, desenvolver os critérios para se organizá-la e compreender os processos responsáveis pela geração de diversidade. A taxonomia é a forma pela qual a sistemática apresenta os seus resultados.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Vamos considerar, por exemplo, a forma como a sua família organiza os diversos produtos adquiridos em um supermercado. A sistemática seriam os critérios que vocês utilizam para organizar os produtos: limpeza, alimentos a serem guardados na geladeira, no freezer, na dispensa… A taxonomia, por sua vez, seria o resultado final da organização. Você, ao pegar um saco de arroz, identifica neste produto determinadas características que o permitem concluir que ele deve ser armazenado numa dispensa e não num freezer. Essa matéria é útil para que você entenda melhor os motivos pelos quais seguimos uma determinada sequência quando estudamos os grupos de seres vivos e quais são as relações entre eles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;De maneira geral e simplificada podemos dizer que os organismos são organizados primordialmente de acordo com as suas características estruturais/anatômicas e genômicas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj99XeGEGW7Vhm5RzVeY2VkMfXbNBhoaqIfbws_p2VphVPE3fyxWtGKdHpnFrnA5e_nJ5uLusEzKVzkHz6Il5vo6_SNn592Vp_jRqZ4jtXcteX7DE_dZNKhlfvY3qAYyH7nSwNs/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;359&quot; data-original-width=&quot;508&quot; height=&quot;226&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj99XeGEGW7Vhm5RzVeY2VkMfXbNBhoaqIfbws_p2VphVPE3fyxWtGKdHpnFrnA5e_nJ5uLusEzKVzkHz6Il5vo6_SNn592Vp_jRqZ4jtXcteX7DE_dZNKhlfvY3qAYyH7nSwNs/&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Na imagem vemos, à esquerda, vários representantes da família dos canídeos, na direita, apenas as raposas. Em grande parte, as categorias taxonômicas são baseadas nas características anatômicas, que inclusive refletem as informações dos genomas. Perceba que as raposas são mais semelhantes entre si do que com o resto dos canídeos, que por sua vez são mais semelhantes entre si do que com os felídeos (a família dos gatos). A classificação é baseada nesses tipos de dados e raciocínio.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Desde a antiguidade já havia sistemas de classificação, que foram sendo modificados ao longo do tempo, em resposta ao aumento do conhecimento científico e para se ajustar à mudança de paradigma criacionista fixista para um evolucionista. Alguns exemplos:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O sistema de Aristóteles, da Grécia antiga, que classificava os organismos em animais e plantas. Os animais de acordo com o ambiente em que viviam (voadores, nadadores…), as plantas de acordo com o critério tamanho (ervas, arbustos e árvores) e também os animais como tendo sangue ou não.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O sistema de Agostinho de Hipona, do Século IV, cujo critério de classificação era a utilidade que os seres vivos tinham para a espécie humana (úteis, nocivos e indiferentes).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O sistema de Lineu, do Século XVIII, cujo critério era baseado nas características estruturais e anatômicas dos seres vivos. Lineu é considerado o pai da taxonomia, pois propôs as categorias taxonômicas, Reino, Filo, Classe, Ordem, Família, Gênero e Espécie e também o sistema de nomenclatura binomial.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O sistema de Whittaker, do Século XX, baseado em cinco reinos, e que leva em consideração as relações de parentesco evolutivo entre os organismos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE6nEkIwg1RSBO5DasOI3w0DyD2-UjlLs4TwOg2gzgi9RDG7e7t7bV6Gyp9VhRr2d298-kuK03SSWLH8BSnHoAwUQ53VTiXoBBfvQwcKsCuZ8F9zJ79jEq4Gr-Q3EJY4tUoxo1/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;295&quot; data-original-width=&quot;376&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE6nEkIwg1RSBO5DasOI3w0DyD2-UjlLs4TwOg2gzgi9RDG7e7t7bV6Gyp9VhRr2d298-kuK03SSWLH8BSnHoAwUQ53VTiXoBBfvQwcKsCuZ8F9zJ79jEq4Gr-Q3EJY4tUoxo1/&quot; width=&quot;306&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sistema de classificação de Whittaker.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Esta Foto de Autor Desconhecido está licenciado em CC BY-SA-NC&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sendo um sistema hierárquico, a categoria taxonômica ou táxon básico é a espécie: grupo de populações cujos indivíduos, em geral, apresentam características semelhantes e são capazes de cruzar e produzir descendentes férteis, em condições naturais, estando reprodutivamente isolados de indivíduos de outras espécies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Os outros táxons são (exemplificando a espécie humana):&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Reino – Animalia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Filo – Chordata&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Classe – Mammalia&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ordem – Primates&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Família – Hominidae&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Gênero – Homo&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Espécie – sapiens&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Palavra mnemônica: ReFiCOFaGE&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Também existem sub- e super-categorias (ex: superordem e subgênero). Além destes, acima da categoria Reino, também há uma categoria chamada Domínio em classificações mais recentes:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Eukarya: compreende os vários reinos de organismos eucariontes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Archaea: arqueas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Bactéria: bactérias.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEujbLGQdinxW8B-iigHMQIsPUtMGOJ2r3bIlObGp4CoHyWDfCqd2wOavjvtNr8QNMyMYQis_xjTPVBjuTK0ubuF9cfVa9-HR-htGKyVMth8PIpkZfE3OPdwD4-y_FePb_cvkh/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;254&quot; data-original-width=&quot;450&quot; height=&quot;181&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEujbLGQdinxW8B-iigHMQIsPUtMGOJ2r3bIlObGp4CoHyWDfCqd2wOavjvtNr8QNMyMYQis_xjTPVBjuTK0ubuF9cfVa9-HR-htGKyVMth8PIpkZfE3OPdwD4-y_FePb_cvkh/&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O sistema de classificação em domínios foi inicialmente proposto por Carl Woese em 1990, de maneira a representar melhor as relações filogenéticas entre os vários organismos procariontes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A palavra mnemônica passa a ser, então: DoReFiCOFaGE. Cuidado pra não confundir com as notas da escala musical.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As espécies de seres vivos são nomeadas de acordo com um sistema de nomenclatura binomial (introduzido por Lineu) que segue a regra Gênero epíteto:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O nome do gênero seguido do epíteto e ambos devem ser destacados do resto do texto (em itálico, negrito ou sublinhado).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O nome do gênero sempre vem com a inicial maiúscula e o epíteto com a inicial minúscula.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Os nomes dos organismos devem ser escritos de forma latinizada. (Não pode ser algo do tipo: &lt;i&gt;Gatinho lindo&lt;/i&gt;). Como o latim é uma língua morta, espera-se que não seja mais modificada, o que facilita a comunicação científica. Por exemplo, os pumas também podem ser conhecidos por vários outros nomes, como onça parda, suçuarana, leão da montanha e outros. Porém, em comunicação científica a espécie é &lt;i&gt;Puma concolor&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Quando aparecer pela primeira vez no texto, o nome deve ser escrito por completo, e depois pode se abreviar o nome genérico: &lt;i&gt;Canis familiaris&lt;/i&gt; &amp;gt; &lt;i&gt;C. familiaris&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Além disso, o nome do gênero pode ser escrito de forma isolada, ao passo que o da espécie não: Posso escrever apenas &lt;i&gt;Canis&lt;/i&gt;, ou &lt;i&gt;Canis sp&lt;/i&gt;., sem especificar mais que isso.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A sistemática atual, assim como as ciências biológicas em geral, é baseada na biologia evolutiva e na descendência comum universal (um primeiro ser vivo, simples e primitivo, é o ancestral de todas as formas de vida existentes hoje no planeta). Sendo assim, as classificações, na verdade, são genealogias, exibindo as relações de parentesco entre os seres vivos. Vejamos alguns conceitos importantes nesse âmbito.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTASkHn9HNI5XNYPSp_Vy_GQi1XNWKS8zoj50wEeW1awwiimVy9umXHZO8TLAqcP6nN24GNS6FiEakY5e09kZGfQh5DGoiFuDvsJoSozQWgAXmr69p1HICsWniSAq2uwGGDWNY/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;495&quot; data-original-width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTASkHn9HNI5XNYPSp_Vy_GQi1XNWKS8zoj50wEeW1awwiimVy9umXHZO8TLAqcP6nN24GNS6FiEakY5e09kZGfQh5DGoiFuDvsJoSozQWgAXmr69p1HICsWniSAq2uwGGDWNY/&quot; width=&quot;194&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Diagrama mostrando uma árvore da vida, a genealogia dos organismos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Algumas das principais evidências em favor da ocorrência dos processos evolutivos são:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Fósseis: restos ou vestígios de seres que viveram em épocas remotas. Mostram que nosso planeta já foi habitado por espécies distintas das atuais, e que foram as ancestrais das atuais.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Semelhanças entre os embriões dos vertebrados: evidenciam a descendência em comum.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Órgãos homólogos: órgãos que têm a mesma origem embrionária e desenvolvimento em espécies diferentes. Apesar disso em alguns casos, podem desempenhar funções distintas em espécies distintas, como os membros anteriores de vertebrados terrestres e as asas de morcegos. (Órgão análogo: órgão que desempenha a mesma função em certas espécies, apesar de ter origens embrionárias distintas. Por exemplo: asas de aves, insetos e de morcegos.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Semelhanças entre sequências de ácidos nucléicos e proteínas: quanto mais próximo o parentesco evolutivo, maiores tendem a ser as similaridades entre as sequências de bases nitrogenadas dos genes de organismos de espécies diferentes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaT_KO3Smbi5iWWHJ2qPGSlZ6vfeGeyMaCD5PZYgrbBB9bLQsHFSqt25h4w-5LmqRx0uCG8Rv34Pp5wZRfpAtTpQ8kYe1SJY_v90tCp2Yo3sqtkyWa7ELJ2zpuGlSoZh7ZijES/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;175&quot; data-original-width=&quot;516&quot; height=&quot;109&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaT_KO3Smbi5iWWHJ2qPGSlZ6vfeGeyMaCD5PZYgrbBB9bLQsHFSqt25h4w-5LmqRx0uCG8Rv34Pp5wZRfpAtTpQ8kYe1SJY_v90tCp2Yo3sqtkyWa7ELJ2zpuGlSoZh7ZijES/&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Imagens mostrando alguns órgãos homólogos, fósseis e embriões de vertebrados, evidências do processo evolutivo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Acredita-se que os principais mecanismos capazes de terem gerado toda a biodiversidade foram:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mutações (= mudanças) no material genético dos seres vivos, gerando novos genes e informações e, assim, permitindo o aumento na variabilidade e na complexidade dos organismos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Seleção natural: nem todos os organismos têm a mesma capacidade de se reproduzir e deixar descendentes. Em um determinado ambiente os organismos com as características mais favoráveis têm maior potencial para sobreviver e gerar mais descendentes, logo, propagam os seus genes de maneira mais eficaz (esses indivíduos tem maior fitness), ao passo que outros genes podem até desaparecer da população.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Esses processos permitem que as populações de organismos evoluam no sentido de se tornar mais aptas a sobreviverem em seus ambientes e, ao longo das gerações, geram diversidade e novas espécies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A adaptação é a capacidade de os seres vivos se ajustarem ao ambiente. Pode ser um processo de ajustamento individual (homeostase), ou de uma espécie ao ambiente no curso da evolução (adaptação evolutiva).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O processo de formação de novas espécies é chamado de especiação. Podemos, de maneira simplificada afirmar que a especiação ocorre via anagênese e cladogênese (atualmente há nomenclaturas distintas, contemplando processos distintos, veja aqui).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Na anagênese, mais rara, às vezes também referida como especiação simpátrica, ocorre que em uma determinada população, ao longo das gerações, as mutações se acumulam até que em um determinado momento as populações atuais tenham se modificado tanto ao ponto de poderem ser consideradas espécies distintas daquelas ancestrais. Um exemplo é o que pode ter havido, pelo menos em parte, na linhagem dos cavalos, referente ao aumento do tamanho corporal e o desenvolvimento de outras adaptações.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBVwpXwFInGW-GmpGQ8TyvZGRi_C1cpOktkFMpdw8hnoQsGBZ-vuXhqWpqckbNIbtsXdRyy9KvV_6niNTSo2mYlffxYcEekNEH18YJAxhllISbzZDXhGgyNbBbssyXeyEx81C0/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;493&quot; data-original-width=&quot;412&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBVwpXwFInGW-GmpGQ8TyvZGRi_C1cpOktkFMpdw8hnoQsGBZ-vuXhqWpqckbNIbtsXdRyy9KvV_6niNTSo2mYlffxYcEekNEH18YJAxhllISbzZDXhGgyNbBbssyXeyEx81C0/&quot; width=&quot;201&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A cladogênese, às vezes também referida como especiação alopátrica, abrange processos naturais capazes de separar uma população original em duas ou mais e, a partir daí, essas populações evoluem e podem gerar novas espécies. É o caso, por exemplo, de uma catástrofe natural fragmentar uma ilha e isolar as populações, que poderiam gerar novas espécies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsTN_fETKXCEbGtB_bNjN8V_BdOL11P334pf0ycAKgdDatRRuuDm0VE70AqQ_Bx0RuvhoGbfQhtQUOiUDyVQ0ABkpkVKm20xZhZv4aAj81PXtV5k-uGE3HS2KY9vO277cfclY6/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;140&quot; data-original-width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;112&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsTN_fETKXCEbGtB_bNjN8V_BdOL11P334pf0ycAKgdDatRRuuDm0VE70AqQ_Bx0RuvhoGbfQhtQUOiUDyVQ0ABkpkVKm20xZhZv4aAj81PXtV5k-uGE3HS2KY9vO277cfclY6/&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Esquema representando a especiação via cladogênese. Imagem: Wikipedia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmwbPRaCUM6gGV1wLGamswKSLZLTavwAY_agDyajEpQJlFnjxcsDbqZ-YVV7bMQl45Td4Zp_yyUUc9gth0SGRutHWT2D3gYFvqzctF0BXTBdWX7GsS-B4-iUv6vkpD7R9_IFcK/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;357&quot; data-original-width=&quot;322&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmwbPRaCUM6gGV1wLGamswKSLZLTavwAY_agDyajEpQJlFnjxcsDbqZ-YVV7bMQl45Td4Zp_yyUUc9gth0SGRutHWT2D3gYFvqzctF0BXTBdWX7GsS-B4-iUv6vkpD7R9_IFcK/&quot; width=&quot;216&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Comparação entre a cladogênese e a anagênese.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Imagem: facinatingamazinganimals.wordpress.com&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As árvores filogenéticas são diagramas que organizam e relacionam os seres vivos de acordo com o parentesco evolutivo entre eles. Atualmente há dois métodos principais em Sistemática:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Fenética: classificação baseada no número de características morfológicas entre os seres vivos, mesmo que isso não reflita a história evolutiva de um grupo. Também chamada de taxonomia numérica.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Filogenética: classificação baseada nas relações de parentesco e história evolutiva dos organismos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A filogenética utiliza-se da cladística, método que procura estabelecer relações de parentesco evolutivo pela escolha criteriosa de características que realmente indiquem a ancestralidade comum entre os grupos. Os cladogramas são diagramas que mostram as relações filogenéticas entre os grupos de seres vivos considerados. A construção do cladograma é baseada em dois tipos de características:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Apomorfias: são as novidades evolutivas ou características derivadas, não presentes no ancestral. Em relação às apomorfias também temos as:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Plesiomorfias: são as características primitivas, mais antigas na linhagem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Exemplo: considerando os mamíferos e os répteis, as glândulas mamárias seriam uma apomorfia, uma novidade dos mamíferos, ao passo que a presença de um endoesqueleto ósseo seria uma plesiomorfia, uma característica presente em ambos os grupos e no ancestral.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip-6Ufo1LpRofKDYDWzu56_9d-htzJsJaKSEQz9h8Vz8GvG_KL3K1ZLj91kUOhy-Xf5QWs3EczAEEvyhEgN1rgacl36IpwPagjpN9S534-mzFENdcLZXA6ac17FRv8m3f2dAfe/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;307&quot; data-original-width=&quot;392&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip-6Ufo1LpRofKDYDWzu56_9d-htzJsJaKSEQz9h8Vz8GvG_KL3K1ZLj91kUOhy-Xf5QWs3EczAEEvyhEgN1rgacl36IpwPagjpN9S534-mzFENdcLZXA6ac17FRv8m3f2dAfe/&quot; width=&quot;306&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Imagem mostrando um cladograma possível e simplificado da linhagem dos cordados. No cladograma, a característica mais primitiva mostrada (a plesiomorfia) é a presença das vértebras, as outras, em relação a ela, são novidades evolutivas (apomorfias).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Um clado ou grupo monofilético, é um grupo de organismos e o ancestral comum mais recente deles. Por exemplo, na imagem acima, as aves, crocodilianos, lagartos, cobras, tuataras, tartarugas e jabutis, ou seja, os répteis e as aves, formam um grupo monofilético. No entanto o grupo “répteis”, como exclui as aves, é chamado de grupo parafilético, inclui-se um ancestral comum, mas nem todos os descendentes dele. Os grupos polifiléticos são aqueles em que há um grupo de organismos e mais de um ancestral, sendo pelo menos um ancestral não comum a todos, ou então, grupos de organismos que não compartilham um ancestral comum direto. Se considerássemos, por exemplo, os animais homeotérmicos, grupo artificial que abrange mamíferos, aves, alguns peixes e alguns dinossauros, poderíamos ter um grupo polifilético.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2T8kO1hFKCg4HbA-bIKI_vQqiWW_TyQU3J-IAy4dq3MUQlzNd7nOPzFnhPP4HtsnF9IDo9CXik0aDr5yyzCrpy7VWmZ3jgy2HtYS5m-qdKtVF3jU3k7ty0VoyDhn7KCoJT2ah/&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;180&quot; data-original-width=&quot;567&quot; height=&quot;102&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2T8kO1hFKCg4HbA-bIKI_vQqiWW_TyQU3J-IAy4dq3MUQlzNd7nOPzFnhPP4HtsnF9IDo9CXik0aDr5yyzCrpy7VWmZ3jgy2HtYS5m-qdKtVF3jU3k7ty0VoyDhn7KCoJT2ah/&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Na imagem comparam-se os grupos monofilético (clado), polifilético e parafilético.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nos cladogramas, a base representa o passado enquanto o topo representa o presente. Quando se mostram organismos localizados abaixo do topo, isso significa que o grupo é extinto. Cada ramificação é chamada de nó e representa o ponto onde ocorreu o evento de especiação e quando viveu o último ancestral comum de dois ramos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Os principais reinos de seres vivos:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Uma das formas mais fáceis de se visualizar os reinos de seres vivos é o sistema de classificação proposto por Whittaker e modificado por Margulis e Schwartz, de 5 reinos. São eles:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Monera: “reino” dos organismos procarióticos. Lembrando que, atualmente os procariontes são pertencentes aos domínios Bacteria e Archaea e o domínio é uma categoria acima do reino.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Protoctista ou Protista: protozoários (unicelulares, eucarióticos e heterotróficos) e algas (uni ou pluricelulares, eucarióticos e autótrofos fotossintetizantes).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Fungi: fungos (uni ou pluricelulares, eucarióticos e heterótrofos).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Plantae: plantas (pluricelulares, eucarióticos e autótrofos fotossintetizates).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Animalia: animais (pluricelulares, eucarióticos e heterótrofos).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Os vírus são um caso à parte, pois são acelular&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;es. Sendo assim, não apresentam metabolismo próprio e são obrigatoriamente parasitas intracelulares. Como não sabemos definir se são ou não vivos, chamamos os vírus de entidades. Não obstante, também podem ser classificados em categorias taxonômicas, apesar de os nomes dos vírus não seguirem as regras da nomenclatura binomial dos organismos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Referências:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Livros de biologia da Sônia Lopes, Amabis, Campbell e várias entradas sobre o tema na Wikipedia e Enciclopaedia Britannica.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/2206083366295770729'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/2206083366295770729'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2021/02/sistematica-e-taxonomia.html' title='SISTEMÁTICA E TAXONOMIA - CLASSIFICAÇÃO'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhscQywxClqwoPinLYH-pKXCojINQErBLaPPxdM1RT9tRDDLn4PJQJLUt6nm4OecG5q0NVcimyPdag52__jBXpOnkLMYooTibSmLS1ci7gxglVfEDwQULPCe9uWXTmQgJPCQpxx/s72-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-4575513279407017231</id><published>2020-09-02T09:51:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2020-09-02T09:51:16.979-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="anopheles"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ciclo de vida"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cloroquina"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="definitivo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="doença"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="falsiparum"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="hospedeiro"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="malária"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mosquito"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="plasmodium"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="plasmódio"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="protozoário"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="resumo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vivax"/><title type='text'>DOENÇAS CAUSADAS POR PROTOZOÁRIOS 01 - MALÁRIA</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DOENÇAS CAUSADAS POR PROTOZOÁRIOS 01 – MALÁRIA.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A malária é uma zoonose causada por protozoários apicomplexos e
transmitida por mosquitos já conhecida há séculos e cujo nome, &lt;i&gt;mal’aria&lt;/i&gt;,
significa ar ruim em italiano, por conta de as pessoas acharem que se pegava
pelo ar em regiões próximas aos pântanos. É uma doença que ocorre
primordialmente nas regiões tropicais dos continentes americano, africano e
asiático e já acomete os humanos há milênios. Inclusive, acredita-se que pode
ter sido a responsável pela eliminação de outros gêneros de primatas hominídeos
e influenciado na evolução da espécie humana.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-LQQspV6c1sYGjcZiAoR5NkJ1lbb4ejqQ0HDZTXNv0uRB9b5qVUC7zD2NtXWV35PoG3d8sAQfjnCsB8BdPEUYRyK7ha2nyX2pa0DA9jsuv2108JtcZkLPhXmiWv6E59xasoOy/s2000/Mal%25C3%25A1ria+01.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1138&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2000&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-LQQspV6c1sYGjcZiAoR5NkJ1lbb4ejqQ0HDZTXNv0uRB9b5qVUC7zD2NtXWV35PoG3d8sAQfjnCsB8BdPEUYRyK7ha2nyX2pa0DA9jsuv2108JtcZkLPhXmiWv6E59xasoOy/s640/Mal%25C3%25A1ria+01.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Os causadores da doença são protozoários do supergrupo Chromalveolata, filo
Apicomplexa, chamados de maneira simplificada de apicomplexos. Nesse caso são
os apicomplexos pertencentes ao gênero &lt;i&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/i&gt;, sendo as duas espécies
mais comuns o &lt;i&gt;P. vivax&lt;/i&gt; e o &lt;i&gt;P. falciparum&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;parecido com uma
foice&lt;/i&gt;), esse último, causador da forma grave da doença, capaz de levar o
acometido ao coma e até à morte. Mas há várias outras espécies de plasmódios capazes
de causar malária em humanos, como o &lt;i&gt;P. malariae&lt;/i&gt; e o &lt;i&gt;P. ovale&lt;/i&gt;,
dentre outros.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Os apicomplexos são protozoários caracterizados por possuírem um conjunto
de organelas chamado de complexo apical em uma das suas extremidades (daí o
nome do filo). Essas organelas têm a função de permitir ao protozoário adentrar
e parasitar as suas células alvo. Além desse complexo apical, os apicomplexos
também possuem um plastídeo modificado chamado de apicoplasto, que se acredita
ser resultante de uma endossimbiose secundária (ele tem quatro membranas) e que
atue no metabolismo do ferro e dos lipídeos. Essa organela é essencial para a
sobrevivência da célula e, por isso, é alvo nas pesquisas que objetivam
desenvolver medicamentos contra a malária.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiXIeSUdVYyTV-r-9OJWZQZWlc_5b3KFAaL1EScLX5b5j2HENEkfVVwN8foPD_HIQSQvAOQRX77Q18Id3YcbrBrkowxo7uF0sMo3O4bTMHiHvskZGmAR16r3xF_-YIqZA2GFmq/s2008/Mal%25C3%25A1ria+02.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1087&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2008&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiXIeSUdVYyTV-r-9OJWZQZWlc_5b3KFAaL1EScLX5b5j2HENEkfVVwN8foPD_HIQSQvAOQRX77Q18Id3YcbrBrkowxo7uF0sMo3O4bTMHiHvskZGmAR16r3xF_-YIqZA2GFmq/s640/Mal%25C3%25A1ria+02.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Os vetores dos plasmódios são vários mosquitos pertencentes ao gênero &lt;i&gt;Anopheles&lt;/i&gt;
(no Brasil, encontramos, por exemplo, o &lt;i&gt;A. darlingi&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;A. aquasalis&lt;/i&gt;,
&lt;i&gt;A. bellator&lt;/i&gt; e o &lt;i&gt;A. cruzi&lt;/i&gt;). Esses mosquitos têm o hábito de picar
preferencialmente à noite e com o corpo inclinado para cima. No ciclo de vida
do protozoário, os mosquitos são o hospedeiro definitivo (cuidado que isso é um
pega!), ou seja, o organismo parasitado no qual ocorre reprodução
sexuada/gamética. Os humanos são hospedeiros intermediários, pois neles só
ocorre reprodução assexuada/agamética desses protozoários. (É bom destacar que
em certos parasitas, como o &lt;i&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;/i&gt;, ocorrem os dois modos de
reprodução, gamética e agamética, no hospedeiro definitivo, em outro local
veremos mais sobre a toxoplasmose).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAHPqrjFJ0mCnoTK5ktvi6H8eaItK0mttBrbHiZ9cTLMQzuEbs9u3K95z9lkbmATLbAoUCy63co-CTYQABCIG8J6K1jT7qgTg09ce8Rcte9p3Id5ndtnSWe-ns0q0gwzvz0e6E/s1350/Mal%25C3%25A1ria+03.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;907&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1350&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAHPqrjFJ0mCnoTK5ktvi6H8eaItK0mttBrbHiZ9cTLMQzuEbs9u3K95z9lkbmATLbAoUCy63co-CTYQABCIG8J6K1jT7qgTg09ce8Rcte9p3Id5ndtnSWe-ns0q0gwzvz0e6E/s640/Mal%25C3%25A1ria+03.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A imagem abaixo ilustra o ciclo de vida do parasita. Em resumo: um
mosquito fêmea infectada, ao picar alguém, transmite formas haploides do
protozoário chamadas de esporozoítos (n = 7), que estavam alojados em suas
glândulas salivares. Esses esporozoítos infectarão as células do fígado, onde
irão gerar outra forma haploide, os merozoítos, por meio de esquizogonia (nessa
modalidade, o núcleo se divide várias vezes e posteriormente a célula sofre as
divisões citoplasmáticas originando as células filhas). Esse estágio no fígado
é praticamente assintomático e pode durar de 5 – 16 dias, mas os protozoários
também podem permanecer dormentes nas células do fígado durante anos. Os
merozoítos são liberados das células do fígado e agora infectarão os
eritrócitos/hemácias, as células vermelhas do sangue. Nas hemácias ocorre uma
nova fase de reprodução agamética, na qual são gerados mais merozoítos e
também, formas chamadas de gametócitos. Os merozoítos e gametócitos, após se
multiplicarem e serem liberados, rompem as hemácias de 48-48h ou 72-72h,
dependendo da espécie de plasmódio, o que promove a liberação de toxinas e gera
intervalos regulares de febre, que são o sintoma mais característico da
malária. Ao picar uma pessoa infectada, uma mosquita pode ingerir os
gametócitos, que irão gerar zigotos (2n = 14) na parede do aparelho digestório
do animal, a fase de reprodução gamética. Esses zigotos irão sofrer meiose e
gerar esporozoítos, que podem ser inoculados em uma pessoa que a mosquita venha
a picar. Essa fase de geração de esporozoítos nos mosquitos pode durar de duas
a três semanas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9l4sd1cVy9rZiLlAa6OtXM4n3AUCbNYsCWYnsztzJrzba8melkZOdcSkGAf9inzXd7OJ9Qgan69VFZqCpm17iA599D2ktNBuSDSDxp9hCtlC4dTIxlWBNcjxqZ3UalKkCPGXC/s1350/Mal%25C3%25A1ria+04.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1275&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1350&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9l4sd1cVy9rZiLlAa6OtXM4n3AUCbNYsCWYnsztzJrzba8melkZOdcSkGAf9inzXd7OJ9Qgan69VFZqCpm17iA599D2ktNBuSDSDxp9hCtlC4dTIxlWBNcjxqZ3UalKkCPGXC/s640/Mal%25C3%25A1ria+04.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dentre os sintomas mais comuns da malária estão as náuseas e vômitos,
que antecedem os eventos regulares de febre, que podem ou não estar acompanhada
de calafrios. No caso da malária grave, causada primordialmente pelos &lt;i&gt;P.
falciparum&lt;/i&gt;, a pessoa pode ter convulsões, insuficiência renal, alterações
no estado de consciência e entrar em estado de coma. A forma grave é devida em
parte à capacidade das hemácias infectadas formarem coágulos e gerar hipóxia e
a liberação de toxinas celulares no local, o que pode inclusive afetar o
cérebro. A forma grave da doença é a responsável pela maior parte dos óbitos.
Estima-se que em 2015 a doença causou 438000 óbitos e em 2017, 620000. A maior
parte são crianças no continente africano.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O tratamento da doença é feito com medicamentos específicos, como a
quinina, cloroquina e outros. Digno de nota é que as populações de parasitas
têm adquirido resistência contra essas substâncias e que, mesmo sem
medicamentos, os sintomas da forma não grave ou não complicada da doença podem
desaparecer em duas semanas, porém, por conta de os protozoários permanecerem
em estado latente, esses sintomas podem persistir reincidindo por anos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A prevenção e o controle consistem basicamente em combater os mosquitos
vetores de maneira a evitar ser picado, como utilizar redes de proteção nas
janelas das casas, redes sobre as camas, utilizar roupas longas, que dificultem
as picadas, utilizar repelentes, pulverizar as regiões afetadas com vistas a
matar os mosquitos vetores e ações nos criadouros dos mosquitos, que depositam
seus ovos em águas limpas. Pode-se, por exemplo, limpar as margens de lagoas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaJ1x0opWqCX88U5ZkEt0lCPNQQWV5p4MHtkijE9U5hXl6O8VxTp9v_XfELRfe9dFFw7Spwe9C6nyyX04wqg0JmNlffrqIKXICO-qJG0VNnlFTqpwDUjc0vjfEb1rEASvQ5mDl/s1350/Mal%25C3%25A1ria+05.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1290&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1350&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaJ1x0opWqCX88U5ZkEt0lCPNQQWV5p4MHtkijE9U5hXl6O8VxTp9v_XfELRfe9dFFw7Spwe9C6nyyX04wqg0JmNlffrqIKXICO-qJG0VNnlFTqpwDUjc0vjfEb1rEASvQ5mDl/s640/Mal%25C3%25A1ria+05.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Há pesquisas no intuito de desenvolver mosquitos transgênicos e
analisar o efeito da liberação deles no ambiente. Por exemplo, há mosquitos &lt;i&gt;Anopheles&lt;/i&gt;
machos alterados geneticamente capazes de gerar praticamente descendentes
também machos e com baixa expectativa de vida, o que reduz a população de
fêmeas em uma região, prevenindo a doença. Obviamente, esse tipo de abordagem
suscita muitas discussões no âmbito da bioética, sobre os efeitos ambientais de
se agir no sentido de eliminar um organismo de um ecossistema.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ainda no âmbito da prevenção, é possível tomar medicamentos de forma
preventiva, como é o caso da cloroquina, que pode ser utilizada antes de se
viajar para uma região onde a malária é endêmica. Quanto às vacinas, ainda não
há vacina eficaz e comercializável para prevenir a doença.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0100-40422008000500060&quot;&gt;https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0100-40422008000500060&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0104-12902010000100006&amp;amp;lng=en&amp;amp;nrm=iso&quot;&gt;https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S0104-12902010000100006&amp;amp;lng=en&amp;amp;nrm=iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fiocruz.br/ioc/media/malaria%20folder.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.fiocruz.br/ioc/media/malaria%20folder.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://saude.gov.br/saude-de-a-z/malaria&quot;&gt;https://saude.gov.br/saude-de-a-z/malaria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles&quot;&gt;https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6159572/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6159572/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.malariasite.com/life-cycle/&quot;&gt;https://www.malariasite.com/life-cycle/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.uai.com.br/app/noticia/saude/2013/11/28/noticias-saude,193389/descoberta-substancia-que-interfere-nos-estagios-do-parasita-da-malari.shtml&quot;&gt;https://www.uai.com.br/app/noticia/saude/2013/11/28/noticias-saude,193389/descoberta-substancia-que-interfere-nos-estagios-do-parasita-da-malari.shtml&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/&quot;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8584/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html&quot;&gt;https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.chemone.com.br/mosquitos&quot;&gt;https://www.chemone.com.br/mosquitos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://revistagalileu.globo.com/Ciencia/noticia/2014/06/mosquitos-transgenicos-sao-criados-para-combater-malaria.html&quot;&gt;https://revistagalileu.globo.com/Ciencia/noticia/2014/06/mosquitos-transgenicos-sao-criados-para-combater-malaria.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;index 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;index 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;index 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;index 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;index 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;index 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Normal Indent&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;footnote text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;annotation text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;header&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;footer&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;index heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;table of figures&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;envelope address&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;envelope return&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;footnote reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;annotation reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;line number&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;page number&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;endnote reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;endnote text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;table of authorities&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;macro&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;toa heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Bullet&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Number&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Bullet 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Bullet 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Bullet 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Bullet 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Number 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Number 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Number 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Number 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Closing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Signature&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Continue&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Continue 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Continue 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Continue 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Continue 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Message Header&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Salutation&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Date&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text First Indent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Note Heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Block Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Hyperlink&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;FollowedHyperlink&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Document Map&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Plain Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;E-mail Signature&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Top of Form&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Bottom of Form&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Normal (Web)&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Acronym&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Address&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Cite&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Code&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Definition&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Keyboard&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Preformatted&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Sample&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Typewriter&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Variable&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Normal Table&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;annotation subject&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;No List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Contemporary&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Elegant&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Professional&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Balloon Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Theme&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;41&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;42&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;43&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;44&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;45&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;40&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 4 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;List Table 5 Dark Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/4575513279407017231'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/4575513279407017231'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2020/09/doencas-causadas-por-protozoarios-01.html' title='DOENÇAS CAUSADAS POR PROTOZOÁRIOS 01 - MALÁRIA'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-LQQspV6c1sYGjcZiAoR5NkJ1lbb4ejqQ0HDZTXNv0uRB9b5qVUC7zD2NtXWV35PoG3d8sAQfjnCsB8BdPEUYRyK7ha2nyX2pa0DA9jsuv2108JtcZkLPhXmiWv6E59xasoOy/s72-c/Mal%25C3%25A1ria+01.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-6426832687246377072</id><published>2019-10-26T12:37:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2022-01-30T09:32:55.016-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="agenda 21"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="desenvolvimento sustentável"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="kyoto"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="não renováveis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pegada ecológica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="protocolo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="recursos naturais"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="renováveis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="rio"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="rio +10"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><title type='text'>ECOLOGIA 10 - O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;ECOLOGIA 10 - O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;O conceito de pegada ecológica:&lt;/b&gt; antes de abordar o conceito de desenvolvimento
sustentável, vejamos outro, chamado de pegada ecóloga (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;ecological footprint&lt;/i&gt;). A pegada ecológica corresponde a um modelo
que estima a área necessária em hectares (ha) para sustentar uma pessoa de uma
dada população humana. É uma medida das demandas humanas sobre a natureza.
Normalmente os países ricos tem os maiores valores, o Japão, por exemplo, tem
um valor maior que a extensão territorial do país, assim, eles precisam
utilizar outros territórios. A maior pegada ecológica pertence aos Emirados
Árabes Unidos, de 9,9 ha/pessoa. O Brasil tem, em média, 2,2 ha/pessoa, mas
certas regiões do país chegam a 7,5 ha/pessoa. Considerando a população
mundial, acredita-se que o planeta Terra teria de ser 50 % maior para atender
as demandas dos recursos que consumimos e para absorver os dejetos que geramos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Alguns exemplos
dos tipos de recursos e regiões que os humanos utilizam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;O desenvolvimento sustentável:&lt;/b&gt; tendo em vista todos os conceitos e
os problemas mencionados até aqui, vamos terminar destacando o conceito de &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;desenvolvimento sustentável&lt;/b&gt;, que
basicamente se refere à um modelo, ou à uma série de ações, comportamentos,
políticas, estudos e etc. que visam a promover &lt;u&gt;o desenvolvimento social e
econômico&lt;/u&gt; ao mesmo tempo em que se preservam os ambientes e os recursos
naturais. O objetivo é que esses recursos possam prover as necessidades das
sociedades contemporâneas de maneira justa e sem esgotá-los, para que as
gerações futuras também possam usufruir deles. Perceba, então, que o
desenvolvimento social não é um termo que se refere especificamente a um modelo
econômico e de produção, ele abrange também vários aspectos no âmbito social, como
o combate à discriminação, igualdade de gêneros, alfabetização e etc. Veja o
vídeo no link a seguir:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&amp;gt;&amp;gt; https://youtu.be/0XTBYMfZyrM&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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As estratégias para se
conseguir isso são baseadas em desenvolver técnicas eficientes para o manejo e o
gerenciamento dos recursos ambientais e a mudança no estilo de vida de certas
populações que consomem de maneira excessiva. Como exemplos, deve-se incentivar
os indivíduos e as instituições a aderirem à coleta seletiva do lixo, de forma
a melhorar o descarte, a reutilização e diminui os impactos ambientais, aderir
às práticas agrícolas que promovam a sustentabilidade, como a permacultura, que
visa reciclar e reutilizar todo o material gerado no sistema produtivo. Como já
mencionado, a humanidade consome os recursos naturais mais rapidamente do que a
taxa de renovação/recomposição da natureza. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Imagem mostrando a
ação coletiva de vários agentes da sociedade no sentido de promover objetivos
no âmbito do desenvolvimento sustentável.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Alguns recursos podem ser repostos
rapidamente, tanto por processos físicos quanto pela própria atividade humana,
são os chamados &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;recursos naturais
renováveis&lt;/b&gt;. Alguns exemplos são a energia solar e a eólica. Outros tipos de
recursos, porém, não podem ser repostos em um espaço de tempo curto, eles têm
ciclos naturais lentos. Esses são os &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;recursos
naturais não renováveis&lt;/b&gt;, como o petróleo, o carvão mineral e o gás natural.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgljjIKf5F6oe4vn0E0JC4eArRqzNktB9lN9wh8sk6w2zzQK0LeZM-UJRn0DYc6LDYob_WqEeD_NldaimIyWaqJ1SFf2tuBLnUVVYQAjyZNc2_XVZ8lX1_3RgH0Xc4M46sSwiVA/s1600/Eco+10+combust%25C3%25ADveis+f%25C3%25B3sseis.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;829&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1154&quot; height=&quot;286&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgljjIKf5F6oe4vn0E0JC4eArRqzNktB9lN9wh8sk6w2zzQK0LeZM-UJRn0DYc6LDYob_WqEeD_NldaimIyWaqJ1SFf2tuBLnUVVYQAjyZNc2_XVZ8lX1_3RgH0Xc4M46sSwiVA/s400/Eco+10+combust%25C3%25ADveis+f%25C3%25B3sseis.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_49&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; style=&quot;height: 206.4pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 4in;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Recomenda-se reduzir o uso
desses recursos, especialmente os não renováveis, e buscar fontes alternativas.
Citam-se muito os chamados &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;5 Rs da
sustentabilidade&lt;/b&gt;: reduzir, reutilizar, reciclar, repensar e recusar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhowM3AsylaKDdGLxiPsMJJPdZzvp7_rpMd9Y2GMhRSw06GmvLySTYC69SJtiKGb7AH-3p8lv2Rm1cqchyphenhyphen6svfUaLPi_0cePGMR5uYyDa_ThfqSjLFW4IEVefHoqye5D5CrfU4D/s1600/Eco+10+reciclagem+e+coleta+seletiva.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;979&quot; data-original-width=&quot;938&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhowM3AsylaKDdGLxiPsMJJPdZzvp7_rpMd9Y2GMhRSw06GmvLySTYC69SJtiKGb7AH-3p8lv2Rm1cqchyphenhyphen6svfUaLPi_0cePGMR5uYyDa_ThfqSjLFW4IEVefHoqye5D5CrfU4D/s400/Eco+10+reciclagem+e+coleta+seletiva.gif&quot; width=&quot;382&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_48&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; style=&quot;height: 291.6pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 280.2pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Por exemplo, até certo ponto e
com as devidas restrições, podem se utilizar outras alternativas energéticas,
renováveis, aos combustíveis fósseis, como a energia eólica, a energia solar, a
geotérmica e os biocombustíveis. Nesse último caso, os melhores exemplos são o
etanol, produzido a partir da cana de açúcar e o biodiesel, produzido a partir
de óleos vegetais e gorduras animais, que por sua vez, podem ser provenientes
dos resíduos presentes nos esgotos (também se pode usar os resíduos dos esgotos
para outros fins dentro do âmbito da sustentabilidade).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqPKMneLP20qyecZI8zD_LbKD5gsmKAkv2kLNxAbarGeBWz3ONUHNYNTJ6hZl5fWqAmcExL66SoUyYr3oLHFqwEmJk-Y4v7KQ4xkriiNtRu4lw5ngTQpxsO7DZm9O-gT1DDid5/s1600/Eco+10+paineis+solares.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;832&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1178&quot; height=&quot;282&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqPKMneLP20qyecZI8zD_LbKD5gsmKAkv2kLNxAbarGeBWz3ONUHNYNTJ6hZl5fWqAmcExL66SoUyYr3oLHFqwEmJk-Y4v7KQ4xkriiNtRu4lw5ngTQpxsO7DZm9O-gT1DDid5/s400/Eco+10+paineis+solares.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_50&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 166.2pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 235.2pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Painéis solares
instalados em um lago.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Além de se adotarem essas boas
práticas, devem-se também proteger certas regiões e impedir ou restringir
certas atividades nelas. De acordo com dados de 2009 estima-se que apenas 12,8
% da área de todos os biomas terrestres era indicada como espaço a gozar de
algum tipo de proteção. No Brasil, a Lei 9985/2000 estabelece as áreas naturais
em dois grupos, as de uso sustentável, cujos recursos podem ser utilizados (de
modo sustentável) e as áreas de proteção integral, nas quais os recursos só
podem ser explorados de maneira indireta, como a pesquisa científica e as atividades
de ensino. Dentre as áreas de proteção integral, apenas os Parques Nacionais
podem receber atividades de turismo e lazer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_9&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 241.8pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 345.6pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
O parque nacional
de Brasília. Conhecido pela piscina “Água Mineral”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Há tempos têm sido realizadas
diversas reuniões entre os líderes mundiais, nas quais se realizam acordos e se
redigem documentos com metas para tentar se atingir os objetivos mencionados
até agora. Alguns exemplos: a Rio 1992, na qual se elaborou o documento chamado
Agenda 21, na qual se discutiu planos para a construção de sociedades sustentáveis;
o encontro de 1997 em Kyoto, no qual se elaborou o protocolo de Kyoto, que lida
com a redução na emissão de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;; e a Rio+10, em 2012, na África do
Sul, na qual se discutiram pontos diversos relacionados ao desenvolvimento
sustentável e à economia verde.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBQZwpzOWUep39CsK4ft5VPeHKQprsLJtFjhsIBprR_GBNPgLgD-vp7w2hVsdAUDwTDom2meyMv4BK0_QB6R745E1cd-xfCB_cUT1CpOZOV27gqM_xOIptARIco4enZndRcQ2c/s1600/Eco+10+5+P+do+desenvolvimento+sustent%25C3%25A1vel.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;879&quot; data-original-width=&quot;840&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBQZwpzOWUep39CsK4ft5VPeHKQprsLJtFjhsIBprR_GBNPgLgD-vp7w2hVsdAUDwTDom2meyMv4BK0_QB6R745E1cd-xfCB_cUT1CpOZOV27gqM_xOIptARIco4enZndRcQ2c/s400/Eco+10+5+P+do+desenvolvimento+sustent%25C3%25A1vel.gif&quot; width=&quot;381&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_51&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 205.2pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 196.2pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Espera-se que ao longo do
tempo os governos consigam atingir uma sinergia no tocante aos objetivos e
medidas que devem adotar para se atingir objetivos sustentáveis, de maneira que
possam também permitir o desenvolvimento e o bem-estar dos cidadãos dos países
mais pobres. Para isso, é necessário continuar efetuando pesquisas científicas
e adotando pontos de vista mais moderados e conciliadores. Assim, espera-se que
possamos construir sociedades sustentáveis e progredir.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;REFERÊNCIAS (da série de ecologia):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/archaeologists-discover-some-amazons-oldest-human-burials-180972031/&quot;&gt;https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/archaeologists-discover-some-amazons-oldest-human-burials-180972031/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/Agencia16/AG01/arvore/AG01_23_911200585232.html&quot;&gt;http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/Agencia16/AG01/arvore/AG01_23_911200585232.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ck12.org/chemistry/chemical-potential-energy/lesson/Chemical-Potential-Energy-CHEM/&quot;&gt;https://www.ck12.org/chemistry/chemical-potential-energy/lesson/Chemical-Potential-Energy-CHEM/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://cheetah.org/about-the-cheetah/genetic-diversity/&quot;&gt;https://cheetah.org/about-the-cheetah/genetic-diversity/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://insider.si.edu/2016/06/smithsonian-study-reveals-precipitous-decline-genetic-diversity-wild-cheetahs/&quot;&gt;https://insider.si.edu/2016/06/smithsonian-study-reveals-precipitous-decline-genetic-diversity-wild-cheetahs/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fishwildlife.org/application/files/1715/1373/1187/ConEd-Sustainable-Tomorrow-Systems-Thinking-Guidebook.pdf&quot;&gt;https://www.fishwildlife.org/application/files/1715/1373/1187/ConEd-Sustainable-Tomorrow-Systems-Thinking-Guidebook.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/11/wildlife-watch-news-tuskless-elephants-behavior-change/&quot;&gt;https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/11/wildlife-watch-news-tuskless-elephants-behavior-change/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://redeglobo.globo.com/globoecologia/noticia/2012/05/mangue-serve-de-bercario-e-refugio-para-diferentes-especies-animais.html&quot;&gt;http://redeglobo.globo.com/globoecologia/noticia/2012/05/mangue-serve-de-bercario-e-refugio-para-diferentes-especies-animais.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plants-algae/what-exactly-red-tide&quot;&gt;https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plants-algae/what-exactly-red-tide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-is-the-anthropocene-and-are-we-in-it-164801414/&quot;&gt;https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-is-the-anthropocene-and-are-we-in-it-164801414/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2015/07/mesmo-com-politica-de-residuos-416-do-lixo-tem-destino-inadequado.html&quot;&gt;http://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2015/07/mesmo-com-politica-de-residuos-416-do-lixo-tem-destino-inadequado.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fACkb2u1ULY&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fACkb2u1ULY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/ocean-acidification-25822734&quot;&gt;https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/ocean-acidification-25822734&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://earthjournalism.net/resources/ocean-acidification-and-coral-bleaching&quot;&gt;https://earthjournalism.net/resources/ocean-acidification-and-coral-bleaching&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://super.abril.com.br/mundo-estranho/o-que-provoca-os-deslizamentos-de-terra/&quot;&gt;https://super.abril.com.br/mundo-estranho/o-que-provoca-os-deslizamentos-de-terra/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/erosion/&quot;&gt;https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/erosion/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/science/leaching-geochemistry-of-soil&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/science/leaching-geochemistry-of-soil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://achemistinlangley.net/2015/04/10/a-non-specialists-guide-to-how-spilled-hydrocarbons-react-in-water/&quot;&gt;https://achemistinlangley.net/2015/04/10/a-non-specialists-guide-to-how-spilled-hydrocarbons-react-in-water/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2016/08/31/the-eruption-of-krakatoa-was-the-first-global-catastrophe/#211463d32f1e&quot;&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2016/08/31/the-eruption-of-krakatoa-was-the-first-global-catastrophe/#211463d32f1e&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.meioambiente.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=29&quot;&gt;http://www.meioambiente.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;https://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/cerrado-a-floresta-de-cabeca-para-baixo-que-abastece-boa-parte-do-brasil.ghtml&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;https://www.agenciabrasilia.df.gov.br/2021/07/12/pesquisa-investiga-impactos-do-aluminio-nas-plantas-do-cerrado/&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;http://ecologia.ib.usp.br/cerrado/aspectos_solo.htm&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;https://integraragro.com.br/index.php/notas-tecnicas/40-conhecendo-os-solos-do-cerrado&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;http://cerrado.museuvirtual.unb.br/index.php/meios/hidrografia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/reuters/2022/01/03/disparada-em-desmatamento-no-cerrado-alarma-cientistas.htm&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;https://oeco.org.br/reportagens/cerrado-responde-por-quase-um-terco-de-toda-area-desmatada-no-brasil-em-2020/&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-57507268&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Referências gerais:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Lopes, L. &amp;amp; Rosso, S. &lt;i&gt;BIO:
Volume Único&lt;/i&gt;. Saraiva. 3ª ed. 2013.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Thompson, M. &amp;amp; Rios, EP. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conexões
com a Biologia&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 1. Moderna. 2ª ed. 2016.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Townsend, CR., Begon, M.,
Harper, JL. &lt;i&gt;Fundamentos em Ecologia&lt;/i&gt;. 3ª ed. Artmed. 2010.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Urry, LA. &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Biology&lt;/i&gt;.
11th ed. Pearson. 2016.&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/6426832687246377072'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/6426832687246377072'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/10/ecologia-10-o-desenvolvimento.html' title='ECOLOGIA 10 - O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicVEHcBWtRoad0BmoyJ2k6NsPyNYsl8KGBw0LxgCivgg_2iLZVC-BSvdSdEbOsVBVrNf5IPtVITjzsh4YF9TOPLL-3IiONUf07n92Cmj_og7CIciqEv0qu3yNgAZflsNxnLNtk/s72-c/Eco+10+pegada+ecol%25C3%25B3gica.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-189601744730232551</id><published>2019-10-10T13:24:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2026-09-29T08:17:18.479-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="abióticas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="acidificação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="alterações"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="branqueamento"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="corais"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="estufa"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="lixão"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mar"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ozônio"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="poluição"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="águas"/><title type='text'>ECOLOGIA 09 - AS ALTERAÇÕES ABIÓTICAS E OS PROBLEMAS AMBIENTAIS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;ECOLOGIA 09 – As alterações
abióticas e os problemas ambientais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alterações abióticas &lt;/b&gt;(nos
ecossistemas)&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; o termo
basicamente se refere aos diversos tipos de &lt;b&gt;poluição&lt;/b&gt;, que é a degradação de um ecossistema por conta da
introdução excessiva de matéria orgânica, substâncias tóxicas, íons ou mesmo
energia. A poluição promove a contaminação do solo, da água e do ar e essas
alterações abióticas também geram alterações bióticas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Poluição atmosférica:&lt;/b&gt; um dos exemplos mais comuns é a poluição
atmosférica, que pode ser gerada pelo aumento na concentração de algum gás
liberado pela atividade industrial, de seus produtos ou da queima de
combustíveis fósseis (como o carvão mineral e o petróleo).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTJm_qHbryeXg2MSNunFGkc2lTy1VCCcl7UoB7JqRVOL5K8w2yUURhqLHTQb_cmbxIAwsRpsBTylmPLZrHYRKrlprlB2JPlJyz01DHENo38yEC6tWzM_9c6AajOOLq4X3Xrbjh/s1600/Eco+09+polui%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+atmosf%25C3%25A9rica.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;437&quot; data-original-width=&quot;582&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTJm_qHbryeXg2MSNunFGkc2lTy1VCCcl7UoB7JqRVOL5K8w2yUURhqLHTQb_cmbxIAwsRpsBTylmPLZrHYRKrlprlB2JPlJyz01DHENo38yEC6tWzM_9c6AajOOLq4X3Xrbjh/s400/Eco+09+polui%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+atmosf%25C3%25A9rica.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Como exemplos: o CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
em excesso pode contribuir para o aquecimento do planeta, pois é um gás estufa. O CO, produto da
combustão incompleta que ocorre nos motores dos veículos é um poluente capaz de
se ligar fortemente à hemoglobina, proteína do sangue responsável por transportar
o O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;, formando a carboxiemoglobina, podendo asfixiar uma pessoa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Além do CO, o processo de
combustão incompleta pode gerar outros compostos que reagem na atmosfera e geram
produtos que causam desconforto respiratório e irritação nos olhos. Como exemplos
temos o ozônio - O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, que na alta atmosfera filtra a radiação
ultravioleta, mas em baixas altitudes causa esses problemas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A queima do diesel libera SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
e NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, gases que, além de causar dificuldades respiratórias, também
são capazes de gerar ácidos, como o sulfúrico e o nítrico, que retornam à
superfície como &lt;b&gt;chuva ácida&lt;/b&gt;. O pH
das chuvas já é naturalmente ácido, com valor de aproximadamente 5,6, mas a
geração dos ácidos citados pode baixar esse valor até 1,5. Dentre os efeitos da
chuva ácida podemos dizer que, dependendo do caso, ela pode gerar problemas
respiratórios nas pessoas, eliminar as folhas das árvores e contaminar o solo e
os lagos, levando alguns organismos à morte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQvwG7_vcZbgI7n5viac546b6C634h1xt9DMhPaaJQJrMw7T6y9jzFIFFiWVuW7dpvxIuSmJUGuiUSSI2K1meK5Hh-kBZ9Zyv42_-m3U08p3zVOn8-fg0xVjGtAGJ6CC29ur0e/s1600/Eco+09+chuva+%25C3%25A1cida+perda+de+folhas.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;459&quot; data-original-width=&quot;570&quot; height=&quot;257&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQvwG7_vcZbgI7n5viac546b6C634h1xt9DMhPaaJQJrMw7T6y9jzFIFFiWVuW7dpvxIuSmJUGuiUSSI2K1meK5Hh-kBZ9Zyv42_-m3U08p3zVOn8-fg0xVjGtAGJ6CC29ur0e/s320/Eco+09+chuva+%25C3%25A1cida+perda+de+folhas.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Árvores que perderam as folhas
por conta do efeito da chuva ácida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;O CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; liberado em
excesso também pode promover uma &lt;b&gt;diminuição
leve no pH oceânico&lt;/b&gt; por conta da formação de ácido carbônico, o que, por
sua vez, pode alterar o metabolismo de diversos organismos, como a diminuição
na eficiência das trocas gasosas nas brânquias dos peixes e afetar a disponibilidade
de CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, componente de placas, conchas e exoesqueletos de
organismos marinhos como os dos moluscos, crustáceos e corais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoj2tCoR7qSZsmAKKfkdUMnjshok4606BkyR7adyFFqiQwafQjTEmUZ6jHsKBsqw0ILOerTpfHJcpE4KJSkm8wYoiIQmVoPWH7yuKP_ohRaOwiaXb2e-qGy2Q_e1Ob8HvFXPC4/s1600/Eco+09+acidifica%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+dos+oceanos.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;522&quot; data-original-width=&quot;691&quot; height=&quot;301&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoj2tCoR7qSZsmAKKfkdUMnjshok4606BkyR7adyFFqiQwafQjTEmUZ6jHsKBsqw0ILOerTpfHJcpE4KJSkm8wYoiIQmVoPWH7yuKP_ohRaOwiaXb2e-qGy2Q_e1Ob8HvFXPC4/s400/Eco+09+acidifica%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+dos+oceanos.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Formação de ácido carbônico e
alguns dos seus efeitos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ainda no âmbito do excesso de
CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; podemos mencionar o &lt;b&gt;embranquecimento
dos corais&lt;/b&gt;. Ele não é causado pela diminuição do pH dos oceanos, mas sim pelo
aumento da temperatura das águas oceânicas, relacionado ao aumento dos níveis
de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; atmosférico. Basicamente, há espécies de corais cujos pólipos,
as formas fixas, vivem associados às algas simbiontes (dinoflageladas zooxantelas), o problema é que o
aumento das temperaturas oceânicas e outros estresses ambientais podem fazer
com que os corais ejetem as algas. Sem elas os corais se tornam esbranquiçados
e perdem as substâncias orgânicas produzidas pela fotossíntese delas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn1BW1AMubZ5-AAMRjpvN1xIYzyI_mHq9O3OxsCw9y8aM4_xDfPvwWjnRKGRGGlTNoqOuAzgMB3FoU6e-wzAmo2ua7qkQUQUjOC9Mgbjhb1ThHYPtcshAiXlsKJkes1lt0wAfG/s1600/Eco+09+branqueamento+dos+corais.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;456&quot; data-original-width=&quot;579&quot; height=&quot;313&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn1BW1AMubZ5-AAMRjpvN1xIYzyI_mHq9O3OxsCw9y8aM4_xDfPvwWjnRKGRGGlTNoqOuAzgMB3FoU6e-wzAmo2ua7qkQUQUjOC9Mgbjhb1ThHYPtcshAiXlsKJkes1lt0wAfG/s400/Eco+09+branqueamento+dos+corais.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Efeito do branqueamento dos
corais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A poluição atmosférica também pode
contribuir com o fenômeno da &lt;b&gt;inversão
térmica&lt;/b&gt;, no qual, por conta do acúmulo de resíduos liberados, forma-se uma
nuvem de fumaça que impede a passagem da luz do sol, promovendo o resfriamento da
superfície. O resultado é que se forma uma camada de ar quente acima da camada
de fumaça e, como o ar quente é menos denso, ele não desce, fazendo com que as
substâncias poluentes se concentrem mais próximas da superfície e causem
problemas diversos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Poluição das águas:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; pode se dar pela liberação de vários tipos de
compostos liberados nas águas, como os esgotos cujas águas não receberam o
tratamento devido ou por defensivos agrícolas que podem atingir os corpos
d’água.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHHPPvOtFKYv9z0V0FG0lUFUg86y2y59Ou7HmafySeJh-82oIM2-lr3xgnlwjECbN9EPOzKbcfwKSeUz7SOVbonXO3TIyjeY2M8oEyORuXBVSolARVsXq_u2aIEsvrIjrwGnxV/s1600/Eco+09+polui%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+das+%25C3%25A1guas.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;466&quot; data-original-width=&quot;768&quot; height=&quot;242&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHHPPvOtFKYv9z0V0FG0lUFUg86y2y59Ou7HmafySeJh-82oIM2-lr3xgnlwjECbN9EPOzKbcfwKSeUz7SOVbonXO3TIyjeY2M8oEyORuXBVSolARVsXq_u2aIEsvrIjrwGnxV/s400/Eco+09+polui%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+das+%25C3%25A1guas.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Mais um exemplo drástico é o da
poluição das águas marinhas após o derramamento de petróleo a partir de
acidentes em navios petroleiros. O petróleo consiste basicamente de uma mistura
de hidrocarbonetos e esses compostos são hidrofóbicos. Então, forma-se uma
camada na superfície da água que impede a passagem de luz e afeta o processo de
fotossíntese. Além disso, ele pode se impregnar nas brânquias dos peixes,
matando-os por asfixia, e nas penas das aves, levando-as à morte por não
poderem voar e impedindo as penas de aquecê-las. No momento, as melhores
soluções para se lidar com o problema do derramamento de petróleo são usar barreirar
físicas e sugar o material com bombas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Outro problema importante no
que tange às águas é o processo de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;eutrofização&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
(“nutrição verdadeira”). O excesso de nutrientes na água, como os íons fosfatos
(PO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;) e nitratos (NO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;), promove
a multiplicação exagerada das algas, organismos autótrofos fotossintéticos
componentes do fitoplâncton. O problema é que essa multiplicação exagerada gera
aumento na taxa de mortalidade das algas e também do zooplâncton que se
alimenta delas. Isso, por sua vez, promove o aumento da taxa de decomposição e
dos números de organismos decompositores, os fungos e as bactérias, nesse caso,
aeróbios. Esses organismos aeróbios consomem quase todo o O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
dissolvido na água, causando a morte de organismos aeróbios como os peixes e a
predominância e multiplicação dos organismos anaeróbicos (fungos e bactérias
anaeróbicas) que liberam substâncias com odores fortes, pois não conseguem
realizar um processo de oxidação completa de compostos orgânicos e liberar CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;.
Algumas das principais causas do processo de eutrofização são o lançamento de
esgotos domésticos nas águas e os resíduos resultantes de fertilizantes usados
na agricultura. É bom destacar que em certos casos as algas produzem
substâncias tóxicas capazes de matar os peixes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Além da poluição gerada pela
entrada de substâncias no sistema, podemos citar o aumento na temperatura, que
pode ser causado por conta da atividade de usinas de geração de energia e
promove o desenvolvimento de certas bactérias e fungos e a diminuição da
solubilidade do O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; na água.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Por fim, ainda em relação à
poluição das águas é bom destacar o fenômeno da &lt;b&gt;magnificação trófica&lt;/b&gt;: algumas substâncias liberadas no ambiente não
são facilmente degradadas (“não biodegradáveis”) pelos organismos e tendem a se
acumular nos tecidos adiposos. Como a quantidade eliminada pela excreção é
pequena, as concentrações desses compostos aumentam na medida em que o nível
trófico de uma cadeia alimentar também aumenta. Dois exemplos desse tipo de possíveis
poluentes são o mercúrio ligado aos compostos orgânicos e o DDT, dicloro-difenil-tricloroetano,
um pesticida, o mesmo da DDTização. O DDT, por exemplo, afina as cascas dos
ovos das aves, aumentando a mortalidade e o metil-mercúrio é altamente tóxico e
gera lesões no tecido nervoso.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Poluição dos solos:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; pode ser gerada a partir do lixo em excesso,
substâncias tóxicas presentes no lixo e defensivos agrícolas que adentram as
camadas do solo. Essas substâncias podem atingir os lençóis freáticos e contaminar
outros corpos d’água.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Poluição por elementos radiativos:&lt;/b&gt; de tempos em tempos pode haver
acidentes por motivos diversos e eventos naturais capazes de destruir os
reatores das usinas nucleares, liberando elementos radiativos no meio. Os
acidentes de 1986 em Chernobyl e 2011 em Fukushima são exemplos. Em 1987, em
Goiânia, uma cápsula abandonada contendo pó de Césio-137, radiativo, foi
encontrada por pessoas simples, que a abriram, manusearam o pó e foram contaminadas.
O incidente gerou quatro óbitos e 200 contaminações.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O efeito estufa e as mudanças climáticas: &lt;/b&gt;a atmosfera é a camada
gasosa presente na superfície do planeta, que se estende por vários km de
altura e é dividida em regiões, com base, por exemplo, na composição gasosa e
na temperatura. A camada mais próxima da superfície é a troposfera, que vai até
10 km de altitude. A maior parte dos fenômenos climáticos ocorrem na troposfera
e nela encontramos as maiores concentrações de O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
e H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O (o O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; é encontrado em maiores concentrações na camada
seguinte, a estratosfera).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Aproximadamente 35 % da
radiação solar que atinge a terra é refletida de volta para o espaço pelas
nuvens. O restante atinge a superfície e é convertida em energia térmica. A
superfície, por sua vez, emite radiação infravermelha de volta para a atmosfera
que pode ser percebida na forma de calor. Os gases estufa, como o CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;,
CH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; e o N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;O, conseguem reter essa radiação infravermelha
promovendo o aquecimento da atmosfera e mantendo a temperatura média do planeta
em torno de 14 °C. Se não fosse esse efeito o planeta seria bem mais frio, por
volta de -18 °C a -15 °C. Assim, vemos que a manutenção desse efeito e dessas
temperaturas promoveu o desenvolvimento da vida na Terra. Veja a imagem:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYlQ7eJPXfj6kytmJ9yS5oaxTSwa5LvAwen21iVSohDOTjJrsEyMJIZEUGgzGK_Guw_g0yYLfoOMdHR2qAzNYnFpxgPcInrLPOwuNVl1s4fD2N35uUqzRnWx2YqeK5VZyRtChT/s1600/Eco+09+Efeito+estufa.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;591&quot; data-original-width=&quot;805&quot; height=&quot;292&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYlQ7eJPXfj6kytmJ9yS5oaxTSwa5LvAwen21iVSohDOTjJrsEyMJIZEUGgzGK_Guw_g0yYLfoOMdHR2qAzNYnFpxgPcInrLPOwuNVl1s4fD2N35uUqzRnWx2YqeK5VZyRtChT/s400/Eco+09+Efeito+estufa.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;O CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;, gás estufa,
pode ser liberado em excesso pela queima de combustíveis fósseis, acentuando o efeito
estufa e promovendo as mudanças climáticas. O efeito foi potencializado a
partir do Século XVIII, durante a revolução industrial. Assim, acredita-se que
essas emissões em maiores quantidades geraram mudanças climáticas diversas,
como verões mais quentes, invernos mais frios, degelos, alterações no nível das
águas do mar e furacões, mais intensos. Os anos mais quentes da história do
planeta, de 1850 até hoje, foram registrados a partir de 1998.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Dentre alguns dos problemas
resultantes das mudanças climáticas, além do aquecimento do planeta, estão o
aumento da área de atuação de mosquitos transmissores de doenças, o isolamento dos
organismos de frio de montanha ainda mais para o cume, o derretimento de
geleiras e etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU4WpY5KnzzkDB9TYpbzKDwCLHjr-DGCgs1LDOK7txJ4NkCW2hJgqGd6VUY4yoI0L-RzD8q3SErcowvLsApTHH4InVbIHIi7GodDUHqdsebOtBTm01ghpYz4Jbm9jA6QSO_vie/s1600/Eco+09+degelo+aquecimento.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;532&quot; data-original-width=&quot;615&quot; height=&quot;345&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU4WpY5KnzzkDB9TYpbzKDwCLHjr-DGCgs1LDOK7txJ4NkCW2hJgqGd6VUY4yoI0L-RzD8q3SErcowvLsApTHH4InVbIHIi7GodDUHqdsebOtBTm01ghpYz4Jbm9jA6QSO_vie/s400/Eco+09+degelo+aquecimento.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A destruição da camada de O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;as radiações ultravioletas
podem causar danos e mutações nas células da pele e, com isso, até gerar
tumores. A camada de O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; atua absorvendo essas radiações e conferindo
proteção aos organismos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglP-I45fwCU_ny99CV9PHZ1ng7QmeeXgBFeHQyHY3pRtVZTVyyHpymYmOVCzwYj_SpPRvL6HQIo6cOpcMBhWdygfbVXVP63Wexv3p91GuwMrUcl-MSnNv6QX34Ao7lZUnK2xT8/s1600/Eco+09+Camada+de+oz%25C3%25B4nio+rea%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;714&quot; data-original-width=&quot;585&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglP-I45fwCU_ny99CV9PHZ1ng7QmeeXgBFeHQyHY3pRtVZTVyyHpymYmOVCzwYj_SpPRvL6HQIo6cOpcMBhWdygfbVXVP63Wexv3p91GuwMrUcl-MSnNv6QX34Ao7lZUnK2xT8/s400/Eco+09+Camada+de+oz%25C3%25B4nio+rea%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o.gif&quot; width=&quot;327&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;O problema é que essa camada
vem sendo destruída progressivamente, primordialmente por conta da liberação de
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;clorofluorcarbonos&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;, compostos
utilizados em diversos produtos, como os aerossóis, espumas plásticas,
condicionadores de ar e etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;CFC + energia luminosa + 2 O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
-&amp;nbsp; - &amp;gt;&amp;nbsp; 3 O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + Cl&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Uma peculiaridade é que as massas
de ar concentram os CFCs na região Antártida e isso acabou promovendo a redução
de 20 % da camada de O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; na região, gerando um “buraco”. Há acordos
internacionais que objetivam reduzir o uso dos CFCs, eliminar o consumo e a
produção até 2040. Acredita-se que a vida útil dos CFCs seja de aproximadamente
75 anos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O destino do lixo:&lt;/b&gt; na medida em que a população mundial cresce,
crescem também o consumo e a quantidade de lixo produzido. Estima-se que cada
brasileiro gere, em média, 600 g de lixo por dia e que, no Brasil, de 2003 a
2014 o lixo aumentou 29% enquanto o crescimento populacional foi de 6%. Esse
material é constituído de restos de comida, papel, metais e outros resíduos. O
problema é dar destino adequado a esse material, pois muito do que é liberado
no lixo pode ser tóxico, causar problemas de saúde, contaminar o solo e a água.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A solução mais usada é
transferir o lixo para as regiões periféricas, os chamados &lt;b&gt;lixões&lt;/b&gt;, onde tudo fica a céu aberto e promove a multiplicação de
insetos, ratos e outros organismos capazes de causar doenças em humanos,
inclusive nos próprios indivíduos que recolhem materiais nesses locais. Além
disso, o &lt;b&gt;chorume&lt;/b&gt;, líquido escuro que escorre da matéria orgânica em
decomposição no lixo, pode contaminar o solo e os lençóis freáticos. Uma
alternativa, menos pior, mas ainda longe do ideal, são os &lt;b&gt;aterros sanitários&lt;/b&gt;, nos quais se cava um buraco enorme no chão,
impermeabiliza-se essa superfície para evitar o vazamento do chorume e
posteriormente se cobre o lixo de terra. Nesses locais há a liberação de gás
metano, que pode ser utilizado como combustível ou então, queimado. Dependendo
do tipo de lixo, como os resíduos hospitalares, realiza-se a incineração do
material, mas esse processo libera gases tóxicos na fumaça.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvTnR7nljqOJW7FPkaqDJdEc3PlRLVeGyRN9KfcV0yhsQ6m6Da8nhWCsCxuG340zD8PZ8ZgbJE5WUQRCLuLE6ueCcQyDGYQN04rjh8kIFTSW46-FbUpGwJ5s1dddzdNCWjf0LJ/s1600/Eco+09+lix%25C3%25A3o+da+estrutural.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;564&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;281&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvTnR7nljqOJW7FPkaqDJdEc3PlRLVeGyRN9KfcV0yhsQ6m6Da8nhWCsCxuG340zD8PZ8ZgbJE5WUQRCLuLE6ueCcQyDGYQN04rjh8kIFTSW46-FbUpGwJ5s1dddzdNCWjf0LJ/s400/Eco+09+lix%25C3%25A3o+da+estrutural.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Em locais onde se faz a coleta
seletiva, pode-se utilizar os restos de alimentos (o chamado “lixo orgânico”)
como fertilizante para o cultivo dos solos. Já o material plástico e os papéis,
podem ser reaproveitados em atividades industriais. (Mais adiante você verá os
chamados 5 Rs da sustentabilidade).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O desmatamento:&lt;/b&gt; é a remoção da cobertura vegetal, que pode promover
a erosão, o assoreamento, a lixiviação, a desertificação e o aumento nos níveis
de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; atmosférico. Em grande parte o desmatamento problemático é
gerado por conta das atividades de produção, como a industrial, a agrícola e
dos resíduos gerados por essas atividades. Por exemplo, pode-se desmatar uma
área de floresta a fim de se gerar um campo para o cultivo de uma monocultura.
Ainda, dependendo do caso, o uso dos defensivos agrícolas pode contribuir para
a contaminação do solo e dos lençóis freáticos. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Segue uma definição dos vários
termos mencionados:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Erosão:&lt;/b&gt; é um processo de retirada de partículas do solo, promovendo
o desgaste. Pode ser causado, por exemplo, pelas águas das chuvas ou pelos
ventos. Esse processo pode acontecer naturalmente, mas o desmatamento é capaz
de acelerá-lo. Alguns dos problemas relacionados são a perda da fertilidade dos
solos e os deslizamentos de terra que podem afetar áreas habitacionais. A
construção de residências de maneira irregular, em terrenos inclinados, ao
remover a cobertura vegetal compromete grandemente a segurança dos moradores
com o risco de deslizamentos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsy-OdiRp_G8GKgRl2Gfi-PuFPm6pcI2yQkUMvhe5V44Ko0VxN9iFsKMTuOxsvt2nhCNw_BU4n1G_DgU0pOu7r7pGl12Xl-iXuWnZUKcXzY8p52eoeXbE_D2reAl-Iz5Ye5ubT/s1600/Eco+09+Deslizamento.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;590&quot; data-original-width=&quot;982&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsy-OdiRp_G8GKgRl2Gfi-PuFPm6pcI2yQkUMvhe5V44Ko0VxN9iFsKMTuOxsvt2nhCNw_BU4n1G_DgU0pOu7r7pGl12Xl-iXuWnZUKcXzY8p52eoeXbE_D2reAl-Iz5Ye5ubT/s400/Eco+09+Deslizamento.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Assoreamento:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; consiste no acúmulo de materiais nos rios e outros
corpos d’água. O material acumulado pode dificultar o fluxo das águas,
prejudicando os ecossistemas aquáticos. O assoreamento pode ser gerado pelo
processo de erosão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Ho4hly0oynWaYNoOlNlEXxLP7C0YTb3Vn1lbxhrQcHgIfgI2o91CQXV5oJb2ObeZmd9H96EaCn-lno7mZrv4qyzYS1eCp5VoFO0Dsp0rv4z_2ZOVdkKOdRlQjGXDuQ8Ub9QY/s1600/Eco+09+assoreamento.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;497&quot; data-original-width=&quot;668&quot; height=&quot;296&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Ho4hly0oynWaYNoOlNlEXxLP7C0YTb3Vn1lbxhrQcHgIfgI2o91CQXV5oJb2ObeZmd9H96EaCn-lno7mZrv4qyzYS1eCp5VoFO0Dsp0rv4z_2ZOVdkKOdRlQjGXDuQ8Ub9QY/s400/Eco+09+assoreamento.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Lixiviação:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; perda de substâncias solúveis da camada
superior do solo, devida às chuvas (o conceito é similar ao da erosão). Esses
materiais retirados podem ser depositados em regiões de menor altitude, sendo
que, em um local, forma-se então uma camada superior porosa e uma camada
inferior mais densa, às vezes até impermeável. A retirada das substâncias
solúveis do solo dificulta o crescimento das plantas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 23px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 23px;&quot;&gt;As referências básicas dessa série sobre ecologia são:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 23px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; line-height: 23px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Thompson, M. &amp;amp; Rios, EP.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conexões com a Biologia&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 1. Moderna. 2ª ed. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Townsend, CR., Begon, M., Harper, JL.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Fundamentos em Ecologia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;. 3ª ed. Artmed. 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Urry, LA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;. 11th ed. Pearson. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Lopes, L. &amp;amp; Rosso, S.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;BIO: Volume Único&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;. Saraiva. 3ª ed. 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;As restantes serão informadas na parte final sobre esse assunto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/189601744730232551'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/189601744730232551'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/10/ecologia-09-as-alteracoes-abioticas-e.html' title='ECOLOGIA 09 - AS ALTERAÇÕES ABIÓTICAS E OS PROBLEMAS AMBIENTAIS'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTJm_qHbryeXg2MSNunFGkc2lTy1VCCcl7UoB7JqRVOL5K8w2yUURhqLHTQb_cmbxIAwsRpsBTylmPLZrHYRKrlprlB2JPlJyz01DHENo38yEC6tWzM_9c6AajOOLq4X3Xrbjh/s72-c/Eco+09+polui%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+atmosf%25C3%25A9rica.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-7843167050780169816</id><published>2019-09-25T13:43:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2026-09-29T07:46:48.281-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="abióticas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="alterações"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biodiversidade"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bióticas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="brasil"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="diversidade"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="equidade"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="espécie chave"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="riqueza"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="unb"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><title type='text'>ECOLOGIA 08 - A BIODIVERSIDADE E AS ALTERAÇÕES NOS AMBIENTES</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A biodiversidade e as alterações nos ambientes: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Nos níveis de organização e
complexidade biológicos é importante que haja uma diversidade biológica, ou &lt;b&gt;biodiversidade&lt;/b&gt;, termo que se refere aos
números de espécies diferentes que habitam um local (a riqueza de espécies), aos
números de indivíduos de cada espécie no local (a abundância relativa, chamada
de uniformidade das espécies), e ainda, aos &lt;i&gt;pools&lt;/i&gt;
gênicos das populações e aos tipos, números e complexidades das interações dos
organismos e das espécies entre si e com o ambiente.&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Riqueza e equidade das
espécies. A comunidade 1 apresenta maior equidade, apesar de ambas apresentarem
as mesmas espécies.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Analisando a imagem acima,
veja que a comunidade 2 apresenta alta dominância ou baixa equidade, tendo em
vista que uma espécie é bem mais abundante que as outras. O contrário ocorre na
comunidade 1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;O Brasil é considerado o país
com a maior biodiversidade do mundo. Estima-se que podem se encontrar até 20 %
das espécies animais e vegetais conhecidas no nosso território. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbuPH4o7MKQf8J-mh2YIPLPDj8sPggK9kq5qCBUjfV7gP6QYyUmHrfTSTiG41iFtGXi3nGhOWM7pToR3cYFS5LiVjifimPQjcQ5DAbgXx1PTQ3BoOGDXju1U4Nhrd4yA1SMrtV/s1600/Eco+08+Biodiversidade+Brasileira.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;635&quot; data-original-width=&quot;759&quot; height=&quot;333&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbuPH4o7MKQf8J-mh2YIPLPDj8sPggK9kq5qCBUjfV7gP6QYyUmHrfTSTiG41iFtGXi3nGhOWM7pToR3cYFS5LiVjifimPQjcQ5DAbgXx1PTQ3BoOGDXju1U4Nhrd4yA1SMrtV/s400/Eco+08+Biodiversidade+Brasileira.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_14359&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; style=&quot;height: 249pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 297.6pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imagem representativa da biodiversidade
brasileira de acordo com as categorias taxonômicas principais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A perda de biodiversidade pode
se dar de várias formas e promover vários tipos de perturbações. Por exemplo,
as &lt;b&gt;espécies invasoras&lt;/b&gt;, que são exóticas
e não nativas de uma região, quando introduzidas, perturbam as dinâmicas
populacionais e as teias alimentares, pois os organismos dessas espécies não
co-evoluíram junto às outras do local. Outro caso é o de quando há a perda de
uma &lt;b&gt;espécie chave&lt;/b&gt;, aquela cujo papel
ecológico é mais importante que o das demais. Exemplos de espécies chaves são os castores, os lobos no parque Yellowstone e os elefantes na savana africana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A perda de diversidade genética também
pode promover a extinção de uma espécie. Os guepardos, por exemplo, são uma
espécie ameaçada em parte por conta da baixa diversidade genética que promove o
surgimento de diversos problemas de saúde e infertilidade. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_14360&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; style=&quot;height: 114.6pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 198.6pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Os números de guepardos têm
diminuído consideravelmente ao longo dos anos. Em parte, devido à baixa
diversidade genética das populações.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Lembre-se também de que o
ambiente pode promover modificações nos organismos e nas populações, mas os
organismos também podem promover mudanças no ambiente e nos fatores abióticos.
Se o número de árvores aumenta em um determinado local, haverá mudanças no
microclima e na composição química do solo e, esses, por sua vez, são fatores
que influenciam os números e os tipos de espécies mais adaptadas a viver nesse
novo ambiente. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Assim, a diversidade biológica
e os ecossistemas devem ser preservados por motivos diversos desde os
medicinais, pois os organismos podem prover substâncias de interesse
farmacêutico, até mesmo os motivos referentes ao relacionamento espiritual de
certas comunidades com os ecossistemas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;As secreções das pererecas da
espécie &lt;i&gt;Phylomedusa nordestina&lt;/i&gt; têm uma substância, a dermaseptina 01 que
pode ser utilizada no tratamento da Leishmaniose. Devemos preservar a
diversidade a fim de conservar esses organismos e os tipos de substâncias e
outros recursos que eles podem nos fornecer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;De maneira geral, os
ecossistemas são capazes de resistir a certas alterações e restabelecer um
equilíbrio ou um estado estacionário. Porém, dependendo do ecossistema ou do
tipo de perturbação, a recuperação não é fácil e isso pode gerar diversos
problemas ambientais. Alguns ecossistemas de alta biodiversidade e sob risco
por conta da atividade humana são chamados de &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;hotspots&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. No Brasil a
Mata Atlântica e o Cerrado são exemplos de &lt;i&gt;hotspots&lt;/i&gt;
e a preservação desses locais deve ser priorizada. Dentre alguns fatores
capazes de alterar ou promover perturbações nos ecossistemas podemos citar as
alterações bióticas e as abióticas:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alterações bióticas:&lt;/b&gt; consistem basicamente na introdução ou na
eliminação de populações de certas espécies em um ecossistema. Note que essas
alterações não necessariamente ocorrem por conta da atividade humana, algumas
catástrofes naturais podem gerá-las, como no caso de um evento de
erupção vulcânica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_14362&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 208.2pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 252pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;O vulcão Krakatoa, localizado
em uma ilha no estreito de Sunda, entre as ilhas de Java e Sumatra, protagonista
de uma grande catástrofe ambiental em 1883 e que resultou na morte de incontáveis
organismos, dentre os quais mais de 36000 mortos humanos em Java e Sumatra graças
às tsunamis geradas pelo evento. &amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introdução de espécies:&lt;/b&gt; a introdução de uma espécie em um
ecossistema pode perturbar as teias alimentares, pois, por exemplo, a espécie
nova pode predar outra de maneira excessiva, ou consumir um recurso em demasia.
A espécie introduzida não co-evoluiu com as outras já presentes no ecossistema.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Pobre tatu, nem tem ideia de
quem chegou na área...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Eliminação de espécies:&lt;/b&gt; não necessariamente se refere à extinção.
As espécies podem ou migrar para outros locais ou diminuir a área de
distribuição. Algumas espécies podem ser eliminadas de um determinado
ecossistema por conta da introdução de parasitas, predadores, ação antrópica e
outros casos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alterações abióticas:&lt;/b&gt; o termo basicamente se refere aos diversos
tipos de &lt;b&gt;poluição&lt;/b&gt;, que é a
degradação de um ecossistema por conta da introdução excessiva de matéria
orgânica, substâncias tóxicas, íons ou mesmo energia. A poluição promove a
contaminação do solo, da água e do ar e essas alterações abióticas também geram
alterações bióticas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Na próxima seção veremos as alterações abióticas
em mais detalhes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;As referências básicas dessa série sobre ecologia são:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Thompson, M. &amp;amp; Rios, EP.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conexões com a Biologia&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 1. Moderna. 2ª ed. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Townsend, CR., Begon, M., Harper, JL.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Fundamentos em Ecologia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;. 3ª ed. Artmed. 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Urry, LA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;. 11th ed. Pearson. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Lopes, L. &amp;amp; Rosso, S.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;BIO: Volume Único&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;. Saraiva. 3ª ed. 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;As restantes serão informadas na parte final sobre esse assunto.&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/7843167050780169816'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/7843167050780169816'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/09/ecologia-08-biodiversidade-e-as.html' title='ECOLOGIA 08 - A BIODIVERSIDADE E AS ALTERAÇÕES NOS AMBIENTES'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsYRBEKm9WIO1VuLz628PBiM6Lm8AGXwkqVgbL5F5n6bsiptXTvg-6EVHJ6c3TxCBNiZWEbNe9gDq2ffRDsv3coRb6A6oOvLLVThZj4R8vTROIe8CEiqmXFYu82Ta_ZHaXPGMF/s72-c/Eco+08+Riqueza+e+equidade+de+esp%25C3%25A9cies.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-8860969032614297676</id><published>2019-09-23T08:08:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2021-09-27T13:22:03.876-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="blastocisto"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="coriônica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cório"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dizigóticos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ectópica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="embrião"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gestação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gêmeos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="hcg"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="implantação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="monozigóticos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nidação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ocitocina"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="parto"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="placenta"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="zigoto"/><title type='text'>A GESTAÇÃO (EM RESUMO)</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A GESTAÇÃO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Maximiliano
Mendes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A
&lt;b&gt;gestação&lt;/b&gt; é o tempo requerido para que um novo indivíduo se desenvolva no
útero da mãe, até o parto, momento no qual é expelido graças às contrações da
musculatura uterina. Para que esse desenvolvimento seja completado o embrião
deve se implantar no endométrio, a mucosa que reveste o útero internamente.
Essa implantação ocorre normalmente de sete a nove dias após a fertilização e
está condicionada à digestão e ao rompimento da zona pelúcida, a camada de
glicoproteínas que recobre o ovócito II liberado e atua no reconhecimento
específico entre o espermatozoide e o ovócito II de uma mesma espécie. A zona
pelúcida ainda reveste o embrião, então, para se implantar no endométrio ele
tem de rompê-la. Ao processo de implantação do embrião no endométrio damos o
nome de &lt;b&gt;nidação&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeWfT8GswznRB_NIPz9IqHROheV0RJX4eUsDK3x8S2fsXRhkch8lfP2AYohP15PSMx7fxMs84xDgyf47KX66_W0riCG_7RtpVhxWzWYOvGajktvymnxxLz0a1sCRO-VJbMWR50/s1600/Blastocisto.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;391&quot; data-original-width=&quot;506&quot; height=&quot;247&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeWfT8GswznRB_NIPz9IqHROheV0RJX4eUsDK3x8S2fsXRhkch8lfP2AYohP15PSMx7fxMs84xDgyf47KX66_W0riCG_7RtpVhxWzWYOvGajktvymnxxLz0a1sCRO-VJbMWR50/s320/Blastocisto.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgonfQioBgBWZm2V1jPnirbR9XezvexT4p2Lk1oz63Q5rlmsB8A56vrY55GaxGyyzX5HDcn7eR9mWrAlAsocbEMUhdgYmAZ27QVat7WsW2mQIoss0mHsKMOxrLEYK3Vp6Ok5qjz/s1600/Nida%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+nova.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;294&quot; data-original-width=&quot;833&quot; height=&quot;224&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgonfQioBgBWZm2V1jPnirbR9XezvexT4p2Lk1oz63Q5rlmsB8A56vrY55GaxGyyzX5HDcn7eR9mWrAlAsocbEMUhdgYmAZ27QVat7WsW2mQIoss0mHsKMOxrLEYK3Vp6Ok5qjz/w640-h224/Nida%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+nova.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Eventualmente a zona pelúcida pode ser rompida antes
do tempo ou fora do local adequado (o endométrio). Nesses casos, o embrião
“tenta” se implantar onde estiver no momento, como na tuba uterina ou até mesmo
na cavidade abdominal. Essas são as chamadas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;gestações
ectópicas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; e são consideradas de risco, tanto para
a vida do embrião quanto da gestante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAqG0SYesK7mfMktmFDfpMUkB1I__CBlmWVrQt8g4bMdiC8Gi5ecqqaL0iRYhrSGVdpq1EFNYtrDS5afYHMu8whNC9z7RCiWqJ93C2_80bkMxt6nZIRfPtdwSlLDeSrlXoiAD3/s1600/Gravidez+ect%25C3%25B3pica.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;563&quot; data-original-width=&quot;845&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAqG0SYesK7mfMktmFDfpMUkB1I__CBlmWVrQt8g4bMdiC8Gi5ecqqaL0iRYhrSGVdpq1EFNYtrDS5afYHMu8whNC9z7RCiWqJ93C2_80bkMxt6nZIRfPtdwSlLDeSrlXoiAD3/s400/Gravidez+ect%25C3%25B3pica.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_5&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; style=&quot;height: 150.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 227.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/MAXIMI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A placenta:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Após a implantação, dando continuidade ao
desenvolvimento, o embrião gera os anexos embrionários e também um órgão
transitório constituído de tecidos maternos e embrionários: a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;placenta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;. Ela é
formada pelo cório do embrião e pela decídua uterina, uma estrutura
vascularizada formada pelo endométrio. A placenta tem várias funções, dentre as
de destaque podemos dizer que ela regula a troca de substâncias entre a mãe e o
bebê, por exemplo: os nutrientes e o O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; devem passar da circulação
materna para a circulação do bebê, ao passo que os excretas e o CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
devem passar no sentido contrário, do bebê para a mãe. A placenta permite essas
trocas de substâncias ao mesmo tempo em que age no sentido de impedir que haja
contato direto entre o sangue da mãe e o do bebê, de maneira a evitar a geração
de uma resposta imune contra ele.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1JYD6m-rjVDHWRBHW9mBh8nyH87VGT2-zuK5Ltye2b1L9f4uQ1CyIkDa44qHS1TKj841cbsPtGpK6NqeZGDbfTIL2U-n9ectWO2RKbA9pYGfgXp5VlB0n-s6DYxK_6c-_LLz/s1600/Placenta+01.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;725&quot; data-original-width=&quot;965&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1JYD6m-rjVDHWRBHW9mBh8nyH87VGT2-zuK5Ltye2b1L9f4uQ1CyIkDa44qHS1TKj841cbsPtGpK6NqeZGDbfTIL2U-n9ectWO2RKbA9pYGfgXp5VlB0n-s6DYxK_6c-_LLz/s400/Placenta+01.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjuE-w4QHWdWp4ssPWSdVEkfiUp-ZgX5R9uBWUAyM6_Sxnp2bcA-wr1ECAtSigfubX0GL9rnc7Vvp1tMD0Qfo1UX8gOKneUXNF2DDu2QpB_qahrtFShPBomatJb_dS2LB7GpQN/s1600/Placenta+02.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;453&quot; data-original-width=&quot;533&quot; height=&quot;271&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjuE-w4QHWdWp4ssPWSdVEkfiUp-ZgX5R9uBWUAyM6_Sxnp2bcA-wr1ECAtSigfubX0GL9rnc7Vvp1tMD0Qfo1UX8gOKneUXNF2DDu2QpB_qahrtFShPBomatJb_dS2LB7GpQN/s320/Placenta+02.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Outra função fundamental da placenta é a de produzir
estrógenos e progesterona durante a gestação, de maneira que os níveis desses
hormônios altos e o endométrio possa ser mantido íntegro para permitir o
desenvolvimento do bebê.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Além de atuar na geração da placenta o cório também
produz o hormônio chamado &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;gonadotrofina
coriônica humana (hCG)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;. A função dele é
manter o corpo amarelo produzindo estrógenos e progesterona por mais tempo, até
que a placenta esteja formada e assuma essa função. Só se espera encontrar o
hCG em altas concentrações no sangue das mulheres grávidas, logo, esse é o
hormônio que tenta se detectar nos testes de gestação, tanto nos que consistem
em exame de sangue quanto nos de urina, pois o excesso desse hormônio é
eliminado pela urina. (A hipófise também produz esse hormônio, mas em baixas
concentrações).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Resumo da sequência do
desenvolvimento:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZoKFZENOGEkHa8ZykcIpC07JM-AxJYIS8MuTsgwg6BNSiZUvMmYeDp2ggjjr1E5yjDkB0v7IGFwSMYG0LJ7QCASmKztAToVFVfWHv4-dwLsHXxsxB7uJppbNS-1BMmLISr5Dn/s1600/Zigoto+-+embri%25C3%25A3o+-+feto.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;517&quot; data-original-width=&quot;934&quot; height=&quot;221&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZoKFZENOGEkHa8ZykcIpC07JM-AxJYIS8MuTsgwg6BNSiZUvMmYeDp2ggjjr1E5yjDkB0v7IGFwSMYG0LJ7QCASmKztAToVFVfWHv4-dwLsHXxsxB7uJppbNS-1BMmLISr5Dn/s400/Zigoto+-+embri%25C3%25A3o+-+feto.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_6&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 190.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 344.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/MAXIMI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;a.
Zigoto: é o novo indivíduo da espécie humana, gerado após a fertilização. É o
estágio de uma célula, sendo que essa célula tem patrimônio genético único,
constituído de 23 cromossomos paternos e 23 maternos. Esses conjuntos de
cromossomos estão, cada um, em um pronúcleo (um masculino e um feminino).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;b.
Embrião: a primeira divisão celular ocorre aproximadamente 30 h após a
fertilização e a partir daí as células em multiplicação geram um embrião. Nessa
etapa há a formação dos tecidos embrionários (os folhetos germinativos) e o
desenvolvimento inicial dos tecidos adultos e dos órgãos. O coração e o sistema
circulatório já se tornam funcionais nessa etapa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;c.
Feto: Após o período embrionário, aproximadamente na 9ª semana de
desenvolvimento após a fertilização, o organismo inicia a fase fetal. Nessa
etapa ocorrem a diferenciação dos tecidos e dos sistemas de órgãos e o
organismo aumenta de peso mais rapidamente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Parto: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;O &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;parto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; é a expulsão do feto e da placenta via contrações da musculatura lisa do
útero no parto normal. O parto também pode ser feito por cirurgia, a cesárea.
Normalmente o parto ocorre por volta do nono mês de gestação e, além das
contrações uterinas também deve haver a dilatação do colo do útero. A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;ocitocina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; é um
hormônio produzido no hipotálamo e liberado pela hipófise posterior (a
neuro-hipófise). Esse hormônio é responsável por promover as contrações uterinas no parto e
também as contrações dos músculos das glândulas mamárias para a liberação do
leite. Além dessas funções a ocitocina também age na formação de laços afetivos
entre a mãe e o bebê.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Gêmeos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Os
gêmeos são os indivíduos que nascem no mesmo parto. Há dois tipos de gêmeos, os
dizigóticos e os monozigóticos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Gêmeos dizigóticos ou fraternos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; resultantes
da formação de dois zigotos. São indivíduos geneticamente distintos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Gêmeos monozigóticos, univitelínicos
ou idênticos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; surgem a partir da divisão de um embrião. Os gêmeos unidos são
gêmeos monozigóticos que não se separam completamente e se desenvolvem e nascem
unidos por alguma parte do corpo. Os gêmeos monozigóticos são geneticamente
iguais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjtDmDUnscuKb3xfvgJS_WThRNPVYKxH5Y8-BCpA7L0i-zWYcg56HlSx1yRpaVzrd_gkudLXmkFCcqwHwnAmviAcShu9r9MZbc0So9DNLVBznSQ_-9ZJF5Go5whkmHNK61qYfZ/s1600/Forma%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+de+g%25C3%25AAmeos.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;734&quot; data-original-width=&quot;717&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjtDmDUnscuKb3xfvgJS_WThRNPVYKxH5Y8-BCpA7L0i-zWYcg56HlSx1yRpaVzrd_gkudLXmkFCcqwHwnAmviAcShu9r9MZbc0So9DNLVBznSQ_-9ZJF5Go5whkmHNK61qYfZ/s400/Forma%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+de+g%25C3%25AAmeos.gif&quot; width=&quot;390&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Veja que os gêmeos podem compartilhar ou não a placenta, o cório e
o âmnio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
  &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
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   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
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   &lt;w:OverrideTableStyleHps/&gt;
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  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot;
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  LatentStyleCount=&quot;376&quot;&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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   Name=&quot;Note Heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Body Text Indent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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   Name=&quot;Hyperlink&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Document Map&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Plain Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;E-mail Signature&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Top of Form&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Bottom of Form&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Normal (Web)&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Acronym&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Address&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Cite&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Code&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Definition&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Keyboard&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Preformatted&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Sample&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Typewriter&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;HTML Variable&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Normal Table&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;annotation subject&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;No List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Outline List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Contemporary&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Elegant&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Professional&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Balloon Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Theme&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A fertilização &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Procedimento utilizado para auxiliar
as mulheres a conceber, caso elas ou os seus parceiros tenham algum problema de
fertilidade como o bloqueio das tubas uterinas, endometriose, distúrbios
ovulatórios e no ciclo menstrual, produção insuficiente de espermatozoides,
produção de espermatozoides sem mobilidade e, também, os embriões gerados pelo
procedimento podem ser testados para se detectar algum problema genético, de
maneira a evitar gestar embriões com problemas indesejados.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O processo envolve o uso de
medicamentos para estimular a ovulação e espessar o endométrio, a coleta de
ovócitos II do ovário da mulher, esperma masculino e a fertilização desses ovócitos
em condições laboratoriais. Dependendo do caso a fertilização pode requerer o
uso de instrumentos para introduzir o espermatozoide no interior do ovócito II.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Após isso, os zigotos gerados se
desenvolvem em embriões, alguns dos quais são selecionados e transferidos para
o útero. O processo tende a levar por volta de três semanas. O número de
embriões gerados no processo pode variar e a quantidade deles a ser implantada
no endométrio também. Normalmente os embriões não utilizados no procedimento
são congelados e podem ser reutilizados posteriormente, pela mesma mulher ou
podem também ser doados.&lt;/p&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Moore,
Persaud &amp;amp; Torchia.&lt;i&gt; The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology&lt;/i&gt;.
10th ed. Elsevier. 2016.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Campbell
et al. &lt;i&gt;Biology&lt;/i&gt;. 11th ed. Pearson. 2016.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/oxytocin/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;http://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/oxytocin/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoHyperlink&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/glands-and-hormones-a-to-z/hormones/human-chorionic-gonadotropin-hormone-hcg&quot;&gt;https://www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/glands-and-hormones-a-to-z/hormones/human-chorionic-gonadotropin-hormone-hcg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;
  &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
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  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
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  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
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   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
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  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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   Name=&quot;HTML Variable&quot;/&gt;
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   Name=&quot;Outline List 2&quot;/&gt;
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   Name=&quot;Outline List 3&quot;/&gt;
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   Name=&quot;Table Simple 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Simple 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Classic 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Colorful 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Columns 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Grid 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table List 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table 3D effects 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Contemporary&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Elegant&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Professional&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Subtle 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Web 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Balloon Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Table Theme&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot;
   Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;true&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;41&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;42&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;43&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;44&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;45&quot; Name=&quot;Plain Table 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;40&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;47&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;48&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;49&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 4 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;50&quot; Name=&quot;Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;51&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;52&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;46&quot;
   Name=&quot;Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/about/pac-20384716&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/8860969032614297676'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/8860969032614297676'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/09/a-gestacao-em-resumo.html' title='A GESTAÇÃO (EM RESUMO)'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbKylmfh5UgX5d7mrr6-t0xOliVlLQwFA8KYnW5cg4YN76xmwQdB-x3xcK-JcbQYZCM0lfreS8bNWKI9vTF7ZAT3sFtD5r4_inf3-RBe-CoPZZvDwXxIJwItx32EfVQ-77xVUp/s72-c/Ovula%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+Fertiliza%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+Nida%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-8057251396009220754</id><published>2019-08-24T15:20:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2019-08-24T15:20:09.198-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="acrossomo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="acrossômica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="corona radiata"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cortical"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fecundação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fertilização"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="grânulo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="II"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ovócito"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pronúcleo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="reação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="zigoto"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="zona pelúcida"/><title type='text'>A FERTILIZAÇÃO/FECUNDAÇÃO</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;FERTILIZAÇÃO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Maximiliano Mendes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Podemos dizer de forma simplificada que a
fertilização é a união entre os gametas masculino e feminino. No caso da nossa
espécie é a sequência de eventos que leva um espermatozoide a encontrar e
adentrar um ovócito II, de forma que os materiais genéticos fornecidos pelos
dois gametas venham a originar um novo indivíduo, de composição genética
distinta dos progenitores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O encontro entre os dois gametas ocorre no primeiro
terço de uma de uma das tubas uterinas, a referente ao ovário que liberou um
ovócito II. O primeiro terço corresponde à porção mais próxima do ovário. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Após a ovulação o ovócito é liberado revestido
por uma camada de células do folículo ovariano, captado pela tuba uterina e
transportado no sentido do útero por conta do batimento sincronizado de vários
cílios localizados no epitélio que revestem as tubas internamente. Já os
espermatozoides ejaculados se locomovem em direção às tubas uterinas graças ao
batimento flagelar e movimentos dos músculos do sistema genital feminino, da
vagina às tubas uterinas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK4tQeds0qgEx9m3hbv6MrjM0XbW8E5gnHwmNTy7wHt7bCD_oeUfzQPMc8PyQBg5xU3FDHDryEGNxHQRUgGoTQlPdPEAKpVRMmp9bP6OAMt5v0Ow7LqMJ0vLMaNBoEfgq0ScCO/s1600/Fol%25C3%25ADculo+ovariano.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;596&quot; data-original-width=&quot;960&quot; height=&quot;198&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK4tQeds0qgEx9m3hbv6MrjM0XbW8E5gnHwmNTy7wHt7bCD_oeUfzQPMc8PyQBg5xU3FDHDryEGNxHQRUgGoTQlPdPEAKpVRMmp9bP6OAMt5v0Ow7LqMJ0vLMaNBoEfgq0ScCO/s320/Fol%25C3%25ADculo+ovariano.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Ao longo do trajeto, inclusive ainda no sistema
genital masculino, os espermatozoides entram em contato com diversas
substâncias químicas, mudanças de pH na solução em que estão e outros fatores
que promovem a chamada capacitação, que consiste em torná-los capazes de
fertilizar o ovócito II.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Ao encontrar o ovócito II, os espermatozoides devem
ser capazes de atravessar a camada de células foliculares, cuja porção mais
interna é chamada coroa radiada. Após atravessar essa camada, o espermatozoide
entrará em contato com uma camada de glicoproteínas que reveste o ovócito II
diretamente e está envolvida no reconhecimento entre os gametas de uma mesma
espécie, denominada zona pelúcida. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Assim que entra em contato com a zona pelúcida há o
reconhecimento específico de proteínas localizadas na superfície do
espermatozoide e receptores da zona pelúcida, as glicoproteínas ZP3. O
espermatozoide libera as enzimas do acrossomo de forma que essas enzimas formam
um “buraco” na zona pelúcida que permite a sua passagem.&lt;/div&gt;
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O primeiro espermatozoide que atravessar a zona
pelúcida irá entrar em contato com a membrana plasmática e promover a chamada
reação cortical na qual o ovócito libera na zona pelúcida o conteúdo de
vesículas chamadas de grânulos corticais que, assim como os acrossomos, também
são lisossomos modificados contendo enzimas digestórias. Essas enzimas são
capazes de modificar a zona pelúcida de forma a impedir que outros
espermatozoides a reconheçam, assim, só o primeiro espermatozoide que foi capaz
de atravessá-la será capaz de fertilizar o ovócito II. Esse mecanismo tem como
objetivo impedir a polispermia, que é a fertilização de um ovócito por mais de
um espermatozoide, que pode gerar embriões inviáveis, por exemplo, embriões
triploides, mas os indivíduos gerados morrem ainda nas primeiras etapas do
desenvolvimento embrionário.&lt;/div&gt;
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Após a entrada do espermatozoide, o ovócito II,
estacionado na metáfase II, termina a segunda divisão meiótica gerando duas
células: o óvulo, que retém a maior parte do citoplasma e em cujo interior se
encontra o espermatozoide, e um corpúsculo polar, célula bem menor que
degenera. Além disso, há a formação dos chamados pronúcleos masculino e
feminino cada um com um conjunto (n) de 23 cromossomos proveniente de cada um
dos progenitores. Assim, há a formação do zigoto, a célula correspondente ao
início do desenvolvimento de um novo indivíduo, contendo um patrimônio genético
único, formado pela união dos cromossomos paternos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Esses cromossomos passarão por uma duplicação, os
núcleos começam a se aproximar um do outro, fragmentam e liberam os cromossomos
duplicados no citoplasma. Esses cromossomos irão se alinhar na região mediana
da célula, ligar-se-ão às fibras do fuso mitótico em uma metáfase e, então, a
célula se divide pela primeira vez, gerando duas células filhas embrionárias
indiferenciadas chamadas blastômeros. Essa primeira divisão ocorre aproximadamente
30 h após a fertilização e o desenvolvimento do indivíduo continua.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/dbefruchtung/planmodbefru.html&quot;&gt;http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/dbefruchtung/planmodbefru.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ufrgs.br/gametaembriao/interacao.htm&quot;&gt;http://www.ufrgs.br/gametaembriao/interacao.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Vídeo legal resumindo o assunto: &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/7G2rL5Cutd4&quot;&gt;https://youtu.be/7G2rL5Cutd4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/8057251396009220754'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/8057251396009220754'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/08/a-fertilizacaofecundacao.html' title='A FERTILIZAÇÃO/FECUNDAÇÃO'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK4tQeds0qgEx9m3hbv6MrjM0XbW8E5gnHwmNTy7wHt7bCD_oeUfzQPMc8PyQBg5xU3FDHDryEGNxHQRUgGoTQlPdPEAKpVRMmp9bP6OAMt5v0Ow7LqMJ0vLMaNBoEfgq0ScCO/s72-c/Fol%25C3%25ADculo+ovariano.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-5114254741600547715</id><published>2019-08-13T14:53:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2026-09-28T09:27:38.053-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="clímax"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="comunidade"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pioneiros"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="primária"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="secundária"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="seres"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sucessão ecológica"/><title type='text'>Ecologia 07 - As sucessões ecológicas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;ECOLOGIA 07 - AS SUCESSÕES ECOLÓGICAS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Maximiliano Mendes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;É sabido que os fatores
físicos do meio podem influenciar e promover alterações nos organismos de um
ecossistema, mas também que os organismos podem modificar os fatores físicos do
meio, como é o caso das associações entre bactérias fixadoras de N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
e as raízes das plantas leguminosas, que podem aumentar o teor de compostos
nitrogenados no solo, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de outras plantas. Na
medida em que o meio e as populações de organismos sofrem modificações e
evoluem, o perfil do ecossistema muda ao longo do tempo. A tendência é que
aumentem os números de espécies, de organismos e das interações entre os
componentes bióticos e abióticos, ou seja, a complexidade do ecossistema tende
a aumentar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Dependendo do ecossistema e da
estabilidade em que ele se encontra, a comunidade que o habita pode se
estabilizar e não sofrer alterações significativas no tocante à diversidade,
aos números de organismos e às interações entre eles. Chamamos esse estágio
estável e resiliente de &lt;b&gt;comunidade
clímax&lt;/b&gt;, e cada estágio da comunidade, até que esse clímax seja atingido é
chamado de &lt;b&gt;sere&lt;/b&gt;. Ao processo que
abrange uma série de seres, até a comunidade atingir o clímax, chamamos &lt;b&gt;sucessão ecológica&lt;/b&gt;. Basicamente, então, um ecossistema abriga uma comunidade pioneira, seguido de estágios de seres e, por último, abriga uma comunidade clímax. Podemos citar como
exemplos de clímax os grandes biomas brasileiros como a floresta amazônica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Outro dado interessante é o de
que em uma comunidade clímax a produtividade primária bruta é alta, porém, a
produtividade líquida é baixa, pois praticamente toda a matéria orgânica
produzida é consumida. Lembre-se: a produtividade líquida é a parcela da
produtividade primária bruta que foi incorporada ao organismo do autótrofo e
está disponível para o nível trófico seguinte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAQu_RNgN7LQo5cmFCH_NQnGPaYHMN47nQ9JwGshIZHImnKOWYHrlbstGbiQCS085vujwMNrYTZqfVAoCpao3ifAXHG777RuKw9th_qCgDz1WHNbCY2HE7n6VLagSpQlaixpGH/s1600/Eco+07+Sucess%25C3%25A3o+ecol%25C3%25B3gica.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;345&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAQu_RNgN7LQo5cmFCH_NQnGPaYHMN47nQ9JwGshIZHImnKOWYHrlbstGbiQCS085vujwMNrYTZqfVAoCpao3ifAXHG777RuKw9th_qCgDz1WHNbCY2HE7n6VLagSpQlaixpGH/s640/Eco+07+Sucess%25C3%25A3o+ecol%25C3%25B3gica.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Caso um local onde haverá uma
sucessão ecológica nunca tenha sido habitado antes, ou foi há muito tempo,
dizemos que ocorrerá ali uma &lt;b&gt;sucessão
ecológica primária&lt;/b&gt;. São locais como as dunas de areia ou os que foram assolados
por lava vulcânica derramada recentemente. Tendo em vista o tipo de local, a
colonização dele normalmente só é iniciada por espécies de organismos capazes
de suportar condições adversas e de reprodução rápida. Essas espécies são
chamadas &lt;b&gt;espécies pioneiras&lt;/b&gt; e, como
já foi mencionado, podem alterar o ambiente de forma a permitir a colonização
posterior por outras espécies. Como exemplo, ao morrerem, os organismos da
espécie pioneira enriquecem o substrato com matéria orgânica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;As espécies pioneiras podem ou
não persistir até que se atinja a comunidade clímax. Um bom exemplo de
organismo pioneiro são os musgos. Inicialmente a diversidade da comunidade é
baixa, há autótrofos (produtores) e poucos heterótrofos, mas ao longo da
sucessão a diversidade aumenta, os números de organismos e os números de
interações entre as espécies e o meio físico também aumentam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Se o local foi habitado
recentemente por uma comunidade bem estabelecida, como uma área cultivada, mas
que foi destruída ou alterada drasticamente, falamos em &lt;b&gt;sucessão ecológica secundária&lt;/b&gt;. As sucessões secundárias, em geral,
atingem o clímax mais rápido que as primárias, um dos motivos é que o solo já
pode apresentar uma quantidade razoável de nutrientes e algumas sementes e
esporos de plantas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJgIgIXj9ArgShBgq4W8mZoluF2y_3JY_MySnr8DQV3VD1V5sjoIO7Z2tHbOQM8ctY-zhXcWFyJEBHVY_t7winl9q4CuLrGOY8qHWy02Kx5buZwM7XYoHSsTlKaDcVdBWqnQzd/s1600/Eco+07+musgo+esp%25C3%25A9cie+pioneira.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;347&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJgIgIXj9ArgShBgq4W8mZoluF2y_3JY_MySnr8DQV3VD1V5sjoIO7Z2tHbOQM8ctY-zhXcWFyJEBHVY_t7winl9q4CuLrGOY8qHWy02Kx5buZwM7XYoHSsTlKaDcVdBWqnQzd/s400/Eco+07+musgo+esp%25C3%25A9cie+pioneira.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;As referências básicas dessa série sobre ecologia são:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Thompson, M. &amp;amp; Rios, EP.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conexões com a Biologia&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 1. Moderna. 2ª ed. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Townsend, CR., Begon, M., Harper, JL.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Fundamentos em Ecologia&lt;/i&gt;. 3ª ed. Artmed. 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Urry, LA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biology&lt;/i&gt;. 11th ed. Pearson. 2016.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lopes, L. &amp;amp; Rosso, S.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;BIO: Volume Único&lt;/i&gt;. Saraiva. 3ª ed. 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;As restantes serão informadas na parte final sobre esse assunto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/5114254741600547715'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/5114254741600547715'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/08/ecologia-07-as-sucessoes-ecologicas.html' title='Ecologia 07 - As sucessões ecológicas'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAQu_RNgN7LQo5cmFCH_NQnGPaYHMN47nQ9JwGshIZHImnKOWYHrlbstGbiQCS085vujwMNrYTZqfVAoCpao3ifAXHG777RuKw9th_qCgDz1WHNbCY2HE7n6VLagSpQlaixpGH/s72-c/Eco+07+Sucess%25C3%25A3o+ecol%25C3%25B3gica.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-5596618503943261879</id><published>2019-08-01T16:15:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2026-09-16T11:28:16.823-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biogeoquímico"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="carbono"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ciclo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fixação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nitrificação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nitrobacter"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nitrogênio"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nitrosomonas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nódulos radiculares"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="oxigênio"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="água"/><title type='text'>Ecologia 05 - Os ciclos biogeoquímicos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;AULA 05 – OS CICLOS BIOGEOQUÍMICOS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Maximiliano Mendes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;São ciclos de (matéria) massa e energia
entre os organismos e os componentes abióticos dos ecossistemas. A ocorrência
desses ciclos é essencial para que haja a manutenção dos ecossistemas, tendo em
vista que, se por um lado um ecossistema é mantido por uma entrada constante de
energia e produção primária, por outro lado, a massa orgânica está presente em
quantidades limitadas, por isso, tem de ser reciclada. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Normalmente estudamos os
ciclos de alguns elementos químicos e/ou moléculas importantes. Vejamos alguns
dos principais:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ciclo da água:&lt;/b&gt; a maior parte da massa de um organismo é constituída
de água e ela constitui o solvente onde as reações metabólicas ocorrem. A água
evapora, tanto do meio quanto dos organismos e retorna à superfície por meio
das precipitações, ou seja, muda de estado físico no ciclo. É bom destacar que
apenas 1 % do total da água do planeta é adequada para o consumo humano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsFY4RVrvf7mcdVqIv-gHgDV5KWkfMrX1RpruzV47Tpvfkoy4XGyK80yXFEbWkLp35bE3t2GUd6rGaFRwZN7EM8it4YVY7lq7H0t8pVtJIDHHG6eI5WJrE7ka58KNPhuLK1R3G/s1600/Eco+05+Ciclo+da+%25C3%25A1gua.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsFY4RVrvf7mcdVqIv-gHgDV5KWkfMrX1RpruzV47Tpvfkoy4XGyK80yXFEbWkLp35bE3t2GUd6rGaFRwZN7EM8it4YVY7lq7H0t8pVtJIDHHG6eI5WJrE7ka58KNPhuLK1R3G/s400/Eco+05+Ciclo+da+%25C3%25A1gua.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;O ciclo da água, de maneira
simples. Nessa imagem não são mostrados os animais, porém, assim como as
plantas, eles também perdem água via transpiração. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Imagem: https://www.conservationinstitute.org/water-cycle/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Lembre-se de que podemos
alterar e perturbar o ciclo da água de formas diversas, uma das quais é liberando
um excesso de dejetos na água que utilizamos. Logo, após a utilização, seja no
uso doméstico ou na irrigação de plantios, a água deve ser adequadamente
tratada antes de ser devolvida ao ambiente, caso contrário pode vir a poluir os
corpos d’água naturais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ciclo do carbono:&lt;/b&gt; o carbono é assimilado pelos organismos através
de processos como a fotossíntese, capaz de utilizar o CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; como fonte
de carbono para a síntese de substâncias orgânicas. O carbono pode retornar ao
meio na forma de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, produto da respiração e da decomposição,
porém, também pode retornar como CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; e CO, produtos da combustão
completa e da incompleta. Normalmente, os processos de combustão das atividades
industriais ou da queima em motores retornam o carbono de maneira muito mais
rápida para a natureza, podendo gerar desequilíbrios, como o que estamos vivenciando, referente às mudanças climáticas, tendo em vista que o CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; é
um gás estufa (veremos mais sobre esse assunto posteriormente).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZKbyuytRw6SxsUIvGIfhWYId1mwRQVFJcT5A6f9p0_00TNCtrVecsSvmcNJPe1hyPqYe39YaBIknIwJnJ_Z8modMF8VWf-xnxlc0SPqy8N3fmysx5gvfxX_Vyfigp0eZKhlp/s1600/Eco+05+Ciclo+do+carbono.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZKbyuytRw6SxsUIvGIfhWYId1mwRQVFJcT5A6f9p0_00TNCtrVecsSvmcNJPe1hyPqYe39YaBIknIwJnJ_Z8modMF8VWf-xnxlc0SPqy8N3fmysx5gvfxX_Vyfigp0eZKhlp/s400/Eco+05+Ciclo+do+carbono.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;O ciclo do carbono. Imagem: https://www.solarschools.net/knowledge-bank/climate-change/carbon-cycle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ciclo do oxigênio:&lt;/b&gt; a maior parte do oxigênio constituinte da
atmosfera é proveniente do processo fotossintético e, na fotossíntese, o
oxigênio vem das moléculas de água.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO2xno_5OTHA2_JuHKXz55XBFBu_e2Yy_vXmMhQSOq_4VVE-glEfVyEf-NZ6KWHg4TvTFDdKXRvhCzItUrvQtkLFtsSo1kPlCsJA-XG9rEl8M4VlNMxPpLpL2Fqv-1XJRPcSP4/s1600/Eco+05+Ciclo+do+oxig%25C3%25AAnio.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;217&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO2xno_5OTHA2_JuHKXz55XBFBu_e2Yy_vXmMhQSOq_4VVE-glEfVyEf-NZ6KWHg4TvTFDdKXRvhCzItUrvQtkLFtsSo1kPlCsJA-XG9rEl8M4VlNMxPpLpL2Fqv-1XJRPcSP4/s640/Eco+05+Ciclo+do+oxig%25C3%25AAnio.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Imagens mostrando o ciclo do
oxigênio. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Fontes: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;https://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/Oxygen-Cycle-Description-and-Assessment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;https://www.britannica.com/science/oxygen-cycle/images-videos/media/1/436952/126790&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ciclo do nitrogênio:&lt;/b&gt; esse é o que tem mais detalhes de interesse. o
N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; é um gás que constitui aproximadamente 79 % da atmosfera. Ele é
assimilado pelas bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio e é retornado ao meio pelas
bactérias &lt;b&gt;desnitrificantes&lt;/b&gt;. O processo de &lt;b&gt;fixação&lt;/b&gt; é capaz de converter o N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; atmosférico em
nitritos (NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) e depois em nitratos (NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;).
Esses íons nitrogenados são absorvidos pelas plantas e utilizados pra
sintetizar as suas substâncias orgânicas, que também podem ser ingeridas pelos
organismos heterótrofos. O nitrogênio é liberado de volta para o meio por conta
do processo de decomposição, da excreção dos animais e pela ação de bactérias
desnitrificantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqhM2WjWe_WRooAz9XQQhNFaIJ_Y9vsUvpo78xU7i0gga-y3j0iMSd9jbWYrbOOBW1n-pYDE2ZWc-zGfPi9NFosuLt5XsK7d4SOOpC0msCG4c04IDZBH7pSaQaCYI04lCQoRWn/s1600/Eco+05+Ciclo+do+nitrog%25C3%25AAnio.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;321&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqhM2WjWe_WRooAz9XQQhNFaIJ_Y9vsUvpo78xU7i0gga-y3j0iMSd9jbWYrbOOBW1n-pYDE2ZWc-zGfPi9NFosuLt5XsK7d4SOOpC0msCG4c04IDZBH7pSaQaCYI04lCQoRWn/s400/Eco+05+Ciclo+do+nitrog%25C3%25AAnio.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;O ciclo do nitrogênio. Imagem:
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/option-c-ecology-and-conser/c6-nitrogen-and-phosphorus/nitrogen-cycle.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;As bactérias nitrificantes, dos
gêneros &lt;i&gt;Nitrosomonas&lt;/i&gt; e &lt;i&gt;Nitrobacter&lt;/i&gt; são organismos
quimiossintetizantes que atuam na conversão da amônia em nitritos e dos
nitritos em nitratos. Essas reações liberam energia para as reações de síntese.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nitrosomonas&lt;/i&gt;: NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;
(nitrito) + energia potencial química&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nitrobacter&lt;/i&gt;: NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; + O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;
(nitrato) + energia potencial química&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Aplicado ao ciclo do
nitrogênio, há o processo de adubação verde e rotação de culturas, no qual se
plantam leguminosas e, após a colheita, outros tipos de plantas, mas antes se trituram as leguminosas e se adicionam elas ao solo para aumentar a fertilidade
e o teor de nitrogênio. O uso das leguminosas é possível pois elas têm,
associadas às suas raízes, bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio que formam
nódulos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT5vcQASy0SqKd1v-PsLL001QAVEeL0iTdah5JfWP9H3dLmyIMAQ-dHP12hCmRkIePoTcYZnSVB6jFQJz7WAqUcPLlnNU7dLG8gf4vHut6hU8PNvR_QC-q5zaI6tL_MoICKS10/s1600/Eco+05+n%25C3%25B3dulos+radiculares.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT5vcQASy0SqKd1v-PsLL001QAVEeL0iTdah5JfWP9H3dLmyIMAQ-dHP12hCmRkIePoTcYZnSVB6jFQJz7WAqUcPLlnNU7dLG8gf4vHut6hU8PNvR_QC-q5zaI6tL_MoICKS10/s320/Eco+05+n%25C3%25B3dulos+radiculares.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Nódulos nas raízes de planta leguminosa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Imagem: &lt;/span&gt;https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Medicago_italica_root_nodules_2.JPG&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;As referências básicas dessa série sobre ecologia são:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lopes, L. &amp;amp; Rosso, S.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;BIO: Volume Único&lt;/i&gt;. Saraiva. 3ª ed. 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Thompson, M. &amp;amp; Rios, EP.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conexões com a Biologia&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 1. Moderna. 2ª ed. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Townsend, CR., Begon, M., Harper, JL.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Fundamentos em Ecologia&lt;/i&gt;. 3ª ed. Artmed. 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Urry, LA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biology&lt;/i&gt;. 11th ed. Pearson. 2016.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span&gt;As restantes serão informadas na parte final sobre esse assunto.&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/5596618503943261879'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/5596618503943261879'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/08/ecologia-05-os-ciclos-biogeoquimicos.html' title='Ecologia 05 - Os ciclos biogeoquímicos'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsFY4RVrvf7mcdVqIv-gHgDV5KWkfMrX1RpruzV47Tpvfkoy4XGyK80yXFEbWkLp35bE3t2GUd6rGaFRwZN7EM8it4YVY7lq7H0t8pVtJIDHHG6eI5WJrE7ka58KNPhuLK1R3G/s72-c/Eco+05+Ciclo+da+%25C3%25A1gua.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-18727379002833875</id><published>2019-07-31T15:50:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2026-09-15T15:28:57.820-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="alimentares"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biomassa"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cadeias"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="consumidores"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="decompositores"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="detritívoros"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="energia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="habitat"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nicho"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="níveis tróficos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="números"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pirâmides"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="produtividade"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="produtores"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="teias"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibulares"/><title type='text'>Ecologia 04 - Estrutura dos ecossistemas, fluxo de energia e ciclos da matéria</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;ECOLOGIA 04 - &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;ESTRUTURA DOS ECOSSISTEMAS, FLUXO DE
ENERGIA E CICLOS DA MATÉRIA:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Maximiliano Mendes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Os componentes de um ecossistema:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Podemos dividi-los em dois
grupos principais:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Fatores abióticos:&lt;/b&gt; são os fatores físicos, como o grau de
salinidade da água, intensidade da luminosidade, intensidade dos ventos, umidade
do meio e etc.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Fatores bióticos:&lt;/b&gt; são os organismos, organizados de acordo com o
tipo de nutrição que têm em &lt;b&gt;níveis
tróficos&lt;/b&gt;, tendo em vista que em qualquer ecossistema há um fluxo de energia
potencial química e um ciclo da massa das moléculas constituintes dos
organismos. Uma espécie pode se alimentar ou servir de alimento para outra e
assim, transfere matéria (massa + energia) em um ecossistema. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2bAKhyXD5Y9qGLHkNmWlZ3_vkOryL943BcRaPoeXw3dx7QEmxIigSC44hMbnJK-6m4Y6ByggZ2KFONyWTQ2uC7VBPO1JiDqCN4lv9oUmNGoq2i57GHuXyr-IwAN5HfZcE3N5_/s1600/Eco+04+Fatores+bi%25C3%25B3ticos+e+abi%25C3%25B3ticos.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;184&quot; data-original-width=&quot;588&quot; height=&quot;125&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2bAKhyXD5Y9qGLHkNmWlZ3_vkOryL943BcRaPoeXw3dx7QEmxIigSC44hMbnJK-6m4Y6ByggZ2KFONyWTQ2uC7VBPO1JiDqCN4lv9oUmNGoq2i57GHuXyr-IwAN5HfZcE3N5_/s400/Eco+04+Fatores+bi%25C3%25B3ticos+e+abi%25C3%25B3ticos.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Para os organismos de um
ecossistema, há também os conceitos de habitat e nicho ecológico: o &lt;b&gt;habitat&lt;/b&gt; é basicamente o local que uma
espécie ocupa, com os seus componentes bióticos e abióticos. O &lt;b&gt;nicho&lt;/b&gt; compreende uma descrição de quais
funções esse organismo ocupa no ecossistema, por exemplo, como, quando e com
quais outros organismos e fatores físicos essa espécie interage.
Muitas vezes se refere ao nicho de uma espécie como sendo a sua “profissão” (e,
no geral, a analogia funciona bem).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSl2-jX9nKxDK2YMmgsi5Q0LNG94VwiHyAUjZ5iVVOdzVXNn_GF_TfR5RAX3h-_sK86_-PgGF6ffdBjmpPhNIcgxjXRO9xH5ryuitRbj79fYR-ypcgRlYeej3txn1eRLz5-9F1/s1600/Eco+04+nicho+predador+presa.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;298&quot; data-original-width=&quot;614&quot; height=&quot;193&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSl2-jX9nKxDK2YMmgsi5Q0LNG94VwiHyAUjZ5iVVOdzVXNn_GF_TfR5RAX3h-_sK86_-PgGF6ffdBjmpPhNIcgxjXRO9xH5ryuitRbj79fYR-ypcgRlYeej3txn1eRLz5-9F1/s400/Eco+04+nicho+predador+presa.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Na imagem temos um urso polar
e uma foca, cada espécie ocupa um determinado nicho no ecossistema. O urso, por
exemplo, é o predador da foca, que, por sua vez, preda outras espécies de
organismos. Ela não é tão boazinha assim...&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Geralmente, em um mesmo
ecossistema, admite-se que quando duas ou mais espécies ocupam o mesmo nicho há
competição entre elas, o que poderia, inclusive, levar à exclusão de uma das
espécies do ecossistema. Porém, sabe-se que em muitos ecossistemas os nichos
são particionados, como por exemplo, vários herbívoros podem se alimentar da
mesma espécie vegetal em períodos/estações diferentes do ano.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2CyJKPnyV_v82XB2hQbNzxiLNtodlu9FQkc6MK2EuyVqocfUe3WND2KluxbiwH1eOaW6RYGaJKz4fs0rJvFXLikmYiF_Cyn9DK5IcAJ-ZjhFtxejtksoJSAC24nSBtJbnW3bY/s1600/Eco+04+nichos+particionados+aves.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;374&quot; data-original-width=&quot;886&quot; height=&quot;269&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2CyJKPnyV_v82XB2hQbNzxiLNtodlu9FQkc6MK2EuyVqocfUe3WND2KluxbiwH1eOaW6RYGaJKz4fs0rJvFXLikmYiF_Cyn9DK5IcAJ-ZjhFtxejtksoJSAC24nSBtJbnW3bY/w640-h269/Eco+04+nichos+particionados+aves.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Na imagem vemos que essas
várias espécies de pássaros habitam o mesmo lugar, mas ocupam nichos
diferentes, então, evitam a competição. Um mesmo ecossistema pode prover várias
oportunidades de nichos diferentes.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Nessa imagem vemos que caso
sejam cultivadas separadamente, as duas espécies de &lt;i&gt;Paramecium&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;P.
aurelia&lt;/i&gt; e &lt;i&gt;P. caudatum&lt;/i&gt;, prosperam. Porém, como mostrado no gráfico da
parte de baixo, se ambas as espécies forem cultivadas no mesmo recipiente, por
conta de ocuparem o mesmo nicho, &lt;i&gt;P. aurelia&lt;/i&gt; compete e elimina &lt;i&gt;P.
caudatum&lt;/i&gt; do sistema por conta de ambas as espécies ocupem o mesmo nicho.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Ainda no âmbito do nicho,
podemos organizar os organismos em níveis hierárquicos de nutrição, os chamados
&lt;b&gt;níveis tróficos&lt;/b&gt;, onde um organismo
pertencente ao nível de cima pode se alimentar dos que pertencem ao nível
anterior:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1° nível trófico:&lt;/b&gt; são os organismos chamados de &lt;b&gt;produtores&lt;/b&gt;. São os &lt;b&gt;autótrofos&lt;/b&gt;, como os fotossintetizantes, que produzem a matéria
orgânica que serve de alimento a eles e também aos organismos heterótrofos do
ecossistema.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2° nível trófico:&lt;/b&gt; chamados de &lt;b&gt;consumidores
primários&lt;/b&gt;, são organismos &lt;b&gt;herbívoros&lt;/b&gt;
ou &lt;b&gt;onívoros&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;heterótrofos&lt;/b&gt;, que se alimentam dos produtores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3° nível trófico:&lt;/b&gt; chamados de &lt;b&gt;consumidores
secundários&lt;/b&gt;, são, geralmente, organismos &lt;b&gt;heterótrofos&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;predadores&lt;/b&gt;
dos consumidores primários. Os níveis tróficos seguintes seguem essa mesma
lógica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Além dos níveis tróficos
mostrados em sequência, há também os &lt;b&gt;decompositores&lt;/b&gt;:
organismos &lt;b&gt;heterótrofos&lt;/b&gt;, normalmente
&lt;b&gt;bactérias e fungos&lt;/b&gt;, capazes de se
alimentar das substâncias presentes nos corpos ou restos dos outros organismos do ecossistema e liberar para o ecossistema compostos simples que podem ser utilizados pelos organismos produtores (1° nível
trófico). Ou seja, atuam na reciclagem química em um ecossistema. Exemplos desses compostos podem s&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;er&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;o dióxido de carbono (CO2), amônia (NH3), nitritos (NO2-), nitratos (NO3-), sulfatos (SO4-2), fosfatos (PO4-3) e etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
OBS: o besouro mostrado na
imagem, e também os animais como as minhocas, por exemplo, não são
decompositores, são &lt;b&gt;detritívoros&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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O metabolismo dos organismos
depende da energia potencial química armazenada na estrutura e nas ligações
covalentes das substâncias orgânicas, que, como vimos, em grande parte são
sintetizadas pelos organismos autótrofos. As relações alimentares entre os
organismos dos diversos níveis tróficos em um ecossistema podem ser mostradas
em esquemas chamados de&lt;b&gt; cadeias e teias
alimentares&lt;/b&gt;. Esses esquemas representam as relações alimentares entre os
organismos que correspondem aos diferentes níveis tróficos de um ecossistema
com o intuito de se mostrar o fluxo unidirecional da energia e o ciclo da massa
(o material constituinte dos organismos). Tanto as cadeias quanto as teias são
iniciadas pelos organismos produtores (o 1º nível trófico). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
As cadeias representam uma
sequência direta do fluxo material, ao passo que as teias representam as
interações entre os organismos de cadeias diferentes, entrelaçando-as. É comum
que uma mesma espécie participe de mais de uma cadeia alimentar e possa atuar
em níveis tróficos distintos. Normalmente as teias são estabelecidas graças a
muitos anos de co-evolução dos organismos participantes, de forma que podem vir
a atingir o &lt;b&gt;equilíbrio ecológico&lt;/b&gt;, a
situação na qual todos os produtores, consumidores e decompositores se
encontram nas proporções ideais, inclusive com os fatores abióticos. Os fatores
capazes de alterar as composições das teias podem gerar desequilíbrios de
magnitudes diversas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Na imagem é mostrada uma
cadeia alimentar terrestre simples. Não são mostrados os organismos
decompositores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Nessa outra imagem de cadeia
alimentar são mostrados os organismos decompositores, note, porém, que a
minhoca não é um deles, é um detritívoro! Imagem: http://clipart-library.com/decomposer-cliparts.html&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Um exemplo de cadeia alimentar
em um ambiente aquático. Perceba que, o homem não é aquático, mas a presença
dele na imagem serve para lembrar que as cadeias alimentares não
necessariamente precisam estar restritas apenas a um tipo de ambiente. Uma ave
que pouse na água do mar pode ser predada por um tubarão, mas essas mesmas aves
podem predar os peixes. http://www.lakegastonguide.com/?q=node/31&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Exemplo de teia alimentar
simplificada. Nesse exemplo a raposa pode atuar como consumidor terciário ou
secundário (quarto e terceiro níveis tróficos). Imagem: https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/food-web-concept-and-applications-84077181&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Um exemplo interessante sobre
o que os desequilíbrios nas interações entre os organismos podem causar é o
fato de os mosquitos do gênero &lt;i&gt;Aedes&lt;/i&gt;
terem passado a se multiplicar com facilidade no ambiente urbano, transmitindo
arbovírus e doenças, como a dengue, zika e chikungunya para os habitantes das
cidades.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Um mesmo organismo pode
pertencer a níveis tróficos distintos, dependendo de qual cadeia alimentar
participa. Por exemplo, um onívoro pode participar como consumidor primário,
caso se alimente de um produtor, mas também pode ser um consumidor secundário,
quando se alimenta de um consumidor primário. Nós, por exemplo, podemos nos
alimentar tanto de milho, quanto de galinhas, que também se alimentam de milho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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O número de níveis tróficos em
um ecossistema é limitado e dificilmente passa do consumidor quaternário (5°
nível trófico), pois a energia potencial química disponível no ecossistema diminui
na medida em que vai sendo transferida de um nível trófico ao outro. A energia
potencial química é armazenada na estrutura de uma molécula, a forma como os
seus elementos estão ligados e dispostos, ou, de forma ainda mais simples, a &lt;b&gt;energia potencial química&lt;/b&gt; é a energia
armazenada nas ligações covalentes de uma molécula.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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As &lt;b&gt;pirâmides ecológicas&lt;/b&gt; são diagramas que consistem de retângulos
empilhados e servem para mostrar como as quantidades de energia, biomassa e
números de indivíduos variam nos níveis tróficos do ecossistema (além dos
retângulos, outras figuras geométricas similares podem ser empregadas). Cada
nível trófico é representado por um retângulo, sendo que o retângulo da base
representa o primeiro nível trófico (os produtores). A largura da base de cada
retângulo indica um valor, dependendo do tipo de pirâmide:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Pirâmide de números:&lt;/b&gt; os retângulos indicam os números de indivíduos
em cada nível trófico. Como há casos nos quais, por exemplo, um grande
produtor, como uma árvore, pode prover alimento a vários consumidores primários
ou um mamífero grande pode prover alimento a vários animais parasitas, nem
sempre as pirâmides de números têm o formato de pirâmide, elas podem ser
invertidas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7yGyjgjI2K8VBgz_Qte46xebI71gLuGa-Wp7sTRRDd3FsHd4L1ggtTzVImD0kFnGqC2lL9LN0RJaqS-6lTJxMHtPMX9VDzG5BtN_gCaAKdVFhN_YrgX1vBbip9wA6-Dxeon-k/s1600/Pir%C3%A2mides+de+n%C3%BAmeros.gif&quot; id=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; style=&quot;height: 114pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 378pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Pirâmide de biomassa:&lt;/b&gt; os retângulos indicam a biomassa ou matéria
orgânica presente em cada nível trófico. Normalmente essas pirâmides têm o
formato convencional, porém, os ecossistemas aquáticos são uma exceção. As
pirâmides de biomassa aquáticas são invertidas pois, os produtores, o
fitoplâncton, são organismos que têm pouca biomassa, mas se multiplicam rápido.
Além disso, a massa é aproveitada rapidamente pelo zooplâncton. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Pirâmide de energia:&lt;/b&gt; os retângulos indicam a energia disponível em
um nível trófico (lembre-se: estamos falando da energia potencial química).
Acredita-se que essas pirâmides sejam a melhor maneira de indicar a
transferência de matéria (massa e energia) em um ecossistema. Essas pirâmides
nunca são invertidas: o fluxo de energia é unidirecional e, de um nível trófico
para o outro, a quantidade de energia transferida para o nível trófico seguinte
sempre é menor, pois em um nível trófico há perdas de energia na forma de calor,
manutenção do próprio organismo, dejetos liberados, nem todos os indivíduos serão consumidos pelo nível trófico seguinte e etc., e essa energia perdida não pode ser
reutilizada pelos organismos. Acredita-se que a quantidade de energia que os organismos de um nível trófico transferem para o próximo nível trófico na cadeia alimentar
corresponda a 10 % daquilo que recebeu do nível trófico anterior. Lembre-se: de
acordo com a 1ª lei da termodinâmica, a energia pode ser convertida de um tipo
em outro, mas não pode ser criada ou destruída.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC4tzPQDUVAoLXOC2KdfmDHqc_CgiamuS8pfMb27c9_fVOwhhHL-kUvxDIrsVoVRgafLVULSYPODmo61cOXJO6RocvtgHrbo961VUQhD_8p7W9a1u4cUMnXZo0IhltHfDYhA78/s1600/Eco+04+pir%25C3%25A2mide+de+energia.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;401&quot; data-original-width=&quot;532&quot; height=&quot;301&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC4tzPQDUVAoLXOC2KdfmDHqc_CgiamuS8pfMb27c9_fVOwhhHL-kUvxDIrsVoVRgafLVULSYPODmo61cOXJO6RocvtgHrbo961VUQhD_8p7W9a1u4cUMnXZo0IhltHfDYhA78/s400/Eco+04+pir%25C3%25A2mide+de+energia.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;No link a seguir você pode ver uma simulação do fluxo unidirecional da energia:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gemini.google.com/share/b335fbb19570?skid=5d9afdcf-c8f6-4d74-aaf7-52837f4944e4&quot;&gt;‎Gemini - acesso direto à IA do Google&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Fluxo energético no ecossistema:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Como vimos, a energia flui de
maneira unidirecional no ecossistema, ao longo dos níveis tróficos. O primeiro
nível trófico é o dos produtores, os organismos autótrofos, e os outros níveis
tróficos correspondem aos organismos heterótrofos. Para os organismos
autótrofos, há o conceito de produtividade. A &lt;b&gt;produtividade&lt;/b&gt; é a
quantidade de matéria orgânica produzida por unidade de tempo:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Produtividade primária bruta:&lt;/b&gt; é a quantidade total de biomassa
produzida pelos autótrofos (os produtores, o primeiro nível trófico) via
fotossíntese ou quimiossíntese. Parte dessa biomassa é utilizada na manutenção
do próprio organismo (como no processo de respiração), parte é perdida e o que
resta é incorporado ao organismo do autótrofo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Produtividade primária líquida:&lt;/b&gt; é a parcela da produtividade
primária bruta que foi incorporada ao organismo do autótrofo e está efetivamente
disponível para o nível trófico seguinte, correspondente aos organismos
heterótrofos. A PPL = PPB – respiração. A porção da PPL não consumida pelos
herbívoros é decomposição. Podemos dizer que a produtividade líquida (sem ser a
primária!) é aquela que se refere aos outros níveis tróficos e está disponível
para os níveis seguintes. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Normalmente, a produtividade é
expressa em kcal/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/ano (unidade de energia/área/tempo).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuG2StSdPD119jQMqkwwa52ofFaZCAkY6970SU9-oWr7Ot9AnYBUGFcoFOARmSR48t7s3svKNS4AL2r1SCA4IyGVEZpPSATlAxM81fZ6i4lijqxF48PPSXpFi7FmR8dYJKKFbD/s1600/Perda+de+energia+lagarta.gif&quot; id=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;height: 202.8pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 300.6pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Ao ingerir uma planta, por
exemplo, um herbívoro não aproveita ou incorpora toda a biomassa da planta.
Parte é perdida nas fezes e na urina e parte da energia é perdida na forma de
calor, por conta da respiração e dos processos metabólicos. Assim, vemos que a
quantidade de energia que um autótrofo armazenou em sua biomassa vai decaindo
de um nível trófico para o próximo, explicitando como o fluxo de energia é
unidirecional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Imagem mostrando um diagrama
da energia disponível em cada nível trófico. Estima-se que apenas 10 % da
energia seja transferida de um nível para o próximo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Damos o nome de &lt;b&gt;produtividade secundária&lt;/b&gt; à quantidade de biomassa produzida pelos
heterótrofos. Os heterótrofos não conseguem sintetizar todas as substâncias
orgânicas que lhes servem de alimento, porém podem aumentar em biomassa ao
sintetizarem, por exemplo, as proteínas que aumentam a massa muscular.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: start;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: start;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As referências básicas dessa série sobre ecologia são:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Lopes, L. &amp;amp; Rosso, S.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;BIO: Volume Único&lt;/i&gt;. Saraiva. 3ª ed. 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Thompson, M. &amp;amp; Rios, EP.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conexões com a Biologia&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 1. Moderna. 2ª ed. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Townsend, CR., Begon, M., Harper, JL.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Fundamentos em Ecologia&lt;/i&gt;. 3ª ed. Artmed. 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Urry, LA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biology&lt;/i&gt;. 11th ed. Pearson. 2016.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;As restantes serão informadas na parte final sobre esse assunto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/18727379002833875'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/18727379002833875'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/07/ecologia-04-estrutura-dos-ecossistemas.html' title='Ecologia 04 - Estrutura dos ecossistemas, fluxo de energia e ciclos da matéria'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2bAKhyXD5Y9qGLHkNmWlZ3_vkOryL943BcRaPoeXw3dx7QEmxIigSC44hMbnJK-6m4Y6ByggZ2KFONyWTQ2uC7VBPO1JiDqCN4lv9oUmNGoq2i57GHuXyr-IwAN5HfZcE3N5_/s72-c/Eco+04+Fatores+bi%25C3%25B3ticos+e+abi%25C3%25B3ticos.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-8891239576701585567</id><published>2019-07-31T13:38:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2026-09-15T15:04:00.402-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="afótica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="aquático"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bentos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecossistema"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fótica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="lagos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="lêntico"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="lótico"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="manguezais"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nécton"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="oceanos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="plâncton"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="rios"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><title type='text'>Ecologia 03 - Os ecossistemas aquáticos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;ECOLOGIA 03 - OS ECOSSISTEMAS AQUÁTICOS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Maximiliano Mendes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Até agora só vimos os
ecossistemas e os biomas terrestres, porém, claro, há ecossistemas aquáticos: &lt;b&gt;os
oceanos, os rios, os lagos e os manguezais&lt;/b&gt;. &amp;nbsp;Antes de oferecermos uma descrição breve
desses ecossistemas, vejamos como podemos classificar os organismos nos
ecossistemas aquáticos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Plâncton:&lt;/b&gt; conjunto dos organismos pequenos, muitos microscópicos,
que vivem em suspensão e são transportados passivamente, pois não têm força e
tamanho para vencer as correntes de água. O plâncton pode ser classificado como
&lt;b&gt;fitoplâncton&lt;/b&gt;, os organismos autótrofos fotossintetizantes, que são basicamente as algas, e&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;zooplâncton&lt;/b&gt;, os heterótrofos (por exemplo,
pequenos artrópodes e protozoários). Apesar do nome “plâncton” lembrar
“planta”, alguns organismos planctônicos são animais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nécton:&lt;/b&gt; animais que nadam ativamente, como os peixes. Como têm um
tamanho um pouco maior, são capazes de vencer as correntes de água nadando.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bentos:&lt;/b&gt; organismos que vivem no fundo, no substrato, podem ser
fixos, como os corais, ou móveis, como os siris. Alguns vivem enterrados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Segue uma descrição breve dos
ecossistemas aquáticos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Os &lt;b&gt;manguezais&lt;/b&gt; são ecossistemas litorâneos nos locais onde os rios
desembocam nos mares. No Brasil, fazem parte do domínio de mata atlântica. São
ecossistemas de transição, com água salobra e constituem o “berçário” de vários
animais marinhos, ou seja, os animais depositam os seus ovos nas águas do
manguezal e lá as larvas se desenvolvem. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Além do componente aquático os
mangues possuem um solo lodoso rico em massa orgânica. O fundo do rio também
tem muitos nutrientes, pois, quando a maré sobe e as águas do mar, levemente alcalinas,
encontram-se com as águas dos rios, que tendem a ser mais ácidas, há a
precipitação do material orgânico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Aos oceanos e rios dá-se o
nome de ecossistemas &lt;b&gt;lóticos&lt;/b&gt;, são os
que possuem águas correntes. Já os lagos e lagoas são chamados ecossistemas &lt;b&gt;lênticos&lt;/b&gt;, cujos fluxos de água são de
baixa velocidade, tão baixa que também se pode dizer que são os ecossistemas de
águas paradas. Os ecossistemas de água doce também são chamados de &lt;b&gt;límnicos&lt;/b&gt; (do grego &lt;i&gt;limne&lt;/i&gt;, que significa lago).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;É comum que a diversidade
biológica nos ecossistemas lóticos seja menor que a dos lênticos, por conta da
dificuldade de se estabelecer na corrente de água. Por exemplo, os lóticos têm
menos plâncton.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Os &lt;b&gt;oceanos&lt;/b&gt; constituem os maiores ecossistemas do planeta, têm grande
variação de latitude e profundidade das águas e muitos organismos
fotossintéticos: as algas constituintes do fitoplâncton, responsáveis pela produção
da maior parte do O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; atmosférico. Atualmente, o O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
constitui aproximadamente 21 % da composição de gases da atmosfera e isso se
deve primordialmente à atividade fotossintética dos organismos marinhos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;No que diz respeito às profundidades
das águas oceânicas dividimos as águas em zonas, sendo elas, de maneira
simplificada:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Zona fótica:&lt;/b&gt; até 200 m de profundidade, o máximo que a luz consegue
penetrar nas águas. É onde se concentram os organismos fotossintetizantes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Zona afótica:&lt;/b&gt; além da zona fótica. A luz não chega nessa zona e
muitos dos organismos dependem dos detritos provenientes da zona fótica. Há
nesses locais as chamadas &lt;b&gt;fontes
hidrotermais&lt;/b&gt;, fontes que jorram águas vulcânicas de altas temperaturas onde
vivem organismos procariontes quimiossintéticos. Nos locais afastados dessas
fontes as águas são bem frias. É bom destacar que as regiões dessas fontes são
ricas em metais preciosos, como o cobre, a prata e o ouro, o que tem despertado
o interesse das mineradoras, mas também dos ativistas ambientais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Antes de prosseguirmos, é bom
destacar que os ecossistemas não são sistemas fechados, isolados uns dos
outros. Além das regiões de transição, os organismos podem se mover e transportar
substâncias entre diferentes ecossistemas, como é o caso dos animais
migratórios. As correntes de ar e de água, componentes abióticos, também podem
transportar substâncias entre os ecossistemas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Tendo visto essa parte inicial, uma apresentação
geral dos conceitos básicos e dos biomas, vamos em seguida à parte referente ao
fluxo de energia em um ecossistema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As referências básicas dessa série sobre ecologia são:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Lopes, L. &amp;amp; Rosso, S.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;BIO: Volume Único&lt;/i&gt;. Saraiva. 3ª ed. 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Thompson, M. &amp;amp; Rios, EP.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conexões com a Biologia&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 1. Moderna. 2ª ed. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Townsend, CR., Begon, M., Harper, JL.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Fundamentos em Ecologia&lt;/i&gt;. 3ª ed. Artmed. 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Urry, LA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biology&lt;/i&gt;. 11th ed. Pearson. 2016.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;As restantes serão informadas na parte final sobre esse assunto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/8891239576701585567'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/8891239576701585567'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/07/ecologia-03-os-ecossistemas-aquaticos.html' title='Ecologia 03 - Os ecossistemas aquáticos'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI-30scMnMrGAg__9OgqM6YP6bomNcT7ffAkalsayn3Z-3Tf5d26hOGoG1nxEF36AeQ0ta5TG-ONx09OW9SAliBeKkvpukxjZm1TR_UlUPiiYe8qUEKlg5fkiISy30rKvm_qPk/s72-c/Eco+03+Organismos+aqu%25C3%25A1ticos+pl%25C3%25A2ncton+n%25C3%25A9cton+bentos.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-2465029716354072947</id><published>2019-07-30T14:49:00.011-04:00</published><updated>2026-09-14T20:40:35.965-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biomas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="domínios morfoclimáticos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="fragmentos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><title type='text'>Ecologia 02 - Os grandes biomas terrestres</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;ECOLOGIA 02 - OS GRANDES BIOMAS TERRESTRES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Maximiliano Mendes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Um &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;bioma&lt;/b&gt; é um ecossistema terrestre grande, com fisionomia vegetal
característica e predominante. Essa fisionomia é influenciada pelo clima e os
processos físicos, como exemplos: a movimentação das massas de ar e das águas
oceânicas, movimentos do planeta e a quantidade de radiação recebida. O clima é
grandemente determinado pela latitude, pois próximo ao equador a quantidade de
energia proveniente da radiação solar é maior, ao passo que nas latitudes mais
distantes a energia diminui. Em outras palavras, quanto mais próximo do
equador, mais iluminada e mais quente é a região.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-M40QgDTlTUZpJDTluzJQB6-ybZ2UMzm9yorPExVqnBXDcJQERZdCn7MrpN4GzLC63jHoH0F99Ko90XcIgCIGG4BLLfWc44V4IqCytfr7_oeobNYNZxPwQddghXWpXDCnRLtS/s1600/Eco+02+os+biomas.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;435&quot; data-original-width=&quot;485&quot; height=&quot;358&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-M40QgDTlTUZpJDTluzJQB6-ybZ2UMzm9yorPExVqnBXDcJQERZdCn7MrpN4GzLC63jHoH0F99Ko90XcIgCIGG4BLLfWc44V4IqCytfr7_oeobNYNZxPwQddghXWpXDCnRLtS/s400/Eco+02+os+biomas.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Classificação dos biomas com
base na temperatura e na precipitação, de acordo com as definições originais de
Whittaker (1975). Adaptado por Nadav Gazit/AMNH.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVnKNMvDr3xtTV1dmqp1POTEwidHUG_p5iIPZJC0Q1O-g9TPpjZXMjDLL1kPm9YRuHiJaVkqIQdEB_3gF6R_zopYHGXpUJjxE361SlC0SUtemttk4cN1_raLZCLFaT2lMoLSEJYGasHBE5dBNY4Lfep3M-fW-XSMR4F3g3MzcCdCHKYLdEUEd8/s1024/Biomas.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;572&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1024&quot; height=&quot;223&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVnKNMvDr3xtTV1dmqp1POTEwidHUG_p5iIPZJC0Q1O-g9TPpjZXMjDLL1kPm9YRuHiJaVkqIQdEB_3gF6R_zopYHGXpUJjxE361SlC0SUtemttk4cN1_raLZCLFaT2lMoLSEJYGasHBE5dBNY4Lfep3M-fW-XSMR4F3g3MzcCdCHKYLdEUEd8/w400-h223/Biomas.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Simplificação do gráfico de Whittaker mostrado anteriormente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Tendo em vista esses detalhes,
vejamos os grandes biomas do planeta e do Brasil:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Distribuição dos biomas
terrestres.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Modificada de: http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/biomeviewer&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Tundra: &lt;/b&gt;localiza-se no hemisfério norte em regiões próximas ao polo
(latitudes 60° - 80° norte). É um bioma muito frio e seco.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Vegetação: plantas herbáceas,
musgos e alguns arbustos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Fauna: lemingues, lebres,
lobos, renas, aves e insetos migratórios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Floresta boreal: &lt;/b&gt;localiza-se em regiões frias, abaixo da tundra. Esse
bioma também pode ser chamado de taiga ou floresta de coníferas.&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Vegetação: primordialmente
coníferas (pinheiros), plantas cujas folhas têm formato de agulha (aciculares)
o que previne que acumulem neve e caiam durante os invernos rigorosos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Fauna: lobos, ursos, lebres,
alces, cervos e etc.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Floresta temperada: &lt;/b&gt;são florestas de regiões de clima temperado,
onde as quatro estações do ano são bem definidas. Esses biomas têm solos ricos
em matéria orgânica e as árvores normalmente são caducifólias, ou seja, perdem
as folhas no outono e as recuperam na primavera. Por conta disso esse bioma
também é chamado de floresta decídua temperada ou floresta caducifólia. Durante
o inverno, as temperaturas podem ser negativas.&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Vegetação: bem diversa,
encontram-se os carvalhos, bordos, faias e etc.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Fauna: similar à da floresta
boreal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Floresta tropical: &lt;/b&gt;localizam-se na região equatorial, entre os
trópicos, mais comuns no hemisfério sul (América do Sul, África e Ásia). Também
são chamadas de florestas perenifólias, pois as árvores não perdem as folhas de
uma só vez, em uma estação do ano. Têm temperaturas altas (21° – 32° C) e altos
índices pluviométricos. O solo costuma ser pobre, pois a decomposição ocorre
rapidamente, por conta das altas temperaturas e da umidade, então, os elementos
costumam ser reabsorvidos pela vegetação.&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Vegetação e fauna: muito
diversas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Campos: &lt;/b&gt;encontrados em regiões tropicais e temperadas. As quatro
estações do ano são bem definidas. Geralmente são biomas abertos, com muitos
arbustos e árvores de pequeno porte. Os índices pluviométricos tendem a ser
baixos. Há dois tipos básicos de campos, as savanas e as estepes. Nas estepes
predominam as gramíneas e há menos árvores do que nas savanas. O cerrado
brasileiro é um tipo de savana e as pradarias dos Estados Unidos são um tipo de
estepe.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Desertos:&lt;/b&gt; são biomas com baixos índices de pluviosidade e umidade. Encontram-se
entre as latitudes 30° norte e sul. As temperaturas variam muito durante o dia,
de muito quente a muito frio. As baixas temperaturas à noite se devem à baixa
umidade. Lembrar que a água atua como moderadora da temperatura dos organismos
e dos ambientes. Durante a noite, na medida em que a temperatura diminui, as
moléculas de água no estado gasoso vão voltando ao estado líquido, formando
ligações de hidrogênio e esse processo libera calor para o meio.&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Vegetação: escassa. Presença
de gramíneas e arbustos. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Fauna: pouco diversa.
Encontram-se répteis, alguns mamíferos, escorpiões e lacraias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;No link abaixo tem uma simulação sobre a circulação atmosférica nas células de Hadley, que explicam a formação dos desertos nas latitudes de 30° C:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;https://share.gemini.google/ui3Y7eO04UAH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8DA5weBPkZxF28ih1kQRivyZF73G9g4XJpnoD5RreUppt0DPAthroOhMG121OqNUP4wzoknrURCaCBcKyf6X2oQTSJu3-6gW6pvcHfUgv62vUv129SjvH76THtkjH9HeSoj8o/s1600/Eco+02+aspecto+geral+dos+biomas.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;365&quot; data-original-width=&quot;596&quot; height=&quot;388&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8DA5weBPkZxF28ih1kQRivyZF73G9g4XJpnoD5RreUppt0DPAthroOhMG121OqNUP4wzoknrURCaCBcKyf6X2oQTSJu3-6gW6pvcHfUgv62vUv129SjvH76THtkjH9HeSoj8o/s640/Eco+02+aspecto+geral+dos+biomas.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Os domínios morfoclimáticos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Como visto, os biomas são gerados graças aos fatores físicos. Usamos o termo bioma para nos referirmos a esses grandes ecossistemas globais com fisionomia&amp;nbsp; vegetal similar e algumas espécies animais também similares (que acredita-se, surgiram por evolução convergente). No Brasil, o geógrafo Aziz Ab&#39;Saber&amp;nbsp; estabeleceu critérios mais complexos no tocante às condições físicas, abrangendo até o relevo de uma região, daí, surgiu uma classificação mais específica para os biomas brasileiros, que também
podem ser chamados de &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;domínios
morfoclimáticos&lt;/b&gt;. São seis:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGLAzugaGsHm28JAdBj1nm3sVZhxZ21K3dTvz_rlFdK-IEu86ahQh1kFfLJCTCo1-fxm1Bda23gOQVxjLF2YoenVHDR8nEqc_Wnpvl3cqGsluxdevnqB3LQtG25lReN5xSJQzV/s1600/Eco+02+dom%25C3%25ADnios+morfoclim%25C3%25A1ticos+brasileiros.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;400&quot; data-original-width=&quot;679&quot; height=&quot;376&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGLAzugaGsHm28JAdBj1nm3sVZhxZ21K3dTvz_rlFdK-IEu86ahQh1kFfLJCTCo1-fxm1Bda23gOQVxjLF2YoenVHDR8nEqc_Wnpvl3cqGsluxdevnqB3LQtG25lReN5xSJQzV/s640/Eco+02+dom%25C3%25ADnios+morfoclim%25C3%25A1ticos+brasileiros.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Amazônia: &lt;/b&gt;a floresta amazônica é a maior floresta tropical do mundo
e a que tem a maior diversidade biológica. Apresenta temperatura anual com
média de 27 °C. Localiza-se na região norte do Brasil, mas estende-se para
alguns países vizinhos.&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;É um domínio morfoclimático ameaçado pelo desmatamento e a expansão
populacional e agrícola. Mas entenda: o domínio morfoclimático amazônia é um bioma do tipo floresta tropical.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Apesar da grande diversidade
de árvores, o solo amazônico é pobre, pois a matéria orgânica que cai é
decomposta rapidamente graças às altas temperaturas e às grandes quantidades de
organismos decompositores. Essa massa é rapidamente utilizada pelas próprias
plantas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A região amazônica já
apresentava ocupantes humanos há 10000 anos. Inclusive, acredita-se que esses
indivíduos originaram sociedades que cultivavam o solo há 2500 anos e que
isso tenha gerado modificações relevantes no ambiente: os restos alimentares
puderam aumentar a fertilidade do solo local, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da
floresta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Mata Atlântica:&lt;/b&gt; floresta tropical que se estende por toda a região
litorânea brasileira. Sempre convém destacar que esse bioma foi grandemente
desmatado desde o início da exploração do pau brasil no século XVI e seguindo
durante a construção das cidades e os cultivos de cana de açúcar e café. Estima-se
que atualmente só restam 7,0 - 8,5 % da vegetação nativa que também se encontra
bem fragmentada. O problema dos fragmentos é que eles podem não ter as
quantidades de recursos suficientes para manter uma certa população de
organismos, logo, é importante desenvolver formas de se conectar os fragmentos
com vistas a conservar as espécies e promover o desenvolvimento da diversidade
biológica. Mesmo assim, a floresta ainda tem alta diversidade, é importante na
regulação do fluxo hídrico, no controle do clima e protege as encostas das
serras, prevenindo os desmoronamentos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMm4tk2HeEYfdeRnWqemDR1BfNLFCMxA7IrpQa6WnA29xly5rIIq0DWZdsLIDjdJVJSpdGPtgU3QPR60pL15fYbBpsI1RS2jddeJhwNUtr5qioFpkpeMJAkbd8qrh6qDHa_wJk/s1600/Eco+02+fragmento+mata+atl%25C3%25A2ntica.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;557&quot; data-original-width=&quot;419&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMm4tk2HeEYfdeRnWqemDR1BfNLFCMxA7IrpQa6WnA29xly5rIIq0DWZdsLIDjdJVJSpdGPtgU3QPR60pL15fYbBpsI1RS2jddeJhwNUtr5qioFpkpeMJAkbd8qrh6qDHa_wJk/s320/Eco+02+fragmento+mata+atl%25C3%25A2ntica.gif&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Fragmento de mata atlântica.
Imagem: https://pensareco.blogspot.com/2015/05/hoje-e-dia-dela-que-tal-conhecer-mais.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Em classificações mais
recentes, a Mata de Araucárias, localizada no sul do país, caracterizada pela
presença da &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Araucaria angustifolia&lt;/i&gt; ou
pinheiro do paraná, uma gimnosperma, faz parte da Mata Atlântica. As sementes
da araucária, os pinhões, são utilizados na alimentação humana (as pinhas são
os estróbilos, as estruturas que abrigam os esporângios).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhgJDXD6DlAHj9SdXxMFa0NnCVJNIWoIkFCHL4no5IQ_OS1ZA1bodyxxN-6b2_thGHeqDaFjnigle_O8Rx6A-Bd-n6ZjEET7xKhhZ6cRo24Cdl742gmyqYD__MWmkg11NM4qos/s1600/Eco+02+Arauc%25C3%25A1rias+Pinha+Pinh%25C3%25A3o.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;333&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; height=&quot;165&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhgJDXD6DlAHj9SdXxMFa0NnCVJNIWoIkFCHL4no5IQ_OS1ZA1bodyxxN-6b2_thGHeqDaFjnigle_O8Rx6A-Bd-n6ZjEET7xKhhZ6cRo24Cdl742gmyqYD__MWmkg11NM4qos/s400/Eco+02+Arauc%25C3%25A1rias+Pinha+Pinh%25C3%25A3o.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_11&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; style=&quot;height: 147pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 352.8pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Caatinga:&lt;/b&gt; ocorre na região nordeste. Apresenta altas temperaturas,
seca prolongada e baixos índices pluviométricos. As plantas apresentam
adaptações pra prevenir a perda de água (adaptações xeromórficas), como o
mandacaru (&lt;i&gt;Cereus jamacaru&lt;/i&gt;), uma
espécie de cacto brasileiro cujo caule armazena água e as folhas se tornaram
espinhos, que, além da defesa, reduzem a perda de água por transpiração.
Algumas plantas têm raízes superficiais para absorver a água das chuvas. A
fauna desse domínio apresenta certa diversidade, porém, é ameaçada pela caça de
subsistência, visto que as populações humanas que habitam a caatinga são de
baixa renda. Caatinga é um termo derivado do tupi e significa “mata branca”,
pois as plantas ficam com os galhos esbranquiçados no período da seca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Cerrado:&lt;/b&gt; é o segundo maior bioma brasileiro, concentra-se na região
centro oeste, no planalto central brasileiro e a fitofisionomia mais típica é similar às savanas. Apresenta
altas temperaturas (média anual de 26 °C) e uma estação seca prolongada. Podemos dizer que o cerrado apresenta apenas duas estações anuais, uma seca e uma chuvosa. Durante a estação seca é comum haver incêndios naturais e esse é um fator importante,
pois, para certas plantas, é necessário que o fogo rompa o tegumento
impermeável das sementes para que elas possam germinar. Além, claro, de eliminar outras
plantas competidoras e formigas que podem se alimentar das folhas da planta
jovem.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;As plantas do cerrado
apresentam adaptações para dificultar as perdas de água, como as folhas com
cutícula espessa e os caules com uma camada de cortiça que os protege durante
os incêndios. Inclusive, às vezes se comenta que o cerrado é uma &quot;floresta de cabeça para baixo&quot;, por conta de as raízes de muitas das espécies de árvores serem muito profundas e muito ramificadas, mais do que as copas, para aumentar a eficiência da absorção de água, permitindo que as árvores não percam as folhas até mesmo na estação seca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O
solo do cerrado é ácido e rico em alumínio, que pode ser tóxico. Pode ser
cultivado desde que a acidez seja corrigida, por exemplo, com a adição de
calcário. O solo também tem a característica de ser poroso, de maneira que as
águas das chuvas, ao adentrarem, arrastam consigo alguns nutrientes
importantes. Isso pode ser corrigido, em parte, pela adubação.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;No cerrado estão presentes nascentes de água que originam rios componentes de várias bacias hidrográficas brasileiras. O cerrado também é rico em reservatórios de água subterrâneos. Essas características lhe conferem outro apelido: &quot;caixa d&#39;água do Brasil&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Dentre as principais ameaças à
conservação do cerrado estão a agricultura e a pecuária. Estima-se que desde 1970, 50 % do cerrado foi devastado e cerca de 20 % das espécies animais e vegetais exclusivas do cerrado já tenham sido extintas. O desmatamento gera problemas graves para a biodiversidade, para as comunidades tradicionais e também pode gerar problemas hidrológicos de grande magnitude ao eliminar nascentes, diminuir o volume dos rios, alterar o ciclo hidrológico e prejudicar a geração de energia hidrelétrica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;No que diz respeito ao
aspecto, há regiões com fisionomias distintas, além daquilo que se chama
cerrado sentido estrito, com as suas árvores mais baixas e de galhos
retorcidos. No sentido amplo, há, por exemplo, mais próximos dos corpos d’água,
fisionomias mais similares às florestas, como a mata ciliar, a mata de galeria,
a mata seca e o cerradão. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGKObmeYJInYQRaQ3Aeqk4vbdxU6uLWGtK3sIVet9oMElqFM2Yf4PWIvveJ_Aiq7ohqjt-hdHEDecmUb9OrFsuSksjG74lGTVNgsIARchVe2hVQFmGI2oX0i50IKOa4LfrAuy0/s1600/Eco+02+aspectos+do+cerrado.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;288&quot; data-original-width=&quot;886&quot; height=&quot;208&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGKObmeYJInYQRaQ3Aeqk4vbdxU6uLWGtK3sIVet9oMElqFM2Yf4PWIvveJ_Aiq7ohqjt-hdHEDecmUb9OrFsuSksjG74lGTVNgsIARchVe2hVQFmGI2oX0i50IKOa4LfrAuy0/s640/Eco+02+aspectos+do+cerrado.gif&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/Agencia16/AG01/arvore/AG01_23_911200585232.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Pampas:&lt;/b&gt; também denominado de campos do sul, por estar localizado na
região sul do país, é caracterizado pela predominância de vegetação herbácea. Acredita-se
que 58,7 % do bioma já foi modificado pela ação humana, como a criação de gado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Pantanal:&lt;/b&gt; localizado nos estados do Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do
Sul, mas também em países vizinhos. É uma planície e fica em grande parte
inundada nos meses de cheia dos rios da Bacia do Paraguai. Apresenta alta
biodiversidade.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikG6ngzeRS7FwyT7CbMEInastgr2gbw6Lcbv-xFWIEv23pQOHCHh2J_ZBR-NCFBqWj794PctNiB7fmOqKEhrA1gZ5oprXSJjLhKLNotCwkazmhzu626bzFrvuMJBh8rlZ3z4-9/s1600/Eco+02+Pantanal.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;410&quot; data-original-width=&quot;541&quot; height=&quot;302&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikG6ngzeRS7FwyT7CbMEInastgr2gbw6Lcbv-xFWIEv23pQOHCHh2J_ZBR-NCFBqWj794PctNiB7fmOqKEhrA1gZ5oprXSJjLhKLNotCwkazmhzu626bzFrvuMJBh8rlZ3z4-9/s400/Eco+02+Pantanal.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;As referências básicas dessa série sobre ecologia são:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Lopes, L. &amp;amp; Rosso, S.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;BIO: Volume Único&lt;/i&gt;. Saraiva. 3ª ed. 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Thompson, M. &amp;amp; Rios, EP.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conexões com a Biologia&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 1. Moderna. 2ª ed. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Townsend, CR., Begon, M., Harper, JL.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Fundamentos em Ecologia&lt;/i&gt;. 3ª ed. Artmed. 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Urry, LA.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Biology&lt;/i&gt;. 11th ed. Pearson. 2016.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;As restantes serão informadas na parte final sobre esse assunto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #444444; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #444444; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_21&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;height: 197.4pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 259.8pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
 &lt;v:imagedata o:title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/maxau/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif&quot;&gt;
&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/2465029716354072947'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/2465029716354072947'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/07/ecologia-02-os-grandes-biomas-terrestres.html' title='Ecologia 02 - Os grandes biomas terrestres'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-M40QgDTlTUZpJDTluzJQB6-ybZ2UMzm9yorPExVqnBXDcJQERZdCn7MrpN4GzLC63jHoH0F99Ko90XcIgCIGG4BLLfWc44V4IqCytfr7_oeobNYNZxPwQddghXWpXDCnRLtS/s72-c/Eco+02+os+biomas.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-7756411032679490963</id><published>2019-07-30T14:39:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2026-09-14T20:20:18.226-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="antropoceno"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="atmosférico"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="co2"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="comunidade"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ecossistema"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="extinção"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="modelo iceberg"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="paisagem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="população"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="vestibular"/><title type='text'>Ecologia 01 - Introdução e conceitos básicos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;ECOLOGIA 01 - INTRODUÇÃO E CONCEITOS BÁSICOS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Maximiliano Mendes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Inicialmente, analise as
imagens a seguir, que mostram como os aumentos nos números de espécies animais
extintas e as emissões de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; aumentaram:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTIOUj1n15t-Om3shjpP49q8VFMzWe0ce6JLqv-zYH9c25ciitBZ9OW7DYKbz-aC_fc7Hzr-Mj1mLK_OGDzfuvAqX4qGelTFZ_gOYE82gtkRj2zPrNG8OGI8U6bISlGQg78FIn/s1600/Eco+01+gr%25C3%25A1fico+n%25C3%25BAmeros+de+esp%25C3%25A9cies+distintas.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;499&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;332&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTIOUj1n15t-Om3shjpP49q8VFMzWe0ce6JLqv-zYH9c25ciitBZ9OW7DYKbz-aC_fc7Hzr-Mj1mLK_OGDzfuvAqX4qGelTFZ_gOYE82gtkRj2zPrNG8OGI8U6bISlGQg78FIn/s400/Eco+01+gr%25C3%25A1fico+n%25C3%25BAmeros+de+esp%25C3%25A9cies+distintas.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Gráfico mostrando uma
estimativa conservadora do número de espécies extintas ao longo de vários anos.
Considerando o total de vertebrados analisados, 59 % foram extintas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imagem: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/5/e1400253.full&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2VR5ZJQ5L5bPvpscndjjJD47OuXZ48GQ_GjuL180ysMLSsRlp0fuaDRjogT1jAFWzuaW9I2HbsgnVGwcZzw4w0yAxIoQcCaZWYKTtW0LpO26TFow7sOhz4ExYKyBuSnrrVkUo/s1600/Eco+01+varia%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+na+concentra%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+de+CO2+ao+longo+do+tempo.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;531&quot; data-original-width=&quot;752&quot; height=&quot;281&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2VR5ZJQ5L5bPvpscndjjJD47OuXZ48GQ_GjuL180ysMLSsRlp0fuaDRjogT1jAFWzuaW9I2HbsgnVGwcZzw4w0yAxIoQcCaZWYKTtW0LpO26TFow7sOhz4ExYKyBuSnrrVkUo/s400/Eco+01+varia%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+na+concentra%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+de+CO2+ao+longo+do+tempo.gif&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Gráfico mostrando uma
estimativa do aumento na concentração de CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; atmosférico ao longo do
tempo. Imagem: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Essas imagens têm o objetivo
de mostrar a relação possível entre a ação do homem (antrópica) e os problemas
ambientais pelos quais estamos passando. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Considerando a escala de tempo
geológico, estamos oficialmente no Holoceno há 11700 anos, época iniciada após
o final da última glaciação. Mas tendo em vista a grande capacidade da nossa
espécie em alterar o ambiente e a magnitude dos impactos causados pelos humanos
desde o início da revolução industrial nos anos 1800 d.C. (século XIX), alguns pesquisadores
sugerem que, iniciando em 1800 ou nos 1950s (início da era atômica), estejamos
em uma nova época chamada de &lt;b&gt;antropoceno&lt;/b&gt;.
Também se acredita que estamos observando mais um evento de extinção em massa
na história do planeta, a sexta extinção, com causas primordialmente antropogênicas.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPIxOkYSqEGTImT-Id44YSQd1j-0HvUxqQuSXUSKLdbjzi4Xl3PPGoIIKmuPz7dog1LhDb50cFtoV5a9EK0Ar5ZnDV1kpoOtPhJr9WOxqhVnNMXBqbIplBLGY2KH8wf77OMOE/s1600/Eco+01+atividade+industrial+emiss%25C3%25A3o+de+gases.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;397&quot; data-original-width=&quot;705&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPIxOkYSqEGTImT-Id44YSQd1j-0HvUxqQuSXUSKLdbjzi4Xl3PPGoIIKmuPz7dog1LhDb50cFtoV5a9EK0Ar5ZnDV1kpoOtPhJr9WOxqhVnNMXBqbIplBLGY2KH8wf77OMOE/s320/Eco+01+atividade+industrial+emiss%25C3%25A3o+de+gases.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Atividade industrial típica do
nosso tempo. Liberando gases poluentes na atmosfera. Imagem: Pnglfy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A &lt;b&gt;ecologia&lt;/b&gt; é o estudo (&lt;i&gt;logos&lt;/i&gt;)
da casa (&lt;i&gt;oikós&lt;/i&gt;). Esse estudo é
multidisciplinar, abrange vários tópicos e, como podemos perceber, tendo em vista
as informações acima sobre o que tem acontecido com a “casa”, essa disciplina
tem grande importância no tocante à preservação e à qualidade da vida no
planeta, inclusive a nossa. Por exemplo, no âmbito da ecologia, estudam-se as
diversas relações entre os organismos, uns com os outros e com o ambiente
físico, e os padrões de distribuição e abundância das espécies. Mas além disso,
buscam-se desenvolver formas de prevenir e lidar com os distúrbios, como
preservar o ambiente e as espécies, o gerenciamento dos recursos naturais e
etc. Nossa espécie não vive isolada e independente das outras, logo, deve haver
harmonia com os outros organismos e com os elementos abióticos constituintes do
ambiente. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5E_J_g6rDo9-n5vLLBE7oZ1MXTk8alrGtI3PBvPVjRVPRG00FDPQQlykZUjavvGy3YDQ8VngjEBBJ1vjpM5D9a0vo3k2vaSoQkUd7igFWzpNMGCzyqv-i-GDKV7xcE-ZSgNUn/s1600/Eco+01+ca%25C3%25A7adores+coletores.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;293&quot; data-original-width=&quot;523&quot; height=&quot;179&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5E_J_g6rDo9-n5vLLBE7oZ1MXTk8alrGtI3PBvPVjRVPRG00FDPQQlykZUjavvGy3YDQ8VngjEBBJ1vjpM5D9a0vo3k2vaSoQkUd7igFWzpNMGCzyqv-i-GDKV7xcE-ZSgNUn/s320/Eco+01+ca%25C3%25A7adores+coletores.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Indivíduos
pertencentes à uma tribo de caçadores-coletores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imagem: https://qz.com/1025222/a-paleo-hunter-gatherer-diet-can-improve-your-gut-health/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ainda sobre a “casa” e o
estudo da ecologia, podemos dizer que esse estudo pode abranger &lt;b&gt;níveis distintos de organização e
complexidade&lt;/b&gt;, do indivíduo à chamada biosfera, sendo que um nível superior
engloba os inferiores. Em geral os estudos podem focar em um desses níveis de complexidade,
mas é comum que abranjam outros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz6uV7Hyolkhz1yL57HXgx-Gt-d8v-jzU5_SiwPgH7FRZrqEzKngyQbAf1Hc_jKwzdgkGecfkgY9kSQoGWdvbjBMDlTCmAdzmZGyKg5eh9TYE_EgL8AY454IczY65N6JzlZgXJ/s1600/Eco+01+n%25C3%25ADveis+hier%25C3%25A1rquicos+em+ecologia.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;499&quot; data-original-width=&quot;462&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz6uV7Hyolkhz1yL57HXgx-Gt-d8v-jzU5_SiwPgH7FRZrqEzKngyQbAf1Hc_jKwzdgkGecfkgY9kSQoGWdvbjBMDlTCmAdzmZGyKg5eh9TYE_EgL8AY454IczY65N6JzlZgXJ/s400/Eco+01+n%25C3%25ADveis+hier%25C3%25A1rquicos+em+ecologia.gif&quot; width=&quot;370&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Os níveis de
organização biológica estudados na ecologia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Definindo brevemente esses
níveis de organização, a &lt;b&gt;população&lt;/b&gt; é
um grupo de indivíduos de uma mesma espécie que habita uma determinada região
em um certo momento e interagem uns com os outros. Normalmente, em uma determinada região, dificilmente
haverá apenas uma espécie de organismo, então, ao conjunto de populações que
habita essa região chamamos &lt;b&gt;comunidade&lt;/b&gt;.
Os organismos da comunidade interagem de diversas maneiras uns com os outros,
como é o caso das interações entre um predador e a sua presa. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Podemos dizer que a unidade de
estudo da ecologia é o &lt;b&gt;ecossistema&lt;/b&gt;:
um sistema que consiste em um conjunto de organismos, fatores físicos
ambientais e das interações entre os organismos e deles com o ambiente físico.
Dessas interações emergem outras propriedades, que estão além da simples soma
dos componentes do sistema. Nem sempre é simples delimitar exatamente onde está
um ecossistema, mas é possível utilizar o termo “&lt;b&gt;paisagem&lt;/b&gt;”, que se refere a um “ecossistema” delimitado não
necessariamente pela área, mas pela perspectiva do cientista (ou do
exercício/questão que você está fazendo). Por exemplo, uma paisagem poderia ser
a região que corresponde a todo o espaço percorrido por uma espécie migratória.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Pensar nas questões ecológicas
em termos de sistemas (os ecossistemas), facilita perceber as
soluções para os problemas. Por exemplo, se em um ecossistema os números de uma
certa espécie de herbívoro diminuíram muito, normalmente para entender melhor
os motivos, pensar pura e simplesmente apenas em qual espécie está predando-a
não é o bastante, pois dificilmente os eventos ocorrem isoladamente. O
pensamento baseado em sistemas irá abranger questões como, o que levou uma
espécie a predar em maiores quantidades? O número de indivíduos aumentou? Como?
Há escassez de outro tipo de presa? Outras espécies foram afetadas? Houve algum
evento natural que pode estar relacionado? Esse padrão se repete de tempos em
tempos? E etc. É recomendável que o pensamento baseado em sistemas use o modelo
visual do iceberg:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWJytv-w2kdqDrLqdJWpP9FroGckbaYyOX7aO5hvixWYLEbaGUqo1D7f-UGnPINHiimTp4zO-eCG2T_2NDAGb2d3dv4hb8EmubtusVZtE2cT8yxZ7hZIzoC4prLNbno7406bWM/s1600/Eco+01+modelo+do+iceberg.gif&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;612&quot; data-original-width=&quot;600&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWJytv-w2kdqDrLqdJWpP9FroGckbaYyOX7aO5hvixWYLEbaGUqo1D7f-UGnPINHiimTp4zO-eCG2T_2NDAGb2d3dv4hb8EmubtusVZtE2cT8yxZ7hZIzoC4prLNbno7406bWM/s400/Eco+01+modelo+do+iceberg.gif&quot; width=&quot;391&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;O modelo do iceberg, útil para
se fazer análises em nível de ecossistemas. Baseado em Ponto &amp;amp; Linder
(2011).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Acima do ecossistema, o último nível de
organização é a &lt;b&gt;biosfera&lt;/b&gt;: é o conjunto de todos os ecossistemas ou a camada
superficial do planeta que abriga a vida. De maneira simplificada
podemos dizer que ela se estende das profundezas oceânicas até as partes
elevadas das montanhas. Logo, não é uniforme, há regiões com características
distintas. Isso se deve, pelo menos parcialmente, às movimentações das massas
de ar, das águas oceânicas, dos movimentos de rotação e translação do planeta e também da
quantidade de energia solar recebida por uma determinada região. Esses fatores
físicos contribuem para gerar as &lt;b&gt;zonas
climáticas&lt;/b&gt;: polar, temperada e tropical, que influenciam no padrão de
distribuição dos organismos, como por exemplo, das espécies vegetais que
caracterizam os biomas. Os &lt;b&gt;biomas&lt;/b&gt;
são grandes ecossistemas com características relativamente bem definidas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;REFERÊNCIAS:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
As referências básicas dessa série sobre ecologia são:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Lopes, L. &amp;amp; Rosso, S. &lt;i&gt;BIO:
Volume Único&lt;/i&gt;. Saraiva. 3ª ed. 2013.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Thompson, M. &amp;amp; Rios, EP. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conexões
com a Biologia&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 1. Moderna. 2ª ed. 2016.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Townsend, CR., Begon, M.,
Harper, JL. &lt;i&gt;Fundamentos em Ecologia&lt;/i&gt;. 3ª ed. Artmed. 2010.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNoSpacing&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Urry, LA. &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Biology&lt;/i&gt;.
11th ed. Pearson. 2016.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
As restantes serão informadas na parte final sobre esse assunto.&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/7756411032679490963'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/7756411032679490963'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/07/ecologia-01-introducao-e-conceitos.html' title='Ecologia 01 - Introdução e conceitos básicos'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTIOUj1n15t-Om3shjpP49q8VFMzWe0ce6JLqv-zYH9c25ciitBZ9OW7DYKbz-aC_fc7Hzr-Mj1mLK_OGDzfuvAqX4qGelTFZ_gOYE82gtkRj2zPrNG8OGI8U6bISlGQg78FIn/s72-c/Eco+01+gr%25C3%25A1fico+n%25C3%25BAmeros+de+esp%25C3%25A9cies+distintas.gif" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32888735.post-3663800013549374641</id><published>2019-07-30T14:03:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2020-03-19T13:48:33.477-04:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="biologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="comentado"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="concursos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="enem"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gabarito"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="provas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="respostas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="unb"/><title type='text'>ITENS DE BIOLOGIA COM AS RESPOSTAS COMENTADAS/EXPLICADAS</title><content type='html'>Aqui eu disponibilizarei aos poucos e ao longo do tempo alguns links para os itens de &lt;b&gt;biologia&lt;/b&gt; com as respostas comentadas de algumas provas: &lt;b&gt;enem, vestibular tradicional da UnB e o PAS etapa 01&amp;nbsp; da UnB&lt;/b&gt;. Caso haja links quebrados, favor avisar. Tudo no 4shared: cuidado com as propagandas perigosas...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;ENEM:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2019: https://mega.nz/#!BR82ESAb!DdoB6W9JXZg1qkOvH1ynZuaEQHlm8P6e-EShMC1b6Xo &lt;br /&gt;
2018: https://www.4shared.com/office/VYO4cjDxda/ENEM_2018_-_Itens_de_biologia_.html&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Vestibular tradicional da UnB:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2019:&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;file-link-info url&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; outline: none; resize: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;https://mega.nz/#!AYsjFSSb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;file-link-info key&quot; data-key=&quot;!GVeQ8IU7AsOGQLvIUyAOd3rpjXKiMI-a0OukbWtayj8&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; outline: none; resize: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;!GVeQ8IU7AsOGQLvIUyAOd3rpjXKiMI-a0OukbWtayj8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
2018: https://www.4shared.com/office/PYlJTXhIfi/Vestibular_UnB_2018_-_itens_de.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PAS 1 UnB:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2018:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;file-link-info url&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; outline: none; resize: none; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;https://mega.nz/#!4Q0DySxK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;file-link-info key&quot; data-key=&quot;!LQTn9TVgi0O6ArpD5o7Us9n-962CXVXSl38KIbTvJjo&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #d90007; outline: none; resize: none; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;!LQTn9TVgi0O6ArpD5o7Us9n-962CXVXSl38KIbTvJjo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/3663800013549374641'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/32888735/posts/default/3663800013549374641'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://maxaug.blogspot.com/2019/07/itens-de-biologia-com-as-respostas.html' title='ITENS DE BIOLOGIA COM AS RESPOSTAS COMENTADAS/EXPLICADAS'/><author><name>Maximiliano Mendes</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16003455910054994166</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry></feed>