RMNTs

2011-09-14T00:23:00.000-07:00

tnx sa blogger, nkit-an na jud naq ang work ni maria....tnx maria

My Answers - Comped321 Quiz 9 (August 8, 2011)

2011-08-08T04:30:00.001-07:00

1. Define the term, computer security risks, and briefly describe the types
of cybercrime perpetrators: hacker, cracker, script kiddie, corporate spy,
unethical employee, cyberextortionist, and cyberterrorist.

Computer security is a branch of computer technology known as Information Security as applied to computers and networks. The objective of computer security includes protection of information and property from theft, corruption, or natural disaster, while allowing the information and property to remain accessible and productive to its intended users.

Cybercrime Perpetrators

Hacker refers to a computer programmer who is able to create usable computer programs where none previously existed.

Cracker is a variation of hacker, with the analogy equal to a safe cracker. Some individuals use the term cracker in an attempt to differentiate from the honorable computer programmer definition of hacker.

Script kiddy is an individual who executes computer scripts and programs written by others. Their motive is to hack a computer by using someone else’s software. Examples include password decryption programs and automated access utilities.

Corporate Spy - have excellent computer and networking skills and are hired to break into a specific computer and steal its proprietary data and information.

Unethical employee - break into their employers' computer for a variety of reasons. Some simply want to exploit security weakness.

Cyberextortionist - is someone who uses e-mail as a vehicle for extortion. These perpetrator s send an organization a threatening e-mail message indicating they will expose confidential information, exploit a security flaw, or launch an attack that will compromise the organization s network - if they are not paid of a sum of money.

Cyber-terrorist - a programmer who breaks into computer systems in order to steal or change or destroy information as a form of cyber-terrorism

2. Describe various types of Internet and network attacks (computer viruses,
worms, Trojan horses, rootkits, botnets, denial of service attacks, back
doors, and spoofing), and identify ways to safeguard against these attacks,
including firewalls, intrusion detection software, and honeypots.

A computer virus is a potentially damaging program that affects, or infects, a computer negatively by altering the way the computer works without the user's knowledge or permission.
A worm is a program that copies itself repeatedly, using up resources and possibly shutting down the computer or network.
A Trojan horse is a program that hides within or looks like a legitimate program.
A root kit is a program that hides in a computer and allows someone from a remote location to take full control of the computer.
To take precautions against this malware,
1.Do not start a computer with removable media in the drives or ports.
2. Never open an e-mail attachment unless you are expecting the attachment and it is from a trusted source.
3. Disable macros in documents that are not from a trusted source.
4. Install an antivirus program and a personal firewall.
5. Stay informed about any new virus alert or virus hoax.
6. To defend against a botnet, a denial of service attack, improper use of a back door, and spoofing, users can install a firewall, install intrusion detection software, and set up a honeypot.

3. Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and use

Unauthorized access is the use of a computer or network without permission. Unauthorized use is the use of a computer or its data for unapproved or illegal activities. Organizations can take measures such as implementing a written acceptable use policy (AUP), a firewall, intrusion detection software, an access control, and an audit trail. Access controls include a user name and password or passphrase, a CAPTCHA, a possessed object, and a biometric device.

4. Identify safeguards against hardware theft and vandalism

Hardware theft is the act of stealing computer equipment. Hardware vandalism is the act of defacing or destroying computer equipment. The best preventive measures against hardware theft and vandalism are common sense and a constant awareness of the risk. Physical devices and practical security measures, such as locked doors and windows, can help protect equipment. Passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics can reduce the risk of theft or render a computer useless if it is stolen.

5. Explain the ways software manufacturers protect against software piracy.

Software piracy is the unauthorized and illegal duplication of copyrighted software. To protect themselves from software piracy, manufacturers issue a license agreement and require product activation.

6. Discuss how encryption works, and explains why it is necessary

Encryption prevents information theft and unauthorized access by converting readable data into unreadable characters. To read the data, a recipient must decrypt, or decipher, it into a readable form. An encryption algorithm, or cypher, converts readable plaintext into unreadable cipher text. Encryption is used to protect information on the Internet and networks.

7. Discuss the types of devices available that protect computers from
system failure

A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a computer. A common cause of system failure is an electrical power variation such as noise, an undervoltage, or an overvoltage. A surge protector, also called a surge suppressor, uses special electrical components to smooth out minor noise, provide a stable current flow, and keep an overvoltage from reaching the computer and other electronic equipment. An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) contains surge protection circuits and one or more batteries that can provide power during a temporary loss of power.

8. Explain the options available for backing up computer resources.

A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk that can be used to restore the file if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed. Users can opt for a full backup or a selective backup. Some users implement a three-generation backup policy that preserves three copies of important files: the grandparent, the parent, and the child. Others use RAID or continuous backup. Most operating systems and backup devices include a backup program.

My Answers - Comped321 Quiz 8 (August 1, 2011)

2011-08-08T04:01:00.001-07:00

1. Define the term, database, and explain how a database interacts with data
and information.

A database is an organized collection of data for one or more purposes, usually in digital form.

Data is collection of unprocessed items text, numbers, images, video and audio.
Information is a processed data, organized, meaningful and useful.

2. Describe file maintenance techniques (adding records, modifying records, deleting records) and validation techniques.
- File Maintenance refers to the procedures that keep data current.
- Adding Records users add new records to a file when they obtain new data Disc
- Modifying Records users modify a record to correct inaccurate data or update old data
- Deleting Records When a record no longer is needed, a user deletes it from a file
- Validation Techniques compares data with a set of rules or values to find out if the data is correct

· Alphabetic/Numeric check

· Range check

· Consistency check

· Completeness check

· Check digit

· Other checks

3. Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file

Field is a combination of one or more characters. It is the smallest unit of data user accesses

Record is a group of related fields.

File is a collection of related records

4. Discuss the functions common to most database management systems:
data dictionary, file retrieval and maintenance, data security, and backup
and recovery.

Data dictionary contains data about each file in a database and each field within the files.

Backup is the copy of the database. A log is a listing of activities that change the contents of the database.

Recovery Utility uses the logs and/or backups to restore the database.

5. Differentiate between a file processing approach and the database
approach.

File processing approach each department or area within organization has its own set of files.

Database approach- many programs and users share the data in a database. The database approach reduces data redundancy, improves data integrity, shares data, permits easier access, and reduces development time. A database, however, can be more complex than a file processing system, requiring special training and more computer memory, storage, and processing power. Data in a database also can be more vulnerable than data in file processing system.

6. Describe characteristics of relational, object-oriented, and
multidimensional databases.
    An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data in objects
•Object-oriented databases often use Object Query Language (OQL) to manipulate and retrieve data.
    A relational database stores data in tables that consist of rows and columns
        –Each row has a primary key
        –Each column has a unique name
        •A relationship is a link
    A multidimensional database can store data in more than two dimensions of data
        –Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database

7. Explain how to access Web databases.

Web database database you can access through web by filing in a form in a web page.
A Web database links to a form on a Web page. To access data in a Web database, you fill on the form or enter search text on a Web page. A Web database usually resides on a database server, which is a computer that store and provides access to a database.

8. Define the term, computer security risks, and briefly describe the types
of cyber crime perpetrators: hacker, cracker, script kiddie, corporate spy,
unethical employee, cyber extortionist, and cyber terrorist.

Cyber crime Perpetrators

Hacker refers to a computer programmer who is able to create usable computer programs where none previously existed.

Cracker is a variation of hacker , with the analogy equal to a safe cracker. Some individuals use the term cracker in an attempt to differentiate from the honorable computer programmer definition of hacker.

Unethical employee - break into their employers' computer for a variety of reasons. Some simply want to exploit security weakness.

Cyber extortionist - is someone who uses e-mail as a vehicle for extortion. This perpetrator is send an organization a threatening e-mail message indicating they will expose confidential information, exploit a security flaw, or launches an attack that will compromise the organization s network - if they are not paid of a sum of money.

Cyber-terrorist - a programmer who breaks into computer systems in order to steal or change or destroy information as a form of cyber-terrorism

9. Identify database design guidelines and discuss the responsibilities of
database analysts and administrators.

10. Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and use

Operating system and software patches and updates

There is no such thing as perfect software, often a software program may have several issues and could potentially have security vulnerabilities that can leave your computer open to attacks that compromise your computer and your data.

Software patches, updates, and drivers are made available, often for free, to consumers to help keep a software program and operating systems running properly and secure. If the program you're using does not have any method of checking for updates on its own it is up to you to verify the program is up-to-date. Often this can be done by visiting the web site of the developer who created the program. A listing of third-party companies and links to each of their pages can be found on our third-party support page.

· How to update a Microsoft Windows computer.

Passwords

Make sure a password has been set on computer. Default passwords such as password, root, admin or no password will allow easy access to your computer or your Internet account.

1. Change passwords often. It is recommended at least once every few months.

2. Create a BIOS password.

3. When creating a password, add numbers or other characters to the password to make it more difficult to guess; for example: 1mypassword23!.

4. Do not use sticky notes around your computer to write down passwords. Instead use a password manager.

· Complete information and links to information about computer passwords.

Get a hardware or software firewall

We highly recommend all computer users have a firewall solution. There are two ways a firewall can protect your computer and network.

1. Hardware firewall - A hardware firewall is a hardware device that is connected to your network. Often many home users who have a home network use their network router as a firewall solution.

2. Software firewall - A software firewall is a software program that you install on your computer that helps protect that computer from unauthorized incoming and outgoing data. Below is a listing of a few of the more widely used software firewall programs.

Agnitum Outpost Firewall
BlackICE PC Protection
Kerio Personal Firewall
Sygate Firewall
Tiny software Tiny Personal Firewall
Network Associates
Zone Labs Zone Alarm

Note: A software firewall is only going to protect the computer that has the firewall installed on it.

In addition to the above listed firewall software programs many of the antivirus scanners released today also include their own version of a firewall program. If you have an antivirus scanner that also has a firewall program you do not need to worry about getting one of the above programs or another third-party firewall program.

· How to enable or disable the Microsoft Windows firewall.

Trojans, viruses, spyware, and other malware

Software Trojans, viruses, spyware, and other malware can not only damage or destroy your computer data Internet or even log all your keystrokes to capture sensitive data such as passwords and credit card information. but is also capable of monitoring your computer to learn more about your viewing habits on the

To help protect your computer from these threats we suggest installing a virus protection program as well as a spyware protection program.

· What are the current available antivirus programs?

· My web browser has been hijacked.

Know how to handle e-mails

Today, e-mail is one of the most popular features on the Internet. Being able to identify threats sent through e-mail can help keep your computer and your personal information safe. Below are some of the most common threats you may encounter while using e-mail.

· Attachments - Never open or run e-mail attachments. Viruses, spyware, and other malware are commonly distributed through e-mails that have attachments. For example, an e-mail may want you to open an attachment of a funny video, when it's actually a virus.

· Phishing - Phishing or an e-mail phish is an e-mail that appears to be from an official company (such as your bank) indicating you need to log onto the site to check your account settings. However, the e-mails are actually sites setup to steal confidential information such as your passwords, credit card information, social security information, etc. See the phishing definition for additional information about this term as well as examples of these e-mails.

Alternative browser

Before the release of Microsoft Windows XP SP2 and Internet Explorer 7.0, Microsoft Internet Explorer was notorious for security and spyware related issues. Although it has improved since then we still highly recommend considering an alternative browser such as Mozilla Firefox.

Run system scans to check for vulnerabilities

There are several sites on the Internet that allow users to check their computers for potential threats or issue their network or computer may have that can allow users unauthorized access to their computer. Below is a listing of recommend sites to try:

Gibson Research Corporation - The Gibson Research Corporation, or GRC, is a great location to learn about network security as well as well as test your computer or network for vulnerabilities.

Hacker Wacker - Another great site with computer security related information, help, and programs to help test your computer and network.

2011-08-01T03:42:00.000-07:00

I have been looking for someone who would meet my standards when it comes to women. Someone who is sophisticated, independent and intelligent. But is willing to admit her weaknesses and mistakes. Finally, I had found that someone. That someone is you. And I've realized that I wanted to be like you someday. These standards of mine are realized because of you. And I wanna thank you for that.

The Neverending Stairs

2011-07-25T04:27:00.000-07:00

My Answers - Comped321 Quiz 7 (July 21, 2011)

2011-07-25T04:21:00.002-07:00

Discuss the components required for successful communications.

Computer communications describes a process in which one computer transfers data, instructions and information to another computer or computers. Successful communications require a sending device that initiates an instruction to transmit data, instructions or information, a communications device that converts or formats the data, instructions or information from the sending device into signals carried by a communications channel, and a communications channel or path on which the signals travel. Also required are a communications device that receives signals from the communications channel and converts or formats them so the receiving device can understand the signals, and a receiving device that accepts the data, instructions or information.

2. Identify various sending and receiving devices.

A sending device initiates the transmission of data, instructions, and information while a receiving device accepts the items transmitted.

Microcomputers, minicomputers, and mainframes all can serve as sending and receiving devices.

Besides, Internet appliances and Web enabled handheld computers and devices (e.g. cellular telephones and pagers) can also serve sending and receiving devices.

3. Describe uses of computer communications.

Today most computers are capable (through either a phone line or a cable connection) of exchanging information over the Internet. Your child can send a message from his or her computer to the computer of a neighbor or a friend on the other side of the planet. Students might use computers to communicate with their classmates about homework assignments, group projects, or other school-related activities. They may also use them to submit homework assignments and presentations to their teachers.

4. List advantages of using a network.

By using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via email, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephony, videophone calls and videoconferencing. In a networked environment, each computer on the network can access and use hardware on the network, such as printers or scanners. Authorised computers on a network can also access data and information stored on other computers in the network. Users connected to a network can access software (programs) on the network.

5. Differentiate among client/server, peer-to-peer, and P2P networks.

Network architecture is the logical design of the components of a network, including the number and type of servers, workstations and network resources.

A peer-to-peer LAN is a simple, inexpensive network that typically connects less than 10 computers together. Each computer on a peer-to-peer network can share hardware (such as a printer), data or information located on any other computer in the network.

A client/server LAN is a network in which one or more computers acts as a server and the other computers on the network can request services from the server.

6. Describe the various network communications standards.

Network standards define:

Way devices access the medium
Speed on different types of networks
Types of network technology (cable / wireless)

Protocols

Rules on how devices communicate with each other
Data format used
Coding Scheme
Error Handling
Sequencing techniques etc.
Hardware / Software Vendors try to meet these guidelines

ANSI, IEEE

Standardizing Organization

7. Explain the purpose of communications software.

The purpose of communication software is used to provide remote access to systems and is also used to exchange messages in text, audio and video format for the purpose of communication. This software sends and receives data over telephone lines through modems. The communication software allows computers in different geographical regions to communicate with each other through terminal emulators, file transfer programs, chat and instant messaging programs.

8. Describe various types of lines for communications over the telephone network.

A telephone network is a telecommunications network used for telephone calls between two or more parties.

There are a number of different types of telephone network:

A fixed line network where the telephones must be directly wired into a single telephone exchange. This is known as the public switched telephone network or PSTN.
A wireless network where the telephones are mobile and can move around anywhere within the coverage area.
A private network where a closed group of telephones are connected primarily to each other and use a gateway to reach the outside world. This is usually used inside companies and call centres and is called a private branch exchange (PBX).

9. Describe commonly used communications devices.

Dial-up modem

A dial-up modem converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa
Usually in the form of an adapter card

DSL Modem / ISDN Modem-Cable Modem

Send and receive digital data from DSL(Digital Subscriber Line) / ISDN

Cable Modem

Sends and receives data over cable television (CATV) network
Much faster than dial-up modem or ISDN
Sometimes called a broadband modem

Wireless Modem

Allows access to the Web wirelessly from a notebook computer, a smart phone, or other mobile device.

Hub or Switch

Device that provides central point for cables in network.

Router

Connects computers and transmits data to correct destination on network.

10. Discuss different ways to set up a home network.

Setting up a home network

Before you start: To decide what type of network to set up or to find out what hardware and cables you need, see What you need to set up a home network. That topic has information about the different types of networks (also known as network technologies), as well as hardware requirements for each type.

Once you know what type of network you want and have the necessary hardware, there are four possible steps to take (two of these are not always required):

1. Install any necessary hardware.

2. Set up an Internet connection (optional).

3. Connect the computers.

4. Run the Set Up a Wireless Router or Access Point wizard (wireless only).

Each of these steps is described in detail later in this article.

Start by setting up one computer. Once you set up the network and you are sure that the first computer is working correctly, you can add additional computers or devices.

Install the hardware

Install network adapters in any computers that need them. (Follow the installation instructions in the information that came with each adapter.)

Set up or verify an Internet connection (optional)

You don't need an Internet connection to set up a network, although most people want to use their network to share an Internet connection. To set up an Internet connection, you need a cable or DSL modem and an account with an Internet service provider (ISP). Then open the Connect to the Internet wizard and follow the instructions.

Connect the computers

Turn on all computers or devices, such as printers, that you want to be part of your network. If your network is wired Ethernet or HPNA, it should be set up and ready to use. You should test your network (see below) to make sure that all computers and devices are connected correctly.

Run the Set Up a Wireless Router or Access Point wizard

If your network is wireless, run the Set up a Wireless Router or Access Point wizard on the computer attached to the router.

· Open Set Up a Wireless Router or Access Point by clicking the Start button, clicking Control Panel, clicking Network and Internet, and then clicking Network and Sharing Center. In the left pane, click Set up a connection or network, and then click Set up a wireless router or access point.

The wizard will walk you through the process of adding other computers and devices to the network. For more information, see Add a device or computer to a network.

Test your network

It's a good idea to test your network to make sure that all of the computers and devices are connected and working properly. To test your network, do the following on each network computer: Click the Start button, and then click Network.

Changing TCP/IP settings

If you need to adjust TCP/IP settings for your network, see Change TCP/IP settings.

Connecting your mobile PC from work to your home network

To connect the mobile PC that you use at work to the Internet or to your work network from your home network, you must have a network connection set up at home. For information about using your mobile PC on your home network, see Switching between your home and workplace networks.

11. Identify various physical and wireless transmission media.

My Answers - Comped321 Quiz 6 (July 19, 2011)

2011-07-25T04:21:00.000-07:00

1. Define system software and identify the two types of system software.

System software is computer hardware designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software.

Two Types of System Software

An operating system is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for execution of various application software. The operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer system. Without an operating system, a user cannot run an application program on their computer, unless the application program is self booting.

Computer system is a system of interconnected computers that share a central storage system and various peripheral devices such as a printers, scanners, or routers. Each computer connected to the system can operate independently, but has the ability to communicate with other external devices and computers.

2. Briefly describe various server operating systems: Windows Server, UNIX, Linux, Solaris, and NetWare.

Windows Server is a brand name for a group of server operating systems released by Microsoft Corporation. All are part of Microsoft Servers. This brand includes the following software:

Windows Server 2003
Windows Server 2008

Windows HPC Server 2008, an edition designed exclusively for high-performance computing
Windows Server 2008 R2, the current release of Windows Server 2008

Windows Small Business Server, an operating system based on Windows Server with some integrated Microsoft Servers, for small businesses
Windows Essential Business Server, a product similar to Small Business Server, but for medium-sized businesses
Windows Home Server, a home server operating system for file sharing and streaming, automated backups, and remote access

Windows Home Server 2011, a home server operating system designed for Small Office/Home Office (SOHO)

Windows MultiPoint Server, a product allowing multiple simultaneous local users.

Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix) is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. The Unix operating system was first developed in assembly language, but by 1973 had been almost entirely recoded in C, greatly facilitating its further development and porting to other hardware. Today's Unix systems are split into various branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors and non-profit organizations. The second edition of Unix was released on December 6th, 1972.

Linux refers to the family of Unix-like computer operating systems using the Linux kernel. Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers, routers and video game consoles, to desktop computers, mainframes and supercomputers.Linux is a leading server operating system, and runs the 10 fastest supercomputers in the world.

Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems. It superseded their earlier SunOS in 1993. Oracle Solaris, as it is now known, has been owned by Oracle Corporation since Oracle's acquisition of Sun in January 2010.Solaris is known for its scalability, especially on SPARC systems, and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace, ZFS and Time Slider. Solaris supports SPARC-based and x86-based workstations and servers from Sun and other vendors, with efforts underway to port to additional platforms. Solaris is registered as compliant with the Single Unix Specification.

NetWare is a network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, with network protocols based on the archetypal Xerox Network Systems stack.

3. Summarize the features of several embedded operating systems: Windows Embedded CE, Windows Mobile, Palm OS, iPhone OS, Black Berry, Google Android, Embedded Linux, and Symbian OS.

Windows CE is optimized for devices that have minimal storage—a Windows CE kernel may run in under a megabyte of memory. Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a “closed” system that does not allow for end-user extension (for instance, it can be burned into ROM). Windows CE conforms to the definition of a real-time operating system, with deterministic interrupt latency. From version 3 and onward, the system supports 256 priority levels and uses priority inheritance for dealing with priority inversion. The fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution time.

Most versions of Windows Mobile for Pocket PC have these standard features:

Today screen shows the current date, owner information, upcoming appointments, e-mail messages, and tasks. (Home screen in later WM6.5 builds)
The taskbar shows the current time and the audio volume.
Office Mobile, a suite of Mobile versions of Microsoft Office applications, including Outlook Mobile.
Internet Explorer Mobile, an Internet browser developed by Microsoft for Pocket PC and Handheld PC that comes loaded by default with Windows Mobile and Windows CE for Handheld PC.
Windows Media Player for Windows Mobile.
Client for PPTP VPNs.
Internet Connection Sharing (ICS), which in mobile phones allows the phone to make its Internet connection available to computers via USB and Bluetooth.
File system similar to that of Windows 9x/Windows NT, with support for many of the same file types.
Ability to multitask.

4. Explain the purpose of several utility programs: file manager, search utility, image viewer, uninstaller, disk cleanup, disk defragmenter, backup andrestore utilities, screen saver, personal firewall, antivirus programs, spyware and adware removers, Internet filters, file compression, media player, disc burning, and personal computer maintenance.

A file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to work with file systems. The most common operations performed on files or groups of files are: create, open, edit, view, print, play, rename, move, copy, delete, search/find, and modify attributes, properties and permissions. Files are typically displayed in a hierarchy. Some file managers contain features inspired by web browsers, including forward and back navigational buttons. Some file managers provide network connectivity via protocols, such as FTP, NFS, SMB or WebDAV. This is achieved by allowing the user to browse for a file server (connecting and accessing the server's file system like a local file system) or by providing its own full client implementations for file server protocols.

2011-07-22T04:30:00.000-07:00

2011-07-22T04:23:00.001-07:00

2011-07-22T04:13:00.001-07:00

2011-07-22T04:11:00.000-07:00

2011-07-22T03:56:00.000-07:00

2011-07-22T03:53:00.001-07:00

ang sakit . . .

2011-07-20T04:24:00.001-07:00

(sighed) juz cudn't help it!!!

My Answers - Comped321 Quiz 5 (July 18, 2011)

2011-07-19T03:49:00.001-07:00

Differentiate between storage devices and storage media.

A data storage device is a device for recording (storing) information (data). Recording can be done using virtually any form of energy, spanning from manual muscle power in handwriting, to acoustic vibrations in phonographic recording, to electromagnetic energy modulating magnetic tape and optical discs.

A storage device may hold information, process information, or both. A device that only holds information is a recording medium. Devices that process information (data storage equipment) may either access a separate portable (removable) recording medium or a permanent component to store or retrieve information.

While, a storage medium is any technology (including devices and materials) used to place, keep, and retrieve data. A medium is an element used in communicating a message; on a storage medium, the "messages" - in the form of data - are suspended for use when needed. The plural form of this term is storage media. Although the term storage includes both primary storage (memory), a storage medium usually means a place to hold secondary storage such as that on a hard disk or tape.

Identify the uses of tape, magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, microfilm and microfiche, and enterprise storage.

A tape drive is a data storage device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape. It is typically used for offline, archival data storage. Tape media generally has a favorable unit cost and long archival stability.

A tape drive provides sequential access storage, unlike a disk drive, which provides random access storage. A disk drive can move its read/write head(s) to any random part of the disk in a very short amount of time, but a tape drive must spend a considerable amount of time winding tape between reels to read any one particular piece of data. As a result, tape drives have very slow average seek times. Despite the slow seek time; tape drives can stream data to and from tape very quickly. For example, popular Linear Tape-Open drives can reach, as of 2010, continuous data transfer rates of up to 140 MB/s, which is comparable to hard disk drives.

A magnetic stripe card is a type of card capable of storing data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material on the card. The magnetic stripe, sometimes called swipe card or magstripe, is read by physical contact and swiping past a magnetic reading head.

Invented by IBM in 1960 under a contract with the US government for a security system, a number of International Organization for Standardization standards, ISO/IEC 7810, ISO/IEC 7811, ISO/IEC 7812, ISO/IEC 7813, ISO 8583, and ISO/IEC 4909, now define the physical properties of the card, including size, flexibility, location of the magstripe, magnetic characteristics, and data formats. They also provide the standards for financial cards, including the allocation of card number ranges to different card issuing institutions.

A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits. A smart card or microprocessor cards contain volatile memory and microprocessor components. The card is made of plastic, generally polyvinyl chloride, but sometimes acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polycarbonate . Smart cards may also provide strong security authentication for single sign-on (SSO) within large organizations.

Microforms are any forms, either films or paper, containing microreproductions^[1] of documents for transmission, storage, reading, and printing. Microform images are commonly reduced to about one twenty-fifth of the original document size. For special purposes, greater optical reductions may be used.

All microform images may be provided as positives or negatives, more often the latter.

Three formats are common: microfilm (reels), aperture cards and microfiche (flat sheets). Microcards, a format no longer produced, was similar to microfiche, but printed on cardboard rather than photographic film.

In computing, enterprise storage is the computer storage designed for large-scale, high-technology environments of the modern enterprises. When comparing to the consumer storage, it has higher scalability, higher reliability, better fault tolerance, and much higher initial price.

Describe the various types of flash memory storage: solid state drives, memory cards, USB flash drives, and ExpressCard modules.

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data with the intention of providing access in the same manner of a traditional block i/o hard disk drive. SSDs are distinguished from traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), which are electromechanical devices containing spinning disks and movable read/write heads.

A memory card or flash card is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information. They are commonly used in many electronic devices, including digital cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, MP3 players, and video game consoles. They are small, re-recordable, and able to retain data without power.

A USB flash drive consists of a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than a floppy disk.

ExpressCard is an interface to allow peripheral devices to be connected to a computer, usually a laptop computer. Formerly called NEWCARD,the ExpressCard standard specifies the design of slots built into the computer and of cards which can be inserted into ExpressCard slots. The cards contain electronic circuitry and connectors to which external devices can be connected. The ExpressCard standard replaces the PC Card (also known as PCMCIA) standards.

Differentiate among various types of optical discs: CDs, archive discs and Picture CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs.

The Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store and playback sound recordings exclusively, but later expanded to encompass data storage (CD-ROM), write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Discs (VCD), Super Video Compact Discs (SVCD), PhotoCD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.

Picture CD is a product by Kodak, following on from the earlier Photo CD product. It holds photos from a single roll of color film, stored at 1024×1536 resolution using JPEG compression. The product is aimed at consumers. Software to view and perform simple edits to images is included on the CD.

DVD is an optical disc storage media format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions.

Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is an optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format. The disc diameter is 120 mm and disc thickness 1.2 mm plastic optical disc, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Blu-ray Discs contain 25 GB (23.31 GiB) per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB), the norm for feature-length video discs. Triple layer discs (100 GB) and quadruple layers (128 GB) are available for BD-XL Blu-ray re-writer drives. Currently movie production companies have not utilized the triple or quadruple layer discs, most consumers owned Blu-ray players will not be able to read the additional layers, while newer Blu-ray players may require a firmware update to play the triple and quadruple sized discs.

Summarize the characteristics of ink-jet printers, photo printers, laser printers, multifunction peripherals, thermal printers, mobile printers, label and postage printers, and plotters and large-format printers.

An inkjet printer is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer and range from small inexpensive consumer models to very large professional machines that can cost up to thousands of dollars.

A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a xerographic printing process, but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photoreceptor.

An MFP (Multi Function Product/ Printer/ Peripheral), multifunctional, all-in-one (AIO), or Multifunction Device (MFD), is an office machine which incorporates the functionality of multiple devices in one, so as to have a smaller footprint in a home or small business setting (the SOHO market segment), or to provide centralized document management/distribution/production in a large-office setting.

A thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper, or thermal paper as it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image. Two-color direct thermal printers can print both black and an additional color (often red) by applying heat at two different temperatures.

My Answers - Comped321 Quiz 3 (July 14, 2011)

2011-07-18T04:16:00.001-07:00

Describe the four categories of output.

Output is data that has been processed into a useful form called information. Four types of output are text, graphics, audio, and video. Text consists of characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks, or any other symbol requiring one byte of computer storage space) that are used to create words, sentences, and paragraphs. Graphics are digital representations of nontext information such as drawings, charts, photographs, and animation (a series of still images in rapid sequence that gives the illusion of motion). Audio is music, speech, or any other sound. Video consists of images played back at speeds to provide the appearance of full motion. An output device is any computer component capable of conveying information to a user.

The characteristics of LCD monitor LCD screens, plasma monitors, and HDTVs.

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly.

They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes.^{[citation needed]} They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in.

Plasma displays are bright (1,000 lux or higher for the module), have a wide color gamut, and can be produced in fairly large sizes—up to 150 inches (3.8 m) diagonally. They have a very low-luminance "dark-room" black level compared to the lighter grey of the unilluminated parts of an LCD screen (i.e. the blacks are blacker on plasmas and greyer on LCDs).LED-backlit LCD televisions have been developed to reduce this distinction. The display panel itself is about 6 cm (2.5 inches) thick, generally allowing the device's total thickness (including electronics) to be less than 10 cm (4 inches). Plasma displays use as much power per square meter as a CRT or an AMLCD television.Power consumption varies greatly with picture content, with bright scenes drawing significantly more power than darker ones – this is also true of CRTs. Typical power consumption is 400 watts for a 50-inch (127 cm) screen. 200 to 310 watts for a 50-inch (127 cm) display when set to cinema mode. Most screens are set to 'shop' mode by default, which draws at least twice the power (around 500–700 watts) of a 'home' setting of less extreme brightness. Panasonic has greatly reduced power consumption ("1/3 of 2007 models"). Panasonic states that PDPs will consume only half the power of their previous series of plasma sets to achieve the same overall brightness for a given display size. The lifetime of the latest generation of plasma displays is estimated at 100,000 hours of actual display time, or 27 years at 10 hours per day. This is the estimated time over which maximum picture brightness degrades to half the original value.

Plasma display screens are made from glass, which reflects more light than the material used to make an LCD screen. This causes glare from reflected objects in the viewing area. Companies such as Panasonic coat their newer plasma screens with an anti-glare filter material. Currently, plasma panels cannot be economically manufactured in screen sizes smaller than 32 inches. Although a few companies have been able to make plasma EDTVs this small, even fewer have made 32in plasma HDTVs. With the trend toward larger and larger displays, the 32in screen size is rapidly disappearing. Though considered bulky and thick compared to their LCD counterparts, some sets such as Panasonic's Z1 and Samsung's B860 series are as slim as one inch thick making them comparable to LCDs in this respect.

High-definition television (or HDTV) is video that has resolution substantially higher than that of traditional television systems (standard-definition TV, or SDTV, or SD). HDTV has one or two million pixels per frame, roughly five times that of SD. Early HDTV broadcasting used analog techniques, but today HDTV is digitally broadcast using video compression.

What are the components inside the systems units?

The system unit, sometimes called the chassis, is a box-like case housing the electronic components of a computer that are used to process data. System unit components include the processor, memory module, cards, ports, and connectors. Many of the system unit’s components reside on a circuit board called the motherboard. The motherboard contains many different types of chips, or small pieces of semi conducting material, on which one or more integrated circuits (IC) are etched. An integrated circuit is a microscopic pathway capable of carrying electronic current. Each IC can contain millions of transistors, which act as switches for electronic signals.

The components of a processor and how they complete a machine cycle.

· Control unit is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system.

· Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities.

· Register is a storage location inside the processor.

Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data.

A bit (a contraction of binary digit) is the basic unit of information in computing and telecommunications; it is the amount of information stored by a digital device or other physical system that exists in one of two possible distinct states.

When the user presses any letter using the keyboard the electronic signal from that letter is sent to the system unit. Then the system unit converts it to its binary code and stored in memory for processing. After processing the binary code for that particular letter is converted to an image and displayed on the output device (monitor).

Identify the categories of application software.

Word Processing Software allows users to create, edit a document. Example: MS Word, Word Pad etc.

Spreadsheet Software allows users to create document and perform calculation. Example: Excel, Lotus1-2-3 etc.

Database Software allows users to store and retrieve vast amount of data. Example: MS Access, MySQL, Oracle etc.

Presentation Graphic Software allows users to create visual presentation. Example: MS Power Point

Multimedia Software allows users to create image, audio, video etc. Example: Real Player, Media Player etc.

Identify the key features of widely used business programs.

People use productivity software to become more effective and efficient while performing daily activities. Word processing software allows users to create and manipulate documents that contain text and graphics. With word processing software, you can insert clip art into a document; change margins; find and replace text; use a spelling checker to check spelling; place a header and footer at the top and the bottom of a page; and vary font (character design), font size (character scale), and font style (character appearance).

With spreadsheet software, data is organized in rows and columns, which collectively are called a worksheet. The intersection of a row and column, called a cell, can contain a label (text), a value (number), or a formula or function that performs calculations on the data and displays the result.

Database software allows you to create and manage a database. A database is a collection of data organized to allow access, retrieval, and use of that data. A query is used to retrieve data according to specified criteria, which are restrictions the data must meet.

Presentation graphics software is used to create presentations that communicate ideas, messages, and other information to a group through a slide show. You can use a clip gallery to enhance your presentation with clip art images, pictures, video clips, and audio clips.

A personal information manager (PIM) is software that includes an appointment calendar to schedule activities, an address book to maintain names and addresses, and a notepad to record ideas, reminders, and important information. A software suite is a collection of individual applications sold as a single package.

Project management software allows you to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the progress of a project. Accounting software helps companies record and report their financial transactions.

Power users often use software that allows them to work with graphics and multimedia. Computer-aided design (CAD) software assists in creating engineering, architectural, and scientific designs. Desktop publishing (DTP) software is used to design and produce sophisticated documents. DTP is developed specifically to support page layout, which is the process of arranging text and graphics in a document. Paint software is used to draw graphical images with various on-screen tools. Image editing software provides the capability to modify existing images. Video editing software and audio editing software can be used to modify video and audio segments.

Multimedia authoring software is used to create electronic interactive presentations that can include text, images, video, audio, and animation. Web page authoring software is designed to create Web pages and to organize, manage, and maintain Web sites.

Many software applications are designed specifically for use at home or for personal or educational use. Integrated software combines several productivity software applications that share a similar interface and common features into a single package. Personal finance software is an accounting program that helps pay bills, balance a checkbook, track income and expenses, follow investments, and evaluate financial plans. Legal software assists in the creation of legal documents and provides legal advice. Tax preparation software guides users through the process of filing federal taxes. Personal DTP software helps develop conventional documents by asking questions, presenting predefined layouts, and supplying standard text.

Photo-editing software is used to edit digital photographs. A clip art/image gallery is a collection of clip art and photographs that can be used in all types of documents. Home design/landscaping software assists with planning or remodeling. Educational software teaches a particular skill and exists for about any subject. Reference software provides valuable and thorough information for all individuals. Entertainment software includes interactive games, videos, and other programs designed to support a hobby or provide amusement.

One of the main reasons people use computers is to communicate and share information. E-mail software is used to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete e-mail (electronic mail). A Web browser is a software application used to access and view Web pages. A chat client is software that allows you to connect to a chat room, which permits users to chat via the computer. A newsreader is a software program used to participate in a newsgroup, which is an online area on the Web where users conduct written discussion about a particular subject. An instant messenger is a software program installed to use instant messaging (IM), a real-time communications service that notifies you when one or more people are online and then allows you to exchange messages or files. Groupware is a software application that helps groups of people on a network work together and share information. A videoconference is a meeting between two or more geographically separated people who use a network or the Internet to transmit audio and video data.

What are the advantages of using application software on the Web?

Advantages of Web Applications

· No special configurations of changes are need on user’s PCs.

· Lower costs

· Centralized data is secure and easy to backup.

· Updates can be made quickly and easily.

· Information is accessible to a wide audience anywhere in the world.

· Available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

· Everybody has a browser – familiar interface encourages use.

· Online training can be completed at user’s own time and pace.

· Always up-to-date.

History of the Internet.

The history of the Internet starts in the 1950s and 1960s with the development of computers. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks.

In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Commercial internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and 1990s and the Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.

Since the mid-1990s the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) and Internet2. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking.

What are different storage devices?

1. Hard Drive (Internal)

Internal Hard Drive

You computer's hard drive is the first most important type of storage. Anything that you download, applications that you install, your pictures, videos and music are all stored directly to your hard drive. Basically, anything that is on your computer is stored to your internal hard drive. Internal hard drive capacity is measured in gigabytes. For example, you may have a 500GB SATA hard drive on your computer. Also, internal computer hard drives have different speeds such as 5400RPM and 7200RPM. This reading is the speed that the hard drive disk spins. A faster hard drive will have higher RPM. The faster the hard drive spins, the faster your hard drive can read data, as well as write data.

2. External Hard Drives

External Hard Drive

External hard drives are exactly the same as internal drives, with one exception. Rather then being enclosed inside your computer, external hard drives have their own separate casing and sit externally to your computer. External hard drives can connect to your computer in a variety of ways. Some common connection types are: USB 2.0, ESATA, Firewire 400 and Firewire 800. External hard drives measure capacity in gigabytes and have different speeds as well. For the most part, external hard drives are used for backup and storing files that a computer user may want to transport.

3. Network Attached Storage

NAS Server

Another common form of computer storage is network attached storage or NAS. Network attached storage is a method commonly used by businesses to share files between computers. A NAS is simply a storage device connected to a computer network. This is beneficial because many computers can read and write to a NAS. Network attached storage capacity is measured in gigabytes. Also, NASs are available with different hard drive speeds.

Many at home computer users often create their own NAS devices by connecting an external hard drive to their router. This allows them to access it wirelessly, as well as share it with other computers.

4. Optical Media Storage

Optical Drive

Optical media storage is basically writing data to a CD or DVD. When your burn a CD, you are storing songs and music on the CD so that you can listen to it later. If you are burning a DVD, you are storing a video on it so that you can watch it later. CD-RW and DVD-RW media has the capability to be recorded on and erased later if necessary. This makes optical media storage ideal for transporting relatively small amounts of data.

5. Flash Drives

Flash Drive

Flash drives, or thumb drives, are one of the newest forms of computer storage. These drives connect to any computer by way of USB. Often times, students as well as business professionals, use flash drives as a simple way to transport text documents to and from work, and to and from school. When flash drives were first released, storage capacity was rather limited. However, companies are now manufacturing flash drives with huge storage capacities, up to 64GB.

My Answers - Comped321 Quiz 2 (July 8, 2011)

2011-07-14T04:21:00.000-07:00

Describe various types of pen input, and identify other types of input for smart phones.

Light Pen is actually one more pointing input gadget. This will pick up on existence of light. It's a hand held pen fashioned gadget having a photocell installed in its front-end. This kind of instrument also offers a button. Light pen can be used on PDA's and also other kinds of portable computers.

Digitizer is also called a graphic tablet and uses a pen input device. It's a flat, rectangle-shaped digital plastic material pad.

Stylus and Cursor is actually like a ballpoint pen. It's utilized to compose textual content or make lines (or generate drawings and also pictures) on the exclusively developed graphics display or digitizer.

Digital Pen is an input device found in several sophisticated graphic devices. Generally electronic digital pen supplies much more performance compared to stylus pen.

The purpose of various game controllers: game pads, joysticks and wheels, light guns, dance pads, and motion-sensing game controllers.

Game pad is a pointing device that controls the movement and actions of players or objects in games.

Joystick is vertical lever mounted on a base.

Wheel is steering-wheel-type input device.

Light gun is a pointing device for computers and a control device for arcade and video games.

Dance pad, also known as a dance mat, dance platform, or jitter deck, is a flat electronic game controller used for input in dance games.

Motion-sensing game controller is a device used with games or entertainment systems used to control a playable character or object, or otherwise provide input in a computer game.

Explain how resolution affects the quality of a picture captured on a
digital camera.

Resolution is the sharpness and clarity of image. The higher the resolution, the better the image quality. Thus, a picture captured on a digital camera with a low resolution has a poor quality.

Describe the uses of voice recognition, web cams, and video conferencing.

Voice recognition is sometimes used to refer to recognition systems that must be trained to a particular speaker—as is the case for most desktop recognition software.

Web cams is a video camera which feeds its images in real time to a computer or computer network, often via USB, ethernet or Wi-Fi.

In video conferencing, two or more geographically separated people who use network or Internet to transmit audio and video data.

Discuss how various scanners and reading devices work: optical scanners,
optical readers, bar code readers, RFID readers, magnetic stripe card
readers, MICR readers, and data collection devices.

Optical scanner is any scanning technology that converts a physical image, text, or object into a digitized form that can be stored as a 2D image file on a computer.

Optical reader is a device that uses light source to read characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into digital data.

Bar code reader uses laser beams to read bar codes.

RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves.

Magnetic stripe card reader reads the magnetic stripe on the back of a credit card.

MICR readers can read text printed with magnetized ink.

Data collection devices obtain data directly at location where transaction or event takes place. They transmit data over network or Internet.

Summarize the various biometric devices: fingerprint reader, face
recognition system, hand geometry system, voice verification system,
signature verification system, and iris recognition system

Fingerprint scanner captures curves and indentations of fingerprint.

Hand geometry system measures shape and size of person’s hand.

Voice recognition system compares live speech with stored voice pattern.

Signature verification system recognizes shape of signature.

Iris recognition system reads patterns in blood vessels in back of eye.

Face recognition system is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. One of the ways to do this is by comparing selected facial features from the image and a facial database.

2011-07-14T02:31:00.000-07:00

klase na pud...
kapoi qng walei inspiration..
so,dapat naa ta para always tang inspired...:-)

i so love this song . . (the lyrics and the music)

2011-07-08T03:47:00.000-07:00

How To Believe - Bridgit Mendler

Hold my hand and fly,
Never say goodbye.
Cross the open sky,
Leave the world behind.
I will be alright.
If you stay by my side.

Spring and Summer
Love and Laughter
We'll Live Happily
Ever After.
We'll fly higher than we thought we'd be
Because you showed me
How to believe.

Tiny Shining star,
I know who you are.
You're never very far.
We'll never be apart.
Sparkle in my eye,
Light up the sky tonight.

Spring and Summer
Love and Laughter
We'll Live Happily
Ever After
We'll fly higher than we thought we'd be
Because you showed me
How to believe

...believe

Fall and Winter
Love and Laughter
We'll Live Happily
Ever After.
We'll fly higher than we thought we'd be
Because you showed me
How to believe.

Hold my hand and fly,
Never say Goodbye.

la lng!

2011-07-07T03:37:00.001-07:00

life....knabuhi jud
la lng!!!

One of American's Most Beautiful Landmarks

2011-07-06T04:29:00.000-07:00

Portland Head Light, Cape Elizabeth, Maine

Illuminated for the first time in 1791 by whale-oil lamps, this lighthouse is located within the beautifully landscaped grounds of Cape Elizabeth’s Fort Williams Park. Attached to a red-roofed Victorian keeper’s house, the 92-foot-tall white conical tower is often seen as a symbol of Maine’s beauty. From its location on a commanding point at the southwestern entrance to the harbor, you can take in crisp salt air as well as endless views of the ocean and rocky coastline for which the state is known.

How to See It: Fewer than 300 tickets are given out to climb the tower on Open Lighthouse Day, a September event put on by the Coast Guard, the State of Maine and the American Lighthouse Foundation. You can also enjoy the lighthouse in a more leisurely manner, by gazing up at it while picnicking in the park or visiting the museum.

http://travel.yahoo.com/p-interests-40437576

2011-07-06T04:23:00.000-07:00

This is too much!!
hahai knabuhi...
pwo la ta mbuhat...
dawat2 nlng ta ani...

My Answers - Comped321 Quiz 1 (July 5, 2011)

2011-07-06T04:00:00.000-07:00

Define input and differentiate among a program, command, and a user response.

Input is the term denoting either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a system and which activate/modify a process. It is an abstract concept, used in the modeling, system(s) design and system(s) exploitation. It is usually connected with other terms, e.g., input field, input variable, input parameter, input value, input signal, input port, input device and input file (file format).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input

A computer program (also a software program, or just a program) is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program

In computing, a command is a directive to a computer program acting as an interpreter of some kind, in order to perform a specific task. Most commonly a command is a directive to some kind of command line interface, such as a shell.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_(computing)

User response is a plan of action aimed at accomplishing a clear business objective, with what work is to be done, by whom, when and what means or resources will be used.

Identify the keys and buttons commonly found on desktop computer keyboards and describe how keyboards for mobile computers and devices differ from desktop computer keyboards.

Basic PC shortcut keys

The below basic shortcut keys are a listing of shortcut keys that will work with almost all IBM compatible computers and software programs. It is highly recommended that all users keep a good reference of the below shortcut keys or try to memorize the below keys. Doing so will dramatically increase your productivity.

Shortcut Keys	Description
Alt + F	File menu options in current program.
Alt + E	Edit options in current program
F1	Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
Ctrl + A	Select all text.
Ctrl + X	Cut selected item.
Shift + Del	Cut selected item.
Ctrl + C	Copy selected item.
Ctrl + Ins	Copy selected item
Ctrl + V	Paste
Shift + Ins	Paste
Home	Goes to beginning of current line.
Ctrl + Home	Goes to beginning of document.
End	Goes to end of current line.
Ctrl + End	Goes to end of document.
Shift + Home	Highlights from current position to beginning of line.
Shift + End	Highlights from current position to end of line.
Ctrl + Left arrow	Moves one word to the left at a time.
Ctrl + Right arrow	Moves one word to the right at a time.

Keyboard types

One factor determining the size of a keyboard is the presence of duplicate keys, such as a separate numeric keyboard, for convenience.

Further the keyboard size depends on the extent to which a system is used where a single action is produced by a combination of subsequent or simultaneous keystrokes (with modifier keys, see below), or multiple pressing of a single key. A keyboard with few keys is called a keypad. See also text entry interface.

Another factor determining the size of a keyboard is the size and spacing of the keys. Reduction is limited by the practical consideration that the keys must be large enough to be easily pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys.

Standard

Standard "full-travel" alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally-common 102/105 key keyboards have a smaller 'left shift' key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the 'enter' key is usually shaped differently. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys. Standard USB keyboards can also be connected to some non-desktop devices.

Laptop-size

Keyboards on laptops and notebook computers usually have a shorter travel distance for the keystroke and a reduced set of keys. They may not have a numerical keypad, and the function keys may be placed in locations that differ from their placement on a standard, full-sized keyboard.

The keyboards on laptops have a shorter travel distance and (usually) a reduced set of keys.

Thumb-sized

Smaller keyboards have been introduced for laptops (mainly nettops), PDAs, smartphones, or users who have a limited workspace.

A chorded keyboard allows pressing several keys simultaneously. For example, the GKOS keyboard has been designed for small wireless devices. Other two-handed alternatives more akin to a game controller, such as the AlphaGrip, are also used as a way to input data and text.

A thumb keyboard (thumbboard) is used in some personal digital assistants such as the Palm Treo and BlackBerry and some Ultra-Mobile PCs such as the OQO.

Numeric keyboards contain only numbers, mathematical symbols for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, a decimal point, and several function keys. They are often used to facilitate data entry with smaller keyboards that do not have a numeric keypad, commonly those of laptop computers. These keys are collectively known as a numeric pad, numeric keys, or a numeric keypad, and it can consist of the following types of keys:

arithmetic operators such as +, -, *, /
numeric digits 0–9
cursor arrow keys
navigation keys such as Home, End, PgUp, PgDown, etc.
Num Lock button, used to enable or disable the numeric pad
enter key.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard#Keyboard_types

Describe different mouse types and explain how to use a mouse.

Different Mouse Types

The mechanical mouse requires a ball to move the cursor on the screen. To get more efficacies with this type of mice, a flat surface named mouse pads is necessary.

The optomechanical or optical-mechanical mouse is a combination of the optical and the mechanical technologies. It uses a ball but detects the mouse movement optically. It is now the most commonly used with PC.

The optical mouse uses a laser; precisely an optical sensor to help detecting the mouse’s moving. More expensive than the two other types, the optical mouses offer more precision and speed and even can be used on any surface.

The cordless mouse uses the wireless communication technology (via infrared, radio or Bluetooth) to transmit data to the computer. And like the wireless, it doesn’t use any cord.

http://www.cheap-computers-reference.com/different-type-of-computer-mouse.html

How To Use a Mouse

The computer’s mouse controls a graphical mouse pointer or mouse cursor on the screen. When you move the mouse around by rolling it on your desk, the pointer on the screen moves in a similar manner. Roll the mouse left, and the pointer moves left; roll it in circles, and the pointer mimics that action.

Here are some of the more basic mouse operations:

· Point: When you’re told to “point the mouse,” you move the mouse on the desktop, which moves the mouse pointer on the screen to point at something interesting (or not).

· Click: A click is a press of the mouse button — one press and release of the main button, the one on the left. This action makes a clicking sound, which is where this maneuver gets its name.

Clicking is often done to select something or to identify a specific location on the screen.

· Right-click: This action is the same as a click, although the right mouse button is used.

· Double-click: This one works just like the single click, although you click twice in the same spot — usually, rather rapidly.

This is most commonly done in Windows to open something, such as an icon. Both clicks must be on (or near) the same spot for the double-click to work.

· Drag: The drag operation is done to graphically pick up something on the screen and move it. To do that, you point the mouse at the thing you want to drag, press and hold the mouse’s button (which “picks up” the object), and then move the mouse to another location. When you move the mouse (and keep the button down), the object moves. To release, or drop, the object, release the mouse button.

· Right-drag: This action is the same as a drag, but the mouse’s right button is used.

Many of these basic mouse operations can be combined with keys on the keyboard. For example, Shift-click means holding down the Shift key on the keyboard while clicking the mouse.

http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-use-your-computer-mouse.html

Describe various types of touch screens and explain how a touch-sensitive pad works.

Three Types of Technology

· Touch-screen technology falls into three categories: resistive, capacitive and surface wave. Each technology has strengths suited for specific applications.

Resistive

· Resistive-type screens lack the clarity of other touch screens but they tend to be very durable and can be used in a variety of environments. Resistive-type screens are the most common in use today.

Capacitive

· Capacitive screens are resistant to outside elements, making them very durable, and they still maintain a high clarity. Unlike resistive and surface wave screens, which can be used with stylus, capacitive panels must be touched with a finger.

Surface Wave

· Surface wave touch panels are the more advanced of the three types, offering the highest clarity. But they are more easily damaged by outside elements.

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5050453_types-touch-screens.html

How the Touch Pad Works

The touch pad contains several layers of material. The top layer is the pad that you touch. Beneath it are layers (separated by very thin insulation) containing horizontal and vertical rows of electrodes that form a grid. Beneath these layers is a circuit board to which the electrode layers are connected. The layers with electrodes are charged with a constant alternating current (AC). As the finger approaches the electrode grid, the current is interrupted and the interruption is detected by the circuit board. The initial location where the finger touches the pad is registered so that subsequent finger movement will be related to that initial point. Some touch pads contain two special places where applied pressure corresponds to clicking a left or right mouse button. Other touch pads sense single or double taps of the finger at any point on the touch pad.

http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/touch-pad

bare...

2011-06-28T04:30:00.000-07:00

don't have any major major problem right now but why is it i feel that something is missing in my life?
It's something that I've longed for .... I really don't know when I've been longing for this something.

afraid....

2011-06-28T04:23:00.000-07:00

I never ask you questions because I'm afraid of what your answers might be.