Rubus Berry Plants

Hazelnut

2011-03-06T23:04:00.000-08:00

Rubus Berry Plants

Hazelnut

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Hazelnut

A Hazelnut is the Nut of the hazel and is also known as a cob nut or filbert nut according to Species. A cob is roughly spherical to oval, about 15–25 mm long and 10–15 mm in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding a smooth shell. A filbert is more elongated, being about twice as long as it is round. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination. The kernel of the seed is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. Hazelnuts are also used for livestock feed, as are chestnuts and acorns. The Seed has a thin, dark brown skin which is sometimes removed before cooking.

Hazelnuts are produced in commercial quantities in Turkey, Italy and in the American states of Oregon and Washington. Turkey is, by far, the largest producer of hazelnuts in the world.

Hazelnuts are extensively used in confectionery to make praline and also used in combination with chocolate for chocolate truffles and products such as Nutella. Hazelnut oil, pressed from hazelnuts, is strongly flavoured and used as a cooking oil.

Hazelnuts are rich in protein and unsaturated fat. Moreover, they contain significant amounts of thiamine and vitamin B6, as well as smaller amounts of other B vitamins. Additionally, 1 cup (237 ml) of hazelnut flour has 20 g of carbohydrates, 12 g of which are dietary fiber.

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Indehiscent

2011-01-22T10:03:00.000-08:00

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Indehiscent

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Indehiscent

Dehiscence is the opening, at maturity, of a Plant structure, such as a Fruit, anther, or sporangium, to release its contents. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part. Structures that open in this way are said to be dehiscent. Structures, such as fruit, that do not open are called Indehiscent.

A similar process to Dehiscence occurs in some Flower buds (e.g. Platycodon, Fuchsia), but this is rarely referred to as Dehiscence unless circumscissile Dehiscence is involved; anthesis is the usual term for the opening of flowers. Dehiscence may or may not involve the loss of a structure through the process of abscission. The lost structures are said to be caducous.

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Peanut

2011-01-20T07:25:00.000-08:00

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Peanut

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Peanut

The Peanut, or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), is a Species in the Legume or "bean" Family (Fabaceae). The cultivated Peanut was probably first domesticated in the valleys of Peru. It is an annual herbaceous Plant growing 30 to 50 cm (0.98 to 1.6 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite, pinnate with four leaflets (two opposite pairs, no terminal leaflet), each leaflet 1 to 7 cm (3/8 to 2 3/4 in) long and 1 to 3 cm (3/8 to 1 inch) broad. The Flowers are a typical peaflower in shape, 2 to 4 cm (¾ to 1½ in) across, yellow with reddish veining. After pollination, the Fruit develops into a legume 3 to 7 cm (1.2 to 2.8 in) long, containing 1 to 4 Seeds, which forces its way underground to mature. Hypogaea means "under the earth."

Peanuts are known by many other local names such as earthnuts, ground nuts, goober peas, monkey nuts, pygmy nuts and pig nuts.

History

The domesticated Peanut is an amphidiploid or allotetraploid, meaning that it has two sets of chromosomes from two different species, thought to be A. duranensis and A. ipaensis. These likely combined in the wild to form the tetraploid species A. monticola, which gave rise to the domesticated Peanut. This domestication might have taken place in Paraguay or Bolivia, where the wildest strains grow today. In fact, many pre-Columbian cultures, such as the Moche, depicted Peanuts in their art.

Archeologists have (thus far) dated the oldest specimens to about 7,600 years found in Peru. Cultivation spread as far as Mesoamerica where the Spanish conquistadors found the tlalcacahuatl (Nahuatl = 'Peanut' whence Mexican Spanish, cacahuate and French, cacahuete) being offered for sale in the marketplace of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City). The plant was later spread worldwide by European traders.

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Bean

2011-01-19T10:04:00.000-08:00

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Bean

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Bean

Bean is a common name for large Plant Seeds of several genera of the Family Fabaceae (alternately Leguminosae) used for human food or animal feed.

The whole young pods of bean plants, if picked before the pods ripen and dry, are very tender and may be eaten cooked or raw. Thus the term "green beans" means "green" in the sense of unripe (many are in fact not green in color). In some cases the beans inside the pods of green beans are too small to comprise a significant part of the cooked Fruit.

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Pea

2011-01-18T12:31:00.000-08:00

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Pea

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Pea

A Pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum sativum. Each pod contains several Peas. Peapods are botanically a Fruit, since they contain Seeds developed from the ovary of a (Pea) Flower. However, Peas are considered to be a vegetable in cooking. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan), the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and the seeds from several Species of Lathyrus.

P. sativum is an annual Plant, with a life cycle of one year. It is a cool season crop grown in many parts of the world; planting can take place from winter through to early summer depending on location. The average Pea weighs between 0.1 and 0.36 grams. The species is used as a vegetable, fresh, frozen or canned, and is also grown to produce dry Peas like the split Pea. These varieties are typically called field Peas.

The wild Pea is restricted to the Mediterranean basin and the Near East. The earliest archaeological finds of Peas come from Neolithic Syria, Turkey and Jordan. In Egypt, early finds date from ca. 4800–4400 BC in the Nile delta area, and from ca. 3800–3600 BC in Upper Egypt. The Pea was also present in Georgia in the 5th millennium BC. Farther east, the finds are younger. Peas were present in Afghanistan ca. 2000 BC, in Harappa, Pakistan, and in northwest India in 2250–1750 BC. In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC this pulse crop appears in the Gangetic basin and southern India.

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Milkweed

2011-01-17T09:22:00.000-08:00

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Milkweed

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Milkweed

Asclepias L. (1753), the Milkweed, is a Genus of herbaceous perennial, dicotyledonous Plants that contains over 140 known Species. It previously belonged to the Family Asclepiadaceae, but this is now classified as the subfamily Asclepiadoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae.

Milkweed is named for its milky juice, which contains alkaloids, latex, and several other complex compounds including cardenolides. Some species are known to be toxic.

Carl Linnaeus named the genus after Asclepius, the Greek god of healing, because of the many folk-medicinal uses for the Milkweed plants.

Pollination in this genus is accomplished in an unusual manner. Pollen is grouped into complex structures called pollinia (or "pollen sacs"), rather than being individual grains or tetrads, as is typical for most plants. The feet or mouthparts of Flower visiting insects such as bees, wasps and butterflies, slip into one of the five slits in each flower formed by adjacent anthers. The bases of the pollinia then mechanically attach to the insect, pulling a pair of pollen sacs free when the pollinator flies off. Pollination is effected by the reverse procedure in which one of the pollinia becomes trapped within the anther slit.

Asclepias species produce their Seeds in follicles. The seeds, which are arranged in overlapping rows, have white silky filament-like hairs known as pappus, silk, or floss. The follicles ripen and split open and the seeds, each carried by several dried pappus, are blown by the wind.

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Walnut

2011-01-16T22:17:00.000-08:00

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Walnut

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Walnut

Walnut (Genus Juglans) are Plants in the Juglandaceae Family . They are deciduous trees, 10–40 meters tall (about 30–130 ft), with pinnate leaves 200–900 millimetres long (7–35 in), with 5–25 leaflets; the shoots have chambered pith, a character shared with the wingnuts (Pterocarya), but not the hickories (Carya) in the same family.

The 21 Species in the genus range across the north temperate Old World from southeast Europe east to Japan, and more widely in the New World from southeast Canada west to California and south to Argentina.

Taxonomy

The genus Juglans is divided into four sections.

Sections and species

* Sect. Cardiocaryon. Leaves very large (40–90 cm) with 11–19 broad leaflets, softly downy, margins serrated. Wood soft. Fruits borne in racemes of up to 20. Nuts have thick shells. Northeast Asia.

J. ailantifolia Carr. (J. cordiformis Maxim., J. sieboldiana Maxim.)-Japanese Walnut
- J. ailantifolia var. cordiformis-Heartnut
J. mandshurica Maxim. (J. cathayensis Dode, J. formosana Hayata, J. hopeiensis Dode, J. stenocarpa Maxim.)-Manchurian Walnut or Chinese Walnut.

* Sect. Juglans. Leaves large (20–45 cm) with 5–9 broad leaflets, hairless, margins entire. Wood hard. Southeast Europe to central Asia.

J. regia L. (J. duclouxiana Dode, J. fallax Dode, J. orientis Dode)-common Walnut, Persian, English, or Carpathian Walnut
J. sigillata Dode-Iron Walnut (doubtfully distinct from J. regia)

* Sect. Rhysocaryon. (The black Walnuts) Leaves large (20–50 cm) with 11–23 slender leaflets, finely pubescent, margins serrated. Wood hard. North America, South America.

J. australis Griseb. (J. brasiliensis Dode)-Argentine Walnut, Brazilian Walnut
J. boliviana (C. DC.) Dode-Bolivian Walnut, Peruvian Walnut
J. californica S.Wats.-California Black Walnut
J. hindsii (Jepson) R.E.Smith-Hinds' Black Walnut
J. hirsuta Manning-Nuevo Leon Walnut
J. jamaicensis C.DC. (J. insularis Griseb.)-West Indies Walnut
J. major (Torrey) Heller (J. arizonica Dode, J. elaeopyron Dode, J. torreyi Dode)-Arizona Black Walnut
- J. major var. glabrata Manning
J. microcarpa Berlandier (J. rupestris Engelm.)-Texas Walnut or Little Black Walnut
- J. microcarpa var. microcarpa
- J. microcarpa var. stewartii (Johnston) Manning
J. mollis Engelm.-Mexican Walnut
J. neotropica Diels (J. honorei Dode)-Andean Walnut, Cedro Negro , Cedro Nogal , Nogal , Nogal Bogotano
J. nigra L.-Eastern Black Walnut
J. olanchana Standl. & L.O.Williams-Cedro Negro, Nogal, Walnut
- J. olanchana var. olanchana
- J. olanchana var. standleyi
J. peruviana Dode-Peruvian Walnut
J. soratensis Manning
J. steyermarkii Manning-Guatemalan Walnut
J. venezuelensis Manning-Venezuela Walnut

* Sect. Trachycaryon. Leaves very large (40–90 cm) with 11–19 broad leaflets, softly downy, margins serrated. Wood soft. Fruits borne in clusters of 2-3. Nuts have a thick, rough shell bearing distinct, sharp ridges. Eastern North America.

J. cinerea L.-Butternut

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Coconut

2011-01-15T06:13:00.000-08:00

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Coconut

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Coconut

The Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the Family Arecaceae (palm family). It is the only accepted Species in the Genus Cocos, and is a large palm, growing up to 30 m tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m long, and pinnae 60–90 cm long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth. The term Coconut can refer to the entire Coconut palm, the Seed, or the fruit, which is not a botanical nut. The spelling cocoanut is an old-fashioned form of the word.

The Coconut palm is grown throughout the tropics for decoration, as well as for its many culinary and non-culinary uses; virtually every part of the Coconut palm can be utilized by humans in some manner. However, the extent of cultivation in the tropics is threatening a number of habitats such as mangroves; an example of such damage to an ecoregion is in the Petenes mangroves of the Yucatan. In cooler climates (but not less than USDA Zone 9), a similar palm, the queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), is used in landscaping. Its Fruits are very similar to the Coconut, but much smaller. The queen palm was originally classified in the genus Cocos along with the Coconut, but was later reclassified in Syagrus. A recently discovered palm, Beccariophoenix alfredii from Madagascar, is nearly identical to the Coconut, and more so than the queen palm. It is cold-hardy, and produces a Coconut lookalike in cooler areas.

The Coconut has spread across much of the tropics, probably aided in many cases by seafaring people. Coconut fruit in the wild is light, buoyant and highly water resistant, and evolved to disperse significant distances via marine currents. Fruit collected from the sea as far north as Norway are viable. In the Hawaiian Islands, the Coconut is regarded as a Polynesian introduction, first brought to the islands by early Polynesian voyagers from their homelands in Oceania. They are now almost ubiquitous between 26°N and 26°S except for the interiors of Africa and South America.

The Flowers of the Coconut palm are polygamomonoecious, with both male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Flowering occurs continuously. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, although some dwarf varieties are self-pollinating. The meat of the Coconut is the edible endosperm, located on the inner surface of the shell. Inside the endosperm layer, Coconuts contain an edible clear liquid that is sweet, salty, or both.

The Indian state of Kerala is known as the Land of Coconuts. The name derives from "Kera" (the Coconut tree) and "Alam" ( "place" or "earth"). Kerala has beaches fringed by Coconut trees, a dense network of waterways, flanked by green palm groves and cultivated fields. Coconuts form a part of daily diet, the oil is used for cooking, coir is used for furnishing, decorating, etc.

Coconuts received the name from Portuguese explorers, the sailors of Vasco da Gama in India, who first brought them to Europe. The brown and hairy surface of Coconuts reminded them of a ghost or witch called Coco. Before it was called nux indica, a name given by Marco Polo in 1280 while in Sumatra, taken from the Arabs who called it jawz hindi. Both names translate to "Indian nut." When Coconuts arrived in England, they retained the coco name and nut was added.

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Taraxacum

2011-01-14T06:13:00.000-08:00

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Taraxacum

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Taraxacum

Taraxacum is a large Genus of Flowering plants in the Family Asteraceae. They are native to Eurasia and North America, and two Species, T. officinale and T. erythrospermum, are found as weeds worldwide. Both species are edible in their entirety. The common name dandelion is given to members of the genus, and like other members of the Asteraceae family, they have very small Flowers collected together into a composite flower head. Each single flower in a head is called a floret. Many Taraxacum species produce Seeds Asexually by apomixis, where the seeds are produced without pollination, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent Plant.

Selected species

*Taraxacum albidum, a white-flowering Japanese dandelion.
*Taraxacum californicum, the endangered California dandelion
*Taraxacum japonicum, Japanese dandelion. No ring of smallish, downward-turned leaves under the flowerhead.
*Taraxacum kok-saghyz, Russian dandelion, which produces rubber
*Taraxacum laevigatum, Red-seeded Dandelion; achenes reddish brown and leaves deeply cut throughout length. Inner bracts' tips are hooded.

Taraxacum erythrospermum, often considered a variety of Taraxacum laevigatum.

*Taraxacum officinale (syn. T. officinale subsp. vulgare), Common Dandelion. Found in many forms.

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Wheat

2011-01-11T06:10:00.000-08:00

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Wheat

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Wheat

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a grass, originally from the Fertile Crescent region of the Near East, but now cultivated worldwide. In 2007 world production of Wheat was 607 million tons, making it the third most-produced cereal after maize (784 million tons) and rice (651 million tons). Globally, Wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein in human food, having a higher protein content than either maize (corn) or rice, the other major cereals. In terms of total production tonnages used for food, it is currently second to rice as the main human food crop, and ahead of maize, after allowing for maize's more extensive use in animal feeds.

Wheat was a key factor enabling the emergence of city-based societies at the start of civilization because it was one of the first crops that could be easily cultivated on a large scale, and had the additional advantage of yielding a harvest that provides long-term storage of food. Wheat grain is a staple food used to make flour for leavened, flat and steamed breads, biscuits, cookies, cakes, breakfast cereal, pasta, noodles, couscous and for fermentation to make beer, other alcoholic beverages, or biofuel.

Wheat is Planted to a limited extent as a forage crop for livestock, and its straw can be used as a construction material for roofing thatch. The husk of the grain, separated when milling white flour, is bran. Wheat germ is the embryo portion of the Wheat kernel. It is a concentrated source of vitamins, minerals, and protein, and is sustained by the larger, starch storage region of the kernel-the endosperm.

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Strawberry

2011-01-11T02:38:00.000-08:00

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Strawberry

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Strawberry

Fragaria is a Genus of Flowering plants in the rose Family, Rosaceae, commonly known as Strawberry for their edible Fruits. Originally straw was used as a mulch in cultivating the Plants, which may have led to its name. There are more than 20 described Species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common Strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the garden strawberry, a hybrid known as Fragaria × ananassa. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.

Classification

There are more than 20 different Fragaria Species worldwide. Key to the classification of Strawberry Species is recognizing that they vary in the number of chromosomes. There are seven basic types of chromosomes that they all have in common. However, they exhibit different polyploidy. Some Species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total). Others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).

As a rough rule (with exceptions), Strawberry Species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries (Darrow).

Strawberries are not true Berries, contrary to the nomenclature. They are actually classified as an Achene indehiscent fruit.

Diploid species

* Fragaria daltoniana J.Gay (Himalayas)
* Fragaria iinumae Makino (East Russia, Japan)
* Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlecht. ex J.Gay (South and Southeast Asia)
* Fragaria nipponica Makino (Japan)
* Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita (Himalayas)
* Fragaria vesca Coville - Woodland Strawberry (Northern Hemisphere)
* Fragaria viridis Duchesne (Europe, Central Asia)
* Fragaria yezoensis H.Hara (Northeast Asia)

Tetraploid species

* Fragaria moupinensis Cardot (China)
* Fragaria orientalis Lozinsk. - (eastern Asia, eastern Siberia)

Hexaploid species

* Fragaria moschata Duchesne - Musk Strawberry (Europe)

Octoploid species and hybrids

* Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne - Garden Strawberry
* Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. - Beach Strawberry (Western Americas)

Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma chiloensis
Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma patagonica (Argentina, Chile)
Fragaria chiloensis subsp. lucida (E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt (coast of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
Fragaria chiloensis subsp. pacifica Staudt (coast of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
Fragaria chiloensis subsp. sandwicensis (Decne.) Staudt - Ohelo papa (Hawaii)

* Fragaria iturupensis Staudt - Iturup Strawberry (Iturup, Kuril Islands)
* Fragaria virginiana Mill. - Virginia Strawberry (North America)

Decaploid species and hybrids

* Fragaria × Potentilla hybrids
* Fragaria ×vescana

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Brazil Nut

2011-01-11T02:15:00.000-08:00

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Brazil Nut

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Brazil Nut

The Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is a South American tree in the Family Lecythidaceae, and also the name of the tree's commercially harvested edible Seed.

The Brazil Nut family is in the order Ericales, as are other well known Plants such as: blueberries, cranberries, sapote, gutta-percha, tea, kiwi Fruit, phlox, and persimmons.

The Brazil Nut tree is the only Species in the monotypic type Genus Bertholletia. It is native to the Guianas, Venezuela, Brazil, eastern Colombia, eastern Peru and eastern Bolivia. It occurs as scattered trees in large forests on the banks of the Amazon, Rio Negro, Tapajós, and the Orinoco. The genus is named after the French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet.

The Brazil Nut is a large tree, reaching 30–45 metres (100–150 ft) tall and 1–2 metres (3–6.5 ft) trunk diameter, among the largest of trees in the Amazon Rainforests. It may live for 500 years or more, and according to some authorities often reaches an age of 1,000 years. The stem is straight and commonly unbranched for well over half the tree's height, with a large emergent crown of long branches above the surrounding canopy of other trees. The bark is grayish and smooth. The leaves are dry-season deciduous, alternate, simple, entire or crenate, oblong, 20–35 centimetre long and 10–15 centimetres broad. The flowers are small, greenish-white, in panicles 5–10 centimetres long; each Flower has a two-parted, deciduous calyx, six unequal cream-colored petals, and numerous stamens united into a broad, hood-shaped mass.

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Tuliptree

2011-01-10T08:15:00.000-08:00

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Tuliptree

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Tuliptree

Liriodendron is a Genus of two Species of tree in the Magnoliaceae Family, known under the common name Tulip Tree (although it is unrelated to the tulip). Liriodendron tulipifera is native to eastern North America, while Liriodendron chinense is native to China and Vietnam. Both species are large deciduous trees. Various extinct species have been described from the fossil record.

Description

The tulip tree is sometimes called "tulip poplar" or "yellow poplar", and the wood simply "poplar", although unrelated to the genus Populus. The tree is also called canoewood, saddle leaf tree and white wood. The Onondaga tribe calls it Ko-yen-ta-ka-ah-tas (the white tree).

Liriodendron are easily recognized by their leaves, which are distinctive, having four lobes in most cases and a cross-cut notched or straight apex. Leaf size varies from 8–22 cm long and 6–25 cm wide.

The Tulip Tree is a large tree, 18–32 m high and 60–120 cm in diameter. It is trunk columnar, with a long, branch-free bole forming a compact, rather than open, conical crown of slender branches. It has deep roots that are wide spread.

Leaves are slightly larger in L. chinense but with considerable overlap between the species; the petiole is 4–18 cm long. Leaves on young trees tend to be more deeply lobed and larger size than those on mature trees. In autumn, the leaves turn yellow or brown and yellow. Both species grow rapidly in rich, moist soils of temperate climates. They hybridize easily, and the progeny often grow faster than either parent.

Flowers are 3–10 cm in diameter and have nine tepals - three green outer sepals and six inner petals which are yellow-green with an orange flare at the base. They start forming after around 15 years and are superficially similar to a tulip in shape, hence the tree's name. Flowers of L. tulipifera have a faint cucumber odor. The stamens and pistils are arranged spirally around a central spike or gynaecium; the stamens fall off, and the pistils become the Samaras. The Fruit is a cone-like aggregate of samaras 4–9 cm long, each of which has a roughly tetrahedral Seed with one edge attached to the central conical spike and the other edge attached to the wing.

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Flower

2011-01-10T06:56:00.000-08:00

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Flower

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Flower

A Flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the Reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (Plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a Flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce Seeds. The process begins with pollination, is followed by fertilization, leading to the formation and dispersal of the Seeds. For the higher Plants, Seeds are the next generation, and serve as the primary means by which individuals of a Species are dispersed across the landscape. The grouping of Flowers on a Plant is called the inflorescence.

In addition to serving as the reproductive organs of Flowering Plants, Flowers have long been admired and used by humans, mainly to beautify their environment but also as a source of food.

Flower specialization and pollination

Flowering Plants usually face selective pressure to optimise the transfer of their pollen, and this is typically reflected in the morphology of the Flowers and the behaviour of the Plants. Pollen may be transferred between Plants via a number of 'vectors'. Some Plants make use of abiotic vectors — namely wind (anemophily) or, much less commonly, water (hydrophily). Others use biotic vectors including insects (entomophily), birds (ornithophily), bats (chiropterophily) or other animals. Some Plants make use of multiple vectors, but many are highly specialised.

Cleistogamous Flowers are self pollinated, after which they may or may not open. Many Viola and some Salvia Species are known to have these types of Flowers.

The Flowers of Plants that make use of biotic pollen vectors commonly have glands called nectaries that act as an incentive for animals to visit the Flower. Some Flowers have patterns, called nectar guides, that show pollinators where to look for nectar. Flowers also attract pollinators by scent and color. Still other Flowers use mimicry to attract pollinators. Some Species of orchids, for example, produce Flowers resembling female bees in color, shape, and scent. Flowers are also specialized in shape and have an arrangement of the stamens that ensures that pollen grains are transferred to the bodies of the pollinator when it lands in search of its attractant (such as nectar, pollen, or a mate). In pursuing this attractant from many Flowers of the same Species, the pollinator transfers pollen to the stigmas—arranged with equally pointed precision—of all of the Flowers it visits.

Anemophilous Flowers use the wind to move pollen from one Flower to the next. Examples include grasses, birch trees, ragweed and maples. They have no need to attract pollinators and therefore tend not to be "showy" Flowers. Male and female reproductive organs are generally found in separate Flowers, the male Flowers having a number of long filaments terminating in exposed stamens, and the female Flowers having long, feather-like stigmas. Whereas the pollen of animal-pollinated Flowers tends to be large-grained, sticky, and rich in protein (another "reward" for pollinators), anemophilous Flower pollen is usually small-grained, very light, and of little nutritional value to animals.

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Teasel

2011-01-10T06:30:00.000-08:00

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Teasel

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Teasel

Dipsacus is a Genus of Flowering plant in the Family Dipsacaceae. The members of this Genus are known as Teasel or Teazel or Teazle. The Genus includes about 15 Species of tall herbaceous biennial Plants (rarely short-lived perennial plants) growing to 1-2.5 m tall, native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa.

The Genus name is derived from the word for thirst and refers to the cup-like formation made where sessile leaves merge at the stem. Rain water can collect in this receptacle; this may perform the function of preventing sap-sucking insects such as aphids from climbing the stem. The leaf shape is lanceolate, 20-40 cm long and 3-6 cm broad, with a row of small spines on the underside of the midrib.

Teasels are easily identified with their prickly stem and leaves, and the inflorescence of purple, dark pink or lavender flowers that form a head on the end of the stem(s). The inflorescence is ovoid, 4-10 cm long and 3-5 cm broad, with a basal whorl of spiny bracts. The first flowers begin opening in a belt around the middle of the spherical or oval flowerhead, and then open sequentially toward the top and bottom, forming two narrow belts as the flowering progresses. The dried head persists afterwards, with the small (4-6 mm) Seeds maturing in mid autumn.

The Seeds are an important winter food resource for some birds, notably the European Goldfinch. Teasels are often grown in gardens and encouraged on some nature reserves to attract them.

Teasel is also considered an invasive Species in the United States. It is known to form a monoculture, capable of crowding out all native plant Species, and therefore is discouraged and/or eliminated within restored open lands and other conservation areas.

Species

Selected Dipsacus species:

* Dipsacus ferox - Spiny Teasel
* Dipsacus fullonum - Wild Teasel, Common Teasel, Fuller's Teasel
* Dipsacus japonica - Japanese Teasel, Chinese Teasel
* Dipsacus laciniatus - Cut-leaf Teasel
* Dipsacus pilosus - Small Teasel
* Dipsacus sativus - Fuller's Teasel (cultivated form)
* Dipsacus strigosus - Slim Teasel

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Sycamore

2011-01-09T23:52:00.001-08:00

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Sycamore

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Sycamore

Sycamore is a name which is applied at various times and places to three very different types of trees, but with somewhat similar leaf forms.

* Ficus sycomorus, the Sycamore (or sycomore) of the Bible. a Species of fig, also called the Sycamore fig or fig-mulberry, native to the Middle East and eastern Africa
* Acer pseudoplatanus, the Sycamore of Britain and Ireland; a European maple tree, also called Sycamore maple, great maple, or, inaccurately and leading to confusion, the plane tree in Scotland
* Platanus, the Sycamores of North America, known as planes in Europe
o Platanus occidentalis, the American Sycamore
o Platanus racemosa (California Sycamore or western Sycamore)
o Platanus wrightii (Arizona Sycamore)

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Magnolia

2011-01-09T23:24:00.000-08:00

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Magnolia

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Magnolia

Magnolia is a large Genus of about 210 Flowering plant Species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the Family Magnoliaceae. It is named after French botanist Pierre Magnol.

Magnolia is an ancient genus. Having evolved before bees appeared, the flowers developed to encourage pollination by beetles. As a result, the carpels of Magnolia flowers are tough, to avoid damage by eating and crawling beetles. Fossilised specimens of M. acuminata have been found dating to 20 million years ago, and of Plants identifiably belonging to the Magnoliaceae dating to 95 million years ago. Another primitive aspect of Magnolias is their lack of distinct sepals or petals.

The natural range of Magnolia Species is a disjunct distribution, with a main center in east and southeast Asia and a secondary center in eastern North America, Central America, the West Indies, and some Species in South America.

Selected species

This Species list has been adapted from the one used by the Magnolia Society. It does not represent the last word on the subclassification of the genus Magnolia (see above), as a clear consensus has not yet been reached.
The list is broken down into 3 subgenera, 12 sections and 13 subsections. Each Species entry follows the following pattern:
Botanical name Naming auth. - Common name(s), if any (REGION FOUND)

Subgenus Magnolia

Anthers open by splitting at the front facing the centre of the flower. Deciduous or evergreen. Flowers produced after the leaves.

Section Magnolia

Section Gwillimia

Subsection Gwillimia
Subsection Blumiana

Section Talauma

Subsection Talauma
Subsection Dugandiodendron
Subsection Cubenses

Section Manglietia

Section Kmeria

Section Rhytidospermum

Subsection Rhytidospermum
Subsection Oyama

Section Auriculata

Section Macrophylla

Subgenus Yulania

Anthers open by splitting at the sides. Deciduous. Flowers mostly produced before leaves (except M. acuminata).

Section Yulania

Subsection Yulania
Subsection Tulipastrum
Section Michelia
Subsection Michelia
Subsection Elmerrillia
Subsection Maingola
Subsection Aromadendron

Subgenus Gynopodium

Section Gynopodium
Section Manglietiastrum

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Sweetgum

2011-01-08T23:53:00.001-08:00

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Sweetgum

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Sweetgum

Sweetgum (Liquidambar) is a Genus of four Species of Flowering plants in the Family Altingiaceae, though formerly often treated in the Hamamelidaceae. They are all large, deciduous trees, 25–40 m tall, with palmately 5- to 7-lobed leaves arranged spirally on the stems and length of 12.5 to 20 cm, having a pleasant aroma when crushed. Mature bark is grayish and vertically grooved. The flowers are small, produced in a dense globular inflorescence 1–2 cm diameter, pendulous on a 3–7 cm stem. The Fruit is a woody multiple Capsule 2–4 cm diameter (popularly called a "gumball"), containing numerous Seeds and covered in numerous prickly, woody armatures, possibly to attach to fur of animals. The woody biomass is classified as hardwood. In more northerly climates, Sweetgum is among the last of trees to leaf out in the spring, and also among the last of trees to drop its leaves in the fall, turning multiple colors.

Species

* Liquidambar acalycina - Chang's Sweetgum (central & southern China)
* Liquidambar formosana - Chinese Sweetgum or Formosan Sweetgum (central & southern China, southern Korea, Taiwan, Laos, northern Vietnam).
* Liquidambar orientalis - Oriental Sweetgum or Turkish Sweetgum (southwest Turkey, Greece: Rhodes).
* Liquidambar styraciflua - American Sweetgum (eastern North America from New York to Texas and also eastern Mexico to Honduras).

The Genus was much more widespread in the Tertiary, but has disappeared from Europe due to extensive glaciation in the north and the Alps, which has served as a blockade against southward migration. It has also disappeared from western North America due to climate change, and also from the unglaciated (but nowadays too cold) Russian Far East. There are several fossil species of Liquidambar, showing its relict status today.

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Berry

2011-01-08T21:20:00.000-08:00

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Berry

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Berry

The botanical definition of a Berry is a fleshy Fruit produced from a single Ovary. Grapes are an example. The Berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire Ovary wall ripens into an edible pericarp. They may have one or more carpels with a thin covering and fleshy interiors. The Seeds are usually embedded in the flesh of the Ovary. A plant that bears berries is said to be bacciferous. Many Species of Plants produce fruit that are similar to Berries but not actually Berries, and these are said to be baccate.

In everyday English, "Berry" is a term for any small edible fruit. These "Berries" are usually juicy, round or semi-oblong, brightly coloured, sweet or sour, and don't have a stone or pit, although many seeds may be present.

Many Berries, such as the Tomato, are edible, but others in the same Family, such as the fruits of the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and the fruits of the Potato (Solanum tuberosum) are poisonous to humans. Some Berries such as Capsicum have space rather than pulp around their seeds.

Botanical berries

In botanical language, a Berry is a simple fruit having seeds and pulp produced from a single Ovary; the Ovary can be inferior or superior.

Examples of botanical Berries include:

* Bearberry (Arctostaphylos spp.)
* Barberry (Berberis; Berberidaceae)
* Crowberry (Empetrum spp.)
* Currant (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae), red, black, and white types
* Elderberry (Sambucus niger; Caprifoliaceae)
* Gooseberry (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae)
* Grape, Vitis vinifera
* Honeysuckle: the Berries of some Species are edible and are called honeyberries, but others are poisonous (Lonicera spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
* Lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea
* Mayapple (Podophyllum spp.; Berberidaceae)
* Nannyberry or sheepberry (Viburnum spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
* Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium; Berberidaceae)
* Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo), not to be confused with the actual strawberry (Fragaria)
* Tomato and other Species of the Family Solanaceae
* Banana
* Cranberry
* Watermelon
* Pumpkin

Modified berries

The fruit of citrus, such as the orange, kumquat and lemon, is a Berry with a thick rind and a very juicy interior that is given the special name hesperidium.

Berries which develop from an inferior Ovary are sometimes termed epigynous Berries or false Berries, as opposed to true Berries which develop from a superior Ovary. In so-called epigynous Berries, the Berry includes tissue derived from parts of the flower besides the Ovary. The floral tube, formed from the basal part of the sepals, petals and stamens can become fleshy at maturity and is united with the Ovary to form the fruit. Common fruits that are sometimes classified as epigynous Berries include bananas, members of the Genus Vaccinium (e.g., cranberries and blueberries), and members of the Cucurbitaceae Family (e.g., cucumbers, melons and squash).

Another specialized term is also for Cucurbitaceae fruits, which are modified to have a hard outer rind. Berries with a hard outer rind are given the special name of pepo. While pepos are most common in the Cucurbitaceae, the fruits of Passiflora and Carica are sometimes also considered pepos.

Not a botanical berry

Many fruits commonly referred to as Berries are not actual Berries by the scientific definition, but fall into one of these categories:

Drupes

Drupes are fleshy fruits produced from a (usually) single-seeded Ovary with a hard stony layer (called the endocarp) surrounding the Seed.

* Plum
* Peach
* Hackberry (Celtis spp.; Cannabaceae)

Other drupe-like fruits with a single seed, that lack the stony endocarp include:

* Avocado (Persea americana)
* Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides; Elaeagnaceae) A single seed inside a fleshy fruit

Pomes

The pome Pyrinae of Family Rosaceae, such as apples and pears, have a structure (the core) that clearly separates the seeds from the Ovary tissue. However, some of the smaller pomes are sometimes referred to as Berries. Bright red haws from Crataegus are sometimes called hawberries. Amelanchier pomes become so soft at maturity that they resemble a blueberry and are known as Juneberries or Saskatoon berries.

Compound fruits

Compound fruits are groups or aggregates of multiple parts, and include:

* Aggregate fruits, which contain seeds from different ovaries of a single flower. Examples include blackberry, Raspberry, and bayberry.
* Multiple fruits, include the fruits of multiple flowers, that are merged or packed closely together. The mulberry is a berry-like example of a multiple fruit; it develops from a cluster of tiny separate flowers that become compressed as they develop into fruit.

Accessory fruits

In accessory fruits, the edible part is not generated by the Ovary. Berry-like examples include:

* Strawberry - the aggregate of seed-like Achenes is actually the "fruit", derived from an aggregate of ovaries, and the fleshy part develops from the receptacle.
* Gurbir, Duchesnea indica - structured just like a strawberry
* Sea Grape (Coccoloba uvifera; Polygonaceae) - the fruit is a dry Capsule surrounded by fleshy calyx
* Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) - the fruit is a dry capsule surrounded by fleshy calyx

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Silique

2011-01-07T08:30:00.000-08:00

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Silique

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Silique

A Silique or siliqua (plural Siliques or siliquae) is a Fruit (seed Capsule) of 2 fused carpels with the length being more than twice the width. The outer walls of the ovary (the valves) usually separate when ripe, leaving a persistent partition (the replum). This classification includes many members of the Brassicaceae Family, but some Species have a shorter fruit of similar structure, in which case the fruit is called silicle. Some Species that are closely related to Plants with true Siliques have fruits with a similar structure that do not open when ripe; these are usually called indehiscent Siliques (compare dehiscence).

siliqua is a Genus of saltwater razor clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the family Cultellidae, the razor clams and jackknife clams.

Species

The following Species of Siliqua genus are described:

* Siliqua albida (Adams et Reeve, 1850)
* Siliqua alta (Broderip et Sowerby, 1829) – northern or Arctic razor clam
* Siliqua costata (Say, 1822) – Atlantic razor clam
* Siliqua fasciata (Spengler, 1794)
* Siliqua grayana (Dunker, 1862)
* Siliqua minima (Gmelin, 1791)
* Siliqua patula – Pacific razor clam[citation needed]
* Siliqua polita
* Siliqua pulchella Dunker, 1852
* Siliqua radiata (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Siliqua rostrata (Dunker, 1862)
* Siliqua sloati

Radish

The radish (Raphanus sativus) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe in pre-Roman times. They are grown and consumed throughout the world. Radishes have numerous varieties, varying in size, color and duration of required cultivation time. There are some radishes that are grown for their seeds; oilseed radishes are grown, as the name implies, for oil production.

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Schizocarp

2011-01-07T06:53:00.000-08:00

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Schizocarp

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Schizocarp

A Schizocarp is a dry Fruit that develops from multiple carpels. When mature it splits up into mericarps. Mericarps are often 1-seeded as in, for example, Malva, Malvastrum, and Sida. In others, for example, in Abutilon, the mericarps have two or more seeds.

The mericarp is either:

* Dehiscent (splits open to release the Seed), for example members of the Genus Geranium. This is similar to what happens with a Capsule, but with an extra stage.
* Indehiscent (remaining closed), such as in the carrot or in members of the genus Malva.

In Abutilon, the mericarp is sometimes only partially dehiscent and does not release the seed.

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Samara

2011-01-07T05:52:00.000-08:00

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Samara

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Samara

A Samara is a type of Fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall. A Samara is a simple dry fruit and indehiscent (not opening along a seam). They are winged Achenes. The shape of a Samara enables the wind to carry the Seed farther away from the parent tree:

* The seed can be in the centre of the wing, as in the elms (Genus Ulmus) and the hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata).
* The seed can be on one side, with the wing extending to the other side, making the seed autorotate as it falls, as in the maples (genus Acer) and ashes (genus Fraxinus).

A Samara is sometimes called a key and is often referred to as a whirlybird, helicopter, whirligig, polynose, or, in the north of England, a spinning jenny.

Some Species that normally produce double Samaras, such as Acer pseudoplatanus, can also produce a few multi-lobed Samaras with 3 or 4 seeds.

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Nut

2011-01-06T23:28:00.000-08:00

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Nut

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Nut

A Nut is a hard-shelled Fruit of some Plants having an indehiscent Seed. While a wide variety of dried Seeds and Fruits are called nuts in English, only a certain number of them are considered by biologists to be true nuts. Nuts are an important source of nutrients for both humans and wildlife.

Nuts are a composite of the seed and the fruit, where the fruit does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are free of the fruit, unlike nuts like hazelnuts, hickories, chestnuts and acorns, which have a stony fruit wall and originate from a compound ovary. Culinary usage of the term is less restrictive, and some nuts as defined in food preparation, like pistachios and Brazil nuts, are not nuts in a biological sense. Everyday common usage of the term often refers to any hard walled, edible kernel, as a nut.

Botanical definition

A nut in botany is a simple dry fruit with one seed (rarely two) in which the ovary wall becomes very hard (stony or woody) at maturity, and where the seed remains attached or fused with the ovary wall. Most nuts come from the pistils with inferior ovaries (see flower) and all are indehiscent (not opening at maturity). True nuts are produced, for example, by some plant Families of the order Fagales.

Order Fagales

Family Fagaceae

o Beech (Fagus)

o Chestnut (Castanea)

o Oak (Quercus)

o Stone-oak, Tanoak (Lithocarpus)

Family Betulaceae

o Alder (Alnus)

o Hazel, Filbert (Corylus)

o Hornbeam

Culinary definition and uses

A nut in cuisine is a much less restrictive category than a nut in botany, as the term is applied to many seeds that are not botanically true nuts. Any large, oily kernel found within a shell and used in food may be regarded as a nut.

Because nuts generally have a high oil content, they are a highly prized food and energy source. A large number of seeds are edible by humans and used in cooking, eaten raw, sprouted, or roasted as a snack food, or pressed for oil that is used in cookery and cosmetics. Nuts (or seeds generally) are also a significant source of nutrition for wildlife. This is particularly true in temperate climates where animals such as jays and squirrels store acorns and other nuts during the autumn to keep them from starving during the late autumn, all of winter, and early spring.

Nuts used for food, whether true nut or not, are among the most common food allergens.

Some fruits and seeds that do not meet the botanical definition but are nuts in the culinary sense:

* Almonds, Pecans and Walnuts are the edible seeds of drupe fruits — the leathery "flesh" is removed at harvest.
* Brazil nut is the seed from a capsule.
* Candlenut (used for oil) is a seed.
* Cashew nut is a seed.
* Gevuinanut
* Horse-chestnut is an inedible capsule.
* Macadamia nut is a creamy white kernel (Macadamia integrifolia).
* Malabar chestnut
* Mongongo
* Peanut is a legume.
* Pine nut is the seed of several Species of pine (coniferous trees).
* Pistachio nut is the seed of a thin-shelled drupe.

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Loment

2011-01-05T22:42:00.000-08:00

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Loment

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Loment

A Loment is a type of modified Legume that breaks apart at constrictions occurring between the segments of the Seeds. Being a legume, it is dry at maturity and is dehiscent, meaning that it will split open at maturity.

Tick trefoil (Desmodium) and sweet vetch (Hedysarum) are two genera that exhibit this Fruit type, which is found particularly in the Hedysareae tribe of the Family Fabaceae, with the exception of the peanut.

A closer look at the photo above shows another typical characteristic of members of the Pea Family, to belabor the obvious, they produce pea pods. In our mystery Plant, the pods are not cylindrical as in string beans or snap peas, but are long and flattened with the peas separated into "Loments"--segments that contain one seed each. The photo below provides a better look.

One fertilized flower on our mystery plant will produce 3-5 Loments that start out being pale green and transected by darker green veins that bring nutrients to the peas as they develop. A second photo (below) uses backlighting to reveal the immature peas, i.e., the seeds of the plant that show as dark shadows at the center of each Loment. As the peas mature, the skin of the Loments becomes dark green and leathery, and the constricted area between them turns brown and becomes brittle.

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Legume

2011-01-04T23:34:00.000-08:00

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Legume

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Legume

A Legume in botanical writing is a Plant in the Family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or a Fruit of these specific Plants. A Legume Fruit is a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of Fruit is a pod, although the term "pod" is also applied to a few other Fruit types, such as vanilla and radish. Well-known legumes include alfalfa, clover, peas, beans, lentils, lupins, mesquite, carob, soy, and peanuts. Locust trees (Gleditsia or Robinia), wisteria, and the Kentucky Coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus) are all legumes.

History

The term Legume, is derived from the Latin word legumen (with the same meaning as the English term), which is in turn believed to come from the verb legere "to gather." English borrowed the term from the French "légume," which, however, has a wider meaning in the modern language and refers to any kind of vegetable; the English word Legume being translated in French by the word légumineuse.

The history of Legumes is tied in closely with that of human civilization, appearing early in Asia, the Americas (the common Phaseolus bean in several varieties), and Europe (broad beans) by 6000 BC, where they became a staple, essential for supplementing protein where there was not enough meat.

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