Nepal Robotics Insight Center

DIY Bank and Home Security System for valuable ornaments/components Using Arduino, Relay and PIR Sensor

2021-01-14T00:45:00.021-08:00

The valuable ornaments placed in the bank or high profile house really needs a security system which will guide your ornaments with safety. In this tutorial we are going to make an automated system that will make loud siren ON for 6 minutes and help our valuable things to get protected from being theft using Arduino, Relay and PIR sensor.

Let's get started;

Component's required:

Arduino UNO X 1
5 Volt Relay Module X 1
PIR Sensor X 1
Alarm X 1

Circuit Diagram:

(NOTE: At first upload the program to Arduino UNO board then only do the given below circuit diagram in order to avoid short circuit from the previously uploaded code.)

About PIR Sensor:

PIR stands for Passive Infrared Sensor and it works on the principle of detecting heat rediation. Like other sensor, it does not produce any signal to environment and receive the reflected signal. This sensor small amount of heat radiation produced by either living things or non living things.

The PIR Sensor have two modes, one is repeatable and other is non repeatable mode.

Repeatable mode will make PIR sensor detect object and produce output at the same time.
Non-Repeatable mode will detect object and produce output for the time we set by rotating delay time pin configuration between (0.3Sec-5Mins) as our wish of adjusting.

(NOTE: You will find H and L written in your PIR board for repeatable and non-repeatable mood)

Repeatable Trigger Mode: Place jumper in H-pin configuration as connected in figure.
Non-Repeatable Trigger Mode: Place jumper in L-Pin configuration

In this tutorial we are doing this project for repeatable trigger mode. So place jumper as shown above in the figure.

Connect VCC to 5 volt out of Arduino
GND to GND pin of Arduino
OUT pin to pin 3 of Arduino

Finally adjust the sensitivity pin to detect the object according to your required rang within 7 meter from the sensor by rotating the sensitivity pin according to your desire.

Coding:

Copy and paste the given below code to Arduino IDE and upload it.

long int alarm = 9; //Alarm pin

long int pirPin = 3; // PIR Out pin

long int pirStat = 0; // PIR status

void setup() {

pinMode(alarm, OUTPUT);

pinMode(pirPin, INPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop()

{

pirStat = digitalRead(pirPin);

if (pirStat == HIGH) // if motion detected

digitalWrite(alarm, HIGH); // turn alarm ON

delay(60000); // turns alarm ON for 60000 mili seconds i.e 6 minutes

else

digitalWrite(alarm, LOW); // turn alarm OFF if we have no motion

}

In this way you can make your own bank and home security system for valuable ornaments/components using Arduino, Relay and PIR Sensor.

DIY home automation using Arduino, Relay and Bluetooth Module(HC-05)

2020-12-30T09:54:00.004-08:00

Advancement in technology has brought lot's of change in today's world. So, in this tutorial we are going to learn about home automation using Arduino, Relay and Bluetooth Module. Here, we have automated our four room appliances namely AC, Bulb, Heater, Fan.

Let's get started with the today's tutorial.

Components Required:

Arduino UNO X 1
5 Volt Relay Module X 4
HC-05 Bluetooth Module X 1
Any four home appliances according to your desire

Circuit Diagram:

(NOTE: First upload the code to the Arduino board and then only do the given below circuit in order to avoid the short circuit from the previously uploaded code.)

About HC-05 Bluetooth Module:

It is a small portable device that is used to be connected in the Arduino board so that it can communicate with mobile or smartphone.

It has 6 pins, among which we are concerned with only 4 pins;

PIN 2 (RXD for receiving information from smartphone through Bluetooth medium)
PIN 3 (TXD for transmitting information from smartphone through Bluetooth medium)
PIN 4 (GND for grounding or zero potential point)
PIN 5 (VCC for supply of 5 Volt in order to power up HC-05)

The TXD pin of Arduino is connected to RXD pin HC-05 and the RXD pin of Arduino is connected to TXD pin of HC-05.

Here, TXD = 1 in Arduino means transmission of information from Arduino to HC-05.

And, RXD=0 in HC-05 means receiving information from from Arduino to HC-05.

Also, TXD = 1 in HC-05 means transmission of information from HC-05 to Arduino.

And, RXD=0 in Arduino means receiving information from from HC05 to Arduino.

(NOTE: About relay and Arduino we have discussed in the previous sections which you can visit in our home page.)

Coding:

Copy and pest the given below code to the Arduino IDE board and compile it.

(Note:digitalWrite(relay,LOW) turns on the relay. So, don't be confused while writing LOW in code to turn on the devices because relay is a low trigger device and turns off when high volt(5 volt is provided or digitalWrite(relay,HIGH) is written while writing code.)

long int ac=2;

long int bulb=3;

long int heater=4;

long int fan=5;

char x;

void setup()

{

pinMode(ac,OUTPUT);

pinMode(bulb,OUTPUT);

pinMode(heater,OUTPUT);

pinMode(fan,OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(ac,HIGH);

digitalWrite(bulb,HIGH);

digitalWrite(heater,HIGH);

digitalWrite(fan,HIGH);

Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop()

{

if(Serial.available()>0)

{

x=Serial.read();

}

if(x=='a')

digitalWrite(ac,LOW);

if (x=='b')

digitalWrite(ac,HIGH);

if (x=='c')

digitalWrite(bulb,LOW);

if(x=='d')

digitalWrite(bulb,HIGH);

if(x=='e')

digitalWrite(heater,LOW);

if(x=='f')

digitalWrite(heater,HIGH);

if(x=='g')

digitalWrite(fan,LOW);

if(x=='h')

digitalWrite(fan,HIGH);

}

Application Instillation:

From the given below link install the app from google play store to your smartphone and connect it as given below process:

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bluetoothcontroller

Turn on your smartphone Bluetooth
Install and open the app
Click on connect to bluetooth
Click on HC-05
It will ask code, put code '1234' if it doesn't work then put '0000' if this step doesn't work here then goto step 1 and try connect manually with same codes and then follow from step 2.
Press OK or Connect and now you are done

In this way you can make your own home automated system using Arduino, Relay and Bluetooth Module(HC-05).

DIY Night Light automatic turn ON and OFF using Arduino, Relay and LDR

2020-12-22T09:54:00.004-08:00

In this tutorial we are going to make an automatic light ON and OFF during night and day respectively using LDR sensor that gets activated or it's resistance gets reduced when light falls on it. We have also connected a manual switch ON and OFF for the bulb whenever we are out of home for weekends.

Let's get started,

Components Required:

Arduino UNO X 1
LDR light sensor X 1
5V RelayModule X 1
Resistor (100k) X 1
AC Bulb (25 or 100) Watt X 1

Circuit Design:

(Note: First upload the program to the Arduino IDE then only do the below given wirings in order to avoid short circuit from previously uploaded code in the Arduino.)

About LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) Sensor:

It is the sensor with resistance as it's main property. When light falls upon it then it's resistance decreases and allows electric current to flow through it. And when it is dark then it offers high resistance to the circuit and blocks current to flow through it.

Let's see it graphically,

In the above diagram, as light intensity increases, resistance decreases and when light intensity decreases then resistance of LDR increases.

Arduino senses the value from LDR in the range 0 to 1023. When the LDR value is less than 900 or 1000 then we call it as day condition and the bulb remains off. When the value is greater than 900 or 1000 then we check for night condition and turn on the bulb.

(Note: About relay and other module we have already discussed in other tutorials that you can see in the same website.)

Coding:

int ldr=A0; // taking input from LDR in pin A0 i.e anolog pin

int led=1; // declaring output pin for bulb

int ldrStatus;

void setup()

{

pinMode(ldr,INPUT);

pinMode(led,OUTPUT);

pinMode(led,LOW);

Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop()

{

ldrStatus=analogRead(ldr);

Serial.println(ldrStatus); //check sensor value in light and dark condition

if (ldrStatus<=1000) // checks if it is day then led remains OFF

{

digitalWrite(led,LOW);

}

else

{

digitalWrite(led,HIGH); // during night led becomes ON

}

In this way you can make your own automated light system using Arduino, Relay, and LDR sensor. Also by removing relay and placing the 5 volt bulb to the digital pin 1 with 0.5 K or 220 omh resistor, you can directly make your DC 5 volt bulb operate from Arduino as shown in below given figure with your mini project done.(Upload the same code)

Applications:

Make your own home automation using LDR sensor
You can also make automated traffic light system that will ON during night and OFF during day

Control Motor Driver Speed Using Arduino

2020-12-10T23:00:00.001-08:00

An Arduino cannot supply sufficient power to motor to operate, so we use Motor driver.It is a device that supplies sufficient power or voltage to the motor and helps us to connect them with Arduino and make our mechanical robot. We can use motor driver in two ways.

One is operate motor driver at high speed
And the other is operate motor driver at controlled speed

We have already discussed about point one in brief and cleared all the concepts of programming in the link given below:

https://www.roboticsinsighto.com/2020/08/how-to-control-motor-driver-with-arduino.html

So, in this tutorial we are going to see hoe to control the speed of motor driver. Also from this tutorial you can make your own four wheel robot that will operate according to the command described in the code.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Arduino UNO X 1
L298N Motor Driver X 1
(10-12) Volt motor X 4
Male to female jumper wire X 6
Male to male jumper wire X 2

CIRCUIT CONNECTION:

(Note: At first upload the code to the Arduino board then only do the circuit connection in order to avoid short circuit in the Arduino board from the previously uploaded code.)

fig: Connection between motor driver and Arduino

fig: Pin configuration of Motor driver

In the above figure the pin that will control the motor driver speed is EN PIN, means enable pin.

There are two EN pins in motor driver as shown in figure:

ENA: This pin will control speed of left two motors
ENB: This will control speed of right two motors

Note: Motor 1 and Motor 2 will have same speed because they are connected in parallel. And similarly Motor 3 and Motor 4 will have same speed since they are also connected in parallel.

The motor speed is divided rom 0 to 250 means 0 is the lowest speed and 250 is the highest speed.

So, while doing coding our speed range will be 0-250. Suppose if we put speed as 125 then the motor speed will be half and accordingly we will number the speed to our desire.

In the below code,

analogWrite(ENA,250); // means high or top speed

analogWrite(ENB,100); // means speed at value 100

CODING PART:

In the given below code the enable pins are connected to analog pins of Arduino in order to control speed of motor. You cannot control speed of motor if you connect enable pins to digital pins in Arduino.

The code is given below. Copy and paste the code to Arduino IDE and upload it to your Arduino UNO board.

int motor1=8;

int motor2=7;

int motor3=6;

int motor4=5;

int ENA=9;

int ENB=3;

void setup()

{

pinMode(motor1,OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor3,OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor4,OUTPUT);

pinMode(ENA,OUTPUT);

pinMode(ENB,OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(motor1,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor2,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor3,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor4,LOW);

serial.begin(9600)

}

void forward()

{

analogWrite(ENA,250);

analogWrite(ENB,250);

digitalWrite(motor1,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor2,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor3,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor4,LOW);

}

void backward()

{

analogWrite(ENA,100);

analogWrite(ENB,100);

digitalWrite(motor1,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor3,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor4,HIGH);

}

void left()

{

analogWrite(ENA,150);

analogWrite(ENB,150);

digitalWrite(motor1,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor3,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor4,LOW);

}

void right()

{

analogWrite(ENA,150);

analogWrite(ENB,150);

digitalWrite(motor1,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor2,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor3,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor4,HIGH);

}

void stop()

{

digitalWrite(motor1,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor2,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor3,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor4,LOW);

}

void loop()

{

forward();

delay(2000);

backward();

delay(5000);

left();

delay(3000);

right();

delay(4000);

stop();

delay(7000);

}

In this way you can make your own speed controlled four wheel robot and by changing the program according to your wish you can do your projects.

Fire and defense water system for home using Arduino, relay and Gas sensor

2020-11-23T07:20:00.010-08:00

Death and property loss due to fire has become a major problem in today's world. There are many fire fighters stations working for this particular problem. When there is fire caught, it always takes time for water tank to reach the destination and we have loss in life and property as well.

So, in this tutorial we are going to make a fire defense system using Arduino, relay and smoke sensor that senses fire and accordingly take action.

Here, we have taken house having two rooms that may be kitchen or living room or office room. In both the rooms we have connected smoke sensor. When there is no fire in the room or smoke, the sensor goes inactive and the led's, ledG1 and ledG2 is on denoting there is no any problem. If ROOM 1 or ROOM 2 senses smoke or fire then red led's, ledR1 or ledR2 goes on respectively and the water system will be on in order to minimize or wipe out the flame.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(Note: First upload the code to the Arduino board then only do the programming in order to avoid short circuit from the previously uploaded code in the Arduino. Also, connect 0.5k resistor to each led and you can also add buzzer instead of red led bulb.)

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Arduino UNO X 1
MQ2 Gas Sensor X 2
5 Volt Relay X 2
Led red X 2
Led green X 2
Minibbread board X 1

ABOUT:

Arduino

It is a small micro-controller device where we can program and relate our work with input and output voltage production and sensing.

For more detail you can go to the link below:

About Arduino UNO and Arduino IDE working

MQ2 Gas Sensor

Smoke sensor senses the density of gas in certain values and provide output through DOUT or AOUT i.e. digital out and analog out pin to the arduino respectively and accrodingly we take action through programming.

Here we have taken 400 as threshold value of the sensor above which light and defense system work.

Relay

Relay is a device that act as a switch for ac or other high source devices. It switches on when IN1 is High and turns off when IN1 is LOW.

CODING:

int ledR1 = 12;

int ledR2 = 11;

int ledG1 = 10;

int ledG2 = 9;

int smokeA0 = A0;

int smokeA1 = A1;

int sensorThres = 400; // sensor threshold vaue

void setup()

{

pinMode(ledR1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledR2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledG1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledG2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(smokeA0, INPUT);

pinMode(smokeA1, INPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop()

{

int analogSensor1 = analogRead(smokeA0);

if (analogSensor1 > sensorThres) // Checks if it has reached the threshold value

{

digitalWrite(ledR1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ledG1, LOW);

}

else

{

digitalWrite(ledG1, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledR1, HIGH);

}

int analogSensor2 = analogRead(smokeA1);

if (analogSensor2 > sensorThres) // Checks if it has reached the threshold value

{

digitalWrite(ledR2, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ledG2, LOW);

}

else

{

digitalWrite(ledG2, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledR2, HIGH);

}

In this way you can make your own fire alarm and water defense system at home using arduino, MQ2 gas sensor and relay.

Application:

You can have safe home from fire.
Can save your property during fire
Less worry about fire fighters to come late.
Can make your way to quality and safe life.

Digital LED Staircase lightening in motion using Arduino and Ultrasonic Sensor

2020-11-12T08:47:00.003-08:00

Automated lightening of staircase not only helps to save electricity but also takes us to advancement in quality living of life. We generally uses normal circuit to turn on and off the light in stairs, but there is loss in electricity since we turn it off only at once during sleep.

So, in this tutorial we are going to make the automated staircase that will light up only when it senses motion of people passing through stair.

Circuit diagram:

(NOTE: First upload the program to the Arduino then only do the circuit connection in order to avoid short circuit in the Arduino from previously uploaded code.Also connect 0.5k resistor to each bulb. )

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04) X 2
Arduino UNO
5 volt LED bulbs X 2

CODING:

(Copy and pest the given below code to the arduino IDE and compile it.)

int trigPin1=7; //set the HC-SR04 SENSOR 1 triger on pin 7 on the arduino

int echoPin1=8;//set the HC-SR04 SENSOR 1 echo on pin 6 on the arduino

int trigPin2=A0; //set the HC-SR04 SENSOR2 triger on pin 7 on the arduino

int echoPin2=A1; //set the HC-SR04 SENSOR2 echo on pin 6 on the arduino

int led1=1;

int led2=2;

int led3=3;

void setup()

{

Serial.begin (9600);

pinMode(trigPin1, OUTPUT); //set the trigpin to output

pinMode(echoPin1, INPUT); //set the echopin to input

pinMode(trigPin2, OUTPUT); //set the trigpin to output

pinMode(echoPin2, INPUT); //set the echopin to input

pinMode(led1, OUTPUT); //set the led1 on pin 1 to output

pinMode(led2, OUTPUT); //set the led1 on pin 1 to output

pinMode(led3, OUTPUT); //set the led1 on pin 1 to output

}

void loop()

{

float duration1, distance1; //Define two intregers duration and distance to be used to save data for sensor1

float duration2, distance2; //Define two intregers duration and distance to be used to save data for sensor2

digitalWrite(trigPin1, HIGH); //write a digital high to the trigpin to send out the pulse

delayMicroseconds(500); //wait half a millisecond

digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW); //turn off the trigpin

duration1 = pulseIn(echoPin1, HIGH); //measure the time using pulsein when the echo receives a signal set it to high

distance1 = (duration1/2) / 29.1; //distance is the duration devided by 2 becasue the signal traveled from the trigpin then back to the echo pin, then divide by 29.1 to convert to centimeters

digitalWrite(trigPin2, HIGH); //write a digital high to the trigpin to send out the pulse

delayMicroseconds(500); //wait half a millisecond

digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW); //turn off the trigpin

duration2 = pulseIn(echoPin2, HIGH); //measure the time using pulsein when the echo receives a signal set it to high

distance2 = (duration2/2) / 29.1; //distance is the duration devided by 2 becasue the signal traveled from the trigpin then back to the echo pin, then divide by 29.1 to convert to centimeters

if (distance1<13 || distance2< 13) //if the distance is less than 13 CM

{

digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);

delay (2000); //wait 2 seconds

digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);

delay (15000); //wait 2 seconds

digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);

delay (15000); //wait 5 seconds

}

else

{

digitalWrite(led1,LOW);

digitalWrite(led2,LOW);

digitalWrite(led3,LOW);

}

In this way you can make your own automated staircase at home using Arduino and Ultrasonic sensor.

Application:

You can save electricity bill when there is no one bypassing through stair.
Project lead us to automated and quility living life.

Room Heater automatic turn on and off using Ultrasonic sensor, Relay and Arduino

2020-11-06T06:30:00.006-08:00

During winter offices and universities and houses, uses heater to get rid from coldness. But due to excessive use of them we can figure out increment in the electric bills. Also, the co workers of the industry, colleges and homes don't turn it off when the go out and we find loss in energy consumption and increment in bills.

So, in this tutorial, we are going to build an automatic heater using ultrasonic sensor, relay module and Arduino UNO that will sense people, if his distance is between 0 cm to 140 cm from the heater then the heater will glow otherwise it remains off.

Let's have look how we did it:

Circuit diagram:

(NOTE: First upload the program to the Arduino then connect wires in order to be safe from short circuit due to previously uploaded codes in the Arduino.)

Components required:

Arduino UNO
Ultrasonic Sensor
5 volt relay module
A room heater

Arduino Uno:

It is a programmable micro controller that takes input in the voltage form and produces output in the voltage form. You can program the device according to your need.

Ultrasonic sensor:

The working principle of this sensor is to produce ultrasonic wave and when it strikes any medium than then the wave gets reflected back to the sensor and we measure the total time taken by the wave to travel in air from production to return of wave to the sensor and then divide the time by two to measure distance of the object from the sensor.

Time(T) = t / 2 where, t is total time taken.

Now, in order to calculate the distance, we multiply TIME(T) by speed of sound in air.

DISTANCE = T * 343 where, 343m/s is velocity of sound in air

5 volt relay module:

It is a switching device that closes the circuit when it's input sensing voltage goes high i.e. 5 volts, in other condition the relay is off and the circuit remains open.

Coding:

Copy and paste the given below code to Arduino IDE and upload it.

float echoPin=2; // attach pin D3 Arduino to pin Echo of HC-SR04

float trigPin=3; //attach pin D4 Arduino to pin Echo of HC-SR04

int heater=4; // attach pin D2 Arduino to relay

long duration; // variable for the duration of sound wave travel

int distance; // variable for the distance measurement

void setup() {

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an OUTPUT

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an INPUT

pinMode(heater, OUTPUT); // sets the heater as OUTPUT

digitalWrite(heater,LOW); //set heater initially low

Serial.begin(9600); // // Serial Communication is starting with 9600 of baudrate speed

}

void loop() {

// Clears the trigPin condition

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

// Sets the trigPin HIGH (ACTIVE) for 10 microseconds

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

// Calculating the distance

distance = duration * 0.034 / 2; // Speed of sound wave divided by 2 (go and back)

// Displays the distance in cm

if (distance<140)

digitalWrite(heater,HIGH);

else

digitalWrite(heater,LOW);

}

In this way you can make your own automated heater using Ultrasonic Sensor and Arduino.

Application:

Saves energy consumption
Less worry of electric bills due to heater
Modernization in the automated world

Automatic Dustbin open and close using Ultrasonic sensor and Arduino

2020-10-31T17:52:00.002-07:00

Introduction:

In this tutorial, we are going to solve a small problem related to garbage management. Let's make an automated bin using ultrasonic sensor and Arduino that will open automatically when any one is in front of it. And when he is done the bin gets automatically closed and vice versa.

Components required:

A foot operated dustbin
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor
5 volt servo motor
An Arduino UNO

Circuit Diagram:

Connect the wires to the respective components as shown in figure below:

(Note: first upload the code given below to the Arduino then only do the wiring to avoid short circuit from already stored program in Arduino.)

Arduino Codes:

Copy and paste the codes given below to arduino IDE and upload it to arduino.

#include <Servo.h>

Servo s1;

const int servo_pin = 2;

const int trig_pin = 3;

const int echo_pin = 4;

const int inter_time = 200;

int time = 0;

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600);

s1.attach(servo_pin, 500, 2400);

s1.write(90);

pinMode (trig_pin, OUTPUT);

pinMode (echo_pin, INPUT);

delay(3000);

}

void loop()

{

float duration, distance;

digitalWrite(trig_pin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(1000);

digitalWrite(trig_pin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn (echo_pin, HIGH);

distance = (duration/2)/29;

Serial.print(distance);

Serial.println(" cm");

time = time + inter_time;

delay(inter_time);

if (distance < 10)

{

for(int i = 1500; i >= 1100; i-=25){

s1.writeMicroseconds(i);

Serial.println("2");

delay(100);

}

delay(1000);

for(int i = 1100; i <= 1500; i+=25){

s1.writeMicroseconds(i);

Serial.println("1");

delay(100);

}

Now you are done with your code and circuit diagram and you can make your own modification if you want to.

Applications:

People don't feel uncomfortable to put garbage in.
Will make us a distance away from germs attached with the dustbin.
City will have smart bin automation.
A healthy and neat environment can be created.

DIY Fan Automatic ON and OFF using Arduino, Relay AND Temperature Sensor

2020-09-14T00:00:00.008-07:00

Are we really worried about our home electrical bill due to the unnecessary consumption of electricity by fan, here is the best solution to it. Often in summer days, we use a fan to make our room temperature falls to 25-26 degree celsius i.e. normal room temperature. during the night the temperature falls still the fan is open and we feel cold and at the same time, there is a waste of energy as well. So, in this tutorial we are going to make an automatic fan that will maintain it's room temperature i.e, open the fan while room temperature exceeds 26-degree Celcius and close the fan while room temperature is below 26-degree celsius. Let's make our own automation of the fan.

Components required:

1. Arduino UNO

2. 5 Volt Relay Module 220V

3. LM35 Temperature Sensor

About Relay:

Relay is a switching device. like we put the switch in a normal circuit and do it on and off similarly relay is a device when receives command makes switch on or off. In this tutorial when the temperature exceeds 26-degree celsius then Arduino pin 1 is high i.e. the Vin pin of the relay will get +5 volts and the switch will on making C and NO pin of relay short circuit and current flows resulting our fan operates. Whenever the temperature falls below 26-degree celsius then pin1 will be low i.e zero volts resulting in C and NO pin of the relay is open and the fan closes.

About lm35 temperature sensor:

lm35 is a temperature sensor that has 3 pin configuration, Vcc, Vout, Gnd. To Vcc, we supply 5 volts and Gnd is grounded. Whenever the sensor receives fluctuation in temperature, it gives it's reading in voltage form from Vout. This variation type of output we measure from the Arduino analog pin and convert it into respective temperature in degree celsius by using the formula given below:

Temperature = Analog read * 0.48828125

In this way, the obtained temperature is taken into consideration and we do further operation.

Programming Section:

NOTE: We first upload our program to Arduino then only we do the connections because after connection and then uploading the program may cause a short circuit due to previously uploaded programs.

float sensor=A0;

float temp=0;

int fan=1;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(fan,OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(fan,LOW);

}

void loop() {

temp=analogRead(sensor);

temp=temp*0.48828125; // convert temp to degree celsius

if (temp>26)

digitalWrite(fan,HIGH);

else

digitalWrite (fan,LOW);

}

Circuit Connection:

Make the circuit connection as above and now you are ready to go with your new featured fan.

In this way, you can make your own fan automation, and accordingly, you can set the temperature value for on and off of your device.

Aspiradora- A Cleaning Robot

2020-08-28T06:30:00.018-07:00

Back in 2018, we had made a robot "Aspiradora: A Cleaning Robot" for which we won the best project award at the university. So, here we are giving you ideas about how to make "Aspiradora".

INTRODUCTION:

KATHMANDU: In 2016, 900 sweepers clean Kathmandu every day but dust remains unsettled.

Therefore the usability of Electric Road Cleaner machines have to come in practice to clean dusty roads.

This project is based on the “CLEAN NEPAL” theme that works on the principle of suction of waste and it can be controlled by using smart-phones or remote. Before entering this project I would like you to describe the basics of electric vacuum suction road cleaner.

OBJECTIVE:

1) To make a well managed electric road cleaner that is controllable through smart-phones.

2) Clean the dusty road without using sweepers and broom.

Why the device is important in the context of Nepal?

As we all are familiar with the background and condition of roadways in our valley. We know that many governmental constructions are being carried out for the development of Nepal but due to some ineffective approach, the roads nowadays are full of dust and unmanaged left out. So to minimize some issues regarding environmental health and situation we have made this device that is easy to handle and portable, can be accessible to a larger area if used effectively.

Device exploration in great event AVISHKAR 18:

There were many presenters from renowned universities like TU, PU, and KU. We, the first year/first semester group of 6-students made this project and presented it for 2 days in Robot Demonstration Section at Kathmandu University. And we stood for the first position, first prize with the immense support of audiences participated and viewers and a merit vote conducted by the organizers and judges and made to win the title and the winning prize of NRs. 10,000.

You can make your own Aspiradora by following given methods:

Step 1: Construction of vacuum suction.

1. Take an ordinary bottle of 1.25L and cut it into three pieces.

2. Adjust a fan with a motor attached to the base piece of the bottle.

3 Keep the middle part of the bottle as it is and fit the upper piece to the suction pipe.

4. Power the fan with 5V supply, it rotates in the clockwise direction. The positive suction is created resulting in the dust particles sucked into the bottle. Similarly, the anticlockwise rotation of the fan is used for the outlet of dust particles.

Step 2: Frame of the Aspiradora

Fit the constructed vacuum suction bottle to the base of the Aspiradora frame containing four wheels for acceleration.

2. Connect the motors of four wheels to the motor driver.

Step 3: Connect the whole setup to Arduino UNO with a Bluetooth device and control the system by a smartphone

Components needed:

Arduino UNO
DC Motor
L298N Motor Driver
HC05 Bluetooth control

Step 4: Programming section

At first, upload the program and then only do the above setup with Bluetooth device, Arduino and motor driver.

int motor1=8;

int motor2=7;

int motor3=6;

int motor4=5;

int ENA=9;

int ENB=3;

char x;

void setup()

{

pinMode(motor1,OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor3,OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor4,OUTPUT);

pinMode(ENA,OUTPUT);

pinMode(ENB,OUTPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

digitalWrite(motor1,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor2,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor3,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor4,LOW);

Serial.begin(9600);

}

void forward()

{

analogWrite(ENA,150);

analogWrite(ENB,150);

digitalWrite(motor1,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor2,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor3,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor4,LOW);

}

void backward()

{

analogWrite(ENA,100);

analogWrite(ENB,100);

digitalWrite(motor1,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor3,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor4,HIGH);

}

void left()

{

analogWrite(ENA,120);

analogWrite(ENB,120);

digitalWrite(motor1,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor3,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor4,LOW);

}

void right()

{

analogWrite(ENA,120);

analogWrite(ENB,120);

digitalWrite(motor1,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor2,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor3,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor4,HIGH);

}

void stop()

{

digitalWrite(motor1,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor2,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor3,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor4,LOW);

}

void loop()

{

if(Serial.available()>0)

{

x=Serial.read();

}

if(x==1)

forward();

if(x==2)

backward();

if(x==3)

left();

if(x==4)

right();

if(x==5)

stop();

}

You can adjust your own speed by changing analogWrite(ENA,120) to 130 or 150 or so on. But the range should be 0 to 255. similarly change for analogWrite(ENB,120).

For Bluetooth setup download the Arduino Bluetooth application from the play store. Install it on your smartphone. connect HC05 Bluetooth with your mobile by inserting a password 1111 or 1234.

Now configure the settings for buttons as:

Forward button: 1
Backward button: 2
Left button: 3
Right button: 4
Stop button: 5

In this way, you can successfully make and operate Aspiradora. If you have any queries about this project, you can contact us at nasaelectronics@gmail.com. We will be glad to help you.

DIY BIKE LIGHT AUTOMATIC TURN ON AND OFF

2020-08-20T10:24:00.001-07:00

If we see today's century then the world is totally filled with new inventions and among them, artificial light is a great invention that provides us the sensation of looking at things at night or dark places.

Almost all the vehicles are provided with light for night vision and driving. Among them, the bike is one. The bike uses a 12 Volt power supply to glow its headlight. Due to maximum road accidents and thieving, today's bike comes with automatic light that is even turned on in day time when the key is on. This brings loss in electrical energy.

Let's design a circuit that will conserve energy. In this tutorial, we have made a circuit that will make headlight automatically on when it is evening or night i.e. at low intensity of light. Also, we have provided a manual switch to turn on the light if the sensor sometimes fails to automatically turn on.

In the above circuit, the components needed are:

1.) LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

2.) BC547 Transistor

3.) 100k Resistor

4.) 12 Volt battery, headlight, and Handel switch are already provided in bikes

Let's know about components:

A.) LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

These are known as a photoresistor. There resistance changes with the intensity of light. When the intensity of light is high that is during the day then the LDR resistance decreases and allows current to flow. When the intensity of light is low that is during the night then the resistance of LDR increases and blocks the current flow.

B.) BC547 Transistor

Transistors are components that either act as current and voltage amplifiers or as a switch. In this tutorial, we have used transistor as a switch.

There a three output pins in a transistor: Collector(C), Base(B), Emitter(E).

For Transistor to flow current it should be in active region i.e.,

Voltage of;

collector>base>emitter.

In the above circuit, we are varying base voltage. During day time resistance of LDR will be high and base will have high voltage than the emitter. So transistor goes to cutoff region i.e. transistor will not operate and will make our headlight turned off.

During night time LDR will have very low resistance and the base of the transistor will get low voltage. So the transistor now will operate in active region and the headlight of the bike will glow.

Also, the circuit is connected to the manual turn on and off switch of bike headlight so that if sometimes the LDR fails to operate then the user can manually ON and OFF the headlight.

10 Best Electrical and Electronics Project that you can do in 1st year

2020-08-14T04:05:00.001-07:00

While doing projects in the first year of engineering, we come across lots of projects and get confused about the projects. Also, many students don't know how they work and which project comes under this category. Being an electrical and electronics engineering student myself, I was very confused about what project to do in my first year. Here, we have cited 10 best Electrical and electronics projects that you can do in your 1st year along with a short description of the project.

1. Water Level Indicator:

This project is basically an automatic water level controlling system that automatically turns off the switch when water is full in the tank. It checks the water level in the tank and sends the warning if the water level in the tank is low and it stops the water pump to operate if there is no water present in the tank.

2. LPG Leakage Detector:

In this system, the LPG leakage at home or industry is detected employing two main devices: the gas detector and the centralized alarm unit. The centralized alarm unit detects the signals sent by the gas detector and turns on the alarm. The main working principle lies in the comparison of voltage drop and reference voltage between the MQ-6 gas sensor voltages.

3. Variable DC Voltage Supply:

This project describes the construction of AC/DC regulated power supply with a voltage range of 12-5 V and limited to 1-ampere current. The main power circuitry is built on a bridge rectifier module configured with a step-down transformer. This power supply is provided with the flexibility to regulate current and voltage as required for the operation of microcontrollers and other electrical components.

4. Infrared Motion Detector:

This project focuses on detecting the motion of a particular thing or a person from a particular area. Infrared Motion Detector detects emitted infrared energy from a person or an animal in the form of heat. The IR sensors, PIR sensors, etc. can be used in this circuit which sends the signal to the control system which in turn can be programmed to emit light or a bell noise.

5. Remote Controlled IR Switches:

The remote controller can be used to control different home appliances which are connected to the circuit. It consists of Infrared Remote Controller and receiver, LED, relay, diode, etc. In this, infrared remote sends signals to change the state of home appliances, when the IR sensor receives the signal it performs its task.

6. Metal Detector:

This project gives an overview of a metal detector working principle and application with the concept of ensuring avoiding any illegal or unauthorized entry of metal objects. It is a low-cost metal detector using a transistor circuit. It is a simple Colpitts oscillator working in medium band frequency.

7. Home Automation:

This project work is performed for designing the Home Automated System to overcome the necessary human effort and test its usability in real life. The system consists of a PIR sensor, an LDR sensor, and Thermistor which senses the movement senses light and temperature which could automate home by controlling light and fan.

8. Car Parking Indicator:

This technology helps the driver to locate a free parking slot to park the car. It automatically indicates where the slot is free and which is reserved in map kept in the gateway of parking so that driver can easily find a free parking space which helps in reducing the traffic created by stuck vehicles in parking zones by using timer before indication.

9. Automatic Street Light Control Using LDR:

This project mainly focuses on automatically turning the street lights on and off whenever needed. The circuit is based on IC LM358 which works as an operational amplifier configured in voltage comparator. The LDR(Light Dependent Resistor) is used in which resistance is dependent on the amount of light that falls onto it.

10. Touchless Doorbell:

This project describes an automatic door lock/unlock system along with a buzzer (doorbell) that can monitor industries as well as homes. The detector will sense the absence of light caused by intervention and will switch on the buzzer and the door can be locked/unlocked without any mechanical effort with high performance and minimum possible cost. Its many applications are in banks, offices, homes, and shops.

HOW TO CONTROL A MOTOR DRIVER WITH ARDUINO

2020-08-13T07:52:00.002-07:00

The dual bidirectional motor driver is based on the L298N Dual H-Bridge Motor Driver IC. This motor driver will allow you to easily and independently control motors up to the current flow of 2A inside the motor driver output terminal. Beyond the flow of 2A current will make motor driver heated resulting in damage to the motor driver.

For this project you will need:

Arduino UNO
4x DC motors
Breadboard
L298N Motor Driver Module

So let's get started:

Knowing the motor driver from the figure below:

Fig1: Pin diagram of a motor driver

Note: Do the below setup of the figure only after uploading code to Arduino because Arduino always stores and run the previously uploaded code that may cause a short-circuit.

fig2: Connection between Arduino and Motor driver

Now, let's code our Arduino to control the motor driver.

Here is the code:

int motor1=8;

int motor2=7;

int motor3=6;

int motor4=5;

void setup()

{

pinMode(motor1,OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor3,OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor4,OUTPUT);

}

void forward()

{

digitalWrite(motor1,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor2,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor3,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor4,LOW);

}

void backward()

{

digitalWrite(motor1,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor3,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor4,HIGH);

}

void left()

{

digitalWrite(motor1,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor3,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor4,LOW);

}

void right()

{

digitalWrite(motor1,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor2,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor3,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor4,HIGH);

}

void stop()

{

digitalWrite(motor1,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor2,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor3,LOW);

digitalWrite(motor4,LOW);

}

void loop()

{

forward();

delay(2000);

backward();

delay(5000);

left();

delay(3000);

right();

delay(4000);

stop();

delay(7000);

}

You can make changes to the above-written code and make your own modifications.

Let's understand the code:

Motor driver and Arduino pin will be configured as:

IN1 - Arduino pin 8

IN2 - Arduino pin 7

IN3 - Arduino pin 6

IN4 - Arduino pin 5

int motor1=8;
int motor2=7;
int motor3=6;
int motor4=5;

This is just a declaration of Arduino pins, these pins are equivalent to the pin of motor driver. i.e.

IN1=PIN8.....IN1=OUT1

IN2=PIN7.....IN2=OUT2

IN3=PIN6.....IN3=OUT3

IN4=PIN5...IN4=OUT4

Void forward()
{
digitalWrite(motor1,HIGH); // OUT 1 = 9 volt
digitalWrite(motor2,LOW); //OUT 2 =0 volt
digitalWrite(motor3,HIGH); //OUT 3= 9 volt
digitalWrite(motor4,LOW); // OUT 4 = 0 volt
}

Since OUT 1 gets 9 volt and OUT 2 gets 0 volts this will create a potential difference between motors and will make motor i.e. Motor 1 and Motor 2 operate in a clockwise direction. Similarly for OUT 3 and OUT 4 in clockwise operate for Motor 3 and Motor 4.

void left()
{
digitalWrite(motor1,LOW); // OUT 1 = 0 volt
digitalWrite(motor2,HIGH); // OUT 2 = 9 volt
digitalWrite(motor3,HIGH); // OUT 3 = 9 volt
digitalWrite(motor4,LOW); // OUT 4= 0 volt
}

Since OUT1 gets 0 volts and OUT2 gets 9 volts this will create a potential difference between motors and will make motors i.e. Motor1 and Motor2 operate in an anti-clockwise direction. Similarly, OUT3 gets 9 volts and OUT2 gets 0 volts this will create a potential difference between motors and will make motors i.e. Motor1 and Motor2 operate in a clockwise direction.

similarly, we can think how void backward(), void right() and void left() will work.

Void forward(), void backward(), void left(), void right(), void stop()....these are functions that we will call from void loop. These functions help motor1, motor2, motor3 and motor4 to operate in particular direction.
Inside void loop()

forward();

delay(2000);

This will move motors in forward direction for 2 seconds i.e.2000 mili seconds. It means void loop() will call void forward() for 2 seconds.Similarly, for backward(); delay(5000); will turn motors in left direction for 5 seconds and so on for right(); backward(); and stop();

Let's understand the mechanical part:

Connect jumpers in ENA and ENB as shown in fig2.

Here turning is always zero turns i.e. If we make a DIY car from the above configuration of motors then for left turn the car will rotate left at the same position resulting in zero turns. Motor 1 and Motor 2 will turn in an anti-clockwise direction and Motor 3 and Motor 4 will turn in clockwise direction resulting into zero turn

Note that Motor1 and Motor2 are connected to the same pin in OUT1 and OUT2 respectively. So there the direction of rotation will be the same. Similarly, Motor3 and Motor4's direction of rotation will be the same.

Hence, you can control a motor driver with Arduino. If you have any queries regarding this topic you can contact us at nasaelectronics157@gmail.com

Floating Inputs and its Mitigating Measure in Arduino

2020-08-03T07:31:00.001-07:00

What are the floating inputs?

Sometimes, Arduino reads random input on the input port. Even though we don't give any input in the Arduino, sometimes it tends to read some random input values. This is called floating inputs. When the input is defined as digital, and if you are not connected to the input to either HIGH or LOW the input is said to be floating. This may lead to some random input voltages. We can mitigate this issue by using pull-up or pull-down resistors.

What are pull-up and pull-down resistors?

In the circuit, when it is closed, it makes a connection to the ground, and when the circuit is open, the rest of the circuit will keep floating. In the digital circuit connection, the input or output pins are always at 1(HIGH) or at 0(LOW). Sometimes, we need to change that value from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1, for that we need to hold digital pin either at 0 and change it to 1 or, hold the digital pin at 1 and change it to 0, it can be left on floating. For this, we need a pull-up or pull-down resistors.

Now, if we put actual voltage in HIGH or LOW, the value of HIGH will be 5V(Logic HIGH) and LOW will be 0V or ground(Logic LOW).

Pull-up resistor is used to set up the default digital pin as HIGH whereas a pull-down resistor is used to set up the default digital pin as LOW.

Though floating inputs are generally observed in digital inputs, it can also be found in analog inputs.

Pull-up and pull-down resistors are generally used to interface the switch or some other inputs with a microcontroller which ensures that there are no floating values. Most microcontrollers have built-in pull up/down resistors so less external components are needed.

In a digital circuit of 3.3V to 5V, we can put pull up/down resistors of value 10k ohm to 20k ohm, but the best practice is to use the value of 10k ohm. The above circuit diagram shows how to interface pull up/down resistors with a microcontroller. Arduino has its own pull-up resistor configured in its system that can be programmed to use without the use of external resistor, whereas there is no pull-down resistor so an external resistor is needed in case of the pull-down. For reference code to programme pull-up resistor you can visit: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/DigitalInputPullup

So, in this way you can mitigate floating inputs. If you have any queries regarding this, do contact us at nasaelectronics157@gmail.com

ARDUINO IDE WORKING AND FUNCTIONS

2020-08-01T08:15:00.001-07:00

The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code, compile it, and upload it in a board.

Here are some tips about Arduino IDE:

1.) Running the Arduino IDE program for the first time after instilling it to pc

2.)Let's load our first example that comes with Arduino IDE itself

OR,

3.) This is the first program that we load to our Arduino IDE

4.) To bring a new file

5.) Verify(Compile) the program

Compilation means to check the program and find out the error if figured. If there are no errors than at the button of the screen it comes with done compilation.

6.) Saving the file to the computer

7.) Connecting Arduino to our computer

8.)Configuring the board

It means we have to choose the Arduino Board which we have bought from the market. In this tutorial, I have used Arduino Uno as my board.

9.) Configuring the Arduino with IDE

This configuration will connect our Arduino UNO to our IDE and helps to upload the file through the respective port from where we have connected our Arduino.

10.) Uploading our program to Arduino

USE OLD MOBILE CHARGERS TO GET DC 5V OR 10V SUPPLY FOR YOUR PROJECT

2020-07-17T10:00:00.004-07:00

Ever thought we can use our old mobile phone chargers to operate some electrical appliances? Are you thinking about making your own power supply instead of battery for your project? If not then, we can use our old mobile phone chargers to operate electrical appliances. So as you already know we can use our old mobile chargers to operate electrical appliances at our home, here is how we can make our own power supply instead of using batteries.

We often do various projects and the most necessary thing is battery or a variable dc supply source. Since the variable DC supply box costs much so many of us use a battery as a temporary source. But we have to replace the battery after every half an hour because it gradually deteriorates. So these sources of energy are really going to bother a lot and we have to spend a lot of money on it.

So, here we present a very cheap and efficient way to make your own power supply using mobile phone chargers in just 2 minutes by following a few steps.

The data cables in the mobile phone's charger consist of four wires if you remove the outermost layer of the charger. Out of which two wires are for data transmission and two are for charging. Generally, chargers consist of green, white, black and red wires. Green and White wires are for data transmission. And red and black wire that act as positive and negative terminal respectively with a potential difference of 5 volts between them.

Now, without wasting time lets do it:

STEP 1:

Cut the wire of charger using scissors or knife as shown in the figure:

STEP 2:

Peel the outer cover of cable and for data cables you can find 4 wires inside. You only need is only red and black wires as we are only working on making the power supply and on transmitting data so we can remove extra wires as shown in the figure:

STEP 3:

As shown in above figure now we can easily get 5 volts output and use it on our project by connecting the charger in our project.

In order to get 10 volts output that we need in motor drivers we can make it by connecting to chargers in series which is shown below:

STEP 4:

Take another charger and repeat step 1 and step 2. Connect the chargers in series by connecting a positive terminal(red wire) of one charger to a negative terminal(black wire) of another charger as shown in the figure below.

Here you easily obtained 10 volts by bringing two chargers in series. We can also connect two batteries in series by following similar procedures.

Now you can carry out with your project easily without buying a battery. And to make you believe that it is really working, we have attached a video file below in which we ran PC fan using two chargers in series and generating 10 Volts for fan by connecting red wire of fan to red wire of the data cable and black wire of fan to black wire of the data cable.

If you have any queries regarding this or any other projects, do contact us at nasaelectronics157@gmail.com

BLINK TUTORIAL-Coding a Microcontroller Using Arduino

2020-07-15T09:22:00.015-07:00

Arduino is a platform for microcontroller devices which makes coding much easier than other traditional methods. Basically, it is an easy way out. We can do a complex project in a much easier way just by using Arduino. Here, we are doing the project of the blinking LED by using Arduino. If not for Arduino then this simple and easier project would have been difficult to do.

First, we will understand the code, and then we will do a real coding process in a microcontroller using Arduino.

Requirements for this project:

Arduino UNO
LED Bulb
0.5 K resistor
Jumper wires or connecting wires

Installing the Arduino UNO:

Let's install the app from the link below:

https://www.arduino.cc/en/main/software

After you visit this website you can see different options for downloading Arduino in Linux, in Mac, and in Windows. You can choose any of them as per your operating system.

After you click on any of those options you will see 'Just Download' and 'Contribute & Download' option on that page. You can click on the 'Just Download' option and proceed further towards the installation process.

After installation and running the app you will see this window on your computer screen:

The reason behind this pre-populated code blocks is if we don't use loop and setup in our code, our code won't compile. The void keyword is used only for function declaration. The setup() function is basically used to initialize variables, pin modes, etc. The setup() function only runs once, after each powerup or reset of the Arduino board. The code inside the loop() function will run continuously until and unless Arduino is powered off or reset.

Coding:

Erase everything on the screen and write an Arduino code as per your wish. Since this is the tutorial for the blinking LED, here is the code for it:

Let's understand the code and what does each statement in the code represents:

int pin1=13.....Here we declare variables and int is an integer that reads value as a number. Pin1=13 means digital pin no 13 where we will connect a wire linking bulb and then we will connect bulb with a resistor and in the GND i.e. we will connect a ground pin to the other end of the bulb. Here we have connected resistance so that our bulb will not fuse.
void setup().....it configures the pin for operation. Like if we have to glow bulb then pin 13 produces an output of 5Volts so that the bulb glows. So it configures pin 13 to produce output that maybe 0 volts or 5 volts since it is a digital pin.
Are you thinking about input then we will have a detailed discussion in further session when we start learning about sensors and taking values from there.
void loop()....it means the code will run into the same loop several times. So the void loop runs the program continuously between brackets{...}
digitalWrite(pin1, HIGH)....it means pin1 i.e. pin no 13 will become high and will receive 5 Volt signal.
delay(50)....means bulb will glow for 50 milliseconds.
digitalWrite(pin1, LOW)...means pin 13 will receive 0 volts and the bulb will remain off.
delay(45)...means bulb will remain off for 45 milliseconds
now the loop will repeat and again digitalWrite(pin1, HIGH) will be high for 50 milliseconds and the same loop will keep running.

After writing the program hit the tick mark at top of the left side window. That will check if your program is wrong or right. If the program is right then it will show no error and at the bottom of window Done Compiling will appear and you will know "YES YOUR PROGRAM IS CORRECT!"

In this way, the bulb will glow for 50 seconds and turns off for 45seconds. The same pattern will keep running until we change the code. You can bring your own modifications to this code and write in in your own way.

Case Sensitivity:

The above-written code is the language that Arduino or machine understands. So we have to write it in the same way. And the thing to remember in digitalWrite(pin13, HIGH) is here 'W' in digitalWrite is capital and if we write small 'w' i.e. digital write(pin13, LOW) then the computer will not understand. Similarly 'HIGH' should not be written as 'high' it will bring error.

But in place int pin1=13;...instead of pin1 we can write pin or apple or any name as your wish and should use the same name throughout the program for pin configuration of pin no13 if declared earlier.

Uploading our code into Microcontroller:

Let's connect the USB to computer and Arduino as shown in the figure below:

Now configure the pin by doing the following process:

Now upload file to Arduino by clicking the icon below:

Always remember that after uploading the file to Arduino then only we will do the connection of bulb and resistors because before uploading there may exist other programs running on Arduino if previously it was used by others and there may be the chances of short circuit.

Now remove USB from computer and do the connections as shown in the figure below:

Now connect the USB back to the computer and you will see your first program running on small little brain Arduino in which we taught it to blink bulb for 50 milliseconds ON and 45 milliseconds OFF.

Finally, you made your first microcontroller program and upload it to Arduino and made it blink.

Wasn't it cool and easy??

If you have any query regarding this project you can contact us at nasaelectronics157@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS AND ARDUINO

2020-07-14T01:52:00.017-07:00

Introduction

Today's world is filled with electronics and electrical equipments. Electronics are what our lives are controlled by and based on. We cannot imagine a single day without electronic equipment. From lighting our room to cooking food, we all rely on electronic components. Electronic equipment like cell phones, computers, fans, light bulbs has made our life very easier and comfortable. Modern advancement is not possible without the advancement in electrical and electronics technologies. These are the fundamental and most integral part of development. Not all, but many types of electronic equipments are programmed to perform a certain task. Basically, we use microcontrollers to program and control electronics equipments.

So What is Microcontroller?

Microcontrollers are universal cheap integrated circuits that can be programmed and are used in many electronic fields. Microcontrollers can be programmed according to our will to control electronic equipment. It is a single integrated circuit which consists of a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output terminals.

Fig: Microcontroller

Carefully chosen microcontrollers can independently control various processes and devices such as industrial automation, electric current, etc. It is a wonder how a single, small chip can control and automate big electronic equipment.

How does Microcontroller operate?

A microcontroller is embedded inside a system to the singular function of a device. It receives signals from a peripheral and interprets it in its central processor. The temporary information it receives is stored in its memory and then is used to control the equipment once it deciphers the stored instruction in the program memory.

For example, in an elevator, push-buttons and Magnetic contact sensors are input parts of the microcontroller. LCD display unit and H-bridge driver circuit are output parts of the microcontroller.

What are the elements of the microcontroller?

The main elements of microcontroller are:

The processor: It is also called as CPU. It works as a brain of the microcontroller. It processes and responds to various instructions that directs microcontroller functions.
Memory: The microcontroller's memory is used to store the data processor receives and the use it to respond instructions programmed to carry out.
I/O Peripherals: The input ports receive the information and send it off to the processor in the form of binary data. The processor receives the information and sends it off to output devices that execute tasks.

Applications of Microcontrollers:

Experts always strive to introduce innovation in automation that requires minimum effort and gives maximum output. The microcontroller was introduced in the electronics industry with the purpose of making our tasks easy which comes with even a remote connection with automation in any way. Microcontrollers have a wide range of applications. Microcontrollers are used from simple home appliances to big industrial appliances. In the 21st century, the use of electronic equipments has increased vastly. And among those equipments, automatic electronic equipments are preferred in which microcontrollers are used. Microcontrollers are basically used in automatically operated and controlled products, such as Elevator, Escalators, Automobiles, Remote controls, Appliances, etc.

Some common kinds of microcontrollers are 8-bit Microcontrollers(eg. Arduino UNO), 32-bit Microcontrollers(eg. ARM cortex series), System on Chip Devices(eg. ESP8266), etc.

Here we will discuss Arduino UNO.

Arduino UNO:

Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on ATmega328P. It is the best microcontroller to get started with the projects. It has 14 digital Input/Output pins out of which 6 can be used as PMW outputs, 6 analog inputs, 16MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed for a microcontroller. We can simply connect it to a computer with USB cable and power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or simply a battery to get started with.

If we come to an electronic point of view then Arduino has a signal flow in current or in voltage form. Every electrical device work in the same format. Suppose, we have to turn the motor on for 5 minutes and then turn it off. What we do is, switch the motor on for 5 minutes and then switch it off.

This is a manual form of the task and now we can automate the same task by using Arduino.

In this tutorial, we are going to do the same and the concept will be based on open circuit and close circuit.

fig-a fig-b

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In the figure- a, we can see the circuit is closed and current flows in it whereas in figure-b the circuit is open and current doesn't flow.

So we will be provided with 20-25 connecting points in the Arduino and according to our desire, we can make a connection off and on in certain time intervals.

You can see the pin configuration of Arduino UNO in the given link below:

https://components101.com/microcontrollers/arduino-uno

Now we will focus on how pin works:

DIGITAL PINS (Pin No. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13)

Fig: Digital signal

Digital pin means zero(0) or one(1) i.e.

zero(0)=Open Circuit or named as LOW
one(1)= Closed Circuit or named as HIGH

Here LOW means we will switch off the bulb and HIGH means switch on the bulb. in the above figure, in high condition, there is 5V i.e. the shaded area in the graph and at the low condition, it is zero volts i.e. non-shaded area in the graph.

ANALOG PINS (Pin No. A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5)

Analog value means values that are in variation. like adjusting the voltage or taking values from the sensor.

For eg: sine waves have variation in values at every point of the wave.

Fig: Analog Signal

Whenever we take values from sensors suppose proximity sensor then we get response voltage ranging from 0 to 3 volts and it may be any data like 2.7 or 1.2 volts. and for calculating the accurate values we have to sense this variation in voltages and it cannot be done by a digital signal so we use analog pins.

So we can conclude that digital pin says there is presence or absence of data but analog pins senses signal with the accurate value that it receives.

If you have any query regarding this topic you can contact us at nasaelectronics157@gmail.com