FREE TECHNO WORLD

Android Fundamentals

2011-11-09T08:55:00.000-08:00

Before directly going to the application development, I thought its better to read something on the Android OS. It was quite interesting to me when I understand that each applications in this OS is treated as different user with different permissions to the assoicated files.More over this OS runs with Linux Kernal as a multi-user Linux system in which each application is a different user.

•By default, the system assigns each application a unique Linux user ID (the ID is used only by the system and is unknown to the application). The system sets permissions for all the files in an application so that only the user ID assigned to that application can access them.

•Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so an application's code runs in isolation from other applications.

•By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the application's components need to be executed, then shuts down the process when it's no longer needed or when the system must recover memory for other applications

•It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same Linux user ID, in which case they are able to access each other's files. To conserve system resources, applications with the same user ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process and share the same VM (the applications must also be signed with the same certificate).

•An application can request permission to access device data such as the user's contacts, SMS messages, the mountable storage (SD card), camera, Bluetooth, and more. All application permissions must be granted by the user at install time.

Refer Application Fundamentals

Android Applications Development

2011-11-05T11:37:00.000-07:00

Next years smart phones will be driven be Android OS.Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware, and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools and libraries necessary to begin developing applications that run on Android-powered devices.

I started with the Android application development.For the the initial set up ,going through the Youtube Tutorials. The Android application development tools are Eclipse and Android sdk. Some of the links recently I tried to follow.

http://code.google.com/android/

You can download the Android sdk from the following link http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html
http://developer.android.com/index.html

and also the youtube videos from http://www.thenewboston.com/

AS400 SQL STORED PROCEDURES AND EXTERNAL STORED PROCEDURES EXAMPLES

2011-08-13T09:35:00.000-07:00

A stored procedure is a subroutine available to applications accessing a relational database system. Stored procedures are actually stored in the database data dictionary. In AS400 it is stored in SYSROUTINES and SYSPARMS tables.

AS400 the stored procedures cane called from SQLRPGLE program or from STRSQL utility screen. Stored procedures may return result sets i.e. the results of a SELECT statement,or it can retun the paramters declared as OUT. Result sets can be processed using cursors, by other stored procedures, by associating a result set locator, or by applications. Stored procedures may also contain declared variables for processing data and cursors that allow it to loop through multiple rows in a table. Stored procedure languages typically include IF, WHILE, LOOP, REPEAT, and CASE statements, and more. Stored procedures can receive variables, return results or modify variables and return them, depending on how and where the variable is declared

There are two type of stored procedures in AS400 - External stored procedures and SQL stored procedures. While creating the external Procedures an external program( CL,RPGLE,COBOL,C etc) will linked to procedure. But in SQL stored procedures all the statements will be SQL statements. The AS400 stored procedures can also be called from .NET,JAVA,VB etc other front end applications.

External Stored Procedure

In the below example an external procedure is created with CREATE PROCEDURE statement in the STRSQL utility. The program CHECKCUST( RPGLE - for checking the customer is present or not ) is linked to the procedure so that when a call comes to the procedure, indirectly procedure invokes the program with passed parameters. Below program (CHECKCUST) returns a flag(RECFND) which procedure passes to the calling program PROTESTPGM (SQLRPGLE).

SOURCE : Procedure calling program (PROTESTPGM)
-----------------------------------------------

The real cases the procedures are called from the front-end applications. But we can also call the procedures from SQLRPGLE in AS400 itself.

SOURCE: CHECKCUST ( RPGLE Program attached to Procedure)
-------------------------------------------------------

CREATE PROCEDURE :

The below SQL statment includes the language of the external program,External program Name/Library. For more Stored Procedures

CREATE PROCEDURE DAVNAV1/PROCCHECKCUST(IN CUSTNUM DECIMAL (5,0), OUT
RECFOUND CHAR (1 )) LANGUAGE RPGLE DETERMINISTIC NO SQL EXTERNAL
NAME DAVNAV1/CHECKCUST PARAMETER STYLE GENERAL
Procedure PROCCHECKCUST was created in DAVNAV1.

For verifing:

SELECT * FROM SYSROUTINES or SELECT * FROM SYSPARAMS , execute the SQL and see the SCHEMA entry in the tables.

SQL Stored Procedures

SQL stored procedures are written in SQL language and this can be compiled or created using CREATE PROCEDURE or RUNSQLSTM command or iSeries Navigator

SQL SOURCE(DELETCUST):

Below example SQL source is for creating a procedure to delete the specific Customer Record.
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/html/as400/v4r5/ic2931/info/db2/rbafymst151.htm#HDRSQLPROC

Compilation: The sql source can be compiled using the Command RUNSQLSTM

RUNSQLSTM SRCFILE(DAVNAV1/QSQLSRC) SRCMBR(DELETCUST) COMMIT(*NC) DBGVIEW(*SOURCE)

COMMIT(*NC) --> Specifies that commitment control is not used. Uncommitted changes in other jobs can be seen. If the SQL DROP SCHEMA
statement is included in the program, *NONE or *NC must be used.

DBGVIEW(*SOURCE) --> debugging with source.

CALLING SQLRPGLE PROGRAM:
--------------------------------------

HAVE A SEARCH FOR BLOG TEMPLATE

2011-07-29T09:24:00.000-07:00

When I searched for different blog templates , I have got below site which provides some amazing blog templates ... going through this and doing some modifications .. Blogger Tricks

Blog Template Changed

2011-07-28T12:02:00.000-07:00

Its quite easy to change the Template of the blog in Blogger. Just we need to select the template decided from the menu's and apply it.... There are option to edit the background attributes as well as Layouts .

WebSim( MIT open course Electronics Lab)

2011-06-28T10:45:00.000-07:00

This is very interesting to do the basic electronics lab through the MIT open Electronics Lab (Web Sim) , also can listen excellent lectures from MIT professor on Basic Electronics

RAM8

2011-03-02T07:42:00.000-08:00

RAM8:is a memory unit of 8 registers joined together to store 16*8 bits (16 byte). Based on the address (3bits) ,the Dmux8way device control the load signal for each Registers.

CHIP RAM8 {

IN in[16], load, address[3];
OUT out[16];

PARTS:

// load given as input of 8 way Demultipelxer so that 'load' is seperated to control each Registers

DMux8Way(in=load, sel=address, a=a, b=b, c=c, d=d, e=e, f=f, g=g, h=h);

/* 16-Bit register, load is given as each seperated lines

* If load[t-1]=1 then out[t] = in[t-1]
*/
Register(in=in, load=a, out=aa);
Register(in=in, load=b, out=bb);
Register(in=in, load=c, out=cc);
Register(in=in, load=d, out=dd);
Register(in=in, load=e, out=ee);
Register(in=in, load=f, out=ff);
Register(in=in, load=g, out=gg);
Register(in=in, load=h, out=hh);
// 16bit outputs from each Registers connected through 16bit 8 way multiplexer in order to get the outputs based on the Address
Mux8Way16(a=aa, b=bb, c=cc, d=dd, e=ee, f=ff, g=gg, h=hh, sel=address, out=out);

}

How to build a Memory for a computing System

2011-02-08T07:42:00.002-08:00

BIT STORE

The elementary functionality of a Computing System is that it should store data somewhere and should be collected it back whenever require. We can call this block as Memory unit of a computer. The Memory can be build using the sequential chip called flip-flop. Below HDL can store a bit . The small memory can Write and Read using the 'load' signal.

CHIP Bit {

IN in, load;

OUT out;

PARTS:

Mux(a=outb, b=in, sel=load,out=out1); //Mux input taken as the feedback of D-Flip Flop out

DFF(in=out1,out=out,out=outb);

}
================================================================================
Register

If a Bus(16bit) connected to 16 parallel a Bit chip ,then we can store 16bit at a time. This is known as Register.

CHIP Register {

IN in[16], load;

OUT out[16];

PARTS:

Bit(in=in[0],load=load,out=out[0]);
Bit(in=in[1],load=load,out=out[1]);
Bit(in=in[2],load=load,out=out[2]);
Bit(in=in[3],load=load,out=out[3]);
Bit(in=in[4],load=load,out=out[4]);
Bit(in=in[5],load=load,out=out[5]);
Bit(in=in[6],load=load,out=out[6]);
Bit(in=in[7],load=load,out=out[7]);
Bit(in=in[8],load=load,out=out[8]);
Bit(in=in[9],load=load,out=out[9]);
Bit(in=in[10],load=load,out=out[10]);
Bit(in=in[11],load=load,out=out[11]);
Bit(in=in[12],load=load,out=out[12]);
Bit(in=in[13],load=load,out=out[13]);
Bit(in=in[14],load=load,out=out[14]);
Bit(in=in[15],load=load,out=out[15]);

}

ALU CHIP

2011-02-03T19:04:00.000-08:00

ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit):

The basic building block for a computer is ALU which can perform the basic Arithmetic and logical operations. The Chip creation using the HDL from the basic gates(AND,NOT,MUX,ADDER..etc) gives you the in site knowledge and interest for binary number operations. The below HDL ALU chip can perform 18 operations, potentially which can compute 64.

Follow the course The Elements of Computing Systems

CHIP ALU {

IN // 16-bit inputs:

x[16], y[16],

// Control bits:

zx, // Zero the x input

nx, // Negate the x input

zy, // Zero the y input

ny, // Negate the y input

f, // Function code: 1 for add, 0 for and

no; // Negate the out output

OUT // 16-bit output

out[16],

// ALU output flags

zr, // 1 if out=0, 0 otherwise

ng; // 1 if out<0, 0 otherwise

PARTS:

Mux16(a[0..15]=x[0..15], b[0..15]=false, sel=zx, out[0..15]=x1);

Mux16(a[0..15]=y[0..15], b[0..15]=false, sel=zy, out[0..15]=y1);

Not16(in[0..15]=x1, out[0..15]=notx1);

Not16(in[0..15]=y1, out[0..15]=noty1);

Mux16(a[0..15]=x1, b[0..15]=notx1, sel=nx, out[0..15]=x2);

Mux16(a[0..15]=y1, b[0..15]=noty1, sel=ny, out=y2);

And16(a[0..15]=x2, b[0..15]=y2, out=Andxy);

Add16(a[0..15]=x2, b[0..15]=y2, out=Addxy);

Mux16(a[0..15]=Andxy, b[0..15]=Addxy, sel=f, out=x3);

Not16(in[0..15]=x3, out=notx3);

Mux16(a[0..15]=x3, b[0..15]=notx3, sel=no, out[0]=ou1,out[1]=ou2,out[2]=ou3,out[3]=ou4,out[4]=ou5,out[5]=ou6,out[6]=ou7,out[7]=ou8,out[8]=ou9,out[9]=ou10,out[10]=ou11,out[11]=ou12,out[12]=ou13,out[13]=ou14,out[14]=ou15,out[15]=ou16);

Or(a=ou1, b=ou2,out= out1);

Or(a=ou2,b= out1,out= out2);

Or(a=ou3,b= out2,out= out3);

Or(a=ou4,b= out3,out= out4);

Or(a=ou5,b= out4,out= out5);

Or(a=ou6,b= out5,out= out6);

Or(a=ou7,b= out6,out= out7);

Or(a=ou8,b= out7,out= out8);

Or(a=ou9,b= out8,out= out9);

Or(a=ou10,b= out9,out= out10);

Or(a=ou11,b= out10,out= out11);

Or(a=ou12,b= out11,out= out12);

Or(a=ou13,b= out12,out= out13);

Or(a=ou14,b= out13,out= out14);

Or(a=ou15,b= out14,out= out15);
Or(a=ou16,b= out15,out= notzr);

Not(in=notzr,out=zr);

And(a=ou16,b=true,out=ng);

And(a=ou1,b=true,out=out[0]);
And(a=ou2,b=true,out=out[1]);
And(a=ou3,b=true,out=out[2]);
And(a=ou4,b=true,out=out[3]);
And(a=ou5,b=true,out=out[4]);
And(a=ou6,b=true,out=out[5]);
And(a=ou7,b=true,out=out[6]);
And(a=ou8,b=true,out=out[7]);

And(a=ou9,b=true,out=out[8]);
And(a=ou10,b=true,out=out[9]);
And(a=ou11,b=true,out=out[10]);
And(a=ou12,b=true,out=out[11]);
And(a=ou13,b=true,out=out[12]);
And(a=ou14,b=true,out=out[13]);
And(a=ou15,b=true,out=out[14]);
And(a=ou16,b=true,out=out[15]);

}

Half Adder & Full Adder

2011-01-24T08:37:00.000-08:00

Half adder

CHIP HalfAdder {

IN a, b;

OUT sum, // LSB of a + b

carry; // MSB of a + b

PARTS:

Xor(a=a, b=b, out=sum);
And(a=a, b=b, out=carry);
}

Full Adder

CHIP FullAdder {
IN a, b, c;

OUT sum, // LSB of a + b + c

carry; // MSB of a + b + c

PARTS:

HalfAdder(a=c, b=b, sum=sum1, carry=carry1);
HalfAdder(a=a, b=sum1, sum=sum);
And(a=a, b=sum1, out=out1);
Or(a=carry1, b=out1, out=carry);

}

Adder 16 bit

CHIP Add16 {

IN a[16], b[16];

OUT out[16];

PARTS:

HalfAdder(a= a[0], b=b[0], sum= out[0], carry=carry1);
FullAdder(a= a[1], b=b[1], c =carry1, sum = out[1], carry = carry2);
FullAdder(a= a[2], b=b[2], c =carry2, sum = out[2], carry = carry3);
FullAdder(a= a[3], b=b[3], c =carry3, sum = out[3], carry = carry4);
FullAdder(a= a[4], b=b[4], c =carry4, sum = out[4], carry = carry5);
FullAdder(a= a[5], b=b[5], c =carry5, sum = out[5], carry = carry6);
FullAdder(a= a[6], b=b[6], c =carry6, sum = out[6], carry = carry7);
FullAdder(a= a[7], b=b[7], c =carry7, sum = out[7], carry = carry8);
FullAdder(a= a[8], b=b[8], c =carry8, sum = out[8], carry = carry9);
FullAdder(a= a[9], b=b[9], c =carry9, sum = out[9], carry = carry10);
FullAdder(a= a[10], b=b[10], c =carry10, sum = out[10], carry = carry11);
FullAdder(a= a[11], b=b[11], c =carry11, sum = out[11], carry = carry12);
FullAdder(a= a[12], b=b[12], c =carry12, sum = out[12], carry = carry13);
FullAdder(a= a[13], b=b[13], c =carry13, sum = out[13], carry = carry14);
FullAdder(a= a[14], b=b[14], c =carry14, sum = out[14], carry = carry15);
FullAdder(a= a[15], b=b[15], c =carry15, sum = out[15], carry = carry16);

}

Increment 16bit

CHIP Inc16 {

IN in[16];
OUT out[16];

PARTS:
Add16(a[0..15] = in[0..15], b[1..15] = false, b[0] = true, out = out);
}

All chips in the CHAPTER 1

2011-01-22T07:01:00.000-08:00

Finally completed the Chapter1 project. Solutions are there in the below link

Chapter.1 solutions

CHAPTER 1

2011-01-18T19:12:00.000-08:00

Chip Design is as interesting as Programming. For building OR gate from NAND,we need to remember the basic theorems in Digital electronics.De_Morgan laws

DMUX

MUX

DMux4Way

CHIP DMux4Way {

IN in, sel[2];

OUT a, b, c, d;

PARTS:

DMux(in=in, sel=sel[1], a=mux1, b=mux2);

DMux(in=mux1, sel=sel[0], a=a, b=b);

DMux(in=mux2, sel=sel[0], a=c, b=d);

}

DMux8Way

CHIP DMux8Way {

IN in, sel[3];

OUT a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h;

PARTS:

DMux(in=in, sel=sel[2], a=mux1, b=mux2);
DMux4Way(in=mux1, sel[0]=sel[0], sel[1]=sel[1], a=a,b=b,c=c,d=d);
DMux4Way(in=mux2, sel[0]=sel[0], sel[1]=sel[1], a=e,b=f,c=g,d=h);

}

AND16 chip

2011-01-18T09:23:00.000-08:00

built the AND16

This is the second chip tested successfully

Building all the chips

2011-01-17T18:53:00.000-08:00

First chip AND built from NAND gate. The first chapter project is to build all the chips from NAND gate.One who finish the first chapter should build all the chips from NAND and test it.

reference link http://www1.idc.ac.il/tecs/plan.html

Ubuntu 10.10

2011-01-09T19:16:00.000-08:00

started running Ubuntu 10.10 in my laptop and installation is even easier than my last version 8.4.
You have everything in it when you compare it with Windows,or you can install with just 'Clicks'.

My Ubuntu running with Skype,facebook chat,Firefox,Totem Movie Player and Synaptic Package Manager (easiest installation software from network ) .

Get the free Ubuntu CD from here

going to implement CPU and OS from single book ( 152 Rs)

2011-01-08T19:59:00.000-08:00

I have ordered the book introductory CS course called The Elements of Computing Systems. . Hoping I can revist the ALU,CPU, .........assembler/vm/language/os .

Course simplifies Computer Science into a single course ( no need to study Computer Architecure , Assembly, language, complier, OS text books seperately ) ...one shot everthing in it . Don't know much about it ,but ordered the book. read below .TECS - The most amazing CS course I have seen!

AS400 - RPGLE interview questions

2010-12-01T08:55:00.000-08:00

AS400 - RPGLE inertview questions
download
RPGLE interview questions

set up WIFI in Ubuntu ( Wireless World)

2010-11-30T08:26:00.000-08:00

Happy to share you that I managed to set up WIFI in my laptop. steps followed below

1.) disable atheros hardware access layer (System > Administration > Hardware Drivers)
2.) sudo reboot
3.) wget http://snapshots.madwifi.org/madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6/madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-r3861-20080903.tar.gz

if you are not getting this link try with below command:
sudo svn co https://svn.madwifi-project.org/madwifi/trunk

4.) tar -xvf madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-r3861-20080903.tar.gz
5.) cd madwifi-hal-0.10.5.6-r3861-20080903
6.) sudo make install
7.) sudo modprobe ath_pci
8.) sudo nano /etc/modules and append ‘ath_pci’
9.) sudo reboot

Happy WIFI surfing

reference:
http://www.ubuntugeek.com/atheros-ar5007-wireless-with-madwifi-on-ubuntu-804-hardy-heron.html

http://www.pcmech.com/article/how-to-quick-wireless-setup-with-ubuntu-804/

Subfile programs and Docs

2010-11-24T07:26:00.000-08:00

1. docoments for Subfiles
subfile doc basics and simple programs
2. Subfile Keywords:
Subfile Keywords
3. Subfile Programs
Subfile Programs
4. subfiles detailed document

subfile

30 second speech by ceo of coca-cola

2010-06-02T09:28:00.000-07:00

http://noelatwork.blogspot.com/2010/03/30-second-speech-by-ceo-of-coca-cola.html

searching for as400 scope

2010-05-08T01:03:00.000-07:00

Today I was just searching through the AS400 best sites .Then I got a blogspot which explains different perspective of OS400 ..

http://as400blog.blogspot.com/search/label/history

Procedures within an ILE RPG program

2010-03-03T10:15:00.000-08:00

procedure within RPGLE program,

Something more am trying to know about procedure,subprocedure,service program. While googling sample programs and I created one procedure in program. Iam not sure about the the other concepts now. Let me hack it later.
these procedures can be used like built-in functions:-)

http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/iseries/v5r2/ic2924/books/c092508410.htm

steps for creation:

(1)
A Prototype which specifies the name, return value if any, and parameters if any.

(2)
A Begin-Procedure specification (B in position 24 of a procedure specification)

(3)
A Procedure-Interface definition, which specifies the return value and parameters, if any. The procedure interface must match the corresponding prototype. The procedure-interface definition is optional if the subprocedure does not return a value and does not have any parameters that are passed to it.

(4)
Other definition specifications of variables, constants and prototypes needed by the subprocedure. These definitions are local definitions.

(5)
Any calculation specifications, standard or free-form, needed to perform the task of the procedure. The calculations may refer to both local and global definitions. Any subroutines included within the subprocedure are local. They cannot be used outside of the subprocedure. If the subprocedure returns a value, then the subprocedure must contain a RETURN operation.

(6)
An End-Procedure specification (E in position 24 of a procedure specification)

See sample program:

Rest of the code highlighted:

But default activation group(DFTACTGRP) as 'YES' throwing error while compiling, this can solveed giving as option 'NO'

not sure the reason for this ( need to investigate)
Activation group . . . . . . . . ACTGRP QILE

OUTPUT

See little about free format.... we can write direct statements separated by semicolon in between /free ...and /end-free

Please refer :

Code400.com

RPG flaw in addition

2010-02-26T22:01:00.000-08:00

There is flaw in RPG addition , RPG programmers must have to aware of that. If you have twp variable length 2 and the sum is also length 2 then if the real result of addition has 3 digits it will truncate the left most digit rather than throwing an overflow in addition.

See the result:

output

SETLL

2010-02-22T09:58:00.000-08:00

see in publib boulder ibm
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/iseries/v5r1/ic2924/books/c0925083713.htm

CHGPF http://search400.techtarget.com/tips/index/0,289482,sid3_tax2f9,00.html

When the structure of a physical file changes, most AS/400 programmers take the following steps to incorporate the change:

a. Change the DDS to reflect the new structure.

b. Make a copy of the data from the old structure file.

c. Delete any logical files based on the physical file.

d. Recompile the source and rebuild any logical files.

e. Copy the old data back to the new structure, specifying options *DROP and *MAP.

You can use the CHGPF command to achieve the same goal with less effort. When you need to recompile because of a change in file structure, follow these steps:

a. Make the necessary changes to the DDS source.

b. Type CHGPF and press F4 to display the screen below:
�� Change Physical File (CHGPF)

� Type choices, press Enter.
� Physical file� . . . . . .�� ARETURNS�� Name
�� Library� . . . . . . . .�� INVLIB�� Name, *LIBL, *CURLIB
� System . . . . . . . . . .�� *LCL�� *LCL, *RMT, *FILETYPE
� Source file� . . . . . . .�� QDDSSRC�� Name, *NONE
�� Library� . . . . . . . .�� SRCLIB�� Name, *LIBL, *CURLIB

Enter the name of the physical file and the name of the library in which the file resides. Also type the source physical file name and the name of the library in which the source file resides.

c. Press Enter to display the screen below:
�� Change Physical File (CHGPF)

� Type choices, press Enter.
� Physical file� . . . . . . .� ARETURNS�� Name
�� Library� . . . . . . . . .�� INVLIB�� Name, *LIBL, *CURLIB
� System . . . . . . . . . . .� *LCL�� *LCL, *RMT, *FILETYPE
� Source file� . . . . . . . .� QDDSSRC�� Name, *NONE
�� Library� . . . . . . . . .�� SRCLIB�� Name, *LIBL, *CURLIB
� Source member� . . . . . . .� *FILE�� Name, *FILE
� Source listing options . . .�� *SRC, *NOSRC,*SOURCE...
�� + for more values
� Generation severity level� .� 20�� 0-30
� Flagging severity level� . .� 0�� 0-30
� Delete dependent logical file *NO�� *NO, *YES
� Remove constraint� . . . . .� *RESTRICT� *RESTRICT, *REMOVE
� Expiration date for member .� *NONE�� Date, *SAME, *NONE

Enter the source member name, and press Enter. This step recompiles the physical and logical files and copies data back. In fact, it does all the steps you've been doing manually.

Note that when you change the DDS to reduce a field's size or drop a field, you may receive a message warning that you may lose your data. You can ignore the message by responding to it with I(gnore).

You can use a similar technique to delete all the logical files based on a physical file. Rather than using the DSPDBR command to find all dependent logicals and then deleting them one by one, simply use the CHGPF command as described above and specify *YES for "Delete dependent logical file" on the second screen to delete all dependent files.

CHAIN AND SETLL -- RPGLE

2010-02-20T09:32:00.000-08:00

Where to use SETLL and CHAIN

If the programmer is using SETLL and READE to get a single record you could change the program to CHAIN and get quicker results. The SETLL and READE is good only for situations where you need to read a group of records with the same propertie

The below program is for fetching Employee Name and Employee Salary based on the Employee Number Entered through the screen.

Based on the input ( Employee Nmber - EMPIDS ) the CHAIN opcode will directly point to the record . READE will read that records and passing the values to Screen variables ... quite easy and simple.

I will publish the SETLL program in the next------------------------------