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    <title>small RNA biochemistry</title>
    <link>http://rnai.posterous.com</link>
    <description>my experience in a small RNA biochemistry lab</description>
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      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Feb 2012 19:51:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>USB thumb drive, MinIon, that can read DNA directly from blood</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/04b3JlUj0Eo/usb-thumb-drive-minion-that-can-read-dna-dire</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px;"&gt;Oxford Nanopore technologies: Sequence a human genome in 15 minutes &amp;amp; USB thumb drive, MinIon, that can read DNA directly from blood.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://onforb.es/AdDZ2x" rel="nofollow nofollow" target="_blank" style="cursor: pointer; color: #3b5998; text-decoration: none;"&gt;http://onforb.es/AdDZ2x&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/ys0OtF" rel="nofollow nofollow" target="_blank" style="cursor: pointer; color: #3b5998; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/ys0OtF" rel="nofollow nofollow" target="_blank" style="cursor: pointer; color: #3b5998; text-decoration: none;"&gt;http://bit.ly/ys0OtF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/AfJVR3" rel="nofollow nofollow" target="_blank" style="cursor: pointer; color: #3b5998; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;http://bit.ly/AfJVR3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #303030; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In addition to sequencing DNA, the GridION system is designed for the direct analysis of RNA strands.&amp;nbsp; By customising the processive enzyme to be specific for RNA and adapting the nanopore to distinbuish RNA-specific bases, this RNA analysis system can be integrated into the GridION platform.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This system is designed to analyse the original sample RNA strand directly, rather than by undergoing conversion to cDNA.&amp;nbsp; The simplification of workflow and direct - rather than surrogate - analysis is unique to nanopore sensing.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2012 18:48:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>Monsanto: too little experimental evidence that regulation of animal genes by plant microRNAs is an important dietary phenomenon</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/fQs2IgCgGCA/monsanto-too-little-experimental-evidence-tha</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Monsanto provides technical analysis: Zhang et al. &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/xEc4Tt"&gt;http://bit.ly/xEc4Tt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"&gt;
&lt;h1 style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 1.8em; color: #2b1f12; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1em; margin: 0px;"&gt;Technical Analysis: Zhang et al.&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h2 style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; color: #ada98f; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 1px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Monsanto Company&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; color: #ada98f; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 1px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1/10/2012&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; color: #444444; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em;"&gt;Zhang et al. (2011) demonstrate that, among the very large number of microRNAs (miRNAs) in plants, a small number can be detected in human and animal blood. In mice, the authors show that following ingestion of large doses of one particular miRNA (MIR168a), MIR168a was absorbed, was detectable in the serum and liver, protein from a particular gene (LDLRAP1) involved in the removal of LDL (&amp;ldquo;bad&amp;rdquo;) cholesterol from blood was reduced and as a result, LDL levels in the mice were increased.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; color: #444444; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em;"&gt;The authors suggest that such a &amp;ldquo;cross-kingdom&amp;rdquo; effect &amp;ndash; a plant gene product (MIR168a) regulating animal gene expression &amp;ndash; may be a common phenomenon; and that miRNAs in food may regulate specific genes in animals based upon matching sequences between plant miRNAs and mammalian genes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; color: #444444; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em;"&gt;Since this paper was published, Monsanto scientists have thoroughly studied the work and its relevance to the safety assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops and foods derived from them.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; color: #444444; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em;"&gt;There is too little experimental evidence to conclude that the regulation of animal genes by plant miRNAs is an important diet-mediated phenomenon.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;MIR168a was relatively abundant in the control chow diet, and yet no effect was seen on LDLRAP1 or LDL cholesterol in mice fed this chow diet.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;By contrast, consumption of a large amount of uncooked rice, containing approximately 8-fold higher amounts of MIR168a than the chow diet, resulted in changes in LDLRAP1 and, consequently, an increase in serum LDL cholesterol.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;It is noteworthy that mice were fed the human equivalent of over 73 pounds&lt;span&gt;of cooked rice&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;per person per day, which exceeds&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;the highest rice-consuming population (97.5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;percentile group) by 80 to 100 fold.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The fact that rural Chinese populations consuming high-rice diets have been shown to have lower levels of LDL than their urban counterparts (with lower rice intake) would suggest that the activity of MIR168a in humans is negligible or at least is sufficiently small that other environmental determinants are more important in regulating&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;LDL concentration than&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;MIR168a. In short, the relevance of dietary concentrations of MIR168a or other miRNAs in humans remains to be established.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; color: #444444; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em;"&gt;It is important to remember that humans regularly consume plants that contain small RNAs.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Recent research by Ivashuta et al. (2009, Food and Chemical Toxicology 47:353&amp;ndash;360) demonstrated that many existing plant RNA&amp;rsquo;s share sequences with human genes. Further, humans regularly consume animal derived foods with mammalian miRNAs with 100% identity to human genes.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Despite the routine ingestion of plant and animal small RNAs, no impacts on human gene regulation or health have been reported.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Treatment of disease via oral ingestion of RNA-based medications has not been accomplished despite more than a decade of effort by the pharmaceutical industry.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Systemic suppression of specific target genes in humans has not been possible with oral administration of small RNAs, even when using RNA constructs specifically designed to achieve gene suppression and when employing modified RNAs to enhance stability.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; color: #444444; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;This is an important area of research, but given what is known about the ubiquitous nature of RNA in all whole foods and about the unsuccessful efforts to develop oral RNA pharmaceutical products, much more information is needed before it can be concluded that dietary miRNAs regularly have any meaningful impact on mammalian or human gene regulation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; color: #444444; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em;"&gt;Importantly, the authors state:&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;ldquo;It is unlikely that such high concentrations of mature plant miRNAs can be achieved in serum, plasma, and organs of humans or animals via food intake.&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Based on the available information, the results with the abundant MIR168a are not sufficient to support a broad conclusion&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;that plant miRNAs present in food are part of a common and general mechanism for &amp;ldquo;cross-kingdom&amp;rdquo; regulation animal genes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style="margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 20px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;After a careful examination of the paper, we have identified a number of relevant facts that should be taken into account when looking at data and the relevancy of the findings.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;Of the many thousands of plant miRNAs, only a small number are found in human or animal blood.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;The absence of most plant miRNAs in serum indicates:
&lt;ul style="margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 20px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;Absorption may be selective;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;Only some miRNAs in foods have properties which allow them to survive in foods, the GI tract, and serum;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;Only relatively abundant miRNAs are present at high enough levels to be&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;detected;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Or some combination of these factors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;MIR168a is among the more abundant miRNAs in many plants, but even allowing for this MIR168a appears to be disproportionately found in animal tissues and is also considerably more stable in rice than MIR156a or MIR166a (see Table S3 of Zhang et al.)&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;This suggests that for some reason MIR168a is preferentially absorbed and/or preserved (before or after absorption) relative to other miRNAs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;Changes in MIR168a levels with concomitant changes in LDLRAP1 expression and LDL cholesterol were observed following higher doses (raw rice diet) in mice; however no effect on LDLRAP1 or LDL cholesterol was seen when animals were fed an ordinary chow diet.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Consequently, there may well be little or no effect on mice eating a more diverse, ordinary diet.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;The findings with MIR168a may represent a rare or unique case, resulting from the uncharacteristically high abundance of MIR168a in rice and disproportionate absorption and/or preservation of MIR168a in combination with the high homology (gene sequence match) to LDLRAP1.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;The loss of MIR168a effects occurred with less than a 10-fold reduction in diet concentration, indicating that this phenomenon is highly dose-dependant.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The ability to observe this phenomenon may be related to the high-dosing regimens employed.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;The authors cannot exclude the possibility that&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;in-vivo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;LDLRAP1 reduction and concomitant LDL increase were due to radical changes in diet.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In addition to higher levels of MIR168a, the rice-only diet was higher in carbohydrates and deficient in fats and proteins, and the animals were in a starvation-state.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;While high doses of MIR168a influence cholesterol levels in mice, the relevance of dietary intakes of MIR168a or other miRNAs in the human diet remains to be established.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; background-image: ; color: #555555; font-size: 0.8em; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; background-position: 0px 10px;"&gt;The fact that rural Chinese populations consuming high-rice diets have been shown to have lower levels of LDL than their urban counterparts (who have lower rice intake) suggests that the activity of MIR168a in humans is negligible or at least is sufficiently small that other environmental determinants of LDL concentration may overcome the effects of MIR168a on cholesterol.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; color: #444444; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; color: #444444; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.4em;"&gt;There is a broad foundation of evidence that supports the safety of GM crops that express siRNAs.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;These data have been reviewed and accepted by Regulatory authorities globally.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Monsanto will continue to examine all new evidence published in the scientific literature and our own studies.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;We are committed to the safety of our products and to safety of the food and feed products produced from them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Rnai/~4/fQs2IgCgGCA" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
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        <posterous:firstName>Jennifer</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Angela</posterous:lastName>
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      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 19:50:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>Ingested plant miRNAs regulate gene expression in animals </title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/f6eN7HF2tyg/ingested-plant-mirnas-regulate-gene-expressio</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Link to Cell Research:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/wwls3w"&gt;http://bit.ly/wwls3w&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Ingested plant miRNAs regulate gene expression in animals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Herv&amp;eacute; Vaucheret and Yves Chupeau &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, 78000 Versailles, France&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The incidence of genetic material or epigenetic information transferred from one organism to another is an important biological question. A recent study demonstrated that plant small RNAs acquired orally through food intake directly influence gene expression in animals after migration through the plasma and delivery to specific organs.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;Non-protein coding RNAs, and in particular small RNAs, were recently revealed as master chief regulators of gene expression in all organisms. Endogenous small RNAs come in different flavors, depending on their mode of biogenesis. Most microRNAs (miRNA) and short interferring RNAs (siRNA) derive from long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursors that are processed into small RNA duplexes, 20 to 25-nt long, by RNaseIII enzymes called Dicer&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib1" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. One strand of small RNA duplexes is loaded onto an Argonaute protein that executes silencing by cleaving or repressing the translation of homologous mRNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib2" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. In certain species, RNA cleavage is followed by DNA methylation and/or histone modification, leading to heritable epigenetic modification&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib3" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;Endogenous small RNAs play essential roles during development and stress responses, and control transposable elements and chromatin states. Small RNAs can also be produced in response to invasion by exogenous nucleic acids from viruses, bacteria, transgenes,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;etc&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib4" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Under these circumstances, small RNAs act in defense mechanisms by directing the destruction of the invader. Importantly, exogenous small RNAs and some endogenous small RNAs are mobile within certain organisms&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib5" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Moreover, exogenous small RNAs can be amplified during the defense mechanisms, allowing the spreading of RNA silencing from the cell where it is activated to the rest of the organism&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib6" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;Immediately after its discovery, the potent effect of small RNAs has been exploited to specifically downregulate gene expression in a timely controlled manner. Such technology is commonly used in the laboratory but also for biomedical applications. Indeed, artificially synthesized small RNAs or dsRNA can be introduced exogenously to look for transient and localized effects. Artificial small RNAs can also be expressed durably from stably integrated transgenes or using replicating viruses. In certain organisms, a simple and convenient manner to induce RNA silencing consists in feeding the recipient host with bacteria expressing dsRNA homologous to the cognate target. This method works with worms and paramecia&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib7" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib8" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Small RNAs or dsRNAs can also be transferred from plant to pests such as insects that eat leaves or nematodes that infect roots. Indeed, transgenic plants expressing dsRNA homologous to essential genes of insect pests or nematodes specifically resist these parasites due to the silencing activity of small RNAs expressed from the plant transgenes&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib9" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib10" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib11" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;Given that human food relies largely on plants, it was expected that researchers would look for the outcome of plant small RNAs after food intake, and for a potential effect of the ingested plant small RNAs on the expression of human genes. In the recent paper by Zhang&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib12" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cell Research&lt;/em&gt;, cloning and sequencing of small RNAs in human serum revealed that plant miRNAs represented about 5% of mammalian miRNAs. Plant miRNAs are 2&amp;prime;-O-methyl modified at their 3&amp;prime; end, which renders them resistant to periodate, whereas human miRNAs have free 2&amp;prime; and 3&amp;prime; hydroxyl, which renders them sensitive to periodate. The plant miRNAs cloned from human serum were resistant to periodate, indicating that they are genuine plant miRNAs, probably coming from the food intake. Confirming this hypothesis, the concentration of plant miRNAs was higher in the serum of rice-fed mice compared with chow diet-fed mice. Moreover, adding plant miRNAs to chow diet resulted in an increase of plant miRNA concentration in mouse serum. Interestingly, cooking did not impair the accumulation of plant miRNAs, indicating that they are resistant to heat and thus could be acquired from both raw and cooked meals.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;Plant miRNAs were primarily detected in plasma microvesicles (MV)&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib12" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. MVs are shed from almost all cell types and have the potential to selectively interact with specific target cells and mediate intercellular communication by transporting lipids, RNA and proteins. Consistently, plant miRNAs were detected in various tissues, including liver, intestine and lung. Different plant miRNAs accumulated at different levels, which also varied from one tissue to another, but their levels could reach up to one tenth of the most abundant human miRNA. Indeed, human miRNAs have a dynamic range of accumulation, extending from 1 copy to &amp;gt; 10 000 copies per cell. The amount of the most abundant plant miRNA found in human serum, miR168, was 3.2 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;6&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;fmol (1 920 copies) per 100 pg of total RNA, equivalent to 850 copies per cell, which is equivalent to the average amount of a human miRNA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;Plant miR168 is one of the most important miRNA in plants. Indeed, it regulates&lt;em&gt;AGO1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;mRNA, which encodes the core component of the plant RNA silencing complex. As such, AGO1 binds to the vast majority of plant miRNAs. Regulating&lt;em&gt;AGO1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;by miR168 ensures a feedback loop that allows adjusting the level of AGO1 to the amount of miRNAs in the cell. AGO1 also binds to exogenous siRNAs induced by defense mechanisms. Exogenous siRNAs competes with miRNAs and deplace the AGO1/miR168 equilibrium to adjust the amount of AGO1 to the amount of exogenous siRNAs required for the plant defenses&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib13" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;Unexpectedly, plant miR168 exhibits a high degree of complementarity with the exon 4 of mammalian&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;LDLRAP1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Low Densitiy Lipoprotein Receptor Adapter Protein 1) mRNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib12" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;LDLRAP1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;is a liver-enriched mRNA encoding a protein that facilitates the removal of LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) from the circulatory system. The level of LDLRAP1 protein but not&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;LDLRAP1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;mRNA was decreased in rice-fed mice compared with chow diet-fed mice, indicating that plant miR168 executes silencing like a human miRNA in human cells. The effect of miR168 was sequence specific because adding the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;LDLRAP1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;complementarity sequence to a luciferase reporter resulted in a decrease of luciferase activity in cells co-transfected with miR168. In addition, mutating the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;LDLRAP1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;complementarity sequence abolished the silencing effect of miR168.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;The authors of this study hypothesized that epithelial cells in the intestine might take up miRNAs in food, package them into MVs and release them into the circulatory sytem&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib12" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. The secreted MVs could then deliver exogenous plant miRNA to target organs where they could regulate cognate mRNAs. They tested this hypothesis by transfecting human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells with plant miR168, and used the MVs released by the Caco-2 cells to treat HepG2 cells. Immunoprecipitation revealed that miR168 and&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;LDLRAP1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;mRNA associate with human RNA silencing complex in HepG2 cells treated with Caco-2 MVs transfected with miR168. Eventually, LDLRAP1 protein level was decreased in HepG2 cells, indicating that MVs carried a functional miR168 to specific organs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;Downregulation of LDLRAP1 in the liver causes decreased endocytosis of LDL by liver cells and impairs removal of LDL from the plasma&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib12" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Consistent with the silencing effect of plant miR168 on LDLRAP1 protein, LDL levels in mouse plasma were elevated following miR168 uptake. This effect was specific to miR168 because injection of an anti-miR168 oligonucleotide blocked the increase in LDL levels.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;These results raise the question of whether food-derived small RNAs could play an active role in human/animal health. This question is valid for both plant miRNAs and animal miRNAs. Indeed, this study also revealed that adding an animal miRNA, miR-150, to the mouse diet, allows the increase of miR-150 levels in the liver and downregulation of its natural target c-Myb&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib12" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Human diets are extremely diverse and rely on various amounts and various species of plants and animals in different parts of the world. Whether physiological and/or pathological differences induced by the foods could be partly determined by the small RNA repertoire of each diet remains to be determined.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;Plants encode hundreds of thousands of different small RNAs&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib14" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. Given that six nucleotides of perfect complementary between the &amp;ldquo;seed&amp;rdquo; region of a small RNA and its target is sufficient to promote RNA silencing in mammals&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v22/n1/full/cr2011164a.html#bib15" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, how many plant miRNAs have the potential to actually regulate gene expression in animals? One could speculate that biologically active plant miRNAs in our diet are orders of magnitude lower than biologically active animal miRNAs that are ingested when eating meat. This issue will certainly be addressed in the near future. Given the stability of miRNAs in the gut, their influence on the bacterial community is yet another field of interrogation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;During the last century, the outcome of proteins has been examined, mostly due to the extension of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, a disease caused by prions (a class of degenerative proteins), which raised important concerns in animal farming and human nutrition. After the release of genetically modified organisms (GMO) on the market, the fate of trangenes and transgene products in the digestive tract have also been questioned. With this study, the possible incidence of RNA contained in the food diet on animal/human health will certainly become an explosive field of investigation. This study also implies precise awareness from biotechnologists who intend to make use of dsRNA, especially in the field of plant protection against pests.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Rnai/~4/f6eN7HF2tyg" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/274833/Jen_Sept_2009_twitter.jpg</posterous:userImage>
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        <posterous:firstName>Jennifer</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Angela</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>JenniferAngela</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Jennifer Angela</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
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    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 19:41:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>Monsanto Co. from 2008: Numerous endogenous plant small RNAs have perfect complementarity to human genes &amp; other mammals</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/LXFtjcoy0XM/monsanto-co-from-2008-numerous-endogenous-pla</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://rnai.posterous.com/monsanto-co-from-2008-numerous-endogenous-pla</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.5px Helvetica;"&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 6.5px Helvetica;"&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Helvetica;"&gt;Food and Chemical Toxicology&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;journal homepage: &lt;a href="http://www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchemtox" title="journal website" target="_blank"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.elsevier.com/"&gt;www.elsevier.com/&lt;/a&gt; locate/foodchemtox&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 6.5px Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 6.5px Helvetica;"&gt;Article history:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 6.5px Helvetica;"&gt;Received 8 July 2008&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 6.5px Helvetica;"&gt;Accepted 14 November 2008&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 6.5px Helvetica;"&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 6.5px Helvetica;"&gt;doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.025&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.5px Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.5px Helvetica;"&gt;Endogenous small RNAs in grain: Semi-quantification and sequence&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 13.5px Helvetica;"&gt;homology to human and animal genes&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 10.5px Helvetica;"&gt;Sergey I. Ivashuta, Jay S. Petrick &lt;span style="font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;, Sara E. Heisel, Yuanji Zhang, Liang Guo, Tracey L. Reynolds,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 10.5px Helvetica;"&gt;James F. Rice, Edwards Allen, James K. Roberts&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 6.5px Helvetica;"&gt;Monsanto Company, 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., Mail Code O3F, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: small;"&gt;Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are effector molecules of RNA interference (RNAi), a highly conserved RNA-based gene suppression mechanism in plants, mammals and other eukaryotes. Endogenous RNAi-based gene suppression has been harnessed naturally and through conventional breeding to achieve desired plant phenotypes. The present study demonstrates that endogenous small RNAs, such as siRNAs and miRNAs, are abundant in soybean seeds, corn kernels, and rice grain, plant tissues that are traditionally used for food and feed. Numerous endogenous plant small RNAs were found to have perfect complementarity to human genes as well as those of other mammals. The abundance of endogenous small RNA molecules in grain from safely consumed food and feed crops such as soybean, corn, and rice and the homology of a number of these dietary small RNAs to human and animal genomes and transcriptomes establishes a history of safe consumption for dietary small RNAs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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      <posterous:author>
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        <posterous:firstName>Jennifer</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Angela</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>JenniferAngela</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Jennifer Angela</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
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    <item>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jan 2012 22:21:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>Ago2 N domain is required for small RNA duplex unwinding but not for RISC loading or target binding &amp; cleavage</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/ENrmCBn5uhQ/ago2-n-domain-is-required-for-small-rna-duple</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://rnai.posterous.com/ago2-n-domain-is-required-for-small-rna-duple</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;link to NSMB: &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/woHp8N"&gt;http://bit.ly/woHp8N&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;The N domain of Argonaute drives duplex unwinding during RISC assembly &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pieter Bas Kwak&amp;nbsp;&amp;amp; Yukihide Tomari&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Small RNAs, such as microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, act through Argonaute (Ago) proteins as a part of RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs). To make RISCs, Ago proteins bind and subsequently unwind small RNA duplexes, finally leaving one strand stably incorporated. Here we identified the N domain of human AGO2 as the initiator of duplex unwinding during RISC assembly. We discovered that a functional N domain is strictly required for small RNA duplex unwinding but not for precedent duplex loading or subsequent target cleavage. We postulate that RISC assembly is tripartite, comprising (i) RISC loading, whereby Ago undergoes conformational opening and loads a small RNA duplex, forming pre-RISC; (ii) wedging, whereby the end of the duplex is pried open through active wedging by the N domain, in preparation for unwinding; and (iii) unwinding, whereby the passenger strand is removed through slicer-dependent or slicer-independent unwinding, forming mature RISC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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        <posterous:lastName>Angela</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>JenniferAngela</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Jennifer Angela</posterous:displayName>
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    <item>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2012 08:13:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>Expression determinants of mammalian argonaute proteins in mediating gene silencing </title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/feDGZW2S9Hg/expression-determinants-of-mammalian-argonaut</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://rnai.posterous.com/expression-determinants-of-mammalian-argonaut</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;linkt to Nucleic Acids Research:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/s8tlQ5"&gt;http://bit.ly/s8tlQ5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h1 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.8em; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Expression determinants of mammalian argonaute proteins in mediating gene silencing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class="contributors" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;ol class="contributor-list"&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px;"&gt;Paul N. Valdmanis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px;"&gt;Shuo Gu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px;"&gt;Nina Schuermann&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px;"&gt;Praveen Sethupathy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px;"&gt;Dirk Grimm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em;"&gt;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="last" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px;"&gt;Mark A. Kay&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p class="affiliation-list-reveal" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/30/nar.gkr1274.full#" class="view-more" style=""&gt;-&lt;/a&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol class="affiliation-list showaffil"&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Pediatrics,&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive CCSR 2110, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305,&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany and&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"&gt;RNA interference occurs by two main processes: mRNA site-specific cleavage and non-cleavage-based mRNA degradation or translational repression. Site-specific cleavage is carried out by argonaute-2 (Ago2), while all four mammalian argonaute proteins (Ago1&amp;ndash;Ago4) can carry out non-cleavage-mediated inhibition, suggesting that Ago1, Ago3 and Ago4 may have similar but potentially redundant functions. It has been observed that in mammalian tissues, expression of Ago3 and Ago4 is dramatically lower compared with Ago1; however, an optimization of the Ago3 and Ago4 coding sequences to include only the most common codon at each amino acid position was able to augment the expression of Ago3 and Ago4 to levels comparable to that of Ago1 and Ago2. Thus, we examined whether particular sequence features exist in the coding region of Ago3 and Ago4 that may prevent a high level of expression. Swapping specific sub-regions of wild-type and optimized Ago sequence identified the portion of the coding region (nucleotides 1&amp;ndash;1163 for Ago-3 and 1&amp;ndash;1494 for Ago-4) that is most influential for expression. This finding has implications for the evolutionary conservation of Ago proteins in the mammalian lineage and the biological role that potentially redundant Ago proteins may have.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2011 10:59:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>Conserved Function of lincRNAs in Vertebrate Embryonic Development despite Rapid Sequence Evolution. Ulitsky et al.; Cell</title>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Cell: &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/tQirzD"&gt;http://bit.ly/tQirzD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;
&lt;h2 style="color: #1e1c1d; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0px;"&gt;Conserved Function of lincRNAs in Vertebrate Embryonic Development despite Rapid Sequence Evolution&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Igor Ulitsky&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff3" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#fn2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Alena Shkumatava&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff3" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#fn2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Calvin&amp;nbsp;H. Jan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff3" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#fn1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Hazel Sive&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff3" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;David&amp;nbsp;P. Bartel&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#aff3" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a name="bcor1" href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#cor1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REcor.gif" alt="Go To Corresponding Author" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="mailto:dbartel@wi.mit.edu" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REemail.gif" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="article_affiliation" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="aff2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Howard Hughes Medical Institute&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="aff3" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="cor1" href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#bcor1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REcor.gif" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Corresponding author&lt;p /&gt;&lt;a name="fn1" href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#bfn1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Present address: Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA&lt;p /&gt;&lt;a name="fn2" href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01450-4?switch=standard#bfn2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These authors contributed equally to this work&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;
&lt;ul class="summaryAbstractHighlights" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li class="highlightsHeading" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;h4 style="font-size: 13px; color: #a0412f; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Highlights&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
► The zebrafish genome encodes hundreds of long intervening noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) ► Only 29 of 567 lincRNAs have detectable sequence homology with mammalian lincRNAs ► Two lincRNAs,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;em&gt;cyrano&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;megamind&lt;/em&gt;, are required for proper embryonic development ► The functionality of these two lincRNAs is retained in their human/mouse orthologs

&lt;ul class="summarySection" style="clear: left; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="Summary" style="color: black;"&gt;
&lt;h4 style="font-size: 13px; color: #a0412f; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Summary&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="summarySubSectionText" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Thousands of long intervening noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) have been identified in mammals. To better understand the evolution and functions of these enigmatic RNAs, we used chromatin marks, poly(A)-site mapping and RNA-Seq data to identify more than 550 distinct lincRNAs in zebrafish. Although these shared many characteristics with mammalian lincRNAs, only 29 had detectable sequence similarity with putative mammalian orthologs, typically restricted to a single short region of high conservation. Other lincRNAs had conserved genomic locations without detectable sequence conservation. Antisense reagents targeting conserved regions of two zebrafish lincRNAs caused developmental defects. Reagents targeting splice sites caused the same defects and were rescued by adding either the mature lincRNA or its human or mouse ortholog. Our study provides a roadmap for identification and analysis of lincRNAs in model organisms and shows that lincRNAs play crucial biological roles during embryonic development with functionality conserved despite limited sequence conservation.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Rnai/~4/Y1qv3cYCeEc" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
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      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2011 10:41:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>credit where credit is due: microRNA target mimicry and competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs)?</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/9BlXJc747cw/credit-where-credit-is-due-microrna-target-mi</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Link to Cell:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/tty5Ae"&gt;http://bit.ly/tty5Ae&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #1e1c1d; font-family: arial, helvetica, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;"&gt;ceRNAs: miRNA Target Mimic Mimics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ignacio Rubio-Somoza&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#aff1" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Detlef Weigel&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#aff1" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a name="bcor1" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#cor1" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REcor.gif" alt="Go To Corresponding Author" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="mailto:weigel@weigelworld.org" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REemail.gif" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Jos&amp;eacute;-Manuel Franco-Zorilla&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#aff2" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Juan&amp;nbsp;Antonio Garc&amp;iacute;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#aff2" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Javier Paz-Ares&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#aff2" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a name="bcor2" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#cor2" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REcor.gif" alt="Go To Corresponding Author" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="mailto:jpazares@cnb.csic.es" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REemail.gif" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="article_affiliation" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff1" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 T&amp;uuml;bingen, Germany&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="aff2" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo&amp;nbsp;Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="cor1" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bcor1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REcor.gif" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Corresponding author&lt;p /&gt;&lt;a name="cor2" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bcor2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REcor.gif" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Corresponding author&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;a name="sec1" style="color: black;"&gt;
&lt;h3 style="margin-top: 14px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: #a0412f; padding: 0px;"&gt;MAIN TEXT&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;p class="ja50-ce-para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;In a recent issue of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cell&lt;/em&gt;, four papers described regulatory interactions among messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that share target sequences for the same microRNAs (miRNAs) (&lt;a name="back-bib1" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib1" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Cesana et&amp;nbsp;al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a name="back-bib4" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib4" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Karreth et&amp;nbsp;al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a name="back-bib8" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib8" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Sumazin et&amp;nbsp;al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a name="back-bib9" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib9" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Tay et&amp;nbsp;al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;). The authors state that these mRNAs, dubbed &amp;ldquo;competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs),&amp;rdquo; define a new layer of regulation of miRNA activity that has only recently been discovered. It may be new for animals and humans, but the principle of this phenomenon had been identified a while ago in plants, where it is known as &amp;ldquo;target mimicry.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="ja50-ce-para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;Plant biologists not only played&amp;nbsp;a central role in defining the function of small RNAs in gene silencing, but they also made important contributions to our understanding of miRNA action. In&amp;nbsp;both plants and animals, miRNAs negatively affect their targets through a variety of transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. In addition, the&amp;nbsp;biogenesis and activity of miRNAs themselves can be regulated at several levels. One of these is through target mimicry. In 2007, we reported that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;IPS1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;em&gt;INDUCED BY PHOSPHATE STARVATION1&lt;/em&gt;) RNA altered the protein levels of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;PHO2&lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;PHOSPHATE2&lt;/em&gt;) by modulating the effects of miR399 on the stability and translation&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;PHO2&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;mRNA (&lt;a name="back-bib3" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib3" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Franco-Zorrilla et&amp;nbsp;al., 2007&lt;/a&gt;). The RNAs of both&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;IPS1&lt;/em&gt;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;PHO2&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;have highly conserved sequence motifs complementary to miR399, with&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;IPS1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;having additional bases that interrupt the position where miR399 would normally guide cleavage of its target.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="ja50-ce-para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;A series of experiments supported a model in which noncleavable&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;IPS1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;sequesters miR399 and thus prevents it from inhibiting&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;PHO2&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;mRNA accumulation and translation. We coined the term &amp;ldquo;target mimicry&amp;rdquo; for this endogenous regulatory mechanism of miRNA activity. Although&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;IPS1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;encodes a noncoding RNA, these early findings already pointed to the possibility that noncleavable target sites in plants could perhaps not only act in&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;trans&lt;/em&gt;, but also in&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;cis&lt;/em&gt;, as&amp;nbsp;found to be the case in animals. We subsequently confirmed that artificial target mimic sites in plants could indeed reduce translation efficiency in&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;cis&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a name="back-bib10" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib10" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Todesco et&amp;nbsp;al., 2010&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="ja50-ce-para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;A few weeks after natural and artificial target mimics had been described for plants (&lt;a name="back-bib3" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib3" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Franco-Zorrilla et&amp;nbsp;al., 2007&lt;/a&gt;), artificial target mimics were introduced as &amp;ldquo;decoy targets&amp;rdquo; for miRNAs in animals (&lt;a name="back-bib2" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib2" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Ebert et&amp;nbsp;al., 2007&lt;/a&gt;). Subsequently, a theoretical paper suggested that many natural miRNA target sites could act as miRNA decoys or target mimics in animals. In such a scenario, changes in the expression of some miRNA targets (or mimics) would alter the ability of a miRNA to reduce the activity of other targets (&lt;a name="back-bib7" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib7" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Seitz, 2009&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="ja50-ce-para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;Last year, Pandolfi and colleagues reported an exciting discovery of a naturally occurring noncoding RNA produced by&amp;nbsp;a pseudogene that acts as a natural target mimic in human tumors (&lt;a name="back-bib5" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib5" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Poliseno et&amp;nbsp;al., 2010&lt;/a&gt;). A recent Essay in&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cell&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a name="back-bib6" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib6" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Salmena et&amp;nbsp;al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;) summarized the conclusions from this and some of the prior work, including our initial discovery of &amp;ldquo;target mimics&amp;rdquo; (&lt;a name="back-bib3" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib3" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Franco-Zorrilla et&amp;nbsp;al., 2007&lt;/a&gt;) and the theoretical prediction by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a name="back-bib7" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib7" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Seitz, 2009&lt;/a&gt;. The Essay formally enumerated the many ways in which noncoding and coding RNAs with similar miRNA target sites could affect each others' activity. The authors renamed such RNAs with shared and competing target sites as ceRNAs. They also stated that their theory &amp;ldquo;challenged the notion that&amp;nbsp;a protein-coding mRNA must be translated&amp;nbsp;into a protein to exert function,&amp;rdquo; although there has been ample prior evidence for noncoding functions of protein-coding mRNAs in animals and plants. Such examples include mRNAs that produce small RNAs because they form natural antisense transcripts or are routed through the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;trans&lt;/em&gt;-acting siRNA pathway.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="ja50-ce-para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;In the September 30, 2011 issue&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cell&lt;/em&gt;, three groups described new ceRNAs in animal and human cells (&lt;a name="back-bib1" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib1" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Cesana et&amp;nbsp;al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a name="back-bib4" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib4" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Karreth et&amp;nbsp;al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a name="back-bib8" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib8" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Sumazin et&amp;nbsp;al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a name="back-bib9" href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#bib9" class="ja50-ce-cross-ref" style="color: #005587; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Tay et&amp;nbsp;al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;). The new work goes substantially beyond what was known before and is the kind of research that one is pleased to read about in the pages of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cell&lt;/em&gt;. However, the impact of these papers would not have been lessened if they had acknowledged that the path for these findings was paved in plants. In our opinion, at the core of these articles is the target mimicry principle, which endows nondegradable miRNA targets with regulatory potential.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="ja50-ce-para" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;Please give credit where credit is due. Plant biologists would rightfully be ridiculed if they claimed to have made new discoveries while equivalent phenomena were already known from animals or fungi. Given that the value of the world's agriculture is more than three times that of the entire pharmaceutical industry and that many more people die each year of hunger and malnutrition than from cancer, it is time that scientists of all stripes paid more attention to plant biology.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="References" style="color: black;"&gt;
&lt;h3 style="margin-top: 14px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; color: #a0412f; padding: 0px;"&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;div class="ja50-ce-bibliography-sec"&gt;
&lt;p class="ja50-ce-bib-reference" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#back-bib1" class="back-link" style="color: #005587;"&gt;Cesana et&amp;nbsp;al., 2011&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-reference"&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-contribution"&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-authors"&gt;Cesana,&amp;nbsp;M., Cacchiarelli,&amp;nbsp;D., Legnini,&amp;nbsp;I., Santini,&amp;nbsp;T., Sthandier,&amp;nbsp;O., Chinappi,&amp;nbsp;M., Tramontano,&amp;nbsp;A., and Bozzoni,&amp;nbsp;I.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-date"&gt;(2011).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-issue"&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-title"&gt;Cell&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-volume-nr"&gt;&lt;em&gt;147&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-pages"&gt;358&amp;ndash;369&lt;/span&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(11)01139-1" style="color: #005587;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01139-1" style="color: #005587;"&gt;Full Text&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://download.cell.com/pdf/PIIS0092867411011391.pdf" style="color: #005587;"&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1269 kb) |&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2011.09.028" style="color: #005587;"&gt;CrossRef&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&amp;amp;cmd=Search&amp;amp;term=Cell[ta]+AND+147[vol]+AND+358[page]&amp;amp;doptcmdl=Abstract" style="color: #005587;"&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="ja50-ce-bib-reference" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#back-bib2" class="back-link" style="color: #005587;"&gt;Ebert et&amp;nbsp;al., 2007&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-reference"&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-contribution"&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-authors"&gt;Ebert,&amp;nbsp;M.S., Neilson,&amp;nbsp;J.R., and Sharp,&amp;nbsp;P.A.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-date"&gt;(2007).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-issue"&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-title"&gt;Nat. Methods&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-volume-nr"&gt;&lt;em&gt;4&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-pages"&gt;721&amp;ndash;726&lt;/span&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth1079" style="color: #005587;"&gt;CrossRef&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&amp;amp;cmd=Search&amp;amp;term=Nat.%20Methods[ta]+AND+4[vol]+AND+721[page]&amp;amp;doptcmdl=Abstract" style="color: #005587;"&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p class="ja50-ce-bib-reference" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(11)01501-7?large_figure=true#back-bib10" class="back-link" style="color: #005587;"&gt;Todesco et&amp;nbsp;al., 2010&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-reference"&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-contribution"&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-authors"&gt;Todesco,&amp;nbsp;M., Rubio-Somoza,&amp;nbsp;I., Paz-Ares,&amp;nbsp;J., and Weigel,&amp;nbsp;D.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-date"&gt;(2010).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-issue"&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-title"&gt;PLoS Genet.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-volume-nr"&gt;&lt;em&gt;6&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ja50-sb-pages"&gt;e1001031&lt;/span&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1001031" style="color: #005587;"&gt;CrossRef&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&amp;amp;cmd=Search&amp;amp;term=PLoS%20Genet.[ta]+AND+6[vol]+AND+e1001031[page]&amp;amp;doptcmdl=Abstract" style="color: #005587;"&gt;PubMed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2011 08:19:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>transcription of piRNA cluster in initiating de novo piRNA production against new transposon insertions</title>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;RNA Journal: &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/sgXc2l"&gt;http://bit.ly/sgXc2l&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #403838; line-height: 16px;"&gt;
&lt;h1 style="font-size: 1.8em; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;A role for transcription from a piRNA cluster in de novo piRNA production&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class="contributors" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;ol class="contributor-list" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Shinpei+Kawaoka&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Shinpei Kawaoka&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#fn-1" class="xref-fn" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Hiroshi+Mitsutake&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Hiroshi Mitsutake&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-2" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#fn-1" class="xref-fn" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Takashi+Kiuchi&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Takashi Kiuchi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Maki+Kobayashi&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Maki Kobayashi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-3" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-4" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Mayu+Yoshikawa&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Mayu Yoshikawa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-3" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-4" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Yutaka+Suzuki&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Yutaka Suzuki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-4" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Sumio+Sugano&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Sumio Sugano&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-4" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Toru+Shimada&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Toru Shimada&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Jun+Kobayashi&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Jun Kobayashi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-2" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-5" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#fn-2" class="xref-corresp" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Yukihide+Tomari&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Yukihide Tomari&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-3" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-4" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#fn-2" class="xref-corresp" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="last" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Susumu+Katsuma&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Susumu Katsuma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#fn-2" class="xref-corresp" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p class="affiliation-list-reveal" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#" class="view-more" style=""&gt;+&lt;/a&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol class="affiliation-list hideaffil" style=""&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Koyama-cho, Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;ol class="fn-track" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.833em; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li class="fn-equal" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/22/rna.029777.111.short?rss=1#xref-fn-1-1" class="rev-xref" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&amp;crarr;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="fn-label" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;These authors contributed equally to this work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="section abstract" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;h2 style="font-size: 16px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: #999999; padding: 0px;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are at the heart of the nucleic acid&amp;ndash;based adaptive immune system against transposons in animal gonads. To date, how the piRNA pathway senses an element as a substrate and how de novo piRNA production is initiated remain elusive. Here, by utilizing a GFP transgene, we screened and obtained clonal silkworm BmN4 cell lines producing massively amplified GFP-derived piRNAs capable of silencing GFP in&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;trans&lt;/em&gt;. In multiple independent cell lines where GFP expression was silenced by the piRNA pathway, we detected a common transcript from an endogenous piRNA cluster, in which a part of the cluster is uniquely fused with an antisense GFP sequence. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that the fusion transcript is a source of GFP primary piRNAs. Our data implicate a role for transcription from a piRNA cluster in initiating de novo piRNA production against a new insertion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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        <posterous:nickName>JenniferAngela</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Jennifer Angela</posterous:displayName>
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    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 11:09:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>The 3′-to-5′ Exoribonuclease Nibbler Shapes the 3′ Ends of MicroRNAs Bound to Drosophila Argonaute1</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/m4WJ4V1wm90/the-3-to-5-exoribonuclease-nibbler-shapes-the</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Molecular Cell: &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/rJCf5h"&gt;http://bit.ly/rJCf5h&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;
&lt;h2 style="color: #1e1c1d; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0px;"&gt;The 3&amp;prime;-to-5&amp;prime; Exoribonuclease Nibbler Shapes the 3&amp;prime; Ends of MicroRNAs Bound to&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Drosophila&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;Argonaute1&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bo&amp;nbsp;W. Han&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(11)01073-6?switch=standard#aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Jui-Hung Hung&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(11)01073-6?switch=standard#aff2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Zhiping Weng&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(11)01073-6?switch=standard#aff2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Phillip&amp;nbsp;D. Zamore&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(11)01073-6?switch=standard#aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a name="bcor1" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(11)01073-6?switch=standard#cor1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REcor.gif" alt="Go To Corresponding Author" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="mailto:phillip.zamore@umassmed.edu" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REemail.gif" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Stefan&amp;nbsp;L. Ameres&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(11)01073-6?switch=standard#aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a name="bcor2" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(11)01073-6?switch=standard#cor2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REcor.gif" alt="Go To Corresponding Author" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="mailto:stefan.ameres@umassmed.edu" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REemail.gif" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="article_affiliation" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="aff2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 1.1em; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 1.1em; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Here, we show that after loading into Argonaute1 (Ago1), more than a quarter of all&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Drosophila&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;miRNAs undergo 3&amp;prime; end trimming by the 3&amp;prime;-to-5&amp;prime; exoribonuclease Nibbler (CG9247). Depletion of Nibbler by RNA interference (RNAi) reveals that miRNAs are frequently produced by Dicer-1 as intermediates that are longer than &amp;sim;22 nt. Trimming of miRNA 3&amp;prime;&amp;nbsp;ends occurs after removal of the miRNA&lt;sup&gt;&amp;lowast;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;strand from pre-RISC and may be the final step in RISC assembly, ultimately enhancing target messenger RNA repression. In&amp;nbsp;vivo, depletion of Nibbler by RNAi causes developmental defects.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 1.1em; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;We provide a molecular explanation for the previously reported heterogeneity of miRNA 3&amp;prime; ends and propose a model in which Nibbler converts miRNAs into isoforms that are compatible with the preferred length of Ago1-bound small RNAs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;a name="cor1" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(11)01073-6?switch=standard#bcor1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="cor1" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(11)01073-6?switch=standard#bcor1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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        <posterous:nickName>JenniferAngela</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Jennifer Angela</posterous:displayName>
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      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 10:48:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>PABP is not essential for microRNA-mediated translational repression and deadenylation in vitro</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/OVFqxx4DhnQ/pabp-is-not-essential-for-microrna-mediated-t</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;EMBO Journal:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/vhKN7n"&gt;http://bit.ly/vhKN7n&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;PABP is not essential for microRNA-mediated translational repression and deadenylation&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="journalname" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The EMBO Journal&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="b" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;, 4998 - 5009 (25 November 2011)&lt;span class="divider"&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="doi"&gt;&lt;abbr title="Digital Object Identifier" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: #cccccc; cursor: help;"&gt;doi&lt;/abbr&gt;:10.1038/emboj.2011.426&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="vcard"&gt;&lt;span class="author fn"&gt;Takashi Fukaya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="vcard"&gt;&lt;span class="author fn"&gt;&amp;nbsp;and Yukihide Tomari&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class="entry-summary"&gt;
&lt;h3 class="hidden"&gt;Abstract&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"&gt;MicroRNAs silence their complementary target genes via formation of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that contains an Argonaute (Ago) protein at its core. It was previously proposed that GW182, an Ago-associating protein, directly binds to poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) and interferes with its function, leading to silencing of the target mRNAs. Here we show that&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Drosophila&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ago1-RISC induces silencing via two independent pathways: shortening of the poly(A) tail and pure repression of translation. Our data suggest that although PABP generally modulates poly(A) length and translation efficiency, neither PABP function nor GW182&amp;ndash;PABP interaction is a prerequisite for these two silencing pathways. Instead, we propose that each of the multiple functional domains within GW182 has a potential for silencing, and yet they need to act together in the context of full-length GW182 to exert maximal silencing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

	
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        <posterous:displayName>Jennifer Angela</posterous:displayName>
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      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 10:42:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>Dicer is dispensable for asymmetric RISC loading in mammals.</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/bzFkA930oCo/dicer-is-dispensable-for-asymmetric-risc-load</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;RNA Journal:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/uIsbSg"&gt;http://bit.ly/uIsbSg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #403838; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"&gt;
&lt;h1 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.8em; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Dicer is dispensable for asymmetric RISC loading in mammals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class="contributors" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;ol class="contributor-list" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Juan+G.+Betancur&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Juan G. Betancur&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/18/1/24.abstract#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/18/1/24.abstract#aff-2" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="last" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Yukihide+Tomari&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Yukihide Tomari&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/18/1/24.abstract#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/18/1/24.abstract#aff-2" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/18/1/24.abstract#fn-1" class="xref-corresp" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p class="affiliation-list-reveal" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/18/1/24.abstract#" class="view-more" style=""&gt;+&lt;/a&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol class="affiliation-list hideaffil" style=""&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff-1" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff-2" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Medical Genome Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="section abstract" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: #999999; padding: 0px;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;In flies, asymmetric loading of small RNA duplexes into Argonaute2-containing RNA-induced silencing complex (Ago2-RISC) requires Dicer-2/R2D2 heterodimer, which acts as a protein sensor for the thermodynamic stabilities of the ends of small RNA duplexes. However, the mechanism of small RNA asymmetry sensing in mammalian RISC assembly remains obscure. Here, we quantitatively examined RISC assembly and target silencing activity in the presence or absence of Dicer in mammals. Our data show that, unlike the well-characterized fly Ago2-RISC assembly pathway, mammalian Dicer is dispensable for asymmetric RISC loading in vivo and in vitro.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnai.posterous.com/dicer-is-dispensable-for-asymmetric-risc-load"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

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&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Rnai/~4/bzFkA930oCo" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
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        <posterous:firstName>Jennifer</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Angela</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>JenniferAngela</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Jennifer Angela</posterous:displayName>
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    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 10:27:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>Alternative miRNA Biogenesis</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/WRsh7BA7jpo/alternative-mirna-biogenesis</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Molecular Cell:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/uOQFRN"&gt;http://bit.ly/uOQFRN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #bab5a2; font-family: arial, helvetica, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Review&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div style=""&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/comments/S1097-2765(11)00588-0" style=""&gt;Add/View Comments (&lt;span class="js-kit-comments-count"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 style="color: #1e1c1d; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0px;"&gt;Alternative miRNA Biogenesis Pathways and the Interpretation of Core miRNA Pathway Mutants&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jr-Shiuan Yang&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/abstract/S1097-2765(11)00588-0?switch=standard#aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/abstract/S1097-2765(11)00588-0?switch=standard#aff2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eric&amp;nbsp;C. Lai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/abstract/S1097-2765(11)00588-0?switch=standard#aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a name="bcor1" href="http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/abstract/S1097-2765(11)00588-0?switch=standard#cor1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REcor.gif" alt="Go To Corresponding Author" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="mailto:laie@mskcc.org" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REemail.gif" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="article_affiliation" style="margin-top: 0.8em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Department of Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, Box 252, New York, NY 10065, USA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="aff2" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a name="cor1" href="http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/abstract/S1097-2765(11)00588-0?switch=standard#bcor1" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/REcor.gif" alt="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Corresponding author&lt;p /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="abstract" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; background-image: ; background-position: 50% 100%; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;"&gt;
&lt;ul class="summarySection" style="clear: left; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="Summary" style="color: black;"&gt;
&lt;h4 style="font-size: 13px; color: #a0412f; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Summary&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="summarySubSectionText" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Since the establishment of a canonical animal microRNA biogenesis pathway driven by the RNase III enzymes Drosha and Dicer, an unexpected variety of alternative mechanisms that generate functional microRNAs have emerged. We review here the many Drosha-independent and Dicer-independent microRNA biogenesis strategies characterized over the past few years. Beyond reflecting the flexibility of small RNA machineries, the existence of noncanonical pathways has consequences for interpreting mutants in the&amp;nbsp;core microRNA machinery. Such mutants are commonly used to assess the consequences of &amp;ldquo;total&amp;rdquo; microRNA loss, and indeed, they exhibit many overall phenotypic similarities. Nevertheless, ongoing studies reveal a growing number of settings in which alternative microRNA pathways contribute to distinct phenotypes among core microRNA biogenesis mutants.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Rnai/~4/WRsh7BA7jpo" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
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        <posterous:firstName>Jennifer</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Angela</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>JenniferAngela</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Jennifer Angela</posterous:displayName>
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    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 10:07:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) expresses a seed ortholog of the human miR-582-5p</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/X2Yv867IJc8/human-herpesvirus-6-hhv-6-expresses-a-seed-or</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	
&lt;div class="contributors" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Journal of Virology: &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/t5bkh6"&gt;http://bit.ly/t5bkh6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="section abstract" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;h1 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Small RNA deep-sequencing identifies microRNAs and other small non-coding RNAs from human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6B)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class="contributors" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;ol class="contributor-list"&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/search?author1=Lee+Tuddenham&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Lee Tuddenham&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2011/11/16/JVI.05911-11.abstract#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #3c54a0; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/search?author1=Jette+S.+Jung&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Jette S. Jung&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2011/11/16/JVI.05911-11.abstract#aff-2" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #3c54a0; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/search?author1=B%C3%A9atrice+Chane-Woon-Ming&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;B&amp;eacute;atrice Chane-Woon-Ming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2011/11/16/JVI.05911-11.abstract#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #3c54a0; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/search?author1=Lars+D%C3%B6lken&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Lars D&amp;ouml;lken&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2011/11/16/JVI.05911-11.abstract#aff-2" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #3c54a0; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2011/11/16/JVI.05911-11.abstract#aff-3" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #3c54a0; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2011/11/16/JVI.05911-11.abstract#corresp-1" class="xref-corresp" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #3c54a0; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;**&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="last" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/search?author1=S%C3%A9bastien+Pfeffer&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;S&amp;eacute;bastien Pfeffer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2011/11/16/JVI.05911-11.abstract#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #3c54a0; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2011/11/16/JVI.05911-11.abstract#corresp-1" class="xref-corresp" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #3c54a0; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;**&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p class="affiliation-list-reveal" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2011/11/16/JVI.05911-11.abstract#" class="view-more" style=""&gt;+&lt;/a&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol class="affiliation-list hideaffil"&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff-1" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #3c54a0; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 7px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Architecture et R&amp;eacute;activit&amp;eacute; de l'ARN, Universit&amp;eacute; de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Mol&amp;eacute;culaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, 15 rue Ren&amp;eacute; Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff-2" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #3c54a0; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 7px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkofer Str. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff-3" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #3c54a0; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 7px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Box 157, Level 5 Laboratories Block Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="section abstract" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: #999999; padding: 0px;"&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;Roseolovirus, or human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous human pathogen infecting over 95% of the population by the age of two years. As with other herpesviruses, reactivation of HHV-6 can present with severe complications in immunocompromised individuals. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of herpesvirus-derived micro (mi)RNAs in modulating both cellular and viral gene expression. An initial report, which computed the likelihood of various viruses to encode for miRNAs, did not predict HHV-6 miRNAs. To experimentally screen for small HHV-6 encoded RNAs, we conducted large-scale sequencing of Sup-T-1 cells lytically infected with a laboratory strain of HHV-6B. This revealed an abundant 60-65 nucleotide RNA of unknown function derived from the lytic origin of replication (OriLyt) that gave rise to smaller RNA species of 18-19 nucleotides in length. In addition, we identified four pre-miRNAs, whose mature forms accumulated in Argonaute 2. In contrast to other beta-herpesviruses, HHV-6B miRNAs are expressed from direct repeat regions (DR&lt;sub style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: sub; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;and DR&lt;sub style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: sub; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;R&lt;/sub&gt;) located at either side of the genome. All miRNAs are conserved in the closely related HHV-6A variant, and one of them is a seed ortholog of the human miR-582-5p. Similar to alpha-herpesvirus miRNAs, they are expressed antisense to immediate early ORFs and thus have the potential to regulate key viral regulators.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Mir-582" height="137" src="http://getfile4.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2011-12-22/EcpiqDzucpClbmziyAEbGdIFdtsJguulvrucxwJmJJHAmgvGzjzEemGdnmwi/miR-582.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="450" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Rnai/~4/X2Yv867IJc8" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
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        <posterous:firstName>Jennifer</posterous:firstName>
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        <posterous:displayName>Jennifer Angela</posterous:displayName>
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    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 09:21:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>Animation of RNAi</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/So0G3_sKvSQ/animation-of-rnai</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Updated RNA interference animation from Arkitek Studios and Nature Reviews.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://t.co/x110FQxB" class="twitter-timeline-link" title="http://www.nature.com/nrg/multimedia/rnai/animation/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" style="color: #15db93; text-decoration: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;http://bit.ly/u2AMhc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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      <posterous:author>
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        <posterous:displayName>Jennifer Angela</posterous:displayName>
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    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 09:14:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>a common oncogenic mechanism associated with altered DICER1 function that is selected during tumor developmen</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/tLDOZsQY7QI/a-common-oncogenic-mechanism-associated-with</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;NEJM:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://t.co/MkueclOo" class="twitter-timeline-link" title="http://www.nejm.org/action/cookieAbsent" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" style="color: #15db93; text-decoration: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;http://bit.ly/t8gYOm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;ORIGINAL ARTICLE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; font-size: 16px;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h1 style=""&gt;Recurrent Somatic&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: 23px; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;DICER1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mutations in Nonepithelial Ovarian Cancers&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p class="authors" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.5em; color: #666666; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Alireza Heravi-Moussavi, Ph.D., Michael S. Anglesio, Ph.D., S.-W. Grace Cheng, Ph.D., Janine Senz, B.Sc., Winnie Yang, B.Sc., Leah Prentice, Ph.D., Anthony P. Fejes, M.Sc., Christine Chow, B.M.L.Sc., Alicia Tone, Ph.D., Steve E. Kalloger, B.Sc., Nancy Hamel, M.Sc., Andrew Roth, B.Sc., Gavin Ha, B.Sc., Adrian N.C. Wan, B.Sc., Sarah Maines-Bandiera, M.Sc., Clara Salamanca, B.Sc., Barbara Pasini, M.D., Blaise A. Clarke, M.D., Anna F. Lee, M.D., Ph.D., Cheng-Han Lee, M.D., Ph.D., Chengquan Zhao, M.D., Robert H. Young, M.D., Samuel A. Aparicio, B.M., B.Ch., Ph.D., Poul H.B. Sorensen, M.D., Ph.D., Michelle M.M. Woo, Ph.D., Niki Boyd, Ph.D., Steven J.M. Jones, Ph.D., Martin Hirst, Ph.D., Marco A. Marra, Ph.D., Blake Gilks, M.D., Sohrab P. Shah, Ph.D., William D. Foulkes, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., Gregg B. Morin, Ph.D., and David G. Huntsman, M.D.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="citationLine" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.7em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.5em; color: #666666; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;December 21, 2011 (10.1056/NEJMoa1102903)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"&gt;DICER1 expression in tumors with hot-spot mutations argues against a role for DICER1 as a classic two-hit tumor suppressor. The localized and focal pattern of mutation is typical of dominantly acting oncogenes, like&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;KRAS&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;BRAF&lt;/em&gt;. The absence of loss of heterozygosity that is seen in association with germline&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;DICER1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;mutations provides further evidence against a role for&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;DICER1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;as either a haploinsufficient or a two-hit recessive tumor suppressor. Our findings suggest that&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;DICER1&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;alleles with hot-spot mutations produce viable protein. The hot-spot mutations appear to represent a new class in which the loss of the wild-type allele may occur in tandem with the retention of a hot-spot mutant DICER1 protein.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Rnai/~4/tLDOZsQY7QI" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
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    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:18:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>the complexity of terminal modification pathways acting upon small regulatory RNAs</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/yh1Ippc-RDg/the-complexity-of-terminal-modification-pathw</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;these findings substantially broaden the complexity of terminal modification pathways acting upon small regulatory RNAs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://t.co/MdF8lNFx" class="twitter-timeline-link" title="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/21/rna.030627.111.short?rss=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" style="color: #15db93; text-decoration: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;http://bit.ly/uHfsjN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #403838; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;
&lt;h1 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.8em; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Common and distinct patterns of terminal modifications to mirtrons and canonical microRNAs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class="contributors" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;ol class="contributor-list" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Jakub+O.+Westholm&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Jakub O. Westholm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/21/rna.030627.111.short?rss=1#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/21/rna.030627.111.short?rss=1#fn-1" class="xref-fn" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Erik+Ladewig&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Erik Ladewig&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/21/rna.030627.111.short?rss=1#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/21/rna.030627.111.short?rss=1#fn-1" class="xref-fn" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Katsutomo+Okamura&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Katsutomo Okamura&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/21/rna.030627.111.short?rss=1#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Nicolas+Robine&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Nicolas Robine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/21/rna.030627.111.short?rss=1#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="last" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Eric+C.+Lai&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Eric C. Lai&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/21/rna.030627.111.short?rss=1#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/21/rna.030627.111.short?rss=1#fn-2" class="xref-corresp" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p class="affiliation-list-reveal" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/21/rna.030627.111.short?rss=1#" class="view-more" style=""&gt;+&lt;/a&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol class="affiliation-list hideaffil" style=""&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff-1" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Department of Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;ol class="fn-track" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.833em; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li class="fn-equal" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/12/21/rna.030627.111.short?rss=1#xref-fn-1-1" class="rev-xref" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&amp;crarr;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="fn-label" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;These authors contributed equally to this work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="section abstract" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: #999999; padding: 0px;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;Nucleotide modifications to microRNAs or their precursors can influence their processing and/or activity. A challenge to their analysis is the lack of independent references for the termini generated by primary processing; typically, these are empirically assigned as the most abundant mapped reads. Mirtrons offer such an independent measure since these microRNA hairpins are defined by splicing. Consequently, mirtron-derived reads that deviate from splice sites reflect modification following primary processing. Analysis in&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Drosophila&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;revealed multiple modification patterns, including select alterations of 5&amp;prime; termini, many 3&amp;prime; resection events, and unexpectedly abundant 3&amp;prime; untemplated monouridylation. Resections occur on mature AGO1-loaded species, whereas uridylation occurs on pre-miRNAs but is compatible with dicing and AGO1 loading. Strikingly, we found many mirtrons whose modified reads are more abundant than those produced by primary processing. In some cases, these abundant modified reads matched the genome owing to fortuitous uridines in downstream flanking exons, thus highlighting the value of an independent reference for the primary-processed sequence. We could further extend the principle of abundant and preferred uridylation of mirtrons, relative to canonical pre-miRNAs, to&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Caenorhabditis elegans&lt;/em&gt;, mouse, and human. Finally, we found that 3&amp;prime; resection occurs broadly across AGO1-loaded canonical miRNA and star species. Altogether, these findings substantially broaden the complexity of terminal modification pathways acting upon small regulatory RNAs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
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      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:15:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>mouse cytomegalovirus transcribes a microRNA-27 inhibitor upon infection</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/LAOFXcY-E5U/mouse-cytomegalovirus-transcribes-a-microrna</link>
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	&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;miR-27 inhibitor disguised as a target&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://t.co/eyekQkza" class="twitter-timeline-link" title="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/12/15/1114204109.long" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" style="color: #15db93; text-decoration: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/12/15/1114204109.long&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 22.0px Helvetica;"&gt;Murine cytomegalovirus encodes a miR-27 inhibitor&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 22.0px Helvetica;"&gt;disguised as a target&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 22.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica;"&gt;Valentina Libri&lt;span style="font: 6.0px Helvetica;"&gt;a,1&lt;/span&gt;, Aleksandra Helwak&lt;span style="font: 6.0px Helvetica;"&gt;b,1&lt;/span&gt;, Pascal Miesen&lt;span style="font: 6.0px Helvetica;"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;, Diwakar Santhakumar&lt;span style="font: 6.0px Helvetica;"&gt;a,d&lt;/span&gt;, Jessica G. Borger&lt;span style="font: 6.0px Helvetica;"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;, Grzegorz Kudla&lt;span style="font: 6.0px Helvetica;"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica;"&gt;Finn Grey&lt;span style="font: 6.0px Helvetica;"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;, David Tollervey&lt;span style="font: 6.0px Helvetica;"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;, and Amy H. Buck&lt;span style="font: 6.0px Helvetica;"&gt;a,d,2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 4.5px Helvetica;"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; &lt;span style="font: 4.5px Helvetica;"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom; &lt;span style="font: 4.5px Helvetica;"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; &lt;span style="font: 4.5px Helvetica;"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;United Kingdom; and &lt;span style="font: 4.5px Helvetica;"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;Kingdom&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;Edited* by Norman R. Pace, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, and approved November 29, 2011 (received for review September 1, 2011)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Individual microRNAs (miRNAs) are rapidly down-regulated during&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;conditions of cellular activation and infection, but factors mediating&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;miRNA turnover are poorly understood. Infection of mouse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;cells with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) induces the rapid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;down-regulation of an antiviral cellular miRNA, miR-27. Here, we&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;identify a transcript produced by MCMV that binds to miR-27 and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;mediates its degradation. UV-crosslinking and high-throughput&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;sequencing [CRAC (UV-crosslinking and analysis of cDNA)] identified&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;MCMV RNA segments associated with the miRNA-binding protein&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Argonaute 2 (Ago2). A cluster of hits mapped to a predicted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;miR-27-binding site in the 3&amp;prime;UTR of the previously uncharacterized&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;ORF, m169. The expression kinetics of the m169 transcript correlated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;with degradation of miR-27 during infection, and m169 expression&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;inhibited miR-27 functional activity in a reporter assay.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;siRNA knockdown of m169 demonstrated its requirement for miR-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;27 degradation following infection and did not affect other host&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;miRNAs. Substitution of the miR-27-binding site in m169 to create&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;complementarity to a different cellular miRNA, miR-24, resulted in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;down-regulation of only miR-24 following infection. The m169&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;transcript is cytoplasmic, capped, polyadenylated, and interacts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;with miRNA-27 through seed pairing: characteristic features of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;normal messenger RNA (mRNA) targets of miRNAs. This virus&amp;ndash;host&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;interaction reveals a mode of miRNA regulation in which a mRNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;directs the degradation of a miRNA. We speculate that RNA-mediated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;miRNA degradation could be a more general viral strategy for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;manipulating host cells.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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    <item>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 2011 10:31:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>Argonaute protein identity and pairing geometry determine cooperativity in mammalian RNA silencing. </title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/tR1ZWSVIKBE/argonaute-protein-identity-and-pairing-geomet</link>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/cooperativity"&gt;http://bit.ly/cooperativity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial, Lucida Grande, Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #403838; line-height: 16px;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h1 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.8em; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;Argonaute protein identity and pairing geometry determine cooperativity in mammalian RNA silencing&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class="contributors" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;ol class="contributor-list"&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Jennifer+A.+Broderick&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Jennifer A. Broderick&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/08/30/rna.2778911.abstract#aff-1" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=William+E.+Salomon&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;William E. Salomon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/08/30/rna.2778911.abstract#aff-2" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Sean+P.+Ryder&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Sean P. Ryder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/08/30/rna.2778911.abstract#aff-2" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="contributor" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Neil+Aronin&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Neil Aronin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/08/30/rna.2778911.abstract#aff-3" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="last" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/search?author1=Phillip+D.+Zamore&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" class="name-search" style="font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: #333333; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;Phillip D. Zamore&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/08/30/rna.2778911.abstract#aff-2" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/08/30/rna.2778911.abstract#aff-4" class="xref-aff" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="xref-sep" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/08/30/rna.2778911.abstract#fn-1" class="xref-corresp" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p class="affiliation-list-reveal" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/08/30/rna.2778911.abstract#" class="view-more" style=""&gt;-&lt;/a&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol class="affiliation-list showaffil"&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff-1" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff-2" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff-3" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="aff" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a name="aff-4" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: #666699; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;address style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;&lt;sup style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="section abstract" style="font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: #999999; padding: 0px;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; padding: 0px;"&gt;Small RNAs loaded into Argonaute proteins direct silencing of complementary target mRNAs. It has been proposed that multiple, imperfectly complementary small interfering RNAs or microRNAs, when bound to the 3&amp;prime; untranslated region of a target mRNA, function cooperatively to silence target expression. We report that, in cultured human HeLa cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Argonaute1 (Ago1), Ago3, and Ago4 act cooperatively to silence both perfectly and partially complementary target RNAs bearing multiple small RNA-binding sites. Our data suggest that for Ago1, Ago3, and Ago4, multiple, adjacent small RNA-binding sites facilitate cooperative interactions that stabilize Argonaute binding. In contrast, small RNAs bound to Ago2 and pairing perfectly to an mRNA target act independently to silence expression. Noncooperative silencing by Ago2 does not require the endoribonuclease activity of the protein: A mutant Ago2 that cannot cleave its mRNA target also silences noncooperatively. We propose that Ago2 binds its targets by a mechanism fundamentally distinct from that used by the three other mammalian Argonaute proteins.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
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      </posterous:author>
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    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2011 08:33:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>microRNA therapeutics; Gene Therapy Review</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Rnai/~3/auj1fD2hu7w/microrna-therapeutics-gene-therapy-review</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://rnai.posterous.com/microrna-therapeutics-gene-therapy-review</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Link to Gene Therapy:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/kLH3M4"&gt;http://bit.ly/kLH3M4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica;"&gt;REVIEW&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 20.0px Helvetica;"&gt;MicroRNA therapeutics&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 11.0px Helvetica;"&gt;JA Broderick&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;and PD Zamore&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 11.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 11.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 8.0px Helvetica;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 5.0px Helvetica;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;Program in Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA and &lt;span style="font: 5.0px Helvetica;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;Correspondence: Dr PD Zamore, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;LRB 822, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;Received 18 October 2010; revised 25 February 2011; accepted 2 March 2011&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 7.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px;"&gt;MicroRNAs (miRNAs) provide new therapeutic targets for many diseases, while their myriad roles in development and cellular processes make them fascinating to study. We still do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate gene expression nor do we know the complete repertoire of mRNAs each miRNA regulates. However, recent progress in the development of effective strategies to block miRNAs suggests that anti-miRNA drugs may soon be used in the clinic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica;"&gt;Gene Therapy advance online publication, 28 April 2011; doi:10.1038/gt.2011.50&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_file_embed'&gt;
&lt;a href="http://rnai.posterous.com/microrna-therapeutics-gene-therapy-review"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://posterous.com/images/filetypes/pdf.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;div class='p_embed_description'&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Gene_Therapy_Review_April_28_2011.pdf&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;a href="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2011-04-28/ytBevhtbBIeIchulxEozCfCpiCcHhdffAEHnmucmfAepIGAadwhABphktbIk/Gene_Therapy_Review_April_28_2011.pdf"&gt;Download this file&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 9.0px Helvetica;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Rnai/~4/auj1fD2hu7w" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/274833/Jen_Sept_2009_twitter.jpg</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/36ztmhTD31CN</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Jennifer</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Angela</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>JenniferAngela</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Jennifer Angela</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
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