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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pendahluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kehidupan dialam semesta, dalam kesatuan social maupun
sebagai individu tidak dapat berlangsung, kalau tidak dipelihara dan dirangsang
dengan ritus-ritus yagn menjamin kesesuaian dengan kekuatan-kekuatan kosmis
atau ilahi, begitulah pemikiran manusia-manusia religius. Ritus-ritus inisiasi
dipraktikkan di mana-mana. Mereka menyucikan situasi-situasi kritis dan
marginal dalam hidup individu dan kolektif. Persiapan-persiapan sebelum
kelahiran, upacara-upacara sekitar kelahiran, inisiasi pemberian nama waktu
pubertas, perkawinan, sakit dan upacara-upacara pemakaman diselengarakan diseluruh
dunia untuk mencegah bahaya-bahaya yagn tersembunyi dalam perpindahan dari satu
tahap kehidupan ketahap yang lain dan untuk menjamin kontak yang sangat
diperlukan dengan sumber kehidupan. Tidak hanya kejadia-kejadian sangat penting
dalam hidup, tetapi juga kegiatan-kegiatan kerja yang rutin serta permainan
memperoleh kemanjuran dan kekuatan dari ritus-ritus yang mengirinya sebagai
contoh pembuatan perkaks, pembangunan rumah, pembuatan perahu, pengolahan
tanah, berburu dan memancing, mengadakan perang, semua ini memerlukan
inkarnasi, pengilahian dan dedikasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dari semua ritus ini, upacara kurban mempunyai tempat
utama karena dengannya manusia religius mengadakan persembahan diri kepada
Tuhan lewat suatu pemberian; dan hubungan serta komunikasi yang erat antara dia
dengan Tuhan ditetapkan lewat keikut sertaan dan ambil bagian dalam persembahan
yang disucikan. Oleh karena itu, tidak perlu diragukan bahwa upacara kurban
tampak sebagai suatu ritus religius yang penting dan pada banyak suku bangsa
kurban darah merupakan tindakan religius inti. Kita akan mencoba menganlisis
fenomena ini terutama yang tampak dalam kurban da,am agama Islam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Asal Mula Kurban Dalam Islam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Upacara kurban dalam Islam berasal dari nabi Ibrahim
yagn banyak disebut sebagai bapak dari para nabi dalam Islam. Pada awalnya
Ibrahim tidak dikarunia anak oleh Tuhan, dan saking inginnya ia terhadap anak
ia selalu berdo’a baik siang dan malam terhadap Tuhan, dan ia berjanji akan
menyerahkan anaknya kepada Tuhan. lalu pada suatu waktu istri beliau yang kedua
yang bernama Siti Hajar tak lama kemudian mengandung dan melahirkan seorang
putra yang bernama Isma’il dan ini adalah anak pertama dari nabi Ibrahim.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ketika usia Isma’il kira-kira mencapai Tujuh tahun pada
suatu malam Ibarahim bermimpi bertemu dengan Tuhan dan Tuhan memerintahkan
kepada Ibarahim untuk menyembelih anaknya yang bernama Isma’il untuk memenuhi
janji beliau yang akan menyerahkan anaknya kepada Tuhan. Setelah mimpi itu datang
kepada Ibrahim selama kurang lebih tiga malam berturut-turut Ibrahim pun
mendiskusikannya dengan anaknya Isma’il tentang mimpinya tersebut. Dan Isma’il
pun menjawab “wahai ayahku , jika itu adalah perintah tuhan maka laksakanlah
tanpa ada keraguan”. Lalu ibrahim melaksanakan hal tersebut pada hari yang
telah ditentukan tapi ketika Ibarahim akan menyembelih anaknya datanglah
malaikat jibril kepada Ibrahim dan mengganti Isma’il dengan seekor kambing yang
gemuk. Dan memerintahkan kepada Ibrahim untuk melaksanakan kurban tiap tahun
sebagai rasa syukur beliau terhadap Tuhan Yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Maha Esa. Inilah awal mula kurban dalam Islam yang sampai saat ini
dilaksanakan oleh seluruh ummat Islam sebagai hari raya ‘idul Adha atau hari
raya kurban yang dilaksanakan setiap tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah setiap tahun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Arti Upacara Kurban&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Upacara kurban dapat diartikan sebagai sebuah hubungan
yang bagus dalam bentuk komuniksi nonverbal antara Tuhan dan manusia. Karena
mencakup pertukaran barang dan jasa pada taraf yang religius. Upacara kurban
secara ritual benar-benar suatu bentuk pertukaran antara manusia dan makhluk
adikodrati: manusia pengurban memberikan barang-barangnya dan penerima ilahi
bereaksi. Dalam hubungan religius pertukaran barang-barang tidak menunjukkan
hubungan timbale balik yang sejajar secara langsung. Seseorang dapat
mempersembahkan barang-barang untuk menyatkan Syukur, menyembah dan memberi
penghormatan, memberi silih atas kesalahan-kesalahan yang telah dilakukan, merayakan
kejadian-kejadian khusus dan memelihara hubungan-ubungan yang baik. Upacara
kurban sebagai suatu komunikasi non verbal antara manusia dan makhluk
adikodrati, meliputi persembahan, persekutuan dan silih.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pertama kurban sebagai suatu persembahan hadiah. Dalam
bentuknya yang paling sederhana, Tuhan diberi suatu hadiah sebagai ucapan
Syukur maupun balas jasa atas sesuatu hal. Persembahan ini berupa buah-buahan
pertama, hasil ternak yang pertama atau hasil perburuan, sebelum seseorang
mengambil keuntungan bagi dirinya. Dalam antropologi social&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;persembahan secara tidak langsung
mengimplikasikan suatu pertukaran barang dan jasa yang, meskipun dianggap
muncul dari kehendak mereka, merupakan kewajiban dari tingkah laku social.
Persembahan-persembahan dilakukan dengan pengharapan yang jelas bahwa ganjaran
balasan akan diberikan lewat suatu cara. Secara tidak langsung sebagai suatu
pembayaran atas sesuatu yang lebih baik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Yang kedua kuraban dianggap sebagai persekutuan antara
Makhluk adikodrati dan manusia. Robrtson Smith berpendapta bahwa dalam
bentuknya yang paling khas, upacara kurban diantara bangsa semit, dan mungkin
kelompok-kelompok yang lain, berupa perjamuan makan dimana para pengurban dan
Makhluk adikodrati berbagi makanan yang sama, dengan mana mereka distukan dan
sang kurban dalam arti tertentu identik dengan tuhan sendiri. Sementara
mengakui bahwa persekutuan adalah unsure hakiki dalam upcara kuraban kita
berpikir bahwa arti salin berbagi bersama, memberi dan menerima sudah tertanam
dalam persekutuan itu sendiri. Dengan kata lain, pengurban makan apa yang
dipersembahkan, apa yang diberikan sebagi hadiah. Ini adalah hadiah yang berupa
barang yang dimakan dan bukan sesuatu yang lain. Demikianlah upacara kurban
membentuk unsure hakiki dari upacara kuraban itu sendiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Yang ketiga upacara kurban sebagai silih, H. Hubert dan
M. Mauss memberikan definisi upacara kurban sebagai berikut: “upacara kurban
adalah suatu tindakan religius yang, melalui penyucian kurban, mengubah keadaan
moral orang-orang yang melaksanakannya ataupun keadaan benda-benda
tertentu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang ia maksudkan.” Menurut
mereka setiap upacara kurban selalu mengimplikasikan secara tidak langsung
suatu penyucian, karena dengan itulah suatu benda berubah dari status profane
ke status holy; tindakan dan hadiah berpindah dari wilayah umum menuju wilayah
religius. Penyucian kurban berbeda dari penyucian-penyucian lainnya. sebagai
contoh, ketika seorang raja disucikan, hanya kepribadian religiusnya sajalah
yang diubah, hal lainnya tidak diubah. Tetapi penyucian juga mengenai
moral&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;orang yang melakukan upacara.
Peneyelenggara korba (orange yang menyediakan korban) melakukan persinggahan
pada yang kudus, pada yang religius, yaitu: secara religius diubah. Pengurban
bisa seorang pribadi maupun suatu kelurga, klan, suku atau bangsa. Barang yang
disucikan menjadi pengantaraan bagi pengurban dan Makhluk adikodrati kepada
siapa upacara kurban itu dilakukan. Kurban menghasilakan akibat terjadinya
komunikasi antara yagn kudus dengan yang profane, sementara itu imam berlaku
sebagai pelaksna kurban maupun wakil Tuhan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Penutup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Upacara kurban dalam islam adalah suatu tanda syukur
dari hamba terhada Tuhan atas risky yang telah diterima oleh seorang hamba. Dan
sebagai ungkapan rasa terimakasih kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas semua
limpahan kasih dan rahmatnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Demikianlah makalah ini kami buat, kami mohon maaf
sebesar-besarnya apabila terdapat kesalahan dalam penyajian makalah ini. Dan
kami mohon kritik dan saran yang membangun terhadap makalah ini untuk
memperbaiki pada pembuatan makalah kami yang selanjutnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/2333942886336704902/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2013/08/upacara-kurban-dalam-islam.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2333942886336704902'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2333942886336704902'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2013/08/upacara-kurban-dalam-islam.html' title='UPACARA KURBAN DALAM ISLAM'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-2772946463819640618</id><published>2013-02-25T00:59:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2013-02-25T00:59:23.863-08:00</updated><title type='text'>PEMBARUAN DI SAUDI ARABIA</title><content type='html'>&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csu%27udi%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot; rel=&quot;File-List&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;City&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;country-region&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;place&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csu%27udi%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot; rel=&quot;themeData&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csu%27udi%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot; rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Saudi Arabia adalah sebuah Negara yang terkenal dengan kota islam
yang merupakan tempat kelahiran nabi besar Muhammad SAW, dan tempat pertama
kali Islam muncul serta daerah inilah yang pertama kali menjadi basis&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;kekuatan Islam dengan Negara islam yang
berhasil menguasai seluruh timur tengah dan sampai ke afrika dan seluruh
spanyol.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Saudi Arabia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; juga terkenal sebagai tempat yang sangat sacral bagi ummat islam
dengan adanya &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;kota&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;
Mekkah, dimana dikota tersebut terdapat kiblat bagi ummat Islam yaitu Ka’bah.
Negara ini juga merupakan tempat utama bagi ummat islam dalam bulan &lt;i&gt;Dzulqa’idah &lt;/i&gt;yang ingin melaksanakan haji
atau rukun Islam yang ke-5 agar sempurna Islam seseorang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Saudi Arabia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; juga terkenal dengan sebutan daerah yang beraliran Wahhabiah dengan
imam mereka yaitu: Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab. Dan pada kesempatan kali kita
akan membahas apa saja yang berhubungan dengan &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Saudi Arabia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; dengan segala hal yang
telah terjadi dalm pembaruan Islam di negara ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Muhammd bin Abdul Wahhab (1703-1787 M )&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pembaharuan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang terjadi di &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Saudi Arabia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;
yang dipelopori oleh Muhammd bin Abdul Wahhab. Beliau berasal dari Nejd sebuah &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;kota&lt;/st1:city&gt; di &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Arabia&lt;/st1:place&gt;. Setelah
menyelesaikannya pelajarannya di Mediah dia pergi merantau ke Basrah dan
tinggal dikota ini selama empat tahun. Selanjutnya ia pindah ke &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Baghdad&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; dan disini ia
memasuki hidup perkawinan dengan seorang wanita kaya. &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Lima&lt;/st1:city&gt;
tahun kemudian, setelah istrinya meniggal dunia, ia pindah ke Kurdistan,
selanjutnya ke Hmadan dan ke &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Isfahan&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;.
Dikota yang tersebut akhir ini ia sempat mempelajari falsafat dan tasawwuf.
Setelah merantau bertahun-tahun ia akhirnya kembali ketempat ke;lahirannya
yaitu &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Nejd&lt;/st1:place&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pemikiran ibnu Abdul Wahhab&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pemikiran yang dicetuskan oleh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab untuk
memperbaiki kedudukan ummat islam timbul bukan sebagai reaksi terhadap suasana
politik seperti yang terdapat di kerajaan Turki Ustmani dan kerajaan Mughal,
tetapi sebagai reaksi terhadap faham tauhid yang terdapat dikalangan ummat
islam diwaktu iut. Kemurnian faham tauhid mereka telah dirusak oleh
ajaran-ajaran tarekat yang semenjak abad ketiga belas memang tersebar luas
didunia Islam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Di tiap Negara Islam yang dikunjunginya Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab
melihat kubura-kuburan syekh tarekat bertebaran. Tiap &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;kota&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;, bahkan kampung-kampung, mempunyai kuburan
syekh atau wali masing-masing. Ke kuburan-kuburan itu ummat Islam pergi naik
haji dan meminta pertolongan dari syekh atau wali yang dikuburkan di dalamnya,
untuk menyelesaikan problema hidup mereka sehari-hari. &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Ada&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; yang meminta supaya diberi anak, minta
supaya disembuhkan dari penyakit yang dideritanya dan ada pula yang meminta
supaya diberi kekayaan. Demikianlah bermacam-macam permohonan yang diajukan
kepada syekh atau wali yang di istirahatkan dalam kuburan-kuburan itu. Syekh
atau wali yang telah meniggal dunia itu dipandang sebagai orang yang berkuasa
menyelesaikan segala persoaalan yang dihadapi manusia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Karena pengaruh tarekat ini, permohonan dan do,a tidak lagi langsung
dipanjatkan kepada Tuhan, tetapi melalui syafa’at syekh atau wali tarekat, yang
dipandang sebagai orang yang dapat mendekati Tuhan dan dapat memperoleh
rahmat-Nya. Menurut keyakinan orang-orang yang berziarah kekuburan syekh dan
wali tarekat tersebut diata, Tuahan tidak dapat didekati kecuali melalui
perantara. Bagi mereka, sebagai kata Ahmad Amin, “ Tuahan menyerupai raja dunia
zalim yang untuk menperoleh belas kasihnya harus didekati melalui orang-orang
besar dan berkuasa yang ada disekitarnya”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tetapi sebagai dilihat oleh Muhammad bin abdul Wahhab kemurnian
tauhid bukan hanya dirusak oleh pemujaan kepada syekh atau wali, faham animisme
masih mempengaruhi keyakinan ummat Islam. Disatu tempat ia melihat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;orang berziarah kesebatang pohon korma,
karena pohon itu diyakini mempunyai kekuatan ghaib. Di tempat lain ia melihat
sebuah batu besar yang dipuja oleh kaum muslimin, dan mereka berziarah
ketempat-tempat tersebut unutk meminta pertolongan dalam mengatasi
persoalan-persoalan hidup mereka. Tuhan yang merupakan tempat mereka mengadu
dan juga mengharap segala sesuatu telah dilupakan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ketika &lt;i&gt;khurafat&lt;/i&gt; dan
kebodohan telah menyebar luas dalam Negara-negara Islam. Yaitu masa-masa
keterkaitan ummat islam dengan prinsip-prinsip(pokok pokok) pegangan mereka
baik secara ilmiah maupun keyakinan telah lemah dan loyo, menurut Muhammad
Abdul Wahhab akan mengakibatkan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kebodohan
yang keji&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;; penyebabnya adalah minimnya ilmu
pengetahuan disamping ituilmu pengetahuan itu sendiri telah dikotori oleh
berbagai kesalah pahaman.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Penyimpangan
Aqidah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;; penyebabnya dominasi khurafat dan
tahayul-tahayul yang begitu hebat di tambah bid’ah-bid’ah yang telah tersebar
luas dimana-mana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kegoncangan
dalam perbuatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;; penyebanya dalah karena hilangnya &lt;i&gt;manhaj&lt;/i&gt; (system) praktis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tenggelamnya
dalam perselisihan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;; penyebabnya adalah lemahnya
iman dan semakin retaknya tali persaudaraan ditambah betapa rendahnya
pengetahuan mengenai kepentingan umat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Terkagum-kagum
dengan bangsa barat;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; penyebabnya tidak ada rasa
percaya diri terhadap diri sendiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;±&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Menjadi
makanan empuk buat keinginan bangsa asing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;;
penyebabnya karena semua yang tersebut di atas.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Keyakinan ini menurut faham Muhammd bin Abdul Wahhab telah msuk dari
perbuata syirik atau politeisme. Dan syirik adalah dosa terbesar dalam islam,
dosa yang tak dapat di ampuni Tuhan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Soal tauhid memang merupakan ajaran yang paling dasar salam Islam.
Dan oleh karena itu tidak mengheranan kalau Muhammad bin Wahhab memusatkan
perhatian pada soal ini. Ia berpendaoat:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Yang boleh dan harus disembah
     hanyalah Tuhan, dan orang yang menyembah selain Tuhan telah menjadi
     musyrik dan boleh dibunuh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kebanyakan orang Islam bukan lagi
     penganut faham tauhid yang sebenarnya karena mereka meminta pertolongan
     bukan lagi dari Tuhan, tetapi dari syekh atau wali dan dari kekuatan
     ghaib. Orang islam demikian juga telah menjadi musyrik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Menyebut nama Nabi, syekh atau malaikat
     sebagai perantara dalam do’a juga merupakan syirik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Meminta syafa’at&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;selain dari Tuhan juga syirik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bernazar kepada selain dari Tuhan
     juga syirik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Memperoleh pengetahuna selain dari
     Al-Qur’an, hadist dan qias(analogi) merupakan kekufuran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tidak percaya kepada qadha dan
     qadar Tuhan juga merupakan kekufuran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Demikian pula menafsirkan
     Al-Qur’an dengan Ta’wil ( interpretasi bebas) adalah kufur.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Semua yang diatas ia anggap bid’ah dan bid’ah adalah kesesatan.
Unutk melepaskan ummat islam dari kesesatan ini ia berpendapat bahwa ummat
islam harus kembali kepada Islam asli. Yang dimaksud dengan Islam asli adalah
Islam sebagai yang dianut dan dipraktekkan pada zaman Nabi, sahabat serta
tabi’in, yaitu sampai abad ketiga haijriah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kepercayaan dan praktek-praktek lain yang timbul sesudah masa itu
bukanlah ajaran asli dari ajaran Islam dan harus ditinggalkan. Dengan demikian
taklid dan patuh kepada pendapat ulam sesudah abad ketiga tidak dibenarkan.
Pendapat dan penafsiran ulama tidaklah merupaka sumber dari ajaran-ajaran
Islam. Sumber yang diakuinya hanyalah Al-Qur’an dan hadist. Dan untuk memahami
ajaran-ajaran yang terkandung dalam kedua sumber tersebut dipakai ijtihad.
Baginya pintu ijtihad tidak tertutup dan tetap terbuka sampai kapanpun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab dalam menyampaikan dakwahnya sealu
terang-terangan dan &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;tampa&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;
sembunyi-sembunyi atau melalui surat-surat yang beliau kirmkan kepada
orang-orang yang berpengaruh pada masa itu, mengadakan hubungan secara
pribadi,mengadakan studi tour dan kajian-kajian. Beliau bukanlah hanya seorang
teoris, tetapi juga pemimpin yang dengan aktif berusaha mewujudkan
pemikirannya.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Dalam menjalankan dakwahnya ia mendapat sokongan dari Muhammad Ibnu Su’ud dan
sesudah Ibn Su’ud meninggal ia juga mendapat sokongan putrnya yaitu Abdul Aziz
di Nejd. Faham-faham beliau mulaitesiar dan golongannyabertambah kuat, sehingga
di tahun 1773 M mereka dapat menduduki Riad. Di tahun 1787 Muhammad Abdul
Wahhab meninggal dunia tapi ajarannya tetap hidup dengan mengambil bentuk
aliran yang dikenal dengan nama &lt;i&gt;Wahhabiah&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Untuk mengembalikan kemurnian tauhid, kuburan-kuburan yang banyak
dikunjungi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dengan tujuan mencari syaf’at
atau lain sebagainya yang membawa kejalan faham syirik mereka usahakan
menghapuskannya. Di tahun 1802 mereka serang &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;karbala&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;, karena dikota initerdapat kuburan
Al-Husain, yangmerupakan kiblat bagi golongan Syi’ah. Beberapa tahun kemudian
mereka menerang Medinah. Kubah-kubah yang ada diatas kuburan-kuburan mereka
hancurkan. Hiasan-hiasan yang ada dikuburan nabi mereka rusak. Dari Medinah
mereka teruskan penyerangan ke Mekkah. Kiswah sutra yang menutup Ka’bah juga
dirusak-rusak. Mereka menganggap semua itu adalah bid’ah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kemajuan-kemajuan yang mereka peroleh mencemaskan bagi kerajaan
Ustmani di Istambul. Sultan Mahmud II memberi perintah kepada Khedewi Muhammad
Ali&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;di Mesir supaya mematahkan gerakan
Wahhabiah. Ekspedisi yang dikirim dari Mesir dapat membebaskan Medinah dan
Mekkah di tahun 1813 M. kedua kota ini jatuh kebawah kekuasaan Wahhabiah di
tahun 1804 dan 1806 M. tetapi di permulaan abad dua puluh gerakan Wahhabiah
bangkit kembali dan raja Abdul Aziz dapat menduduki&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mekkah di tahun 1924 M dan setahun kemudian
juga Medinah dan Jeddah. Mulai dari waktu itu dan mazhab dan kekuatan politik
Wahhabiah mempunyai kedudukan yang kuat ditanah suci ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Raja Abdul Aziz menggunakan kekuasaannya dalam meneguhkan tauhid dan
aqidah yang dapat menyelamatkan manusia di negrinya, maka beliau dalam
menyebarkan aqidah itu diluar negrinya dengan mempergunkan dua media:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mengirim para juru dakwah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Menyebarkan buku-buku tauhid yang
     murni dan aqidah Ahlussunnah&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pemikiran-pemikiran Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab yang mempunyai
pengaruh perkembangan pemikiran pembaharuan di abad kesembilan belas adalah
sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Hanya Al-Qur’an dan haditslah yang
     merupakan sumber asli ajaran-ajaran Islam. Pendapat ulama tidak merupakan
     sumber hukum maupun pegangan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Taklid kepada ulama tidak
     dibenarkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pintu ijtihad terbuka dan tidak
     tertutup.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Penutup&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pembaruan yang terjadi di &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Saudi Arabia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; adalah semata-mata
refleksi ketidak puasan Mhammad Abdul Wahhab yang melihat sudah banyak terjadi
penurunan dalam dunia islam karena disebabkan oleh Khurafat, bid’ah, dan
tahayul.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Demikianlah makalah ini kami buat, kami mohon maaf sebesar-besarnya
apabila terdapat kesalahan dalam penyajian makalah ini. Dan kami mohon kritik
dan saran yang membangun terhadap makalah ini untuk memperbaiki pada pembuatan &lt;br /&gt;
makalah kami yang selanjutnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Daftar pustaka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Harun Nasution,&lt;i&gt; Pembaharuan Dalam Islam&lt;/i&gt;, IAIn Ciputat,
hal.26&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dr. Abdullah bin Abdul Muhsin. &lt;i&gt;Kajian Komprehensif Aqidah Ahlusunnah Wal
Jama’a,.&lt;/i&gt; Titian Ilahi Pres, Yogykarta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;

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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Harun Nasution,&lt;i&gt; Pembaharuan
Dalam Islam&lt;/i&gt;, IAIn Ciputat, hal.23 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Ibid &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;hal. 24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Dr. Abdullah bin Abdul Muhsin. &lt;i&gt;Kajian
Komprehensif Aqidah Ahlusunnah Wal Jama’a,.&lt;/i&gt; Titian Ilahi Pres, Yogykarta,
hal.76&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Harun Nasution,&lt;i&gt; Pembaharuan
Dalam Islam&lt;/i&gt;, IAIn Ciputat, hal.25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dr. Abdullah bin Abdul Muhsin. &lt;i&gt;Kajian
Komprehensif Aqidah Ahlusunnah Wal Jama’a,.&lt;/i&gt; Titian Ilahi Pres, Yogykarta,
hal.82 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Harun Nasution,&lt;i&gt; Pembaharuan
Dalam Islam&lt;/i&gt;, IAIn Ciputat, hal.26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Dr. Abdullah bin Abdul Muhsin. &lt;i&gt;Kajian
Komprehensif Aqidah Ahlusunnah Wal Jama’a,.&lt;/i&gt; Titian Ilahi Pres, Yogykarta,
hal.93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/2772946463819640618/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2013/02/pembaruan-di-saudi-arabia.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2772946463819640618'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2772946463819640618'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2013/02/pembaruan-di-saudi-arabia.html' title='PEMBARUAN DI SAUDI ARABIA'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-1637533564455404404</id><published>2013-01-03T18:24:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-01-03T18:24:11.480-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Hubungan Agama Islam Dan Agama-Agama Selain Islam</title><content type='html'>&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csu%27udi%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot; rel=&quot;File-List&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;City&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;Street&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;address&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;country-region&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;place&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;State&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;PlaceType&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;PlaceName&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csu%27udi%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot; rel=&quot;themeData&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csu%27udi%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot; rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Berbicara tentang agama Islam, kita tak &lt;st1:state w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;kan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt; pernah lupa dengan orang yang pertama
membawa agama ini kedalam dunia ini. Orang yang menjadi contoh utama dalam
segala hal dalam kehidupan, baik hubungan antara manusaia atau dengan Tuhan itu
sendiri. Dia adalah Nabi Muhammad Saw. Beliau adalah seorang di antara manusia
teragung yang dikenal oleh sejarah peradaban manusia. Kita sebagai penganut agama
Islam dituntut untuk menghayati ajaran beliau, Sebagaimana di Firmankan Allah
SWT dalam Al-qur’an&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya:&lt;i&gt; sungguh telah ada dalam diri Rasulullah suri tauladan yang baik
(uswatun hasanah)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kita bukan hanya dituntut bukan hanya menghayati ajaran beliau
tetapi memantapkan cinta dan penghargaan kita atas jasa-jasa serta pengorbanan
beliau Karena kalau kita tidak mampu mengakui dan memberi penghoramatan kepada
para tokoh, maka kepada siapa lagi penghormatan itu kita berikan? Kalau kita
enggan memberi hak-hak manusia agung, maka, mungkinkah kita bersedia memberi
hak orang-orang kecil? Justru karena jasa dan pengorbanan Nabi Muhammad Saw,
serta atas dasar pemberian hak penghormatan itulah sehingga Allah SWT, dan para
malaikat mencurahkan rahmat dan memohonkan maghfiroh untuk beliau serta
menganjurkan ukmat Islam untuk menyampaikan shalawat dan salam sejahtera kepada
Nabi Muhammad Saw. Dan segenap keluarga beliau.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kedudukan utama Nabi Muhammad Saw, tercermin antara lain dalam
Firman Allah yang artinya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dan kami telah tinggikan namamu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam arti pengakuan kenabian Nabi Muhammad Saw. Nama beliau juga
disandingkan dengan nama Tuhan dengan pengakuan akan ke-Esaan Allah SWT dalam
dua kalimat Syahadat:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya:&lt;i&gt; aku bersaksi bahwa tiada Tuhan selain Allah. Dan aku bersaksi bahwa
Nabi Muhammad adalah utusan Alla.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Hal ini juga berarti kepatuhan kepada beliau identik dengan
kepatuhan kepada Allah SWT. Sebagaimana Firman Allah SWT:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya: &lt;i&gt;siapa taat kepada Rasul, maka dia telah taat kepada Allah. Barang siapa
yang berpaling dari ketaatan itu, maka kami tidak mengutusmu menjadi pemelihara
mereka&lt;/i&gt; (QS An-Nisa : 80)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Seorang muslim yang baik bukan hanya patuh kepada Rasulullah tetapi
juga kagum kepada beliau dengan kekaguman berganda: sekali ketika memandang
beliau dengan hati menggunakan kaca mata iman dan menemukannya sebagai Nabi dan
Rasul, dan kali lain ketika memandang beliau dengan nalar dan aneka tolok ukur
objektif, yang menemukan pada diri beliau, budi luhur serta karya-karya agung.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kedua hal itulah yang mengukir dan membentuk citra nabi Muhammad
Saw. Dalam pikiran dan hati seorang muslim. Oleh karena itu sebagaimana ditulis
oleh seorang sarjana jerman Annemarie Schimmel dalam bukunya &lt;i&gt;And Muhammd is his messenger&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;“dalam keadaan darurat, seorang Muslim
mungkin menyangkal keyakinannya kepada Allah, tetapi sekali-kali ia tidak akan
bersedia mengutarakan kata-kata rendah apalagi penghinaan terhadap Nabinya,
walau diancam dengan kematian sekalipun”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Keluhuran Nabi Muhammd Saw, bukan hanya dinyatakan Allah, dan hanya
diyakini umat Islam, berdasar Firman-Nya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya: &lt;i&gt;sesungguhnya engkau benar-benar berbudi pekerti yang agung &lt;/i&gt;(QS
Al-Qalam :4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tetapi juga diakui oleh kawan dan lawan. betapa tidak, cetusan
paling buruk dalam percakapannya adalah: “semoga dahinya berlumuran Lumpur”,
ketika diminta untuk mengutuk, beliau menjawab: “Aku bukan diutus sebagai
pengutuk, tetapi Aku diutus sebagai pengajak kepada kebaikan dan penyebar
rahmat.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Beliau menjenguk orang-orang sakit, mengikuti iring-iringan jenazah,
dan mematuhi undangan walau dari seorang budak. Saat berjabat tangan beliau
tidak menarik tangannya sebelum tangan mitranya ditarik. Beliau tidak melewati
kelompok tanpa senyuman yang menghiasi wajahnya, disertai ucapan lembut lagi
bijak. Sopan-santun beliau kepada orang-orang besar, keramahan pada orang cilik
dan sikapnya yang terpuji terhadap orang-orang yang sombong, menyebabkan beliau
dihormati dan dijunjung tinggi. dalam kesibukannya memimpin, beliau menerima
dengan lapang dada, dan tangan terbuka siapa pun yang datang walau seorang
badui yang tak mengenal basa-basi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Komitmen beliau terhadap waktu amat tinggi, tidak saja dalam
menyelesaikan tugas atau memenuhi sebuah janji, tapi juga dalam mengisi waktu
itu sendiri. Tidak heran, karena memang ajaran Ilahi yang diterimanya berpesan:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya: &lt;i&gt;Apabila engkau telah menyelesaikan satu pekerjaan, maka kerjakanlah
yang lain hingga engkau letih, dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;hendaklah kepada Tuhanmu engkau mengharap&lt;/i&gt;. (QS An-Nashrah: 7-8)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kebersihan yang diperagakan dalam diri, rumah dan lingkungannya amat
menonjol, karena beliau yakin bahwa kebersihan adalah manifestasi iman, dank
arena menurut beliau: &lt;i&gt;menyingkirkan
kotoran atau gangguan dari jalan adalah bagian terendah dari keimanan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kita tidak mampu mengurai segala keagungan dan kepribadian Nabi Muhammad
Saw., yang menjadi teladan bagi aneka tipe manusia. Baik tipe seniman, ilmuwan,
pekerja dan tipe manusia yang memiliki kecenderungan kuat beribadah kepada
Tuhan Yang Mahakuasa. Kita juga tidak mampu merinci keteladanan beliau sebagai
ayah, suami, teman, negarawan, panglima perang, dan lain sebagainya. Batas
pengetahuan tentang beliau adalah sesungguhnya beliau sebaik-baik mahkluk Tuhan
seluruhnya.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Menyadari kedudukan beliau sebagai panutan dan teladan, menuntut
kita tidak terpaku dalam formalitas lahiriah dan melupakan esensi ajarannya.
Kita sadari bahwa ajarannya berorientasi kepada usaha persatuan dan
kemanusiaan, sebagaiman Firman Allah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya: &lt;i&gt;wahai seluruh ummat
manusia, sesungguhnya kami telah menciptakan kamu berasal dari seorang lelaki
dan seorang perempuan, dan kami adikan engkau berbangsa-bangsa dan bersuku-suku
agar kamu saling kenal mengenal (Bantu membantu). Sesungguhnya yang paling
mulia diantara kamu disisi Allah yang paling bertaqwa. Sesungguhnya Allah maha
mengtahui lagi maha mengenal &lt;/i&gt;(QA Al-Hujurat : 13)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Namun ajaran yang diajarkan tidak
melebur perbedaan, tapi tetap menghormati perbedaan. Karena setiap kelompok
telah memilih jalan dan tatanan hidup mereka, sehingga mereka harus berpacu
mencapai prestasi kebajikan. Sebagaimana firmannya:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;untuk tiap-tiap
umat diantara kamu , kami berikan aturan dan jalan terang. Sekiranya Allah
menghendaki, niscaya kamu dijadikan-Nya satu umat saja, tetapi Allah hendak
menguji kamu terhadap pemberian-Nya kepadamu. Maka berlomba-lombalah berbuat
kebajikan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. (QS
Al-Ma’idah: 48)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Disamping itu kaum muslim
ditugasi mengusahakan perbaikan antara manusia, dan menjadi penengah yang adil
untuk menjadi saksi dan patron-patron hidup ditengah-tengah umat manusia. Kita
juga di tuntut berlaku adil terhadap terfadap siapapun sebagaimana firman Allah
AWT:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;janganlah
kebencianmu terhadap suatu kaum menjadikanmu tidak berlaku adil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; (QS Al-Maidah)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Masalah pluralisme agama, dalam
bukunya yang berjudul “&lt;b&gt;Agama Masa Depan:
Filsafat Prenial&lt;/b&gt;”, salah seorang cendekiawan muslim &lt;st1:street w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:address w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;indonesia &lt;b&gt;Prof. Dr.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/st1:address&gt;&lt;/st1:street&gt;&lt;b&gt; Komaruddin Hidayat&lt;/b&gt; menyatakan “bahwa
substansi suatu agama adalah tidak terbatas dan satu, mereka sama menyembah
sesuatu yang berada di luar akal dan kekuatan manusia”. Dari sini dapat kita
ambil kesipulan bahwasannya semua agama di dunia mempunyai seubstansi yang
sama. Mereka sama-sama menyembah suatu kekuatan yang berada diluar batas nalar
manusia. Suatu kekuatan yang menjadikan manusia begitu kecil dan tak berharga
dibanding kekuatan tersebut. Dengan kata lain semua agama di dunia adalah benar
dan mempunyai kesempatan yang sama untuk mendekati yang satu. Bahkan beliau
menambahkan: ”seandainya agama Islam adalah agama yang paling benar, kenapa
Tuhan tidak menggunakan kekuasaannya untuk menjadikan/memberikan Hidayah kepada
semua umat agama yang lain agar menyakini ajaran Islam dan Beriman kepadanya”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; itulah sebabnya beliau
berpendapat semua agama adalah benar dan baik bagi siapapun yang menganutnya,
Tanpa harus merendahkan agama yang lain. Dalam menghadapi masyarakat global
beliau menyatakan bahwasannya semua manusia akan mengalami yang namanya
Kematian dan setiap orang akan dimintai pertanggung jawaban dari apa-apa yang
telah dia kerjakan selama hidupnya.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Dalam keadaaan masyarakat
yang penuh dengan kemajemukan ini beliau hanya memberikan peringatan
bahwasannya kita tidak akan selamanya ada dalam dunia ini. Jadi jangan anda
forsir apa yang anda miliki hanya untuk menjadi &lt;i&gt;judge&lt;/i&gt; terhadap yang lain
dan beranggapan anda tidak ada yang benar. Apa yang anda yakini adalah benar
tanpa harus menyalahkan keyakinan orang lain. Sebagaimana firman Allah SWT
tentang keyakinan suatu agama dalam &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;surat&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;
Al-Kafirun: 6&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya: &lt;i&gt;untukmulah
agamamu. Dan untukkulah agamaku&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kalau kita perhatikan dalam
Al-Qur’an banyak sekali ayat-ayat yang menekankan kepada kita bahwasannya tidak
ada Pluralisme dengan umat yang lain, tapi disatu pihak kita diperintahkan
untuk bertoleransi terhadap umat yang lain seperti ayat-ayat yang telah tertera
diatas. Perlu digaris bawahi bahwasannya Islam adalah agama yang paling
menjunjung masalah toleransi terhadap agama yang lain, terutama dalam masalah
ahklak (tingkah laku) orang Islam terhadap siapapun, baik itu terhadap saudara,
tetangga, teman dan lain sebagainya. Bahkan terhadap umat yang lain. Oleh
karena itu, wajar ketika suatu hari Nabi Muhammad pernah Bersabda: &lt;i&gt;“aku
diutus untuk menyempurnakan kesempurnaan Akhlak” &lt;/i&gt;. pernah pada suatu ketika
Nabi dan para sahabat sedang duduk-duduk bersama, dilewati oleh rombongan orang
yang meninggal, lalu salah seorang sahabat mengatakan kepada Nabi “ya
Rasulullah dia (yang meninggal) adalah orang Yahudi” Nabi hanya menjawab:
“bukankah ia manusia”. Disini dapat kita simpulkan bahwasannya Nabi sangat
menghormati agama yang lain entah apapun agama mereka.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;karena walau bagaimanapun meraka adalah
sama-sama manusia yang diciptakan Tuhan dan mempunyai keyakinan tersendiri
tentang Tuhan meraka. Dan terhadap ayat-ayat yang agak ektrimis itu hanya
berlaku dalam masalah yang berkaitan dengan Akidah seorang musliam, dalam
masalah akidah tidak ada kerjasama dan tidak ada persamaan sebagai mana telah
dijelaskan dalam Al-Qura’an dalam &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;surat&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;
Al-kafirun ayat 1-6. yang menolak kerjasama terhadap kafir quraisy yang ingin
bekerja sama dalam menyembah Tuhan dan berhala-berhala mereka.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Yang menjadi halangan dalam umat
Islam dalam menjalin hubungan terhadap Umat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;yang lain. Adalah kesombongan umat Islam yang terlalu memandang tinggi
agama Islam dan memandang rendah agama yang lain tanpa pernah tahu apa itu agama
yang mereka yakini. Seperti contoh kecil,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;pada awalnya tidak ada pembatasan antara agama-agama di dunia ini tapi
karena kesombongan Islam kita memberikan batasan terhadap hal itu dengan cara
membagi umat beragama kepada dua yaitu: Islam dan Non-Islam. Kita beranggapan
bahwasannya agama Islam itu sama besarnya dengan semua agama selain Islam
apabila semua agama tersebut disatukan dengan nama kelompok, Non-Islam. padahal
pada kenyataannya kebesaran Islam tidak sebesar agama Kristen saat ini. Ini
adalah factor internal dalam Islam dalam menjalin hubungan dengan agama-agama
yang lain, factor eksternal adalah adanya perang salib yang terjadi antara umat
Islam dan Kristen yang menjadikan Islam sangat sulit menjalin hubungan dengan
agama Kristen, bahkan dengan agama yang lainpun mengalami kesulitan, apalagi di
Indonesia karena pada pada awalnya Negara indeonesia adalah sebuah kumpulan
kerajaan yang pada awalnya adalah daerah-daerah yang dikuasai oleh agama Hindu,
hingga hal ini mungkin mempengaruhi hubungan Islam dengan agama Hindu di
Indonesia.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Dan masih banyak lagi hal
yang mempengaruhi hubungan Islam dengan agama-agama yang lain di Indonesia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kita harus mengembalikan masalah
Pluralisme Agama kepada ajaran Nabi Muhammad Saw, karena itu, pluralisme
positif dan kemajemukan yang membawa keserasian sosial, merupakan salah satu
hakikat ajaran Nabi Muhammad Saw. Kita harus bersyukur karena mata dunia
tertuju kepada kita dengan penuh penhargaan bahwa ajaran Nabi Muhammad
terpancar dalam kehidupan umat islam diseluruh dunia. Tapi kita fokuskan
pembahasan ini pada kehidupan islam di &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Islam &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; menurut dunia luar
menunjukkan wajahnya yang menarik dan karakternya yang memikat sebagai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;rahmatan lil ‘alamin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; (sebagai rahmat bagi seluruh
alam, seluruh umat manusia), jauh dari radikalisme dan ekstremitas yang melanda
dunia masa kini. bukan saja umat Islam di belahan timur dunia yang mengagumi
pendekatan keagamaan kita, dunia barat sekalipun yang tidak luput dari
ekstremitas keagamaan menunjuk &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;
sebagai model alternative bagi perwujuddan kerukunan antarumat beragama
dipermukaan bumi ini.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Prestasi bangsa dalam
melaksanakan kerukunan, sungguh mendapat simpati dunia luar. Keberhasilan ini
walau terkadang diselingi oleh gesekan-gesekan kecil, tidak dapat dipisahkan
dari peran aktif mayoritas umat Islam yang berusaha meneladani toleransi Rasul
Saw. &lt;b&gt;Fazlur Rahman&lt;/b&gt;, cendekiawan muslim terkemuka meramalkan bahwa Islam
yang sejuk dan menarik, dan yang menghidupkan kembali nilai-nilai luhur
toleransi dan modernisasi Nabi Muhammad, menyingsing dari bumi &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.
Demikian pula &lt;b&gt;Dr. Lawrence Sullivan&lt;/b&gt;, yang mengepalai pusat pengkajian
agama-agama dunia pada universitas ternama dan tertua di Amerika, Harvard,
secara terbuka menyatakan &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;
secara kreatif telah mewujudkan pendekatan baru dalam menciptakan kehidupan
keagamaan yang harmonis, yang tidak dijumpai di Negara-negara Eropa dan
Amerika.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; tandasnya “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;is a model of religius tolerance that other countries
could do well to emulate”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; (&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;
merupakan contoh dalam toleransi keagamaan yang patut ditiru oleh dunia). Tidak
heran, karena menurut Prof. Mahmud Ayoub, Profesor universitas &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:placetype w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;temple&lt;/st1:placetype&gt; &lt;st1:placename w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Philadelphia&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;:
“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;pengamalan agama
dalam masyarakat &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;
dibanding dengan mayarakat lainnya merupakan model yang paling dekat dengan
nilai Al-Qur’an dan Sunnah Nabi Muhmmad Saw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;”. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Jika kita menengok dari dunia
luar, kita akan tahu dan sadar betapa besar nikmat Tuhan yang dilimpahkan
kepada bangsa kita. Nilai luhur bangsa yang seiring dengan ajaran toleransi
Nabi Muhammad Saw, telah berakar dalam jiwa, berkat kearifan dan jasa para
pendahulu, yang dilestarikan oleh pemimpin-pemimpin bangsa dewasa ini. Dalam
konteks teristimewa masa kini bahkan akhir-akhir ini. Coba perhatikan firman
Allah SWT:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;janganlah kamu
menjadi seperti seorang oerempuan yang menguraikan benangnya yang sudah
dipintal dengan kuat dan bercerai berai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; (QS Al-Nahl: 92)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Untuk memelihara hal tersebut ada
dua hal yang harus digaris bawahi :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pertama,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; kita harus mampu
mensosialisasikan semangat ajaran serta keteladanan Nabi Muhammad Saw. Toleransi
dan moderasi yang beliau ajarkan harus senantiasa menjadi acuan dan pedoman
dalanm interaksi kita dengan umat agama lain. Kita seyogyanya tidak terpengaruh
oleh pendapat dan pendekatan umat Negara lain yang telah dibebani oleh sejarah
konflik dan permusuhan yag ikut mewarnai budaya mereka. Konflik yang
berkepanjangan, apalagi kontak fisik yang mengorbankan jiwa, tidak pernah
terjadi di negri kita. Oleh karena itu kedamaian dalam sejarah hubungan antar
umat beragama di &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;
harus tercermin dalam interaksi kita. tidak saja dituntu untuk bersama-sama
mengoreksi citra dan kesan keliru yang boleh jadi tergambar dalam benak
masing-masing, tapi lebih Dari itu kita harus memberi contoh dalam upaya
menjalin kerja sama kontruktif, jauh dari perdebatan teologis doctrinal yang
selalu berakhir dengan jalan buntu. Sebagaimana firman Ilahi:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;katakanlah: “hai
Ahli Kitab, marilah (berpegang) kepada suatu kalimat (ketetapan) yang tidak ada
perselisihan antara kami dan kamu, bahwa tidak kita sembah kecuali Allah dan
tidak kita persekutukan dia dengan sesuatupun dan tidak (pula) sebagian kita
menjadikan sebagian yang lain sebagai Tuhan selain Allah” jika mereka berpaling
maka katakanlah kepada mereka: “saksikanlah, bahwa kami adalah orang-orang
muslim yang berserah diri (kepada Allah)”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. (QS Ali Imran: 64) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Diantara sekian banyak contoh
yang ditunjukkan oleh Nabi dalam menjalin hubungan keakraban, adalah kelapangan
dada beliau mengizinkan delegasi Kristen Najran yang berkunjung ke Madinah
untuk berdo’a di kediaman beliau, sebagaimana diungkapkan oleh sejarawan Islam
Ali bin BUrhanuddin Al-Halaby Al-Syafi’i dalam bukkunya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Al-Shirah&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sebaliknya pada saat-saat kritis
dalam perjuangan Nabi di Makkah, Raja Abissynia atau Ethiopia, yaitu raja
Najasyi atau Negus, yang beragama Kristen melindungi Umat Islam, sampai-sampai
ketika wakil masyarakat Arab Jahiliyah meminta untuk mengektradisi dan
mengembalikan pengikut Nabi ke Mekkah, Negus menolak seraya berkata: “apakah
engkau meminta aku menyerahkan pengikut Muhammad, seorang yang telah didatangi
malaikat Jibril? &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Demi Tuhan&lt;/st1:city&gt;,
 &lt;st1:state w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Ia&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; (Muhammad) benar, dan ia akan
mengalahkan musuh-mushnya “. Dalam pada itu, saat Nabi menjadi penguasa&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;di Madinah berpesan: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;siapa yang mengganggu umat
agama samawi, maka ia telah menggangguku.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kedua&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, yang perlu digaris bawahi
adalah kita semua sebagai bangsa, diharapakan mampu untuk memahami
kepekaan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;masing-masing menyangkut
kecintaan serta ikatan batin masing-masing dengan para panutannya. Sebagaimana
halnya umat Islam, demikian pula uamt agama lainya. Syogyanya tidak terpengaruh
oleh sejarah konflik yang pernah terjadi di dunia luar. Menurut&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Norman Daniel: “sekian banyak bentuk
penilaian negatif terhadap pribadi Nabi Muhammad yang telah dilontarkan dunia
barat pada abad pertengahannya, masih terdengar gaungnya dimasa kini”. Nabi
Muhammad Saw., yang telah meluncurkan salah satu gerakan agama yang membuahkan
peradaban yang paling sukses di bumi ini, dicerca, dihina, dengan kata-kata
yangtidak pantas. Sejarah konflik antar umat beragama dunia luar, yang telah
membuahkan kesalahpahaman, rasa curiga dan bahkan permusuhan harus dibuang jauh
dari bumi kita. Kita semua dituntut untuk memperdalam semangat persaudaraan.
Semangat persaudaraan ini pernah dicontohkan oleh Theodore Abu Qurrah, seorang
uskup dari Harran-Mesopotamia, yang lahir pada 740 M. tanpa mengorbankan
keimanannya beliau menempatkan Nabi Muhammad Saw pada posisi para Nabi dan
menyatakan Bahwa Muhammad Saw telah menempuh jalan para Nabi.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Wajar jika dalam salah
satu ayat Al-Qur;an ditemukan pujian kepada kelompok tertentu umat Kristen yang
menjalin hubungan baik dengan Kaum Muslim:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 65.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -46.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Artinya:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;sesungguhnya kamu
pasti dapati yang paling dekat persahabatannya dengan orang-orang yang beriman
ialah orang-orang yang berkata: “sesungguhnya kami ini orang nasrani.” Yang
demikian itu disebabkan karena diantara mereka terdapat pendeta-pendeta dan
rahib-rahib. Juga karena sesungguhnya mereka tidak menyombongkan diri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. (QS Al-Maidah: 82)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Namun harus diingat bahwa
betapapun keras usaha setiap kelompok keagamaan dalam menjalin hubungan dengan
kelompok lain, konflik intern yang melanda tubuh suatu umat pasti akan
merupakan kendala yang menggerogoti keutuhan umat itu sendiri, sehingga pada
gilirannya akan menghambat tercapainya suasana dialogis dan kerja sama dengan
umat lain. Komunitas agama&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;di &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;
dengan prestasinya dalam mewujudkan suasana dialogis harmonis selama ini
diharapakan tidak terperangkap oleh konflik-konflik intern yang sering
disebabkan oleh kekurangan pemahaman tentang inti ajara masing-masing Disatu
pihak. atau oleh pengaruh factor eksternal politis yang sedang melanda dunia
Islam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Jadi segala sesuatu harus kita
kembalikan kepada inti ajaran kita masing-masing dan semua yang ada adalah
kebenaran menurut penganutnya masing-masing. Kembalikan semua hal ke dalam
ajaran agama Islam yang sangat indah dan penuh dengan kasih Tuhan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Salam sejahtera semoga damai selalu menyertai kita semua. Amin.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Referensi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dr
Syihab Alwi, &lt;i&gt;Islam Inklusif: menuju sikap terbuka dalam beragama&lt;/i&gt;,
cetakan ke-V, 1999, Mizan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Prof.
Dr Komaruddin Hidayat, Filsafat &lt;i&gt;Perenial:
Agama Masa Depan&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Prof.
Drs Musrifah Darajah. &lt;i&gt;Sejarah Peradaban
Islam Klasik&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Depag&lt;/st1:city&gt; &lt;st1:state w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;RI&lt;/st1:state&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;
untuk MAK kelas II tahun 1997&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Prof. Dr Komaruddin Hidayat, &lt;i&gt;Psikologi Kematian&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Dr Syihab Alwi, &lt;i&gt;Islam Inklusif: menuju sikap terbuka dalam
beragama&lt;/i&gt;, cetakan ke-V, 1999, Mizan Jakarta hal Hal. 333&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Ibid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Ibid Hal. 334&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Prof. Dr Komaruddin Hidayat, &lt;i&gt;Filsafat
Perenial: Agama Masa Depan&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sebagai
catatan beliau adalah rector terpilih dari Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta yang akan menggatikan rector yang sekarang yaitu Prof. Dr.
Azyumardi Azra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Prof. Dr Komaruddin Hidayat, &lt;i&gt;Psikologi
Kematian&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Prof. Drs Musrifah Darajah. &lt;i&gt;Sejarah
Peradaban Islam Klasik&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Dr Syihab Alwi, &lt;i&gt;Islam Inklusif: menuju sikap terbuka dalam
beragama&lt;/i&gt;, cetakan ke-V, 1999, Mizan Jakarta hal. 335&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Ibid hal. 337&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Ibid hal. 338&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/1637533564455404404/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2013/01/hubungan-agama-islam-dan-agama-agama.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/1637533564455404404'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/1637533564455404404'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2013/01/hubungan-agama-islam-dan-agama-agama.html' title='Hubungan Agama Islam Dan Agama-Agama Selain Islam'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-6277347446499365076</id><published>2013-01-01T20:03:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2013-01-01T20:05:59.295-08:00</updated><title type='text'>ORIENTALISME DAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/style&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Banyak sekali
kaum orientalisme yang memberikan pandangan mereka terhadap Islam di Indonesia,
banyak diantara mereka yang teranga-terangan mencela dan menjelekkan ummat
Islam, tapi ada pula yang memuji Islam. Pada kesempatan kali saya memncoba
menjelaskan salah seorang Orientalisme yang berasal dari belanda yaitu: Dr.
Christian Snouck Hurgronje. Yang pernah menjadi polemic yang besar dan
kegoncangan di kalangan ummat Islam &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;. Dan juga pada kesempatan
ini saya akan mencoba membahas sedikit pandangan kaum orientalisme yang cukup
membuat umat islam kelabakan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dr. Christian
Snouck Hurgronje dan pandangan tentangnya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Di Indonesia
pernah terjadi semacam kegoncangan di kalangan umat Islam yang banyak
memperhatikan seluk beluk nasib umat. Pada tahun 1985 Prof. Dr. HM. Rasjidi
yang dikenal sangat vokal terhadap pemikiran Barat walaupun beliau alumni
Barat, dan vokal pula dalam hal kristenisasi, namun justru beliau jelas-jelas
mengemukakan bahwa Dr. Christian Snouck Hurgronje itu teman umat Islam
Indonesa. Beliau menyalahkan muslimin pada umumnya yang menganggap Snouck itu
musuh, karena menurut beliau, Muslimin pada umumnya tidak membaca karya-karya
orientalisme. Justru Snouck menurut HM. Rasjidi, pernah berpolemik dengan
anggota parlemen Belanda, karena Snouck tak membolehkan orang Islam di
Indonesia untuk dikristenkan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Berikut ini
pendapat HM. Rasjidi yang dituangkan H. Subagijo AN dalam biografi HM. Rasjidi:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.5pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tiap kali Rasjidi mengamati
kepribadian Massignon, tiap kali pula dia teringat tokoh di negaranya sendiri,
Dr. Crhistian Snouck Hurgronje, seorang orientalis besar pada zamannya. Oleh
kebanyakan orang di Indonesia, Snouck Horgronje dianggap sebagai kaki tangan
kaum imperalis, alat kaum penjajah, sehingga segala ulah dan sikapnya dinilai
sangat menguntungkan kolonialis Belanda semata. Namun bagi Rasjidi, figur
Snouck Hurgronje justeru merupakan teman umat Islam &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. Penilaian keliru
terhadap Snouck itu, menurut Rasjidi disebabkan karena pada umumnya orang belum
pernah membaca buku-buku karya orientalis tadi secara lengkap dan teliti.
Sebagai cendekiawan yang sudah membaca seluruh karya Snouck Hurgronje secara
tuntas, Rasjidi sampai pada kesimpulan, bahwa doktor tersebut pada hakekatnya
adalah teman umat Islam &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dr. Snouck, di
kalangan orang Belanda sendiri dikenal sebagai seorang yang anti zending dan
anti missi. Snouck pernah berpolemik dengan anggota parlemen Belanda yang
menaruh simpati pada gereja. Ujar sang anggota parlemen, “&lt;i&gt;Kami ini tidak mengkristenkan orang Islam. Yang kami kristenkan adalah
orang-orang jawa yang tidak bersembahyang, Yang tidak membaca Al-Qur’an, yang
hanya bisa mengucapkan syahadat pada waktu akan nikah saja&lt;/i&gt;.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ucapan itu
ditanggapi Snouck dengan tegas jelas: &lt;i&gt;“Kalau
Anda sudah tahu bahwa orang Jawa mengaku Islam, itu sudah cukup. Bahwa mereka
tidak mendirikan shalat, tidak paham bahasa Arab, itu sama sekali tidak
mengurangi sifat keislamannya. Anda sendiri yang mengaku umat kristen, apakah
semua juga pernah membaca Injil? Dan juga pergi ke Gereja dengan teratur? Dan
bila di dalam Injil disebutkan: Bila diminta bajunya, hendaknya Anda kasihkan
jubahnya, apakah Anda pernah memberi jubah yang diminta orang lain?”&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Demikian antara
lain polemik antara Dr. Snouck Hurgronje dengan anggota parlemen Belanda yang
membawakan suara kaum gerejani.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Apa yang
dikemukakan Dr. HM. Rasjidi itu tidak bisa dijadikan landasan bahwa Snouck
Hurgrunje tidak menginginkan umat Islam &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; jadi Kristen. Justru
maksud dan tujuannya hampir sama dengan missionaris, hanya saja cara
mengkristenkannya itu bukan lewat kristenisasi model missionaris, namun
lewat&amp;nbsp; budaya, agar umat Islam tergiring
tanpa terasa. Kalau model missionaris, menurut pandangan Snouck, justru&amp;nbsp; akan terjadi&amp;nbsp;
reaksi dari umat Islam, hingga apa yang dituju, yaitu&amp;nbsp; pengkristenan itu sendiri tidak akan
tercapai. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cara yang
ditempuh Snouck itu bisa dibuktikan dengan apa yang ditulis oleh para peneliti
sebagai berikut. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Deliar Noer
menulis: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.5pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Asosiasi sebagai
kebijaksanaan yang diperjuangkan ilmuwan Belanda Christian Snouck Hurgronje,
mendapat tempat hanya pada beberapa gelintir orang Belanda dan Indonesia saja
terutama mereka yang berafiliasi dengan perkumpulan Nederlandsch Indische
Vrijzinningen Bond (Kesatuan Kaum Liberal Hindia Belanda). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Lanjut Deliar,
yang dipersoalkan oleh Snouck Hurgronje ialah bagaimana menghadapi soal Islam.
Hal ini mudah dipahami karena Islam telah memperlihatkan semangat perjuangannya
di &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;
dalam bentuk pemberontakan dan perlawanan terhadap penetrasi Belanda di
berbagai wilayah negeri ini. Snouck Hurgronje mengamati bahwa walaupun Islam di
Indonesia banyak tertutup oleh lapisan kepercayaan lain seperti kepercayaan
animisme dan Hindu, orang-orang Islam di negeri ini pada waktu itu menganggap
agama mereka sebagai alat pengikat yang kuat yang membedakan mereka dari
orang-orang yang bukan Islam yang mereka anggap sebagai “orang asing”. Walaupun
begitu, demikian Snouck Hurgronje, orang Islam di Indonesia lebih memperhatikan
persoalan Islam sebagai agama dalam pengertian yang sempit (seperti perkawinan,
hubungan keluarga, peraturan berkenaan dengan waris) sedangkan aspek politik
dan sosial dari agama Islam kurang mendapat perhatian. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Snouck Hurgronje
menasehatkan pemerintah Belanda agar memberikan perhatian yang sangat kepada
pendidikan dan pengajaran orang Islam &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; tanpa menghubungkannya
dengan persoalan pengkristenan. Cara ini, katanya, akan “memajukan
(meng-emansipasi)” mereka “dari sistem Islam”. Cara ini akan menyampaikan orang
&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;
untuk menerima kebudayaan Belanda, yaitu kebudayaan Barat, dan menumbuhkan pula
pengertian yang lebih baik di antara mereka terhadap orang-orang Belanda. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Katanya lagi,
adalah dia dalam ”asosiasi penduduk pribumi dengan kebudayaan kita (Belanda)
terletak pemecahan persoalan Islam”. Cara ini akan “menghapuskan perbedaan yang
dijumpai dalam aspek politik dan sosial karena kepercayaan agama (yang berbeda)”.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Hurgronje
menambahkan lagi bahwa asosiasi itu akan “menghilangkan cita-cita pan-Islam
dari segala kekuatannya.” Secara tak langsung cara tersebut akan bermanfaat
bagi penyebaran agama Kristen sendiri, katanya lagi, sebab pelaksanaan politik
asosiasi itu akhirnya akan memudahkan pekerjaan missi, oleh sebab missi akan
“dapat lebih menumbuhkan pengertian pada kalangan penduduk pribumi yang telah
kena asosiasi itu terhadap mereka.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tetapi Politik
Etis tidaklah sesabar Snouck Hurgronje dalam hal pengkristenan. Politik Etis
tidak mengendurkan kegiatan missionaris agar memberi jalan bagi proses asosiasi
seperti yang disarankan ilmuwan Belanda tersebut. Dalam hubungan ini pernyataan
kerajaan Belanda dalam tahun 1901 yang memperkenalkan Politik Etis itu
merupakan suatu bukti nyata: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sebagai bangsa
Kristen, Belanda mempunyai kewajiban untuk memperbaiki keadaan orang-orang Kristen
pribumi di daerah kepulauan Nusantara, memberikan bantuan lebih banyak kepada
kegiatan missi Kristen, dan memberikan penerangan kepada segenap petugas bahwa
Belanda mempunyai kewajiban moril terhadap penduduk wilayah itu. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Jadi
persoalannya jelas, bukan karena&amp;nbsp; Snouck
tak membolehkan pengkristenan umat Islam di Indonesia, namun hanya beda cara
antara Snouck dengan pemerintahan penjajah Belanda. Sedangkan missionaris pun
didatangkan secara resmi oleh pemerintahan Belanda, ditambah pula dana yang
jauh sangat berlipat-lipat dibanding terhadap Islam. Bisa disimak data berikut:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Subsidi dalam
tahun (jumlah f) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------------­--------
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Agama&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1936&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1937&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1938&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1939 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------------­---------
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Protestan&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 686.100&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 683.200&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 696.100&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 844.000 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Katolik&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 286.500&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 290.700&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 296,400&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 335.700 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Islam&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 7.500&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 7.500&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 7,500&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 7.600 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;___________________________________________________________
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Setelah
tergambar bahwa pengkristenan &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;
oleh Belanda itu memang disengaja oleh penjajah Belanda, dan sebenarnya
didukung pula oleh penasihat ahlinya yaitu Snouck Hurgronje hanya saja beda
cara, maka sikap Snouck itu akan tampak lebih jelas lagi dalam data dan
kemudian pernyataan Snouck Hurgronje sendiri. Berikut ini data sejarahnya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Orientasi Snouck
Hurgronje tampak jelas dalam bantahannya yang keras kepada Menteri Belanda,
Lohman, dalam &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;surat&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;
yang ditulisnya kepada menteri pada 19 Desember 1913. Surat-surat kabar memuat
penjelasan menteri bahwa Snouck Hurgronje mendukung semboyan “Hindia Belanda (Nusantara)
untuk pengikut-pengikut Muhammad (orang-orang Islam)”. Snouck Hurgronje menulis
hal berikut ini: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.5pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“Saya amat bergembira
sekiranya tanggung jawab kesalahpahaman ini terletak pada para redaktur &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;surat&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; kabar. Jika
demikian, masalahnya menjadi mudah. Akan tetapi, jika yang terjadi ternyata
para redaktur membuat tulisan itu berdasarkan ucapan Anda, maka saya bertanya
kepada Anda dengan penuh sopan. Anda mesti memberitahukan saya, yang mana dari
tulisan-tulisan saya yang tidak sedikit membahas Islam di Hindia Belanda yang
membuat Anda salah paham tersebut? Barangkali Anda tidak tahu bahwa saya tanpa
kepentingan pribadi, telah memberikan andil dalam pengkaderan para missionaris
di &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Rotterdam&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;.
Karena ceramah-ceramah saya tentang Belanda dan Islam, saya menerima
surat-surat penghargaan yang dikirim kepada saya secara langsung oleh Gubernur
Jendral Hindia Belanda, direktur Misi Kristenisasi, dan misionaris Adriani, dan
dari Albert Kruyt, mantan Konsul di Jeddah. Mereka semua sudah menjalin
hubungan persahabatan dengan saya sejak 25 tahun yang lalu. Karena itu, saya
berhak menuntut agar jangan menilai kecuali pada apa yang saya katakan atau
yang saya tulis sendiri. Yang saya inginkan, agar mereka yang tidak menguasai
persoalan hendaklah berdiam diri dan tidak berbicara tentang saya, dan tentang
pekerjaan saya dalam pertemuan-pertemuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;orang banyak.”&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dari perasaan
superioritas itulah, Snouck Hurgronje menyerang syari’at, karena seperti para
orientalis lain pada masanya, dia percaya bahwa “kebudayaan Eropa” tidak
mungkin memberantas “orang-orang bodoh Muslim”, kecuali jika mereka melepaskan
diri dari agama “reaksioner”. Karena itu, dia tidak bersemangat atas pengiriman
misi pekabaran Injil. Pada waktu yang sama, dia tidak memberi perintah untuk
melarang pengiriman misi ke Hindia Belanda, kecuali jika mayoritas penduduknya
menganut Islam, mereka diperintahkan menjalankan muslihat dan bujuk rayu. Di
samping itu, dia pun menggalakkan pembukaan sekolah-sekolah&amp;nbsp; misi dengan harapan agar penganut Islam
secara berangsur&amp;nbsp; beralih ke agama
Kristen.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Serangan kaum
orientalsime terhadap Islam dan sanggahannya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ketika Orde Baru
jaya, banyak para pejabat yang tidak percaya adanya kristenisasi besar-besaran
yang telah terjadi di &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;.
Tetapi setelah dikeluarkan buku &quot;Fakta dan Data&quot; tentang kristenisasi
di &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; oleh Dewan
Dakwah Islamiyah &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;,
semua pihak &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;terperangah dan
yakin bahwa pihak misionaris zending telah bekerja keras siang-malam untuk
mengkristenkan umat Islam secara khusus. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pada Orde
Reformasi mereka semakin berani melakukan kristenisasi secara terbuka bahkan
keji. Mereka menggunakan Al-Qur`an dan Hadits dengan diputarbalikkan untuk
membenarkan ajaran sesat mereka, dan untuk mengelabui umat Islam. Gerakan
kristenisasi bergerilya dengan kedok &amp;nbsp;&quot;dakwah
ukhuwwah&quot; dan &quot;shirathal mustaqim&quot; secara gencar dan
tersembunyi, gerakan itu dikoordinasi oleh Yayasan NEHEMIA yang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;dipelopori Dr.
Suadi Ben Abraham, Kholil Dinata dan Drs. Poernama &amp;nbsp;Winangun alias H. Amos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mereka telah
mengeluarkan beberapa buku diantaranya: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;1. Upacara
Jama`ah Haji &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;2. Ayat-ayat
yang menyelamatkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;3. Isa `alaihis
salam dalam pandangan Islam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;4. Riwayat
singkat pusaka peninggalan Nabi Muhammad saw &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;5. Membina
kerukunan umat beragama &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;6. Rahasia jalan
ke surga &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;7. Siapakah yang
bernama Allah itu? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Isi buku-buku
dan brosur tersebut di atas diantaranya: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Upacara Ibadah
Haji adalah penyembahan berhala tertutup, Islam agama khusus untuk orang Arab,
Al-Qur`an kitab suci orang Arab dan Nabi Muhammad saw adalah nabi untuk orang
Arab yang mengajarkan penyembahan berhala dan tidak akan selamat di akhirat,
Tuhan orang Islam adalah batu hitam (hajar aswad),&amp;nbsp; Waktu sholat sangat kacau dan Al-Qur`an tidak
relevan, Nabi Muhammad saw memperkosa gadis dibawah umur, &amp;nbsp;Al-Qur`an untuk Iblis, Injil petunjuk bagi
umat Islam yang taqwa, Bapaknya Yesus adalah Allah subhanahu wa ta`ala, &amp;nbsp;Semua umat masuk Neraka kecuali umat Kristen, Nabi
Muhammad saw wafat mewariskan kitab Injil, Khadijah, istri Nabi Muhammad saw
beragama kristen &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sanggahan
terhadap tuduhan-tuduhan keji tersebut : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ibadah Haji
dituduh sebagai penyembahan berhala tertutup, itu tuduhan keji. Tidak bolehnya
orang non muslim ke Mekkah bukan untuk menutupi upacara ibadah haji. Dan ibadah
haji itu tidak ada penyembahan berhala seperti dituduhkan H. Amos orang
Kristen. Namun itu perintah langsung dari Allah swt yang artinya:&quot;Hai
orang-orang yang beriman, sesungguhnya orang musyrik itu najis, maka janganlah
mereka mendekati Masjidil Haram sesudah tahun ini&quot;.(Q.S. At-Taubah: 28).
Tuduhan itu juga bertentangan dengan kenyataan, karena upacara ibadah haji
ditayangkan pula ke berbagai negara di dunia lewat televisi. Terbukti tak ada
penyembahan berhala dalam upacara ibadah haji dan tidak tertutup. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Nabi Muhammad
saw dituduh hanya rasul untuk bangsa Arab, dan tidak akan selamat di akhirat.
Tuduhan itu sangat jahat, karena Allah swt telah menegaskan dalam Al-Qur`an
yang artinya: &quot;Dan Kami tiada mengutusmu (Muhammad) melainkan menjadi
rahmat bagi semesta alam&quot;. (Q.S. Al-Anbiya:107). &quot;Dan tiadalah Kami
mengutus engkau (Muhammad) melainkan untuk seluruh manusia sebagai pemberi
peringatan, tetapi kebanyakan manusia tidak mengetahui.&quot; (Q.S.Saba`:28).
&quot;Al-Qur`an adalah suatu peringatan untuk semesta alam.&quot; (Q.S.
At-Takwir 27 dan Al-Qalam 52). &quot;Dan Kami turunkan Al-Qur`an kepadamu
(Muhammad) supaya engkau jelaskan umat manusia, apa-apa yang diturunkan kepada
mereka, supaya mereka berpikir.&quot; (Q.S. An-Nahl 44). &quot;Muhammad
bukanlah bapak salah seorang laki-laki di antara kamu, tetapi dia adalah utusan
Allah dan penutup nabi-nabi, dan adalah Allah Maha mengetahui segala &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;sesuatu.&quot;
(Q.S. Al-Ahzab 40) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tuduhan tentang
Nabi Muhammad saw tidak selamat di akhirat, maka harus dibacakan sholawat, itu
tuduhan keji pula. Bisa diperbandingkan dengan keadaan bahwa bayi yang meninggal
dunia pasti selamat akan masuk surga. Namun bayi yang meninggal itu tetap
disholati dan didoakan. Orang yang mensholati, mendoakan dan menguburkan mayit
bayi ini akan mendapat pahala. Terhadap bayi yang belum berjasa saja harus
didoakan, apalagi terhadap seorang Nabi saw, yang telah sangat berjasa bagi
umat manusia. Ini sudah pas dari segi ajaran agama maupun akal yang mau
menerimanya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tuduhan bahwa
Islam mengajarkan penyembahan berhala batu hitam bernama Hajar Aswad, itu
tuduhan yang amat keji dan licik. H. Amos memutarbalikkan fakta, Hajar Aswad
dianggap sebagai berhala yang disisakan setelah 359 berhala dihancurkan, dengan
mengutip hadits Bukhori tanpa disertai teksnya. Ternyata H. Amos sebagai orang
Kristen &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;bohong, karena
Hajar Aswad bukan termasuk berhala. Teksnya Hadits Bukhari nomor 832,
terjemahnya: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 25.65pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&quot;Dari Ibnu `Abbas ra katanya: &quot;Ketika Rasulullah saw
mula-mula tiba di Makkah, beliau enggan hendak masuk Ka`bah karena di dalamnya
banyak patung. Beliau memerintahkan supaya mengeluarkan patung-patung itu, maka
dikeluarkan mereka semuanya termasuk patung Nabi Ibrahim dan Isma`il yang
sedang memegang Azlam (alat untuk mengundi). Melihat itu Rasulullah saw
bersabda: &lt;i&gt;&quot;Terkutuklah orang yang
membuat patung itu!, Demi Allah sesungguhnya mereka tahu bahwa keduanya tidak
pernah melakukan undian dengan Azlam, sekali-kali tidak&quot;&lt;/i&gt;. Kemudian
beliau masuk ke dalam Ka`bah, lalu takbir di setiap pojok dan beliau saw sholat
di dalamnya&quot;. &lt;i&gt;(Shahih Bukhari No.
832)&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tuduhan tentang
waktu sholat sangat kacau, itu tuduhan yang sangat mengada-ada. Penuduh
membentrokkan ayat-ayat dengan hadits Bukhari tanpa mau memahami Q.S. Al-Isra
78 dan Q.S. Hud 114, dibentrokkan dengan hadits Bukhari nomor 211, lalu
dikomentari bahwa yang dipakai hadits, bukan Al-Qur`an. Maka dituduh kacau.
Padahal kalau mau memahami, ayat-ayat maupun hadits tersebut semuanya bermakna
bahwa sholat wajib adalah 5 waktu sehari semalam, yaitu Shubuh, Dhuhur, Ashar,
Maghrib, dan `Isya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Nabi Muhammad
saw dituduh memperkosa gadis dibawah umur, itu tuduhan yang sangat menghina.
Tuduhan itu hanya menunjukkan kebencian yang amat sangat, dan tidak bisa
mengemukakan bukti-bukti larangan tentang menikahi gadis dalam batasan umur.
Padahal umur 9 tahun seperti `Aisyah yang mulai diajak berumah tangga oleh Nabi
saw setelah dinikahi pada umur 6 tahun, itu tidak ada larangan. Sedangkan
gadis-gadis Arab-pun dalam usia 9 tahu sudah mungkin sekali haid, berarti
dewasa. Jadi tuduhan itu hanyalah kebencian yang membabi buta. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Penutup&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dr. Snouk banyak di anggap orang sebagai
musuh dari Islam tapi ada sebagian pihak yang menganggap dia sebagai teman dari
Islam, dan banyak juga serangan-serangan dari kaum Orientalisme terhadap ajaran
Islam yang ada di Indonesia walau pada kenyatannya semua itu tidak benar
adanya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Demikianlah makalah
ini kami buat, kami mohon maaf sebesar-besarnya apabila terdapat kesalahan
dalam penyajian makalah ini. Dan kami mohon kritik dan saran yang membangun
terhadap makalah ini untuk memperbaiki pada pembuatan &lt;br /&gt;
makalah kami yang selanjutnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Daftar Pusataka&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Aliran dan Paham Sesat di Indonesia”, Hartono Ahmad Jaiz,
     Pustaka Al-Kautsar, &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Jakarta&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;,
     Februari 2002. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Muallaf Meluruskan Pendeta, H. Insan L.s. Mokoginta, Yayasan
     Muhtadin, &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Jakarta&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;,
     1998 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Muallaf Membimbing Pendeta ke Surga, H. Insan L.S. Mokoginta,
     Yayasan Muhtadin, &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Jakarta&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;,
     1998 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pendeta menghujat, Muallaf meralat, H. Insan L.s. Mokoginta,
     FAKTA, &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Jakarta&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;,
     1999 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Islam dan Kristen di Indonesia, M. Natsir, Media Dakwah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Sumber: Staatsblad 1936: No. 355 hlm. 25, 26; 1937 No. 410, hlm. 25,26;
1938: No. 511, hlm. 27,28; 1939: No. 593, hlm. 32, dikutip Deliar Noer, hlm.
39.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/6277347446499365076/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2013/01/orientalisme-dan-islam-di-indonesia.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/6277347446499365076'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/6277347446499365076'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2013/01/orientalisme-dan-islam-di-indonesia.html' title='ORIENTALISME DAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-2369107037916376148</id><published>2012-12-31T00:48:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-12-31T00:48:53.585-08:00</updated><title type='text'>AGAMA DAN KEPERCAYAAN ORANG ABANGAN DI JAWA</title><content type='html'>&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csu%27udi%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot; rel=&quot;File-List&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;country-region&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;City&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name=&quot;place&quot; namespaceuri=&quot;urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csu%27udi%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot; rel=&quot;themeData&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CUsers%5Csu%27udi%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot; rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mojokunto, &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;kota&lt;/st1:city&gt; kecil di
bagian tenganh jawa timur, adalah &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;kota&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;
yang terletak di ujung paling timur suatu daratan besar persawahan. Letaknya
setengah hari perjalan dari &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Surabaya&lt;/st1:city&gt;, &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;kota&lt;/st1:city&gt; terbesar kedua di &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;. &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Kota&lt;/st1:city&gt;
ini menjadi pusat perdagangan, pendidikan dan pemerintahan untuk delapan beals
desa disekitarnya, &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;kota&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;
itu berpenduduk sekitar 20.000 orang penduduk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kota&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; ini adalah asal muasal atau tempat kepercayan yang sangat terkenal
dari &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;
yaitu &lt;i&gt;Abangan.&lt;/i&gt; Pada awalnya masuknya Islam ke &lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pulau Jawa Khususnya tidak menyebabkan
diadakannya ummat tersendiri atau pemisahan antara kaum Hindu dan Muslimin.
Sebaliknya Islam di Jawa terpaksa berapling kedalam dan bertindak dalam rangka
kepercayaan agama tradisional Jawa. Metode-metode pengislaman berpadanan dengan
metode yang sebelum dipakai dalam menyebarkan agama Hinduisme, sebab para wali
terutama sunan Kallijaga, masuk kepedalam Jawa, mendirikan pemukiman-pemukiman
religius disana serta bersaing dengan &lt;i&gt;ajar &lt;/i&gt;(ajaran) Jawa-Hindu di bidang
kesaktian. Dimana-mana diadakan usaha khusus untuk mengislamkan ajaran
tersebut. Salah satunya dengan menggunakan Wayang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bila penguasa masuk Islam dan mengesahkan dirinya
sebagai raja beragama Islam serta memasukkan syari’at Islam ke daerah
kerajaannya, rakyat pun masuk agama yang baru itu. Para Ulama menjalankan
jabatannya dengan menjadi penasihat, hakim dan guru agama (&lt;i&gt;muballig&lt;/i&gt;) dalam
batas-batas social, budayawi, dan politik yang diterapkan oleh kaum bangsawan
Jawa, para pelestari Tradisi Jawa-Hindu. Meskipun syari’at Islam menjadi kaidah
hukumnya, terutama dalam urusan perkawinan, namun syari’at Islam tidak dapat
seluruhnya menggantikan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;adat. &lt;i&gt;Keraton&lt;/i&gt;
(Istana) Jaea tidak selalu harus menjadi keraton yang bercorak Islam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kerja sama antara para wali dan para rajamenghasilkan
satu corak Islam yang pada mulanya disesuaikan dengan pandangan dunia dan
kepentingan baik para ulama maupun bangsawan. Hubungan kekerabatan antara
sebagian anak wali dengan kaum bangsawan malah lebih memudahkan diadakannya
kompromi. Namun pengaruh kedua golongan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;elit maisng-masing berbeda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bagi sebagian masyarakat, pandangna dunia kaum ulama
sebagi golongan elit terkemukadaripada pandangan dunia kaum bangsawan. Bagian
masyarakat ini tinggal dalam lingkungan pesantren dan mesjid. Namun dibagian
lain dalam masyarakat pandangan dunia bangsawan lebih terkemuka. Biasanya
masyarakat ini tinggal di sekitar keraton, tempat tinggal raja dan kaum
bangsawan yaitu pusat kerajaan, pusat kebudayaan tinggi serta pusat kesenian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Perkembangan dua golongan rakyat itu tadi menurut dua
golongan elit yang berbeda, yaitu kyai dan ulam pada satu pihak sreta kaum
bangsawan pada pihak yang lain, merupakan bukti adanya dua pandangan dunia dan
arah pemikiran yang berlainan. Sejak saat itulah orang jawa terpaksa membedakan
antara mereka yang mendasarkan pandangan dunianya pada asas-asas Islam, yaitu
para &lt;i&gt;Santri&lt;/i&gt;, dengan mereka yang mendasarkan pandangan dunianya pada
tradisi kebudayaan jawa, yaitu para &lt;i&gt;Abangan&lt;/i&gt;. Sesuai dengan itu kaum
muslimin jawa telah terbelah menjadi golongan santri dan golongan abangan.
Tetapi ini tidak berarti bahwa batas antara dua golongan ini tampak tegas&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
hanya sekedar pemisahan kaum elit saja pada masa itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tradisi keagamaan abangan, yang terutama sekali terdiri
dari pesta keupacaraan yang disebut slametan, kepercayyaan yang kompleks dan
rumit terhadap mahkluk halus dans eluruh rangkaian teori dan praktek
pengobatan, kekauatan Ghaib, adalah system keagamaan orang jawa yang akan coba
kami uraikan dalam makalah ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Slametan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dipusat seluruh sistem keagamaan orang jawa terdapat
suatu upacara yang sederhana, formal, tidak dramatis dan hamper-hampir
mengandung rahasia &lt;i&gt;slmetan&lt;/i&gt; (kadang disebut &lt;i&gt;kenduren&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;i&gt;slmetan&lt;/i&gt;
diadakan untuk memenuhi semua hajat orang sehubungan dengan suatu keajadian
yang ingin diperingati, ditebus, dikuduskan. Kelahiran, perkawinan, kematian,
pindah rumah, panen, ganti nama, sakit, memohon kepada aewah pejaga desa, dan
lain sebaginya dan semua itu membutuhkan acara atau ritual yang disebut &lt;i&gt;slmetan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Acara ini kebanyakan diadakan setel;ah matahari terbenam
atau malam hari dan pada acara tersebutakan diadakan &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;acara yang besar dimana tuan rumah mengundang
orang-orang dan seorang ahli agama untuk memimpin acara tersebut. Pada siang
hari sebelum acara biasanya digunakan oleh tuan rumahuntuk menyiapkan bahan
makanan untuk nanti malam yang biasanya dilakukan oleh kaum wanita. Sedangkan
pada inti acaranya nanti yang ikut acara kebanyakan adalah kaum pria saja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Makna dari diadakannya slametan ini adalah untuk
menajaga kebersamaan dan tiada perrbedaan antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya.
Dan menurut kepercayaan yang beredar bahwasannya &lt;i&gt;slmetan&lt;/i&gt; dapat menjaga
seseorang dari hal-hal yang berbau ghaib.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Siklus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;slmetan
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;ada empat yaitu: [1] yang berkisar sekita krisis
kehidupan-kelahiran, khitanan, perkawina, dan kematian. [2] yang ada
hubungannya dengan hari raya Islam-malud nabi, idul fitri, idul adha dan
sebagainya. [3] yang ada sangkutannya dengan integrasi desa, &lt;i&gt;bersih desa&lt;/i&gt;
(harfiah berarti pembersihan desa dari para mahkluk halus). [4] &lt;i&gt;slmetan &lt;/i&gt;sela
yang diselenggarakan dalam waktu yang tidak tetap, tergantung kepada kejaidian
luar biasa yang dialami oleh seseorang-keerangkatan untuk perjalanan jauh,
pindah tempat, ganti nama, sakit, terkena tenung dan sebagainya.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;Kepercayaan Terhadap
Mahluk Ghaib&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Kepercayaaan orang abangan terhadap
mahkluk ghaib/halus yang mereka percayai adalah 1-&lt;i&gt;memedi&lt;/i&gt; (tukang
menakut-nakuti), jenis ini hanya menakuti-nakuti orang saja tanpa membahayakan
bagi orang yang ditakutinya. Memedi laki-laki disebut &lt;i&gt;gondoruwo&lt;/i&gt; dan yang
perempuan disebut &lt;i&gt;wewe&lt;/i&gt; (istri gendoruwo yang selalu menggendong anak
kecil dengan selendang di pinggang sebagaimana ibu-ibu biasa). &lt;i&gt;Memedi&lt;/i&gt;
biasanya ditemukan pada malam hari, khususnya ditempat-tempat yang gelap dan sepi.
Seringkali mereka ini tampak menyerupai orang tua atau wujud lainnya. 2-&lt;i&gt;lelembut&lt;/i&gt;
(mahkluk halus) sebaliknya dari &lt;i&gt;Memedi&lt;/i&gt;, dapat menyebabkan orang menjadi
jatuh sakit atau gila. &lt;i&gt;Lelembut&lt;/i&gt; biasanya masuk kedalam tubuh orang, dan
kalu orang tidak diobati oeleh seorang dukun maka akan menyebabkan orang
tersebut menjadi gila bahakan ia bisa mati, dan dukun ini biasanya orang jawa
asli. 3-&lt;i&gt;Tuyul&lt;/i&gt; (anak-anak mahkluk halus), &lt;i&gt;Tuyul &lt;/i&gt;menyerupai
anak-anak dan biasanya dapat menjadikan sesorang menjadi kaya raya. Dan masih
banyak lagi yang lainnya seperti, &lt;i&gt;Sundel Bolong&lt;/i&gt;(pelacur dengan lubang di
tubuhnya), &lt;i&gt;Danyang&lt;/i&gt; (roh pelindung) dan lain sebagainya.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;Penutup&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;Kebanyakan para santri modern tidak
mau menerima ajaran yang terdapat dalam ajaran Abangan, mereka menolak ajaran tersebut.
Namun banyak pula para santri yang ortodok masih mau menerima ajaran tersebut
dengan sedikit kompromi dengan inti ajaran tersebut, dengan alasan “kebenaran
itu satu namun banyak jalan menuju kebenaran tersebut”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Demikianlah makalah ini kami buat, kami mohon maaf
sebesar-besarnya apabila terdapat kesalahan dalam penyajian makalah ini. Dan
kami mohon kritik dan saran yang membangun terhadap makalah ini untuk
memperbaiki pada pembuatan &lt;br /&gt;
makalah kami yang selanjutnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Daftar Pustaka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Muchatarom Zaini, &lt;i&gt;Santri Dan Abangan Di
Jawa&lt;/i&gt;, INIS, &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Jakarta&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;,
1988&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Geertz Clifford, &lt;i&gt;ABANGAN,
SANTRI, PRIYAYI Dalam Masyrakat Jawa, &lt;/i&gt;Pusataka Jaya, Jakarta, 1983 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Muchatarom Zaini, &lt;i&gt;Santri Dan Abangan Di Jawa&lt;/i&gt;, INIS, &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Jakarta&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;, 1988, hal. 24-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Geertz Clifford, &lt;i&gt;ABANGAN,
SANTRI, PRIYAYI Dalam Masyrakat Jawa, &lt;/i&gt;Pusataka Jaya, Jakarta, 1983
Hal.13-18&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ibid, hal 38&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ibid, hal 19-34&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/2369107037916376148/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/12/agama-dan-kepercayaan-orang-abangan-di.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2369107037916376148'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2369107037916376148'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/12/agama-dan-kepercayaan-orang-abangan-di.html' title='AGAMA DAN KEPERCAYAAN ORANG ABANGAN DI JAWA'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-6882192248632487011</id><published>2012-11-30T04:49:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2012-11-30T04:49:22.374-08:00</updated><title type='text'>AGAMA DAN PLURALITAS KEAGAMAAN</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Akhir-akhir ini wacana tentang pluralitas agama atau
pluralisme agama dan masalah-masalah yang mengitarinya semakin menguat dan
muncul keprmukaan. Banyank sekali karya tulis yang membahas masalah ini.
Kecenderungan menguatnya perbincangan tentang pluralitas agama dan hubungan
antar umat beragama disebabkan topic ini adalah topic yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;actual bagi siapapun yang mendambakan
terwujudnya perdamaian antara umat beragama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Namun terkadang kita sering salah memahami apa yang
dimaksud dan apa yang dituju oleh kata pluralitas agama ini. Pada kesempatan
kali ini kami mencoba sedikit mebahas masalah ini yang yang diantaranya
membahas defininisi pluralisme agama, sejarahnya, dan nilai-nilai pluralisme
dalam islam. mudah-mudahan memberikan sedikit warna yang berbeda terhadap apa
yang kita bahas kali ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Definisi Pluralitas Agama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Pluralitas atau pluralisme berasal dari kata berbahasa
Ingris “plural”, yang berarti “jamak” atau “banyak” sedangkan menurut istilah
Pluralisme berarti “keberadaan atau toleransi keragaman etnik atau
kelompok-kelompok cultural dalam suatu masyarakat atau Negara, serta keragaman
kepercayaan atau sikap dalam suatu badan, kelebagaan, dan sebagainya. Pendapat
yang lain mengatakan bahwa pluralisme agama berarti kondisi hidup bersama antar
agama yang berbeda-beda dalalm saatu komunitas dengan tetap mempertahankan
cirri-ciri spesifik atau ajaran masing-masing agama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Namu kata pluralisme sudah melenceng dari maksud awal
arti pluralisme agama, arti yang melenceng itu kia ditegaskan oleh john hick
yang memberi arti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;“&lt;i&gt;Pluralisme agama adalah susatu gagasan bahwa
agama-agama besar dunia merupakan persepsi dan konsepsi yang berbeda tentang
dan secara bertepatan merupakan respon yang beragam terhadap yang real atau
yang maha agung dari dalam pranata cultural manusia yang bervariasi’ dan bahwa
transformasi wujud manusia dari pemusatan dir menuju pemusatan hakikat terjadi
secara nyata dalam setiap masing-masing pranata cultural manusia tersebut. Dan
terjadi, sejauh yang dapat diamati, sampai pada batas yang sama&lt;/i&gt;”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Dengan kata lain hick ingin mengatakan bahwasannya
semua agama adalah merupakan manifestasi-manifestasi dari realitas yang satu.
Dengan demikian, semua agama sama dan tak ada yang lebih baik dari yang lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Pendapat yang lain megnatakan, pluralisme berarti&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bukan satu, tetapi Plural, banyak. Dan banyak
artinya berbeda, karena tidak ada yang sama kita harus bisa mendengarkan dan
menghargai pendapat orang lain karena dia berbeda dengan kita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Sejarah Dan Perkembangan Tren Pluralisme
Agama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Pemikiran ini muncul pada masa yang disebut pencerahan
(enlightemment) eropa, tepatnya pada abad ke-18 Msehi, masa yang sering disebut
sebagai titik permualaaan bangkitnya gerakan pekmikiran modern. Yaitu masa yang
di warnai dengan wacana-wacana baru pergolakan pemikiran manusia yang
berorientasi pada superiotas akal (rasionalisme) dan pembebasan akal dari
kungkungan-kungkungan agama. Ditengah hiruk-pikuk pergolakan pemikiran di Eropa
yang timbul sebagai konsekuensi logis dari konflik-konflik yang terjadi antara
gereja dan kehidupan nyata di luar Gereja, muncullah suatu paham yang dikenal
dengan “liberalisme”, yang komposisi utamanya adalah kebebasan, toleransi ,
persamaan dan keragaman&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;atau pluralisme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Oleh karena paham “liberalisme” pada awalnya muncul
sebagai mazhab social plitis, maka wacana Pluralisme yang lahir dari rahimnya,
termasuk gagasan pluralisme agama, juga lebih kental dengan nuansa dan aroma
politik. Maka tidak aneh jika kemudian gagasan pluralisme agama itu sendiri
muncul dan hadir dalam kemasan “pluralisme politik”, yang merupakan produk dari
“liberalisme politik”. Muhammad Legenhausaen, seorang pemikir muslim
kontemporer, juga berpendapat bahwa munculnya paham “Liberalisme plitik” di
Eropa pada abad ke-18, sebagian besar di dorong oleh kondisi masyarakat yang
carut-marut akibat memuncaknya sikap-sikap intoleran dan konflik-konflik etnis
dan sectarian yang pada akhirnya menyeret kepada pertumpahan darah antar ras,
sekte dan mazhab pada masa reformasi keagamaan. Jelas faham “liberalisme” tidak
lebih merupakan respon politis terhadap kondisi social masyarakat Kristen Eropa
yang plural dengan keragaman sekte, kelompok dan mazhab. Namun kondisi
pluralistic semcam ini hanyalah terbatas dalam masyarakat Kristen Eropa
untuksekian lama, baru kemudian pada abad ke-20 berkembang hingga mencakup
komunita-komunitas lain di dunia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Nilai-Nilai Pluralisme Dalam Islam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Islam adalah agma yang sangat besar dan merupakan
agama paling banyak penganutnya di Negara kita tercinta. Dalam Negara kita
terdapat banyak agama dan aliran-aliran keprcayaaan yang hamper memenuhi
seluruh pelosok Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Banyak sekali ayat-ayat Al-qur’an yang menunujukkan
kepada nilai pluralisme Islam, yang apabila kita hayati, maka akan kita temui
sebuah sikap pluralis antara yang satu dengan yang lain. Yang antara lain ayat
tersebut adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Al-Qur,an surat
Al-Hujurat [49] ayat, 13 yang artinya;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;“Hai manusia, sesungguhnya kami menciptakan kamu dari
seorang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan dan menjadikan kamu berbangsa-bangsa dan
bersuku-suku supaya kamu saling mengenal . sesungguhnya orang yang palin mulia
diantara kamu di sisi Allah ialah orang yang paling bertaqwa di antara kamu .
sesungghunya Allah maha mengetahui lagi maha Mengenal”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ayat diatas
menjelaskan kepada kita bahwa Allah SWT telah meciptakan kita berbeda-beda,
berbangsa-bangsa, dan bersuku-suku untuk menjalin hubungan yang baik. Agar
timbul interaksi positif antara yang satu dengan yang lain dan baik. Dan dengan
interaksi positi itu sangat diharapan akan menjadi prasyarat terciptanya
kedamaian di muka bumi ini. Tapi tetap yang paling mulia disisi Allah adalah
Orang yang paling dekat dengan Allah SWT. Jadi jelas Al-Qur’an memberikan
kepada kita alas an yang rasional penciptaan manusia dengan beragam bangsa,
bahasa, suku dan budaya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Yang kembali Allah tekankan dengan ayat lain,
Al-qur’an surat
huud [11] ayat 118, yang artinya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;“Jikalau tuhanmu menghendaki, tentu dia menjadikan
manusia umat yang satu, tetapi mereka senantiasa berselisih pendapat”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Seandainya Allah mau , dengan gampang sekali akan
menciptakan manusia semua dalam satu grup, monolitik , dan satu agama, tetapi
Allah tidak menghendaki hal tersebut. Tetapi Tuhan justru menunjukkan kepada
realita bahwa pada hakikatnya manusia itu berbeda-beda. Ini kehendak tuhan,
atas dasar inilah orang berbicara pluralisme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Bebrbicara pluralisme artinya bukan satu tetapi
plural, banyak. Dan banyak itu berbeda, karena tidak ada yang sama . maka kita
harus bisa mengharagai pendapat orang lain kaena dia berbeda dengan kita. Itulah
sebenarnya yang kita inginkan di Indonesia ini, yaitu adanya respect
terhdap pendapat orang lain. Tidak memaksakan kehendak kepada orang lain, satu
kelompok kepada kelompok yang lain. Tetapi saling berinteraksi dengan baik
saling menghormati pendapat orang lain. seperti &lt;i&gt;ahlul kitab.&lt;/i&gt; dan pada
khususnya kepada mereka yang memiliki &lt;i&gt;afinitas&lt;/i&gt;, hubungan erat dari segi
idiologi, tauhid atau monoteisme. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Dan Al-Qur’an mengharuskan kita bebuat baik kepada
mereka, dalam surat
Al-Ankabuut [29] ayat 46, yang artinya;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Dan janganlah kamu berdebat dengan ahli kitab,
melainkan dengan cara yang paling baik, kecuali dengan orang-orang zalim
diantara mereka, dan katakanlah: kami telahberiman kepada (kitab-kitab) yang
diturunkan kepada kami dan yang diturunkan kepadamu; Tuhan kami dan Tuhanmu
adalah satu, dan kami hanya kepada-Nya berserah dir. i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Dan masih banyak lagi ayat-ayat yang lain
yang mebahas tentang pluralisme agama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Penutup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Sengaja&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pada
kesempatan kali pemakalah hanya memberikan sedikit nilai-nilai pluralisme dalam
Islam saja, tapi tidak memberikan nilai-nilai pluralisme dalam agama lain, itu
disebabkan kaena Islam agama mayoritas di Negara kita. Dan Islam adalah
kekautan paling besar di Negara kita. Dengan harapan agar kita yang besar dan
kuat tidak memaksakan kehendak kita kepada agama yang lain tapi mendengarkan
pendapat yang minoritas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Demikianlah makalah ini kami buat, kami mohon maaf
sebesar-besarnya apabila terdapat kesalahan dalam penyajian makalah ini. Dan
kami mohon kritik dan saran yang membangun terhadap makalah ini untuk
memperbaiki pada pembuatan makalah kami yang selanjutnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Daftar
Referensi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Prof. Dr. Nurcholish Madjid, &lt;i&gt;Pluralitas Agama;
Kerukunan Dalam Keragaman&lt;/i&gt;, Kompas, Jakarta,
2001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Dr. Anis Malik Thoha, &lt;i&gt;Tren Pluralisme Agama&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Tinjauan
Kritis&lt;/i&gt;, Pnerbit Prspektif Kelompok Gema Insani, Jakarta, 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Dr. Sururin, Nilai-Nilai Pluralisme Dalam Islam;
Bingaki Gagasan Yang Berserak, Pnerbit Nuansa, Bandung, 2005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/6882192248632487011/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/11/agama-dan-pluralitas-keagamaan.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/6882192248632487011'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/6882192248632487011'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/11/agama-dan-pluralitas-keagamaan.html' title='AGAMA DAN PLURALITAS KEAGAMAAN'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-3926006413670471809</id><published>2012-11-27T09:24:00.004-08:00</published><updated>2012-11-27T09:24:34.466-08:00</updated><title type='text'>ANARKISME EPISTEMOLOGIS PAUL KARL FEYERABEND</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;A. Feyerabend dan Latar Belakang Pemikirannya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Paul Karl Feyerabend dilahirkan pada
tahun 1924 di Wina, Austria. Tahun 1945 ia belajar seni
theater dan sejarah theater di Institute for Production of Theater, The
Methodological Reform of the German Theater di Waimar. Sepanjang hidupnya ia
menyukai drama dan kesenian. Hal ini tampak dalam karya-karyanya, di mana ia
memasukan contoh-contoh dari dunia seni untuk menjelaskan pemikiran ilmiahnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ia mempelajari Astronomi,
Matematika, Sejarah, Filsafat dan memperoleh gelar Doktor dalam bidang Fisika di Wina, Austria. Dalam hidupnya ia percaya
bahwa ilmu pengetahuan itu paling hebat dan bahwa terdapat hukum-hikum
universal yang berlaku dalam segala tindakan yang secara ilmiah dapat
dipertanggung jawabkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pada tahun 50-an, ia mengikuti
seminar-seminar filsafat dari Karl Popper di London. Pada saat itu, ia masih
memegang teguh keyakinan rasionalitasnya, namun akibat perkenalannya dengan
Lakatos, pemikiran Feyerabend berubah drastis. Ia melihat keyakinan bahwa dalam
sejarah mekanika kuantum, bermacam-macam patokan telah dilanggar dan anehnya
patokan itu dijunjung tinggi oleh para filsuf bagi perkembangan ilmu
pengetahuan. Di sini,kemudian Feyerabend melihat bahwa segala pencarian hukum
universal adalah ilusi belaka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pada tahun 1958, ia menjadi guru
besar Universitas California di Berkeley dan berkenalan dengan Carl Freither
van Weizsacker, seorang ahli matematika kuantum. Berkat perkenalannya dengan
Weizsacker inilah pemikiran anarkisme ilmu pengetahuan Feyerabend mencapai
puncak. Puncak pemikiran anarkisnya tertuang dalam Against Method yang terbit
pada tahun 1970.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pemikiran Feyerabend tentang
anarkisme ilmu pengetahuan dilatar belakangi oleh dominasi paradigma pemikiran
positivistic yang telah dimulai pada abad ke-19. August Comte sebagai pencetus
paradigma positivisme terpengaruh Descartes yang menyatakan ilmu yang mendasari
segala macam ilmu adalah matematika-astronomika-kimia-fisika-biologi dan
puncaknya adalah fisika social ( Sosiologi ). Comte menyatakan, bahwa baru
setelah manusia mencapai penyelidikan-penyelidikan ilmiah, manusia akan
mendapatkan temuan-temuan yang bermanfaat. Ilmu-ilmu pengetahuan non-alam akan
kesulitan mendapatkan legitimasi karena akan berhadapan dengan
kesulitan-kesulitan. Kesulitan-kesulitan itu berkaitan dengan tafsiran-tafsiran
yang tidak eksak, sehingga kurang memberikan kemanfaatan bagi manusia modern.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;B.
Anarkisme Epistemologis Karl Feyerabend&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Feyerabend adalah seorang yang
sangat concern terhadap pengkonstruksian filsafat ilmu berdasarkan fakta
sejarah ilmu. Ia mengkritik pandangan yang menganggap metode, aliran atau
sistem tertentu saja yang benar. Ia menyatakan &lt;i&gt;“That no set of methodological rules could do justice to the complexity
of the history of sciene”&lt;/i&gt;. Metode ilmiah bukan satu-satunya ukuran
kebenaran, termasuk apa yang dikembangkan ilmu pengetahuan modern, tapi hanya
merupakan salah satu dari berbagai cara atau upaya untuk mengungkapkan
kebenaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Istilah anarkis menunjuk pada setiap
gerakan protes terhadap segala bentuk kemapanan. Anarkisme Epistemologis yang
dimaksudkan oleh Feyerabend adalah anarkisme teoritis dengan alasan historis,
bahwa sejarah ilmu pengetahuan tidak hanya bermuatan gagasan-gagasan dan
interprestasi terhadap fakta-fakta itu sendiri serta masalah yang timbul akibat
kesalahan interprestasi. Berdasarkan analisis historis kritis, ia menemukan
bahwa oleh para ilmuwan, fakta hanya ditinjau dari dimensi ide belaka. Maka
tidak mengherankan jika sejarah ilmu pengetahuan menjadi pelik,rancu, dan penuh
dengan kesalahan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;C. Implikasinya dalam Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Jika dilihat dari karakteristik
pemikiran Feyerabend, dapat dikatakan, bahwa ia adalah tokoh postmodernisme
dalam bidang filsafat ilmu. Sebagai tokoh postmodernisme, maka pemikiran-pemikirannya
merupakan bentuk kritik atas paradigma modernisme. Feyerabend, sebagaimana para
pemikir postmodernisme lainnya, seperti Lyotard, mengkritik pemikiran abad
modern Dr. Descartes ( Renaissance ) sampai dengan Hegel, yang di cap sebagai
grandnarratives yang di legimitasikan. Para
pemikir postmodernisme menuduh, bahwa cara berpikir seperti ini adalah sebagai
cara berpikir yang mentotalisasi dan mempunyai ambisi untuk menjelaskan segala
aspek lewat grand theory (Teori dasar). Epistemologi Cartesian telah melahirkan
keangkuhan epistemology, bahwa realitas dapat ditaklukan melalui pendefinisian.
Singkatnya, Postmodernisme menolak segala bentuk kemapanan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Feyerabend dalam Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam menempatkan konteks pemikiran Feyerabend, saya membatasi
tulisan ini mulai dari tahun 20-an sampai Feyerabend muncul di panggung
filsafat. Semenjak tahun 1920, panggung filsafat ilmu pengetahuan dikuasai oleh
Aliran Positivisme Logis. Di mata aliran ini, persoalan-persoalan ilmiah harus
dipecahkan dengan tekhnik-tekhnik logika matematika. Ilmu pengetahuan sendiri
dirumuskan dan diuraikan sebagai kalkulasi aksiomatis, yang memberikan
perangkat-perangkat hukum pada interpretasi terhadap observasi yang terbatas.
Filsafat ilmu pengetahuan dipandang sebagai logika ilmu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Anarkisme dalam Ilmu Pengetahuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pengertian Anarkisme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Yang dimaksud oleh Feyerabend dengan istilah anarkisme, tidak lain
adalah anarkisme epistemologis. Anarkisme Epistemologis dipertentangkan dengan
anarkisme politis atau religius. Dikatakannya, apabila anarkisme politis
berarti suatu perlawanan terhadap segala bentuk kemampuan ( kekuasaan Negara,
institusi-institusi, dan ideologi-ideologi yang menopangnya ), mungkin
anarkisme epistemologis tidak selalu punya loyalitas ataupun permusuhan
terhadap institusi-institusi itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Anarkisme sebagai Kritik atas Ilmu Pegetahuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Seluruh pemikiran Feyerabend yang diberi nama anarkisme
epistemologis, merupakan suatu kritik. Atas nama kebebasan individu, Feyerabend
mengkritik dari dua sisi. Dalam sudut ini, keduanya tidak dapat dipisahkan
antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya. &lt;u&gt;Pertama&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt;, Anti Metode. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Kedua&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt;,
Anti Ilmu Pengetahuan.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Anti - Metode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Atas nama kebebasan individu, Feyerabend mau melawan tubuh ilmu
pengetahuan. Ia memegang semboyan &lt;i&gt;Anti-Metode&lt;/i&gt;.
Dengan semboyan itu, ia mau melawan ilmu pengetahuan yang oleh para ilmuwan
dianggap mempunyai satu metode yang baku
dan universal serta tahan sepanjang masa, lagi pula dapat membawahi semua fakta
dan penelitian. Menurut Feyerabend, Klaim itu tidak realistis dan jahat. Tidak
realistis, karena kenyataannya ilmu pengetahuan hanya diambil dari pandangan
sederhana atas dasar kemampuan seseorang dan dari lingkungan tertentu. Jahat,
karena ilmu pengetahuan berusaha memaksakan hukum-hukun yang menghalangi berkembangnya
kualitas-kualitas profesiaonal kita dengan mempertaruhkan kemampuan kita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Anti - Ilmu Pengetahuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 117pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Atas nama kebebasan yang sama, Feyerabend mempunyai sikap anti-ilmu
pengetahuan. Anti-ilmu pengetahuan tidak berarti anti terhadap ilmu pengetahuan
itu sendiri, melainkan anti terhadap kekuasaan ilmu pengetahuan yang kerap kali
melampaui maksud utamanya. Dengan sikap ini, ia mau melawan ilmu pengetahuan
yang oleh para ilmuwan dianggap lebih unggul ketimbang bidang-bidang atau
bentuk-bentuk pengetahuan lain, seperti Sihir, Magic, Mitos dan lain
sebagainya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Teori
Anarkitis Feyerabend tentang Pengetahuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Salah satu pandangan tentang ilmu yang paling menantang dan
provokatif adalah pandangan yang dikemukakan dan dibela secara gemilang oleh
Paul Feyerabend. Tidak ada penilaian mengenai watak dan status ilmu akan
lengkap tanpa satu usaha untuk memahaminya. Di sini saya akan memberikan
ringkasan dan menilai apa yang saya pandang sebagai segi-segi kunci pandangan
Feyerabend, terrutama sebagaimana ia muncul di dalam bukunya: Against Method.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Apa Saja Boleh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Feyerabend berkeras sekali pada klaimnya bahwa tidak ada metodologi
ilmu yang pernah dikemukakan selama ini mencapai sukses. Cara utama, walaupun
bukan satu-satunya, yang ia gunakan untuk mendukung klaimnya ialah
memperlihatkan bagaimana metodologi-metodologi tidak sejalan atau tidak bisa
cocok dengan sejarah fisika. Banyak argumennya dalam menentang metodologi yang
saya beri cap sebagai induktivisme dan falsifikasionisme, adalah serupa dengan
argument-argumen yang sudah pernah dijelaskan sebelumnya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tidak bias saling
     diukur dengan standar yang sama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Suatu komponen penting dari analisa Feyerabend tentang ilmu, ialah
pandangannya tentang ilmu-ilmu yang tidak bisa saling diukur dengan standar
yang sama. Dalam hal ini terdapat kesamaan dengan pandangan Kuhn mengenai
masalah paradigma. Konsepsi Feyerabend tentang ilmu-ilmu yang tidak bisa saling
diukur dengan standar yang sama, adalah sebagai ketergantungan observasi pada
teori. Makna dan interpretasi tentang konsep-konsep dan keterangan-keterangan
observasi yang digunakan akan tergantung pada konteks teoritis dalam mana makna
dan keterangan observasi itu muncul.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ilmu tidak harus
     mengungguli bidang-bidang lain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Aspek lain yang penting dari pandangan Feyerabend tentang ilmu
menyangkut hubungan antara ilmu dengan bentuk-bentuk pengetahuan lainnya. Ia
mengemukakan, bahwa banyak kaum metodologis sudah menganggap benar, tanpa
argumentasi, bahwa ilmu ( atau mungkin fisika ) membentuk paradigma
rasionalitas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kebebasan Individu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Banyak hal di dalam tesis Feyerabend &lt;i&gt;Against Method&lt;/i&gt; adalah negativ. Ia menyangkal klaim, bahwa ada
metode yang mampu menerangkan sejarah fisika. Ia menyangkal, bahwa superioritas
fisika atas bentuk-bentuk pengetahuan lain dapat dikukuhkan dengan minta
bantuan pada suatu metode ilmiah. Walaupun begitu, terdapat juga segi positif
di dalam kasus Feyerabend itu. Feyerabend membela apa yang ia sebut sebagai
“Sikap Kemanusiawian”. Menurut sikap ini, manusia individual harus bebas dan
memiliki kebebasan kurang lebih seperti di dalam pengertian John Stewart Mill
yang membelanya dalam esai “On Liberty”
Feyerabend menyetujui “Usaha meningkatkan kebebasan,untuk menuju ke kehidupan
yang penuh dan produktif”. Ia mendukung John Stewart Mill dalam membela&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;“Pembinaan individualitas yang secara pribadi
berproduksi, atau dapat memproduksi manusia-manusia yang maju.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pandangan Althusser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pandangan materialis tentang ilmu yang akan saya uraikan secara
garis besar ini berdasarkan tulisan-tulisan seorang Marxis Prancis, Louis
Althusser. Sebagai materialis, filsafat althusser di dasarkan pada suatu
interpretasi materialisme Karl Marx, sedangkan banyak dari epistemologinya
berasal dari filsuf Prancis lain, seperti Gaston Bachelard.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam satu pengertian tertentu, materialisme dapat dilihat sebagai
suatu usaha menggunakan pendekatan objektif dalam konteks penerapan ilmu pada
masyarakat sebagai keseluruhan. Tidak hanya ilmu, tetapi sejarah ( perubahan
sosial ) pun adalah suatu proses tanpa subjek. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;REFERENSI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;A.F. Chalmers, 1983, &lt;i&gt;Apa &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;itu&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;yang Dinamakan Ilmu,&lt;/i&gt; Terj. Redaksi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Hasta&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Mitra,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Hasta&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mitra,
Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Akhyar Yusuf Lubis, 2003, &lt;i&gt;Paul Feyerabend: Penggagas Antimetode,&lt;/i&gt;
Teraju, Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Amsal Bakhtiar, 2004, &lt;i&gt;Filsafat Ilmu,&lt;/i&gt; Rajawali Pers, Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Donny Gahral Adian, 2002, &lt;i&gt;Menyoal Objektivisme Ilmu Pengetahuan,&lt;/i&gt;
Teraju, Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Jerome R. Ravertz, 2004, &lt;i&gt;Filsafat Ilmu,&lt;/i&gt; Terj. Saut Pasaribu,
Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Juhaya S. Praja, 2002, &lt;i&gt;Filsafat dan Metodologi Ilmu dalam Islam,&lt;/i&gt; Teraju, Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Jujun S. Suriasumantri (ed.), 1983, &lt;i&gt;Ilmu dalam Perspektif,&lt;/i&gt; Gramedia, Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Jujun S. Suriasumantri, 1984, &lt;i&gt;Filsafat &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ilmu, Sebuah &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pengantar &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Populer,&lt;/i&gt; Sinar Harapan, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Listiyono&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Santoso, dkk., 2003,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Seri&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pemikiran &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Tokoh: &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Epistemologi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Kiri,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ar-Ruzz, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Yogyakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;M. Amin&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Abdullah,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dkk., 2003, &lt;i&gt;Menyatukan &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Kembali &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ilmu-ilmu
&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Agama &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;dan &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Umum,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sunan Kalijaga
Press, Yogyakarta. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mohammad Muslih, 2004, &lt;i&gt;Filsafat Ilmu, Belukar,&lt;/i&gt; Yogyakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mulyadhi Kartanegara, 2003&lt;i&gt;, Pengantar Epistemologi Islam,&lt;/i&gt; Mizan, Bandung.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Osman&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Bakar, 1997,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hierarki &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ilmu: &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Membangun &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Kerangka-Pikir &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Islamisasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ilmu,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mizan,
Bandung.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Rizal Mustansyir &amp;amp; Misnal Munir, 2002,
Filsafat Ilmu, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sonny&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Keraf &amp;amp; Mikhael&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Dua,
2001,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ilmu &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pengetahuan: &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sebuah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Tinjauan &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Filosofis,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Kanisius,
Yogyakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tim&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Redaksi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Driyakarta, 1993, &lt;i&gt;Hakekat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Pengetahuan &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Cara &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Kerja &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ilmu-ilmu,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Gramedia,
Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/3926006413670471809/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/11/anarkisme-epistemologis-paul-karl.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/3926006413670471809'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/3926006413670471809'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/11/anarkisme-epistemologis-paul-karl.html' title='ANARKISME EPISTEMOLOGIS PAUL KARL FEYERABEND'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-5553824692307148952</id><published>2012-10-20T10:16:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2012-10-20T10:16:57.311-07:00</updated><title type='text'>FILOSUF DALAM ISLAM</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Perkembangan filsafat di dunia Islam pada masa bani
Umayah tidaklah mendapatkan perhatian yang besar. Baru pada masa bani
Abbasyiyah lah perkembangan filsafat mulai berkembang. Pada awalnya bani
Abbasyiyah hanya tertarik pada perkembangan kedokteran, namun pada akhirnya
filsafat mulai memasuki kancah keilmuan Islam pada masa itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Perkembangan paling pesat pada masa Abbasyiyah adalah
pada masa khalifah Harun Al-Rasyid dan Al-Makmun. Yang banyak memberikan
perhatian terhadap perkembangan Ilmu pengetahuan dan filasafat. Lalu kembali
berkembang pada masa bani Umayah di Andalusia
yang juga mulai mengembangkan keilmuannya yang terkenal dengan perpustakaannya
yaitu: Cordova.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Namun bila dilihat dari sejarah peradaban umat Islam,
maka munculnya pemikiran filsafat dalam dunia Islam ini merupakan gejala
perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dalam
masyarakat Islam sejak timbulnya agana
Islam. Bukankah agama Islam telah sejak dini telah memberikan jawaban-jawaban
yang tegas dan ringkas mengenai beberapa persoalan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;metafisika, Tuhan, jiwa dan manusia.
Pengetahuan tersebut kemudian diperluas dan dikembangkan dengan memadukan
kebenaran wahyu dan akal rasio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Maka muncullah para filosuf Islam dari negeri-negeri
Islam seperti Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Ibnu Tufail, Ibnu Maskawaih, Ibnu Sina, Al-Ghazali,
Ibnu Rusyd, dan lain sebagainya. Namun pada kesempatan kali ini kami hanya akan
membahas tentang Al-Kindi, Al-Farrabi dan Ibnu Rusyd. Karena banyaknya
filosuf-filosuf yang cemerlang di dunia Islam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Al-Kindi (796-873 M)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Nama lengakap Al-Kindi adalah &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Abu Yusuf Ya’qub bin Ishaq Ash-Shabbah bin
‘Imran bin Isma’il bin Al-Asy’ats bin Qays Al-Kindi. Ia dilahirkan di Kuffah
tahun 185 H (801M). Ayahnya adalah Gubernur Kuffah pada masa Al-Mahdi dan Harun
Al-Rasyid dari bani ‘Abbas. Ayahnya meninggal beberapa tahun setelah Al-Kindi
lahir. Dengan demikian Al-Kindi dibesarkan dalam keadaan yatim.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Al-Kindi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pada masa kecilnya memperoleh pendidikan di
Bashrah. Setelah tamat dikota Bashrah ia belajar kekota Baghdad hingga tamat,
Ia mahir sekali dalam berbagai macam cabang ilmu yang ada pada waktu itu,
seperti ketabiban, filsafat, ilmu hitung, manthiq (logika), geometri,
astronomi, dan lain sebagainya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Nama Al-Kindi menanjak setelah hidup di isatana pada
masa pemerintahan Al-Mu’tashim yang menggantikan Al-Makmun pada tahun 218 H
(833 M) karena pada waktu itu Al-Kindi dipercaya pihak isatana menjadi guru
pribadi pendidik putrnya yaitu Ahmad bin Mu’tashim. Pada masa inilah Al-Kindi
berkesepatan menulis karya-karyanya setelah pada masa Al-makmun menerjemahkan
kitab-kitab Yunani kedalam bahasa Arab.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Al-Kindi adalah filosuf Islam yang mula-mula secara
sadar mempertemukan ajaran-ajaran Islam dengan filsafat Yunani sebagai seorang
filosuf, Al-Kindi amat percaya kepada kemampuan akal untuk memperoleh pengetahuan
yang benar tentang realitas. Tetapi dalam waktu yang sama diakuiinya pula
keterbatasan akal untuk mencapai pengetahuan metafisis. Oleh karena itu menurut
Al-kindi diperlukan adanya nabi untuk mengajarkan hal-hal yang berada diluar
jangkauan akal manusia yang diperolah dari wahyu Tuhan. Dengan demikianAl-Kindi
tidak sepakat dengan &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;pemikiran filosuf
yunani dalam hal-hal yang dirasakan bertentangan dengan ajaran agama Islam yang
diyakininya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Karangan-karangan Al-Kindi umumnya berupa
makalah-makalah pendek dan dinilai kurang mendalam dibandingkan dengan tulisan-tulisan
filosuf lainnya. Namun sebagai filosof perintis yang menempuh jalan bukan
seperti para pemikir sebelumnya, maka nama Al-Kindi memperoleh &lt;i&gt;cetak biru&lt;/i&gt; dan mendapat tempat yang
istimewa dikalangan filosu sezamannya dan sesudahnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Al-Farabi (870-956 M)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Nama asli beliau adalah Abu Nashr Ibnu Audagh bin
Thorhan Al-Farabi. Ia dilahirkan dikota &lt;i&gt;Farrab&lt;/i&gt;
tahun 257 H (870 M). sejak kecil Al-Farabi adalah anak yang tekun dan rajin
dalam belajar . dalam berolah kata, tutur bahasa ia mempunyai kecakapan yang
luar biasa dan menguasai bahasa Iran,
Turkistan, dan Kurdistan. Al-Farabi dalam
memulai karirnya pertama-tama beliau hijrah dari kota
kelahirannya kekota Baghdad
yang saat itu menjadi pusat ilmu pengetahuan. Dia belajar disana selama kurang
lebih dua puluh tahun. Ia&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menimba ilmu
pengetahuan kapada : Ibnu Suraj untuk belajar tata bahasa Arab, Abu Bisyr Matta
Ibn Yunus untuk belajar ilmu manthiq (logika). Dari situ Ia mencoba pergi ke Harran yang saat itu menjadi &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;salah satu pusat kebudayaan Yunani di Asia
kecil. Disana ia berguru kepada Yohana Ibn Hailan, namun tak lama kemudian ia
meninggalkan kota ini dan kembali ke Baghdad. Disini ia kembali
memperdalam ilmu Filsafat, Ia juga mampu mencapai ahli dalam ilmu
Manthiq (logika).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Al-Farabi mempunyai pengetahuan yang luas. Ia mendalami
bebrbagai macam ilmu yang ada pada masanya termasuk filsafat. Ia mendefinisikan
filsafat sebagai ilmu yang menyelidiki hakikat sebenarnya dari segala yang ada
(&lt;i&gt;Al-Ilmu Bil Maujudaat Baina Hia
Al-Maujudat&lt;/i&gt;). Filsafatnya yang terkenal adalah filsafat &lt;i&gt;emanasi&lt;/i&gt;. Dalam filsafat emanasi ini ia
menerangkan bahwa segala yang ada memancar dari zat Tuhan melalui akal-akal
yang berjumlah sepuluh.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Alam materi dikontrol oleh akal yang sepuluh itu. Ia juga membahas soal jiwa dan
akal manusia. Akal menurutnya mempunyai tiga tingkat yaitu : &lt;i&gt;Al-Hayulani&lt;/i&gt; (materi) &lt;i&gt;Bi Al-Fiil&lt;/i&gt; (aktuil) dan&lt;i&gt; Al-Mustafad (adeptus, aquired)&lt;/i&gt;. Akal
pada tingkat terakhir ini lah yang dapat menerima pancaran yang dikirimkan Tuhan
melalui akal-akal tersebut.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Al-Farabi berpendapat bahwa segala sesuatu keluar dari
Tuhan. Karena Tuhan mengetahui zat-Nya dan mengetahui bahwa Ia menjadi dasar
susunan wujud yang sebaik-baiknya, jadi ilmunya menjadi sebab bagi wujud semua
yang diketahui-Nya. Bagi Tuhan cukup dengan mengetahui zat-Nya yang menjadi
sebab adanya alam maka akan tercipta alam. dengan demikian, maka keluarnya alam
(&lt;i&gt;Mahkluk &lt;/i&gt;)dari Tuhan terjadi tanpa
gerak atau alat, karena emanasi adalah pekerjaan akal semata-mata. Akan tetapi
wujud alam tidak memberi kesempurnaan bagi Tuhan, karena wujud-Nya bukanlah
karena lainnya. Dan emanasi itu timbul karena pengetahuan (&lt;i&gt;‘Ilmu&lt;/i&gt;) terhadap zat-Nya yang satu. Dan Tuhan itu Esa sama sekali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Al-Farabi banyak mengeluarkan pemikirannya dalam &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;bidang filsafat. Misalnya Filsafatnya mengenai
politk kenegaraaan menyatakan bahwa masyarakat terdiri dari dua macam yaitu
masyarakat sempurna dan tidak semprna. Masyarakat sempurna adalah masyarakat
yang mengandung keseimbangan di antara unsur-unsurnya. Masyarakt ada tiga
yaitu: Dunia seluruhnya, sebagian dunia atau suatu territorial dan masayarakat
kecil yang terdiri satu kota
dan masih banyak lagi lainnya yang menjadi pemikiran Al-Farrabi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Suatu keistimewaan yang diraih oleh Al-Farrabi adalah
usaha yang Ia lakukan dalam mengkompromikan perbedaan faham antara Plato dan
Aristoteles. Plato mengatakan bahwa alam nyata yang kita lihat ini adalah
tiruan semata dari alam idea, sedangkan Aristoteles mengatakan sebaliknya,
bahwa alam idea hanyalah bayangan (pantulan) saja dari alam materi. Kita
melihat beberapa benda (materi). Lalu dari pantulan penglihatan itu barulah
kita dapat menyimpulksn suatu rumusan pendapat (konsep) tentang benda itu.dan
konsepsi itulah menurut Aristoteles yang dinamakan idea. Kalau Plato mengatakan
bahwa alam dunia ini adalah baru (&lt;i&gt;hadis&lt;/i&gt;)
dan tidak abadi, maka sebaliknya Aristoteles mengatakan bahwa alam dunia ini &lt;i&gt;Qadim (azali&lt;/i&gt;) sudah ada sejak semula dan
abadi selama-lamnya. Untuk kedua hal tersebut Al-Farrabi mengatakan bahwa semua
filasfat itu memikirkan kebenaran . dan karena kebenaran itu hanyalah satu
macam dan serupa hakikatnya, maka semua filsafat itu pada prisipnya tidak
berbeda. Begitu juga antara filsafah dan agama. Filsafat memikirkan kebenaran,
sedangkan agama juga memikirkan kebenaran maka tidak ada perbedaan antara
filsafat dan agama. Dan kedua pertentangan diatas janganlah dianggap sebagai
pertentangan yang mutlak dan prinsipil, tetapi haruslah dianggap sebagai
pertentangan yang relative dan hanya soal rincian saja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ibnu Rusyd (1126-1198 M)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Nama lengkap beliau adalah Abul Wahib Muhammad&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ibnu Ahmad ibnu Muhammad ibn Rusyd. Ia lahir
pada tahun 1126 M di Cordova dari kalanagan keluarga ahli nujum. Nenek dan
orang tuanya mempunyai kedudukan Hakin Agung. Dimasa mudanya Ibnu Rusyd belajar
teologi Islam, hukum Islam, ilmu kedokteran, matematika, astronomi, sastra dan
filsafat. Pada tahun 1169 M ia diangkat menjadi hakim di Seville dan pada tahun 1182 M hakim di
Cordova. Ia adalah seorang ahli filosuf dan ahli hukum dan mendapat penghargaan
yang tinggi dari Khalifah Al-Muwahhid Abu Ya’qub yusuf dan Khalifah Abu Yususf
Ya’qub Al-Mansur. Ibnu Rusyd adalah seorang filosuf yang beraliran filsafat
Yunani. Karya-karyanya banyak yang berisi pembelaan terhadap serangan-serangan
yang dilkukan oleh &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Al-Ghazali terhadap
filsafat Yunani seperti Aristoteles. Ia juaga terkenal karena pendapat beliau
yang bertentangan dengan para ulama-ulama yang ada pada masa itu.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Oleh karena itu, antara Ibnu Rusyd dan ahli-ahli hukum Islam terdapat
permusuhan dan atas tuduhan bahwa ia menganut paham-paham filsafat yang
bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam ia akhirnya ditangkap dan diberi hukuman
tahanan kota di
Lucena, yang terletak dekat dengan Cordova. Kemudian dipindahkan ke Maroko
dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;meninggal disana pada tahun&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1198 M.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam masalah filsafat, ia berpendapat bahwa manusia
wajib atau sekurang-kurangnya sunnat untuk melakukan filsafat, dan tugas
seorang filosuf adalah berpikir tentang wujud untuk mengetahui pencipta semua
yang ada ini. Dan Al-Qur’an, menyuruh supaya manusia berpikir tentang wujud dan
Alam sekitarnya untuk mengetahui tentang wujud Tuhan. Dengan demikian
sebenarnya tuhan menyuruh manusia supaya berfilsafat. Dan apabila pendapat akal
bertentangan dengan wahyu, teks wahyu harus diberi interpentasi atau takwil
begitu rupa hingga sesuai dengan akal. Dalam masalah pengetahuan Tuhan ia
menyetujui pendapat Aristoteles yang mengatakan sesuatu yang diketahui Tuhan
itu menjadi sebab untuk adanya pengetahuan Tuhan. Jadi kalau Tuhan mengetahui
hal-hal kecil, maka itu berarti bahwa pengetahuan Tuhan itu disebabkan oleh
hal-hal yang kurang sempurna dari-Nya. Dan ini adalah tidak wajar. Maka sudah
seharusnya bahwa Tuhan tidak mengetahui selain dari zat-Nya sendiri. Dan Tuhan
adalah sebuah kehidupan yang abadi, sempurna dari segala jurusan dan sudah puas
dengan kesempurnaan zat-Nya sendiri.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam masalah keazalian alam Ibnu Rusyd mengatakan bahwa
alam adalah azali. Jadi ada dua keazalian yaitu Tuhan dan alam. Namun keazalian
Tuhan lain dengan keazalian alam. Keazalian Tuhan lebih utama dari keazalian
alam. Ia berargumen seandainya alam tidak azali, ada permulaannya , maka
hadislah alam ini (baru). Dan setiap yang baru mesti ada yang menjadikannya.
Dan yang menjadikan ini&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;haruslah ada
yang menjadikannya pula. Demikian berturu-turut tak ada habisnya. Padahal kejadian
berantai dan tak ada habisnya ini tak dapat diterima oleh akal, jadi
mustahillah bila alam ini hadis. Dan masih banyak masalah yang dibahas oleh
Ibnu Rusyd, seorang filsafat Islam yang menggema namanya di dunia Eropa dan
barat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Penutup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ibnu Rusyd adalah penutup dari kecemerlangan filsafat di
dunia Islam yang diawali oleh Al-Kindi dan mengalami kemajuan dalam bidang
keilmuan. Baik filsafat dan lain sebagainya. Namun setelah masa Ibnu Rusyd
mulailah timbul masa kesuraman dalam dunia Islam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Demikianlah makalah ini kami buat, kami mohon maaf
sebesar-besarnya apabila terdapat kesalahan dalam penyajian makalah ini. Dan
kami mohon kritik dan saran yang membangun terhadap makalah ini untuk
memperbaiki pada pembuatan makalah kami yang selanjutnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Daftar Pustaka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Atjeh Abubakar, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah
Filsafat Islam,&lt;/i&gt; Semarang, 1970&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Umar Farukh, &lt;i&gt;Tarikh
Al-Fikr Al-Arabi&lt;/i&gt;, Beirut, A962. Halaman 225&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Filsafat Umum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, Pustaka Setia, Bandung,
1997.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mustofa A.H.Drs, &lt;i&gt;Filsafat
Islam&lt;/i&gt;, Pustaka Setia, Bandung, 1997.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ahmad Tafsir,Dr., &lt;i&gt;Filsafat
Umum&lt;/i&gt;, Rosdakarya, Bandung, 1990.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Abu Hanifah, &lt;i&gt;Rintisan
Filsafat&lt;/i&gt;, Jakarta , 1950.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bakri Hasbullah,H., &lt;i&gt;Sistematika
Filsafat&lt;/i&gt;, Solo, 1961.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Soemardi Soejabrata,&lt;i&gt;
Pengantar Filsafat&lt;/i&gt;, Yogyakarta, 1970.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Atjeh Abubakar, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah
Filsafat Islam,&lt;/i&gt; Semarang,
1970&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Umar Farukh, &lt;i&gt;Tarikh Al-Fikr
Al-Arabi&lt;/i&gt;, Beirut,
a962. halaman 225&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Mustofa A.H.Drs, &lt;i&gt;Filsafat
Islam&lt;/i&gt;, 1997.Pustaka Setia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Akal yang sepuluh terdiri atas intelegensi pertama dan sembilan
intelegensi planet dan lingkungan yang semuanya berputar menelilingi intelegnsi
yang pertama. Taip lingkungan mempunyai intelegensi dan ruh yang merupakan asal
gerak yang diatur oleh intelegensi kesepuluh. Akal pertam adalah bumi. Akal
kedua adalah langit pertama. Akal ketiga adalah langit kedua. Akal keempat
adalah planet saturnus. Akal kelima adalah panet yupiter. Akal keenam adalah
planet mars. Akal ketujuh adalah matahari. Akal kedelapan adalah plnet venus .
akal kesembilan adalah planet merkurius. Akal kesepuluh adalah bulan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Filsafat Umum,1997, pustaka setia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Mustofa A.H.Drs, &lt;i&gt;Filsafat
islam&lt;/i&gt;, 1997, pustaka setia, Bandung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ibid&lt;/i&gt; hal 183&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Ibid&lt;/i&gt; hal&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;185&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/5553824692307148952/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/10/filosuf-dalam-islam.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/5553824692307148952'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/5553824692307148952'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/10/filosuf-dalam-islam.html' title='FILOSUF DALAM ISLAM'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-4945598669215480851</id><published>2012-10-10T08:09:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-10-10T08:11:34.208-07:00</updated><title type='text'>KEBERADAAN TUHAN: SEBUAH ARGUMENTASI TEOLOGIS MELALUI PENDEKATAN INTUITIF</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: right; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;“pada kurun waktu terakhir ini banyak
ahli ilmu alam termashur dan beberapa ahli biologi terkenal telah menyatakan
dengan tegas bahwa kemajuan-kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan alam dalammasa terakhir
ini telah menyangkal sahnya materalisme, yang lazim dianut sebelumnya, dan
telah membawa kepada sahnya kebenaran dari agama”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Max Planck (1858-1947)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kemajuan sains pada dasawarsa belakangan ini telah memberikan dampak
sangat mendalam terhadap agama dan releigiositas manusia, sebagaimana yang
telah dikatakan oleh Max Planck diatas, bahkan Leahy&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
pernah menyampaikan kesaksian yang positif interaksi antara sains dan dimensi
religositas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sains adalah sesuatu yang sangat menarik untuk siapapun, dimanapun
dan kapanpun. Bahkan hamper tidak ada satup noktahpun dalam alam semesta kita
ini yang tidak merasakan sentuhan dan dampak sains, terutama implikasinya dan
aplikasinya dalam bentuk teknologi. Pendek kata kita sudah menayaksikan dan
merasakan pengaruh dan cekraman dari sains yang sedemikian kuat. Dari kota yang besar hingga ke
pelosok desa yang jauh dari peradapan, teknologi mulai menginjakkan kakinya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tapi dari semakin majunya sains, manusia semakin menjauh dari
religiositas, timbullah pertanyaan bagi penulis, apakah benar sains menentang
adanya agama, atau jangan-jangan kita yang salah mengartikan kemajuan sains dan
teknologi ini. Pada kesempatan ini kami mencoba untuk memadukan antara sains
dan agama dengan mengupas keberadaan Tuhan melalui pendekatan intuitif..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Keberadaan Allah: Pendekatan Intuitif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Laplace menjadi nama yang harus disebut sebagai
salah seorang pencetus sebuah program alam semesta yang mekanistik dan
deterministik yang sebagai konsekuensinya alam semesta mampu mencukupi diri
sendiri. Dan masa seseudah Laplace adalah masa dimana dunia ini tidak dipandang
lagi sebagai sebuah sandiwara Ilahi besar yang mengarah pada sebuah tujuan atau
bukan pula sebagai objek yang sudah ditakdirkan dalam kedaan berkesinambungan
terus-menerus –seperti yang diteriakkan oleh Newton-melainkan sebuah kekuatan
alam yang terus berinteraksi dalam dirinya sendiri. Dan berlangsunglah sebuah
iklim dimana para ilmuwan sekalipun beriman harus menga,bil sikap untuk
mencampakkan Tuhan dalam karya ilmiah mereka. Dalam situasi yang dikuasai oleh
arus pemikiran tersebut di atas, tidak tersangka-sangka terjadi suatu arus
balik yanghampir secara telanjangdan terang-terangan menabrak arus yang sedang
bergerak. Para ilmuwan besar seperti Einstein, Eddington, Lecomte du Nouy, Sir
Fred Hoyle, Paul Davies, dan Charles Thaxton menyatakan bahwa mereka
membutuhkan sebuah hipotesi menilak sepenuhnya pandangan Laplace. Dari
nama-nama itu, satu hal yang menarik adalah mereka semua kecuali Lecomte du
Nouy, bukanlah pengikut agama Kristen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Di depan kita telah dihantar oleh pemikiran lebih
jauh dari augros dan stanciu yang pada hakikatnya merupakan implikasi dari
sains berparadigma baru dalam dunia biologi, maka dalam uraian ini sebenarnya
akan disampaikan implikais dalam bidang yang lain yaitudalam filsafat
ketuhanan. Uraian ini akan menyoroti bagaimana sains dengan paradigma baru
membangun sebuah tradisi ilmiah yang tersendiri sampai kemudian menimbulkan
sebuah problem metafisis dan dan ketuhanan serta keyakinan mengenai adanya
“sesuatu yang superinteligen” untuk memahami realitas yang kita kenal ini.
Suatu alasan yang berkenaan dengan tujuan yang mendasarkan hampir sepenuhnya
pada matematika dan fisika sangat dipelukan disini. Yang disini akan membahas
kebradaan Allah lewat intuisi, munculnya pemahaman kosmologi yang baru,
hasil-hasil yang tersimpan dalam fosil dan yang terakhir kompleksitas dalam
bidang biokimia dan fenomena keberadaan Tuhan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Para ilmuwan mempunyai posisi yang unik dalam
menanggapi keteraturan, keluasan, dan keindahan alam semesta. Mereka, bahkan
dalam diri pengikut Darwin sekalipun, mempunyai firasat bahwa alam semesta itu
terlalu sederhana hanya diterangkan sebagai sebuah realitas yang di dalamnya
berlangsung interaksi yang bersifat kebetulan saja. Kebanyakan dari mereka
setuju dengan pandangan Jhon Hick, seorang filsuf agama, yangmengatakan bahwa
“bila kita menggunakan data-data yang cuku lengkap-tidak hanya dari
kecenderungan-kecenderungan teologis yang di dapat dari evolusi biologis saja,
melainkan juga data-data pengalaman beragama, moral, estetika, dan pengalaman
kognitif manusia-ternyata itu justru akan semakin mebuktikan adanya Allah
daripada menyangkalnya”. Namun sebenarnya mereka belum mendekati
permasalahannya secara matematis, dengan kata lain kepercayaan mereka berasal
darikemungkinan “perasaaan” bukan dugaan yang dibangun secara ilmiah. Tentu
saja ini bukan berarti mereka membuat dugaan yang arbitrary karena memang sudah
cukup banyak bukti yang mendukung pandangan mereka; meskipun demikian tetaplah
cara-cara seperti itu merupakan cara-cara yang belum lengkap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Meski definisi, persepsi dan tolak ukur mengenai
keindahan dari satu masyarakat ke masyarakat lain berbeda, namun tetaplah
konsensus terhadap apa yang disebut sebagai keindahan, keelokan, atau segala
sesuatu yangmeninggalkan pesona. Lebih sering dapat dicapai kesepakatannya.
Keindahan ini menjadi faktor intuitif yang penting menunjuk adanya Allah. Kita
semua pasti pernah terpesona dengan keindahan matahari yang terbenam, keelokan
gunung yanga dilatari gunung biru dan matahair terbenam,&amp;nbsp; gerhana matahari yang diselimuti dengan
suasana mistis. Demikian pula menyaksikan alam semesta ini yang begitu cantik,
serba teratur, yang mampu memelihara dirinya sendiri dengan mengatasi berbagai
gangguan lewat hukum-hukum fisikanya yang sederhana tapi berlaku universal.
Tidak mengherankan apa bila banyak orang berintuisi akan adanya sang pencipta,
sang Arsitek dari kosmos ini.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Alam ini penuh dengankeindahan, dan satu yang
mencolok adalah kepingan salju. W.J. Humphreys dalam kata pengantar buku &lt;i&gt;Snow
Crystal&lt;/i&gt; yang berisi kumpulan foto dari 2000 macam kepingan salju tersebut
sangguh mengagumkan. Belum ada orang yang mampu membuat sebuah benda
keindahannya seperti kepingan salju yangbegitu unik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Jika alam ini dipenuhi dengan keindahan, pastilah
itu tidak timbul secara kebetulan saja maupun karena suatu alasan demi
keperluan tertentu. Keindahan yang ada di alam ni bukan hanya sekedar sebuah
sebab yang diikat berdasarkan suatu keprluan tertentu ataupun alasan demi tindakan
tertentu. Penyebab tadi adalah pikiran yang bertanggung jawab terhadap
keindahan yang berada di alam ini. Manusia menyebutnya Allah. Dalam kisah baru
asal-usul, struktur dan keindahan dari alam raya ini, telah menghantar kita
pada satu kesimpulan akan adanya Allah.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Harus diakui bahwa segala argumen mengenai
keindahan, keteraturan, dan kebesaran dari alam semesta ini pada dasarnya belum
begitu meyakinkan untuk membuktikan adanya Allah. Meskipun demikian, semuanya
tetap mengisyarakan akan suatu kekuatan yang begitu superior atas diri manusia
dan segala sesuatu yang ada disekitar manusia. Bagaimanapun juga penedekatan
intuitif daat dijadikan titik pijak untuk melangkah lebih jauh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Lihat Leahy,
Louis, &lt;i&gt;Aliran-Aliran Besar Ateisme&lt;/i&gt;, 1990, hal. 157-159. juga daftar
bibliografi yang begitu banyak yang bertemakan persoalan mengenai sains dan
ketuhanan hal. 163-164&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Greg Soetome&lt;i&gt;, Sains Dan Problem Ketuhanan&lt;/i&gt;, 1998, Kanisius, Yogyakarta, Hal. 102-103&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Ibid, hal. 52-58&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Daftar Pustaka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Leahy, Louis, &lt;i&gt;Aliran-Aliran
Besar Ateisme&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Tinjauan Kritis&lt;/i&gt;, Yogyakarta Dan Jakarta: kansius BPK
Gunung Mulia 1990&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Greg Soetome&lt;i&gt;, Sains Dan Problem
Ketuhanan&lt;/i&gt;, 1998, Kanisius, Yogyakarta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Leahy, Louis,&lt;i&gt;
Filsafat Ketuhanan Kontemporer&lt;/i&gt;, Yogyakarta Dan Jakarta: kansius BPK Gunung
Mulia 1990&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/4945598669215480851/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/10/keberadaan-tuhan-sebuah-argumentasi.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/4945598669215480851'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/4945598669215480851'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/10/keberadaan-tuhan-sebuah-argumentasi.html' title='KEBERADAAN TUHAN: SEBUAH ARGUMENTASI TEOLOGIS MELALUI PENDEKATAN INTUITIF'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-8375081115502993473</id><published>2012-10-06T12:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-10-06T12:18:10.395-07:00</updated><title type='text'>MASA DEPAN AGAMA DAN AGAMA MASA DEPAN</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;فَأَ قِم وَجهَكَ لِلدِّ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;DecoType Naskh Extensions&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;ينِ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;
حَنِيفًا فِطرَتَ اللهِ الَّتِي فَطَرَالنَّاسَ عَلَيهَا لاَتَبدِيلَ لِخَلقِ اللهِ
ذَالِكَ الدِّ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;DecoType Naskh Extensions&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;ينُ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;
القَيِّمُ وَ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;DecoType Naskh Extensions&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;لَكِنَّ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;
أَكثَرَ النَّاسِ لاَيَعلَمُو&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;DecoType Naskh Extensions&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;نَ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Simplified Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Maka hadapkanlah wajahmu dengan lurus kepada agama Allah; (tetaplah
atas) fitrah Allah yang Telah menciptakan manusia menurut fitrah itu. tidak ada
peubahan pada fitrah Allah. (Itulah) agama yang lurus; tetapi kebanyakan
manusia tidak mengetahui &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;(Al-Qur’an, 30 : 30)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Agama adalah hal yang sudah menjadi sarapan pagi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;bagi orang-orang yang
taat beragama terutama bagi penganut agama Islam, yang tiap bangun pagi mereka
diperintahkan untuk mengingat Tuhan mereka. Bahkan dalam agama Islam, &lt;i&gt;“kalau
bisa&lt;/i&gt;” mereka harus ingat Tuhan mereka dimanapun mereka berada. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kata agama dalam bahasa sansekerta berasal dari &lt;b&gt;A
– &lt;/b&gt;kesini, gam=gaan, go, gehen,-berjalan-jalan. Sehingga dapat berarti
peraturan-peraturan tradissional, ajran-ajaran, kumpulan hukum-hukum, pendeknya
apa saja yang turun temurun dan ditentukan oleh adat-kebiasaan.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dalam agama Hindu “Agama” mengandung pengertian &lt;i&gt;Satya&lt;/i&gt;
(kebenaran absolut), &lt;i&gt;Arta&lt;/i&gt; (dharma atau perundang-undangan), &lt;i&gt;Diksa&lt;/i&gt;
(penyucian), &lt;i&gt;Tapa&lt;/i&gt; (semua perbuatan suci) &lt;i&gt;Brahma&lt;/i&gt; (do’a atau
mantra-mantra), dan &lt;i&gt;Yajna &lt;/i&gt;(kurban)&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Pengertian yang lain adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;“Dharma atau
kebenaran abadi yang mencakupu seluruh jalan kehidupan manusia. Agama adalah
keprcayaaan hidup pada ajaran-ajaran suci yang diwahyukan oleh Sang Hyang Widhi
yang kekal dan abadi.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dalam agama Budha adalah suatu kepercayaan dan
persujudan atau pengakuan manusia akan adanya gaya-pengendalian yang istimewa
dan terutama daru suatu manusia yang harus diataati dan pengaruh pemujaan tadi
atas perilaku manusia.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dalam agama kristen Katholik agama adalah segala
bentuk hubungan manusia dengan yang suci.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dalam agama Islam agama menurut haji agus salim
dalam buku kecilnya, tauhid, mengatakan: “agama ialah ajaran tentang kewajiban
terhadap atura, petunjuk, perintah, yang diberikan Allah kepada manusia lewat
utusan-utusan-Nya. Dan oleh rasul-rasul-Nya diajarkan kepada orang-orang dengan
pendidikan dan tauladan.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Menurut Psikologi Agama, agama adalah pengakuan
pribad terhadap yang dihayati sebagai “yang adi isani/super human” yang
menggejala dalam penghayatan dan tingkah laku orang yang bersangkutan
lebih-lebih kalau usahanya untuk menyelaraskan dengan yang insani itu.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Semua agama menginginkan atau mengharapkan pemeluk
agama mereka menjadi pemeluk yang taat, lalu bagaimana dengan masa saat ini
dimana teknologi telah mencapai yang tak terbatas dimana segala mitos-mitos
dapat digantikan atau dibuktikan oleh teknologi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;dari
berbagai sudut dan aspek teknologi mulai mengerogoti agama dan teknologi mulai
menjadi sebuah Tuhan yang baru bagi para pemuja teknologi dan mulai
meninggalkan agama mereka, karena menurut logika mereka ini lebih jelas dan
dapat dilihat oleh mreka. Pada kesempatan kali kami memcoba membahas sedikit
tentang masa depan agama dan apa itu agama masa depan?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Masa depan agama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Agama menurut Racdliffe Brown, salah seorang ahli
antropologi adalah “ekspresi suatu bentuk ketergantungan pada kekuatan diluar
diri kita sendiri, yakni kekuatan yang dapat kita katakana sebagai kekuatan
Spritual atau kekuatan moral”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; yang hampir
serupa dengan pendapat Durkheim yaitu: “agama dalah system yang menyetu
mengenai berbagai kepercayaan dan peribadatan yang berkaitan dengan benda-benda
sacral, yang mempersatukan semua orang yang menganutnya kedalam suatu komunitas
moral”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; dan masih
banyak lagi yang lainnya yang hamper semuanya mempunyai inti pemikiran yang
sama dengan schuon yaitu: “keprcayaan terhadap suatu kekuatan yang berada
diluar nalar manusia” menurutnya semua agama secara Esoteris adalah beda yang
berbeda hanya pada tatanan eksoterisme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;wacana tentang agama dan kehidupan beragama
selalu muncul baik dalam forum ilmiah maupun percakapan popular. Dalam
masyarakat barat yang sekuler sekalipun, sekarang ini mudah di jumpai
pusat-pusat studi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;agama yang diselenggarakan secara profesional, yang
merupakan bagian integral dari berbagai universitas &lt;i&gt;prestegious&lt;/i&gt;. apalagi
bagi kalangan yang taat beragama sering terjadi banyak perdebatan meski masalah
agama dan Tuhan seringkali dianggapa tidak begitu penting, krena persoalan iman
dilihatnya sebagai masalah kepercayaan. Perdebatan akademis rasional tentang
agama tak lebih sebagai upaya apologi untuk melindungi pilihan imannyayang
berada diatas kemampuan penalaran manusia.iman memiliki logika sendiri yang
berbeda dari logika ilmu pengetahuan, yang keduanya tidak mungkin disejajarkan.
Oleh karena itu meskipun secara teoritis orang bisa beradu argumentasi dalam
bidang teologi, namun apa yang diputuskan oleh akal kritis tidak mesti menjadi
acuan untuk menentukan pilihan iman seseorang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Mengingat motivasi dan pengalaman iman seseorang
tidak selalu sama. Maka merupakan konsekuensi yang niscaya bahwa kberagamaan
bagi umat manusia mau tidak mau bersifatpluralistik yang karenanyan bisa
melahirkan banyak peristiwayang bersidat problematik. Pluralis ini semakin
eksplisit dan semakin lestari ketika masing-masing agama yang ada menawarkan
doktrin dan teologi yang berbeda-beda, yang kesemuanya mempunyai klaim sebagai
agama yang sahih dan punya hak hidup dan semuanya menawarkan jalan keselamatan
absolut. Dan harapan akan adanya satu pemahaman antara agama yang satu dengan
agama yang lain sangat tidak mungkin untuk diharapkan, jangankan menghilangkan
perbedaan dan konflik antar agama, sedangkan perbedaan intern suatu agama saja
tidak mudah untuk dihilangkan. Sebab menghilangkannya berarti menghilangkan
kehidupan manusia itu sendiri. Jadi dalam bahasa lain, kenyataan itu merupakan
“kehendak ilahi” yang tidak bisa tidak harus diterima oleh umat manusia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Mengingat keberagamaan adalah pilhan dan refleksi
kebebasan seseorang untuk mencari dan menghayati iman, maka pada akhirnya
keyekinan beragama berada pada bililk kebebasan yang paling dalam pada diri
seseorang yang orang lain tidak mungkin bisa merenggutnya dan mencampurinya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Walaupun iman bersifat amat pribadi, tetapi karena
iman memiliki pesan dan dorongan etis, maka merupakan tuntutan dan konsekuensi
mral bagi orang yang beriman untuk bersikap konsisten dalam meperjuangkan
prinsip-prinsip moral dalam realitas sosial. Sejalan dengan itu hukum agama
yang mengatur hubungan dengan Tuhan dalam bentuk ritual kegamaan cenderung
bersifat pribadi dan tak terjangkau oleh penegak hukum positif. Tetapi
pelaksanaan hukum agama yang bersifat soisila-eksoterik, pelaksanaannya
diserahkan pada manusia dalam konteks khidupan bermasyarakat dan bernegara
sesuai dan berdasarkan kontrak sosial yang disepakati dalam suatu masyarakat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dengan demikian maka dimasa depan semua agama akan
dihadapkan pada otonomi manusia untuk menentukan pilihan jalan dan imannya
msing-masing dengan mempertimbangkan tertib sosial dan hak-hak orang lain untuk
juga menentukan pilihannya sendiri. Terleih lagi ketika intelektualitas manusia
semakin meningkat sementara klaim kenabian psaca-Muhammad secara historis dan
sosiologis tidak menunjukkan keberhasilan maka berbagai spekulasi intelektual
tentang agama dan pengembaraaan spiritual manusia dalam menghayati imannya semakin
leluasa dilakukan orang.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Agama masa depan; sebuah
karakteristik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Sejarah barat sangat banyak memberikan pelajaran
berhargabagi bangsa yang beragama. Kita bisa saksikan sejak menjelang abad
ke-15 masehi, orang barat sudah tidak percaya lagi dengan agama. Sejak saat itu
orang barat beralih keprcayaan dari agama kristen gereja ke ilmu pengetahuan
yang relah membuktikan kecanggihannya melalui teknologi. Maka sejak itulah
ailmu pengetahuan diyakini bagaikan “agama baru” yang mampu menjawab berbagai
kebutuhan manusia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Aspek metafisika yang sakral karenanya hilang dan
segala sesuatu dipandang hanya materi belaka. Disinilah inti modernisme yang
ditolak kaum tradisional, yaitu suatu pandangan yang hanya mempercayai materi.
Segala sesuatu dipanandang sebatas benda yang bisa dilihat secara indrawi saja.
Berbeda dengan masyarakat tradisional, bahwa segala sesuatu itu memiliki
hakikat, hakikat itulah yang sebenarnya realitas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dalam perjalannanny agama banyak mengalami
perubahan dan berkembang sesuai dengan perjalanan sejarah. Bisa saja seseorang
mempertahankan nama sebuah agama tradisional dengan bangunan teologinya yang
telah mapan. Tetapi kita sulit mengelak suatu kenyataan bahwa pemikiran dan
pemahaman orang tentang agama itu selalu berkembang dalam sejarah. Bahkan tidaklah
terlalu susah untuk mengatakan bahwa gama yang kita pahami dan anut sekarang
ini adalah agama sebagai produk sejarah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Menurut para ahli psikologi, kapasitas penalaran
manusia yang teraktualisasi belum mencapai 13 persen bahkan mayoritas manusia
masih di bawah 5 persen. Artinya, Cara pandang manusia terhadapa agama, alam,
terhdapa dirinya, terhadap sejarah serta paham agama yang dianutnya akan selalu
mengalami evolusi dan bahkan lompatan paradigma.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dan hal itu telah terbukti dalam sejarah. Betapa
banak dalil ilmu pengetahuan lama telah dipatahkan dan diganti dengan rumus
baru yang lebih valid. Juga berapa banyak agama-agama kuno yang telah hilang
dan tidak lagi muncul, sementara berbagai keprcayaan agama yang masih bertahan
dihadapkan pada gempuran proses demi-tologisasi dan sekulerisasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Maka kita tidak boleh marah jika terdapat ilmuwan
yang secara sinis mengatakan bahwa orang&amp;nbsp;
beragama sering memposiisikan tuahan sebaga sandara terakhir. Ketika
nalar tidak sampai untuk memahami misteri dan kompleksitas realitas semesta
maka disitulah Tuhan dihadirkan untuk menentramkan kebingungan kita. Tetapi
ketika sebagian teke teki tersebut terpecahkan maka posisi Tuhan lalu digeser
lagi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Menurut Ibn Al-arabi, Tuhan akan hadir dan menyapa
manusia sesuai dengan persepsi manusia tentang-Nya. Bagi para mistikus, jalan
masuk kepada tuhan yang dipilihnya adalah pintu kasih, sehingga tuhannya para
mistikus adalah Tuhan Snag Kekasih. Adapun bagi para filsuf Tuhan hadir sebagai
Dia Yang Maha Cerdas dan Kreatif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Penutup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Agama adalah hal
yang sangat luas dan penuh dengan problema yanga tak kan pernah habis untuk kita bahas dan kita
diskusikan. Masa depan dan agama masa depan adalah hal yang harus kita wujudkan
dengan kekuatan dan harapan kita masing-masing. Karena keberadaan agama dan
agama itu bagaimana hanya dapat kita ketahui dan kita yakini dengan sudut
pandang kita masing-masing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Demikianlah
makalah ini kami buat, kami mohon maaf sebesar-besarnya apabila terdapat
kesalahan dalam penyajian makalah ini. Dan kami mohon kritik dan saran yang
membangun terhadap makalah ini untuk memperbaiki pada pembuatan &lt;br /&gt;
makalah kami yang selanjutnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Drs. Mudjahid Abdul Manaf, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah Agama-Agama&lt;/i&gt;, PT Raja
Grafindo Persada, Jakarta,
1996, Hal. 1-2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Ibid &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Gede Pudja, M. A., S. H., &lt;i&gt;Weda Parikarna&lt;/i&gt;, Proyek Pengadaan
Kitab Suci Hindu, Depag. RI, Jakarta,
tt., hal. 24.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Drs. Mudjahid Abdul Manaf, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah Agama-Agama&lt;/i&gt;, PT Raja
Grafindo Persada, Jakarta,
1996, Hal. 3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Ibid&lt;/i&gt; hal.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Ibid&lt;/i&gt; hal 5-6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Betty R. Scharf, &lt;i&gt;Sosiologi
Agama; edisi kedua&lt;/i&gt;, Prenada Media, Jakarta, 2004, Hal.34&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;ibid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Frithjop schuon, &lt;i&gt;Mencari
Titik Temu Agama-Agama&lt;/i&gt;, Pustaka Firdaus,1987 hal. X-XI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Komaruddin
Hidayat. M. Wahyudi Nafis, &lt;i&gt;Agama Masa Depan: Perspektif Filsafat Perenial&lt;/i&gt;,
PT SUN, Jakarta, 2003, Hal 151-156&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Betty R. Scharf, &lt;i&gt;Sosiologi Agama;
Edisi Kedua&lt;/i&gt;, Prenada Media, Jakarta, 2004,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Frithjop schuon, &lt;i&gt;Mencari Titik Temu
Agama-Agama&lt;/i&gt;, Pustaka firdaus, 1987&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Komaruddin Hidayat. M. Wahyudi Nafis, &lt;i&gt;Agama
Masa Depan: Perspektif Filsafat Perenial&lt;/i&gt;, PT SUN, Jakarta, 2003&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Drs. Mudjahid Abdul Manaf, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah Agama-Agama&lt;/i&gt;, PT
Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta,
1996.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Gede Pudja, M. A., S. H., &lt;i&gt;Weda Parikarna&lt;/i&gt;, Proyek
Pengadaan Kitab Suci Hindu, Depag. RI, Jakarta,
tt.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/8375081115502993473/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/10/agama-dan-spritualitas-masa-depan-agama.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/8375081115502993473'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/8375081115502993473'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/10/agama-dan-spritualitas-masa-depan-agama.html' title='MASA DEPAN AGAMA DAN AGAMA MASA DEPAN'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-1654676436125954827</id><published>2012-10-03T09:12:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2012-10-03T09:13:22.160-07:00</updated><title type='text'>AGAMA LOKAL BALI TRUNYAN</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pendahluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam sejarah perkembangannya agama-agama besar sering dijumpai
suatu kondisi dimana agama besar yang sudah keluar dari tempat asalnya dan
bersinggungan dengan agama atau kebudayaan, tradisi disuatu tempat, akan
melahirkan suatu pemahaman atau bahkan varian baru agama tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; beberapa pola hasil persinggungan antara agama besar dengan agama
local setempat. Terkadang agama besar dapat masuk dan dapat menggantikan
kepercayaan setempat atau bahkan bisa saja tertolak karena kuatnya resistensi
dari kepercayaan setempat. Namun hasil persinggungan antara agama besar dengan
agama lokal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;yang banyak
dijumapai di Indonesia
adalah adanya akulturasi bahkan sampai sinkretisasi. Hal ini tentu saja karena
kuatnya resistensi dari masyarakat dalam memegang adat istiadatnya. Di Bali hal
ini dapat kita temukan dengan melihat agama hindu bali di Trunyam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Trunyam adalah nama sebuah daerah disekita danau
Batur, Bali. Dari beberapa &lt;i&gt;artefak &lt;/i&gt;yang ditemukan daerah ini diketahui
sangat tua dan mewarisi budaya-budaya megalitikum. Hal ini misalnya dapat
diketahui dengan adanya patung dewa Trunyam, Ratu Sakti Pancering Jagat&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Dan lain sebagainya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kepercayaan asli Trunyam adalah &lt;i&gt;Ancestor
Worship&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
&lt;i&gt;Animisme, Animatisme&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i&gt;Dinamisme&lt;/i&gt;. Namun setelah hindu datang
kepulau Bali dari Jawa sekitar abad ke-X dan menguasai wilayah ini. Setelah
kepercayaan Trunyan ter-Hindu-kan maka kepercayaan Trunyam kemudian disebut
kepercayaan Hindu Bali Trunyam dan diakui sebagai bagian dari Hindu Dharma di
Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Walaupun telah terhindukan, bukan lantas
keprcayaan aslinya hilang. Pada kenyatannya, agama Hindu hanya menjadi pola
dasar pengembangan agama Trunyam selanjutnya. Ini terlihat dari pemakaian
liturgi Hindu Bali yang digunakan bukan untuk memuja dewa-dewa yang berasal
dari India, tapi untuk memuja Ratu Sakti Pancering Jagat, permaisurinya dan
leluhur orang-orang Trunyam.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kini berkat ajaran oarng-orang Hindu Dharma, orang
Trunyam telah mengenal Sang Hyang Widhi, Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, yang biasa
disebut Sang Hyang Emaban. Tuhan yag ada dimana-mana, dan Ratu Pancering Jagat,
dewa tertinggi sebagai penjelmaan dari Sang Hyang Widhi. Konsekuensinya,
Trimurti adalah putra-putra dewa tetinggi yang maha pengasih. Penjaga
ketertiban alam dan kesusilaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Sistem kepercayaaan orang Trunyam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kepercayaan yang menghubungkan dengan sistem
kepercayaan orang Trunyan adalah kepercayaan mengenai: 1) dunia gaib, 2)
dewa-dewa, 3) makhluk-makhluk halus, 4)roh peribadi dan roh leluhur, 5)
kekuatan sakti, 6) kepercayaan mengenai penyakit dan kematia, 7)kepercayaan
mengenai hidup dan hidup setelah mati, 8) kesusteraan suci.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dunia Gaib&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Orang sadar trunyan sdadar bahwa
dirinya terdiri dari dua aspek, yaitu dunia yang nyata dan dunia yang tidak
tampak. Yang terakhir ini adalah yang berhubungan dengan sistem kepercayaanya.
Dunia berada diluar jangkauan panca indera dan diluar batas akalnya. Didalam
aspek dunia kedua inilah terdapat berbagai mahkluk halus dan kekuatan sakti,
yang taidak dapat dikuasai manusia secara biasa. Dan karena kebanyakan orang
Trunyam tergolong tidak mempunyai ilmu gaib untuk menghadaoi mahkluk-mahkluk
halus tersebut, maka jalan yang ditempuh untuk menghadaoi mahkluk-mahkluk halus
tersebutadalah dengan mengambil hati mereka serta menyembahnya, maksud
penyembahan yang mereka lakukan adalah agar mahkluk-mahkluk gaib tersbut
menjadi senang dan melindungi mereka serta membantu kehidupan orang Trunyan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dewa-Dewa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Jumlah dewa-dewa orang Trunyan
sangat banyak dan ada susunannya. Kebanyakan dari mereka itu mempunyai tempat
persemayaman (&lt;i&gt;pelinggih&lt;/i&gt;) tersendiri
di dalam kuil utama Trunyan, Bali desa pancering Jagat Bali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dewa-dewa di Trunyan dapat
dibagi menjadi beberapa golongan berdasarkan beberapa macam kriteria,
diantarnya sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan
hubungannya dengan raja dewanya (Ratu Sakti Pancering Jagat)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dalam kriteria ini terbagi
menjadi dua golongan, yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dalam hubungan kekerabatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dewa-dewa yang tergolong
kerabat dewa tertinggi Trunyan adalah Ratu Ayu Pinyit Dalam Dasar, yang
merupakan permaisurinya, Ratu Ayu Mekulem, merupakan istrinya yang lain, dan Ratu
Gede Dalam Dasar, yang merupakan putra tertuanya dari hasil perkawinannya
dengan permaisurunya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dalam hubungan pemerintahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dewa-dewa yang tergolong dalam
pemerintahan kerajan Ratu Sakti Pancering Jagat antara lain: Ratu Sakti Gunung
Agung, yang mengurus mencarikan dana bagi perayaannya; Ratu Sakti Meduwe Gama
Ujung Sari, yangmegurus pembuatan &lt;i&gt;awig-awig&lt;/i&gt;
(undang-undang); Ratu Sakti Pujangga Lueh, yang bertugas sebagai pendeta
kerajaan, yangmengurus hal keagamaan dan pembuatan &lt;i&gt;tirtha&lt;/i&gt; (air suci); Ratu Sakti Meduwe Raja, yang bertugas sebagai
sekretarisnya; Ratu Ayu Manik Surat Mepura Kangin dan Ratu Ayu Manik Sutra
Mepura Kaoh, dua orang dewa kembar yang bertuga mengawasi tingkah para pesuruh
desa yaitu para &lt;i&gt;buta kala&lt;/i&gt;; Betara
Kaler, yang bertugas sebagai panglimanya; Ratu Wayan Purus Mandi,yang bertugas
sebagai jaksa kerajaan; dan Ratu Wayan Besang Bedel, yang bertugas sebagai
hakim kerajaannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan
perbedaan loksi pelinggihnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan lokasi
pelinggihnya, dewa-dewa di Trunyan dapat pula dibagi menjadi dua golongan
yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Berada di desa induk Trunyan (Belongan Trunyan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dewa-dewa dari golongan
pertama ini adalah mereka yang merupakan kerabat dan para menteri dewa
tertinggi Trunyan. Dewa-dewa ini bersemayam di dalam kuil utama Trunyam, Bali
desa Pancering Jagat Bali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Berada di tempek-tempek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Para dewa dari golongan kedua
ini adalah mereka yang hanya dipuja penduduk desa tertentu dan warga &lt;i&gt;dadia &lt;/i&gt;tertentu. Contohnya yang&amp;nbsp; pelinggih-pelinggihnya berada di pura bunut
yang terletak di tempek. Para dewa tersebut tidak dipuja oleh seluruh penduduk
Trunyan, melainkan asli tempek tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;C.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan
jumlah pemujanya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dewa-dewa Trunyan dapat pula dibagi
menjadi dua golongan berdasarkan jumlah pemujanya, yaitu desa atau &lt;i&gt;Dadia&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;
(klen kecil patrineal). Dewa-dewa golongan pertama adalah mereka yang
merupakan kerabat serta pembantu (menteri) dewa tertinggi Trunyan dan
bersemayam didalam kuil utama Trunyan. Dewa-dewa golingan kedua adalah mereka
yangmerupakan leluhur masing-masing &lt;i&gt;Dadia&lt;/i&gt;,
dan bersemayam di s&lt;i&gt;anggh dadia-dadia&lt;/i&gt;
masing-masing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Para dewa Trunyan sebagian
besar bersifat pengasih dan selalu melindungi penduduk Trunyan, dan sebagian
kecil bersifat suka menghukum. Ada satu dwa yang tidak mempunyai pelinggih
khusus, yaitu Empu Rare atau Kumara. Tugas dewa tersebut adalah menjaga seorang
anak bayi yang baru lahir, sampai usia 12 bulan. Dewa ini hanya dipuja jika
sebuah rumah tanggal kelahiran seorang anak bayi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dewa-dewa di Trunyan juga
mempunyai lambang suci yang disimpan di dalam &lt;i&gt;pelinggih-pelinggih&lt;/i&gt; masing-masing. Lambang tersebut dapat dibagi
dua, yaitu yang pertama disebut &lt;i&gt;pertima&lt;/i&gt;,
yang dibuat manusia, dan yang kedua yang disebut piturun, diyakini oleh orang
Trunyan diturunkan langsung dari langit oleh dewa yang bersangkutan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Mahkluk-Makhluk Halus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Selain para dewa, orang
Trunyan juga yakin bahwa didunia alam gaib ada mahkluk halus seperti &lt;i&gt;Buta Kala, Anak diPeteng, Jin,&lt;/i&gt;
bintang-bintang gaib dan lain sebagainya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Buta
kala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; adalah roh halus
yang bukan berasal dari manusia. Kedudukannya masih lebih rendah dari para
dewa. Karena mereka merupakan pesuru-pesuruh dewa. Buta kala berbeda dengan
para dewa karena sifatnya yang bermusuhan dengan manusia, selalu mengganggu
manusia. Mereka akan berhenti mengganggu manusia jika diberi sesajian khusus
yaitu yang disebut &lt;i&gt;caru&lt;/i&gt;. Tempat
tinggal para buta kala ini disekita bali Desa Pancering Jagat Bali. Didalam
Bali Desa mereka berada terutama dibawah pohon beringan yang terletak&amp;nbsp; di kompleks Kemulan Kangin dan pohon nangka
tua di Tinggkih tengah. Buta kala sering menampakkan diri dalam bentuk raksasa
atau seekor kuda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Mahkluk halus yang disebut anak di peteng
ada tiga macam, yaitu: &lt;i&gt;hantu, nyama pat&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
(empat saudara), &lt;i&gt;jim&lt;/i&gt; dan roh anak
kecil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Hantu adalah roh manusia Trunyan, yang
oleh kerabatnya yang masih hidup, belum juga di-aben-kan walaupun ia sudah lama
meninggalkan badan kasarnya. Roh-roh semacam ini menjadi jahat karena kesal
tidak dapat melepaskan diri dari kehidupannya yang lama. Menurut kepercayaan
orang Trunyan, roh-roh yang dapat menjadi &lt;i&gt;hantu&lt;/i&gt;
hanyalah roh-roh yang pada waktu meninggalnya telah menikah dan juga mati
secara tidak wajar. Hal ini disebabkan karena mereka termasuk roh yang paling &lt;i&gt;“kotor”&lt;/i&gt; (sebel), sehingga selama belum
melalui upacara pembersihan serta &lt;i&gt;pengabenan&lt;/i&gt;
harus bertempat tingal di tempat paling kotor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Nyama
Pat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; adalah roh-roh empat
saudara seorang anak bayi Trunyan, sewaktu masih dalam rahin ibunya. Empat
saudara tersebut adalah &lt;i&gt;yeh nyem&lt;/i&gt; (air
tuban), &lt;i&gt;getih&lt;/i&gt; (darah), &lt;i&gt;ari-ari&lt;/i&gt;(placenta), dan tali pusat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Jim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; mungkin berasal dari kata jin. Penampilan
roh ini berupa seorang perempuan atau lelaki. Roh ini dibedakan dari &lt;i&gt;hantu&lt;/i&gt;, karena bukan berasal dari orang Trunyan.
Tempat kediaman &lt;i&gt;jim&lt;/i&gt; ini di jalan Batu
Gede.roh terakhir yang temasuk dalam kategori &lt;i&gt;anak di peteng &lt;/i&gt;adalah roh-roh anak kecil, yang sering menampilkan
diri di jalan megalitik batu gede, yaitu dibagian yang berada tepat di atas &lt;i&gt;setra nguda&lt;/i&gt; (tempat pemakaman anak kecil
dan &lt;i&gt;teruna/debunga&lt;/i&gt;). Mereka ini tidak
bersifat jahat, hanya suka meminta makan, maka orang yang lewat dijalan
tersebut harus memberi sajian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Didalam kepercayaan orang-orang Trunyan
ada pula bintang-binatang gaib yang disebut &lt;i&gt;Druwe&lt;/i&gt;,
dan dianggap sebagai piaraan dewa. Bintang-binatang gaib yang termasuk dalam
kategori ini adalah naga bersisik dan berjengger emas, ular, kelelawar dan
harimau. Naga ini tunggangan Ratu Ayu Pingit Dalam Dasar dan putranya yang
bernama Ratu Gede Dalam Dasar. Upacara &lt;i&gt;mekelem&lt;/i&gt;,
yaitu memberi sajian dengan menenggelemkannya kedalam danau untuk para piaraan
dewa tersebut. Naga ini ada kalanya bermain di dalam &lt;i&gt;penaleman&lt;/i&gt; (bagian kuil utama Trunyan yang tersuci).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Roh Pribadi Dan Roh Leluhur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Orang Trunyan juga membedakan
badan kasar degnan badan halus, jika badan kasar dapat lenyap setelah orang
yang memilikinya meninggal, maka badan halusnya atau rohnya tidak.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Roh manusia adalah abadi, dan
roh tersebut akan terus kembali menitis ketubuk kasar orang se-&lt;i&gt;dadia&lt;/i&gt;-nya. Penitisan terus-menerus suatu
roh didalam suatu dadia dari generasi kegenrasi yang lain, menyebabkan orang
Trunyan tidak berani menyakiti anak dan keturunannya. Dan setiap orang Trunyan
harus menghormati tubuh halusnya, karena jiwa yang bersemayam di dalam tubuh
pribadinya adalah roh dari salah seorang leluhur mereka. Roh-roh leluhur yang
menitis kembali pada orang Trunyan ada kalanya berasal dari mereka yang sudah
mempunyai kedudukan sebagai dewa. Roh-roh leluhur yang telah mencapai tinggakat
kedewan in jika menitis selalu kedalam tubuh anak-anak kembar dua. Anak kembar
dua yang berkelamin sama disebut &lt;i&gt;kembar
patuh&lt;/i&gt;, Anak kembar dua yang berbeda jenis kelami disebut &lt;i&gt;kembar buncing&lt;/i&gt;, dan kembar tiga atau
lebih disebut &lt;i&gt;kembar telu&lt;/i&gt;. Dengan
kelahiran anak kembar ini bukan saja keluarga yang melahirkan berada dalam
keadaan &lt;i&gt;sebel&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu &lt;i&gt;muharram&lt;/i&gt;, tetapi seluruh desa Trunyan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Hal yang perlu diperhatikan
dalam masalah kelahiran anak kembar di Trunyan adalah mengenai dualisme, yaitu
disatu pihak ia dianggap sial, tetapi dipihak lain ia diangga sebagai
keberuntungan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Anak-anak kembar jika dapat
hidup, selama hidupnya dianggap suci sehingga mendapat gelar kesucian yaitu: &lt;i&gt;Jero Patuh&lt;/i&gt; untuk &lt;i&gt;Kembar Patuh&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Jero Salit &lt;/i&gt;untuk
&lt;i&gt;Kembar Buncing&lt;/i&gt;, dan &lt;i&gt;Jero Telu &lt;/i&gt;untuk kembar tiga. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kekuatan Sakti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Orang Trunyan seperti hanya
bangsa-bangsa di sunia ini juga mempercayai adanya kekuatan-kekuatan gaib dalam
gejala-gejala yang luar biasa. Gejala-gejala dan hal-hal yan gluar biasa
tersebut dapat berupa gejala-gejala alam, tokoh-tokoh manusia, bagian-bagian
tubuh manusia, bintang, tumbuh-tumbuhan, benda-benda dan lain sebagainya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Gejala-gejala yang orang
Trunyan anggap mempunyai tenaga gaib adalah angin, yang bertiup dari arah barat
laut, yaitu dari arah desa Songan. Angi tersebut disebut angin &lt;i&gt;Gering&lt;/i&gt;, yang berarti angin penyakit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tokoh-tokoh manusia yang
dianggap mempunyai kekuatan tenaga gaib adalah para &lt;i&gt;balian&lt;/i&gt; di Trunyan, karena mereka mempunyai tenaga untuk menguasai
tenaga alam seperti hujan, untuk mencelakai orang dengan cara gaib, atau
menyembuhkan orang sakit. Guru Parbawi misalnya, seorang &lt;i&gt;balian&lt;/i&gt; terkemuka yang dapat mendatangkan dan mengusir hujan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kepercayaan Mengenai Penyakit Dan Kematian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Penyakit bagi orang Trunyam
sangat erat kaitannya dengan alam gaib, menurut mereka penyebab utama dari
suatu penyakit adalah &lt;i&gt;anak di peteng&lt;/i&gt;
(roh jahat). Manusia yang terbentur anak di peteng maka akan sakit. Sakit juga
disebabkan roh pribadi si sakit marah, biasanya ini disebbkan hari lahirnya
tidak diupacarakan (&lt;i&gt;otonan&lt;/i&gt;). Selain
dua sebab diatas peran balian pengiwa yang dapat mengerahkan roh-roh jahat juga
diyakini dapat menjadi sebab dari suatu penyakit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Seseorang yang meninggal dalam
kepercayaan Trunyan akan dimakamkan sesuai dengan kondisi kematiannya. Ada dua
macam jenis pemakaman di Trunyan. Yaitu &lt;i&gt;exposure&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
dan inhumation. Oleh karena itu di desa Trunyan disediakan tiga tempat
pemakaman: (1) &lt;i&gt;Sema Wayah&lt;/i&gt;,
dipergunakan untuk pemakaman &lt;i&gt;mepasah&lt;/i&gt;
(exposure). (2) &lt;i&gt;Sema Bantas&lt;/i&gt;,
dipergunakan bagi pemakaman dengan penguburan. (3) &lt;i&gt;Sema Nguda&lt;/i&gt;, dipergunakan bagi kedua jenis penguburan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Eskatologi orang Trunyan
menyakini adanya surga. Orang-orang yang meninggal dalam keadaan belum kawin
atau anak-anak akan langsung masuk surga. Sedangkan yang lainnya setelah
meninggal akan gentayangan menunggu jenazahnya diabenkan. Setelah itu baru bisa
menitis kembali. Jika tidak diabenkan ia mengganggu kerabatnya. Uniknya orang
Trunyan lebih memilih menitis kembali dari pada masuk kedalam surga.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kesusasteraan Suci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Seperti juga bangsa-bangsa di
dunia, orang Trunyan juga mempunyai kesusasteraan suci atau mite &lt;i&gt;(myth)&lt;/i&gt;. Mite tersbut adalah: mite
tentang dewi yang turun dari langit, dan legenda tentang anak-anak dalem solo
yang mengembara mencari sumber bau-bauan harum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Funsi mite ini untuk
menerangkan asal usul penduduk Trunyan serta para dewa-dewanya. Mite ini
dianggap suci dan setahun sekali di dramakan semacam drama pantomine pada &lt;i&gt;Odalan&lt;/i&gt; Ratu Sakti Pacering Jagat pada &lt;i&gt;Purnama Ing Kapat&lt;/i&gt;. Dan drama ini
dianggap bertuah, jika dapat dipertunjukkan akan mendatangkan kesuburan pada
tanah-tanah penduduk, tanaman serta binatang pelliharannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Upacara Keagaman Di Trunyan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Upacara keagamaan di Trunyan dapat dibagi menjadi
lima jenis:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dewa
Yadnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;. Biasa disebut
dengan &lt;i&gt;Odalan&lt;/i&gt;, yang bertujuan untuk
mengambil hati dewa yang diupacarakan. hampir stiap bulan&amp;nbsp; ada upacara ini. Salah satunya adalah upacara
Saba Gede yang dilakukan pada saat &lt;i&gt;Tilem
Kesanga &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;Odalan Ratu Pingit Dalem &lt;/i&gt;pada
saat purnama Sadha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pitra
Yadnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;. Upacara yang
dilakukan untuk para leluhur dan para kerabat, juga apabila ada kematian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Resi
Yadnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;, upacara yang
dilakukan untuk pentahbisan pendeta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Buta
Yadnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;, upacara yang
dilakukan untuk para buta kala, biasa juga disebut dengan &lt;i&gt;Mecaru&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;ü&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Manusia
Yadnya,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; upacara yang
dilakukan untuk manusia yang masih hidup. Misalnya upacara ulang tahun otonan
yang berlangsung enam bulan sekali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dalam kebudayaan orang Trunyan, jika seseoran
tidak dalam keadaan sebel maka bisa dikatakan bahwa upacara-upacara yang rutin
akan dilakukan setiap lima belas hari sekali. Dari&amp;nbsp; kelima jenis upacara diatas hanya upacara
Odalan, Mecaru dan Otonan yang dapat dikatakan sebagai upacara rutin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Hindu Trunyan tidak memiliki hari raya yang sama
dengan Hindu di Bali pada umumnya. Hari-hari raya seperti galangan, kunigan,
ciwartri, saraswatri, dan pagerwesi, tidak dirayakan. Bahkan nyepi pun tidak.
Jika diantara mereka melakukan amati geni pada saat nyepi bukan karena mereka
merayakan tatapi karena takut tidak disebut sebagai orang Hindu oleh orang Hindu
Bali fanatik. Hari dimana upacara seba gede dilakukan bisa dikatakan sebagai
hari raya yagn terbesar bagi orang Trunyan, selain itu hair pelaksanaannya
bertepatan dengan hari raya nyepi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Penutup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Walaupun banyak yang bilang Bali Trunyan adalah Hindu namun pada
kenyatannya banyak dari ajaran maupun keprcyaan mereka yang berbeda dari orang
Hindu yang ada di Bali pada umumnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Demikianlah makalah ini kami buat, kami mohon maaf sebesar-besarnya
apabila terdapat kesalahan dalam penyajian makalah ini. Dan kami mohon kritik
dan saran yang membangun terhadap makalah ini untuk memperbaiki pada pembuatan &lt;br /&gt;
makalah kami yang selanjutnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dakam mitologi
orang Trunyam patung ini dianggap diturunkan dari langit oleh para dewa,
memiliki ketinggian kurang lebih empat meter.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ancestor
Worship &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;adalah
kepercayaan yang berdasarkan pemujaan leluhur. &lt;i&gt;Animisme&lt;/i&gt; adalah
kepercayaan tentang adanya roh-roh lain dilingkungan sekitar, sehingga perlu
untuk dipuja. &lt;i&gt;Animatisme&lt;/i&gt; adalah kepercayaan bahwa benda-benda dan
tumbuhan juga memiliki perasaan seperti manusia. &lt;i&gt;Dinamisme &lt;/i&gt;adalah
kepercayaan adanya kekuatan sakti pada setiap hal atau benda yang luar biasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Kedaan ini pada
umumnya belaku pada agama hindu di seluruh Indonesia, namun di Trunyam hal ini
lebih menonjol. Agama Hindu yang dating dari India
hanya menjadi jubah baru bagi jiwa asli kebudayaaan Indonesia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Kepercayaan orang bali
pada umumnya menyebutkan dengan kanda mpat, perbedaannya jika nyama pat dinggap
sebagai saudara muda, maka kanda mpat dinggap sebagai saudara tua. Lihat C.
Hooykas, Pura Bekasih.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Meletakkan jenazah
diatas tanah dibawah udara terbuka. Orang &lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Trunyan biasa menyebutnya dengan &lt;i&gt;mepasah&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Hal ini berebda dengan
ajaran pendeta Syiwa yang bertujuan agar ummatnya tidak menitis kembali
setelkah meninggal.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -9pt;&quot;&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
	{mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
	mso-style-noshow:yes;
	mso-style-priority:99;
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	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
	mso-para-margin:0cm;
	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
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   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;DAFTAR PUSTAKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Hooykas, Pura Bekasih; &lt;i&gt;culture and religion in bali&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Indonesian heritage vol. VI,
groiler international, jakarta, 2002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;James Dananjaja, &lt;i&gt;Kebudayaan Petani Desa Trunyan Di Bali&lt;/i&gt;,
UI Press, Jakarta, 1980&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/1654676436125954827/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/10/agama-lokal-bali-trunyan.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/1654676436125954827'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/1654676436125954827'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/10/agama-lokal-bali-trunyan.html' title='AGAMA LOKAL BALI TRUNYAN'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-9207225098941580621</id><published>2012-10-01T19:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-10-01T19:28:01.505-07:00</updated><title type='text'>AGAMA DAN PLURALISME</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Akhir-akhir ini wacana tentang pluralitas agama atau pluralisme
agama dan masalah-masalah yang mengitarinya semakin menguat dan muncul
keprmukaan. Banyank sekali karya tulis yang membahas masalah ini. Kecenderungan
menguatnya perbincangan tentang pluralitas agama dan hubungan antar umat
beragama disebabkan topic ini adalah topic yang&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;actual bagi siapapun yang mendambakan terwujudnya perdamaian antara umat
beragama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Namun terkadang kita sering salah memahami apa yang dimaksud dan apa
yang dituju oleh kata pluralitas agama ini. Pada kesempatan kali ini kami
mencoba sedikit mebahas masalah ini yang yang diantaranya membahas defininisi
pluralisme agama, sejarahnya, dan nilai-nilai pluralisme dalam islam. mudah-mudahan
memberikan sedikit warna yang berbeda terhadap apa yang kita bahas kali ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Definisi Pluralitas Agama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pluralitas atau pluralisme berasal dari kata berbahasa Ingris “plural”,
yang berarti “jamak” atau “banyak” sedangkan menurut istilah Pluralisme berarti
“keberadaan atau toleransi keragaman etnik atau kelompok-kelompok cultural
dalam suatu masyarakat atau Negara, serta keragaman kepercayaan atau sikap
dalam suatu badan, kelebagaan, dan sebagainya.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Pendapat yang lain mengatakan bahwa pluralisme agama berarti kondisi hidup
bersama antar agama yang berbeda-beda dalalm saatu komunitas dengan tetap
mempertahankan cirri-ciri spesifik atau ajaran masing-masing agama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Namu kata pluralisme sudah melenceng dari maksud awal arti
pluralisme agama, arti yang melenceng itu kia ditegaskan oleh john hick yang
memberi arti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“&lt;i&gt;Pluralisme agama adalah susatu gagasan bahwa agama-agama besar
dunia merupakan persepsi dan konsepsi yang berbeda tentang dan secara
bertepatan merupakan respon yang beragam terhadap yang real atau yang maha
agung dari dalam pranata cultural manusia yang bervariasi’ dan bahwa
transformasi wujud manusia dari pemusatan dir menuju pemusatan hakikat terjadi
secara nyata dalam setiap masing-masing pranata cultural manusia tersebut. Dan
terjadi, sejauh yang dapat diamati, sampai pada batas yang sama&lt;/i&gt;”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dengan kata lain hick ingin mengatakan bahwasannya semua agama
adalah merupakan manifestasi-manifestasi dari realitas yang satu. Dengan
demikian, semua agama sama dan tak ada yang lebih baik dari yang lain.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pendapat yang lain megnatakan, pluralisme berarti&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bukan satu, tetapi Plural, banyak. Dan banyak
artinya berbeda, karena tidak ada yang sama kita harus bisa mendengarkan dan
menghargai pendapat orang lain karena dia berbeda dengan kita&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sejarah Dan Perkembangan Tren Pluralisme Agama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pemikiran ini muncul pada masa yang disebut pencerahan
(enlightemment) eropa, tepatnya pada abad ke-18 Msehi, masa yang sering disebut
sebagai titik permualaaan bangkitnya gerakan pekmikiran modern. Yaitu masa yang
di warnai dengan wacana-wacana baru pergolakan pemikiran manusia yang
berorientasi pada superiotas akal (rasionalisme) dan pembebasan akal dari
kungkungan-kungkungan agama. Ditengah hiruk-pikuk pergolakan pemikiran di Eropa
yang timbul sebagai konsekuensi logis dari konflik-konflik yang terjadi antara gereja
dan kehidupan nyata di luar Gereja, muncullah suatu paham yang dikenal dengan
“liberalisme”, yang komposisi utamanya adalah kebebasan, toleransi , persamaan
dan keragaman&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;atau pluralisme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Oleh karena paham “liberalisme” pada awalnya muncul sebagai mazhab
social plitis, maka wacana Pluralisme yang lahir dari rahimnya, termasuk
gagasan pluralisme agama, juga lebih kental dengan nuansa dan aroma politik.
Maka tidak aneh jika kemudian gagasan pluralisme agama itu sendiri muncul dan
hadir dalam kemasan “pluralisme politik”, yang merupakan produk dari
“liberalisme politik”. Muhammad Legenhausaen, seorang pemikir muslim
kontemporer, juga berpendapat bahwa munculnya paham “Liberalisme plitik” di
Eropa pada abad ke-18, sebagian besar di dorong oleh kondisi masyarakat yang
carut-marut akibat memuncaknya sikap-sikap intoleran dan konflik-konflik etnis
dan sectarian yang pada akhirnya menyeret kepada pertumpahan darah antar ras,
sekte dan mazhab pada masa reformasi keagamaan. Jelas faham “liberalisme” tidak
lebih merupakan respon politis terhadap kondisi social masyarakat Kristen Eropa
yang plural dengan keragaman sekte, kelompok dan mazhab. Namun kondisi
pluralistic semcam ini hanyalah terbatas dalam masyarakat Kristen Eropa
untuksekian lama, baru kemudian pada abad ke-20 berkembang hingga mencakup
komunita-komunitas lain di dunia.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Nilai-Nilai Pluralisme Dalam Islam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Islam adalah agma yang sangat besar dan merupakan agama paling
banyak penganutnya di Negara kita tercinta. Dalam Negara kita terdapat banyak
agama dan aliran-aliran keprcayaaan yang hamper memenuhi seluruh pelosok Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Banyak sekali ayat-ayat Al-qur’an yang menunujukkan kepada nilai
pluralisme Islam, yang apabila kita hayati, maka akan kita temui sebuah sikap
pluralis antara yang satu dengan yang lain. Yang antara lain ayat tersebut
adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Al-Qur,an surat
Al-Hujurat [49] ayat, 13 yang artinya;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“Hai manusia, sesungguhnya kami menciptakan kamu dari seorang
laki-laki dan seorang perempuan dan menjadikan kamu berbangsa-bangsa dan
bersuku-suku supaya kamu saling mengenal . sesungguhnya orang yang palin mulia
diantara kamu di sisi Allah ialah orang yang paling bertaqwa di antara kamu .
sesungghunya Allah maha mengetahui lagi maha Mengenal”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ayat diatas menjelaskan
kepada kita bahwa Allah SWT telah meciptakan kita berbeda-beda,
berbangsa-bangsa, dan bersuku-suku untuk menjalin hubungan yang baik. Agar
timbul interaksi positif antara yang satu dengan yang lain dan baik. Dan dengan
interaksi positi itu sangat diharapan akan menjadi prasyarat terciptanya kedamaian
di muka bumi ini. Tapi tetap yang paling mulia disisi Allah adalah Orang yang
paling dekat dengan Allah SWT. Jadi jelas Al-Qur’an memberikan kepada kita alas
an yang rasional penciptaan manusia dengan beragam bangsa, bahasa, suku dan
budaya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Yang kembali Allah tekankan dengan ayat lain, Al-qur’an surat huud [11] ayat 118,
yang artinya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“Jikalau tuhanmu menghendaki, tentu dia menjadikan manusia umat yang
satu, tetapi mereka senantiasa berselisih pendapat”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Seandainya Allah mau , dengan gampang sekali akan menciptakan
manusia semua dalam satu grup, monolitik , dan satu agama, tetapi Allah tidak
menghendaki hal tersebut. Tetapi Tuhan justru menunjukkan kepada realita bahwa
pada hakikatnya manusia itu berbeda-beda. Ini kehendak tuhan, atas dasar inilah
orang berbicara pluralisme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bebrbicara pluralisme artinya bukan satu tetapi plural, banyak. Dan
banyak itu berbeda, karena tidak ada yang sama . maka kita harus bisa
mengharagai pendapat orang lain kaena dia berbeda dengan kita. Itulah
sebenarnya yang kita inginkan di Indonesia ini, yaitu adanya respect
terhdap pendapat orang lain. Tidak memaksakan kehendak kepada orang lain, satu
kelompok kepada kelompok yang lain. Tetapi saling berinteraksi dengan baik
saling menghormati pendapat orang lain. seperti &lt;i&gt;ahlul kitab.&lt;/i&gt; dan pada
khususnya kepada mereka yang memiliki &lt;i&gt;afinitas&lt;/i&gt;, hubungan erat dari segi
idiologi, tauhid atau monoteisme. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dan Al-Qur’an mengharuskan kita bebuat baik kepada mereka, dalam surat Al-Ankabuut [29]
ayat 46, yang artinya;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dan janganlah kamu berdebat dengan ahli kitab, melainkan dengan cara
yang paling baik, kecuali dengan orang-orang zalim diantara mereka, dan
katakanlah: kami telahberiman kepada (kitab-kitab) yang diturunkan kepada kami
dan yang diturunkan kepadamu; Tuhan kami dan Tuhanmu adalah satu, dan kami
hanya kepada-Nya berserah diri.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dan masih banyak lagi ayat-ayat yang lain yang mebahas tentang
pluralisme agama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penutup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sengaja&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pada kesempatan kali
pemakalah hanya memberikan sedikit nilai-nilai pluralisme dalam Islam saja,
tapi tidak memberikan nilai-nilai pluralisme dalam agama lain, itu disebabkan
kaena Islam agama mayoritas di Negara kita. Dan Islam adalah kekautan paling
besar di Negara kita. Dengan harapan agar kita yang besar dan kuat tidak
memaksakan kehendak kita kepada agama yang lain tapi mendengarkan pendapat yang
minoritas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Demikianlah makalah ini kami buat, kami mohon maaf sebesar-besarnya
apabila terdapat kesalahan dalam penyajian makalah ini. Dan kami mohon kritik
dan saran yang membangun terhadap makalah ini untuk memperbaiki pada pembuatan
makalah kami yang selanjutnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Prof. Dr. Nurcholish Madjid, &lt;i&gt;Pluralitas Agama; Kerukunan Dalam
Keragaman&lt;/i&gt;, Kompas, Jakarta,
2001, Hal. 12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Dr. Anis Malik Thoha, &lt;i&gt;Tren Pluralisme Agama&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Tinjauan
Kritis&lt;/i&gt;, Pnerbit Prspektif Kelompok Gema Insani, Jakarta, 2006, Hal. 15-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Dr. Sururin, Nilai-Nilai Pluralisme Dalam Islam; Bingaki Gagasan
Yang Berserak, Pnerbit Nuansa, Bandung,
2005, Hal. 6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Ibid Hal. 16-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Dr. Sururin, Nilai-Nilai Pluralisme Dalam Islam; Bingaki Gagasan
Yang Berserak, Pnerbit Nuansa, Bandung,
2005, Hal . 13-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Daftar Referensi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Prof. Dr. Nurcholish Madjid, &lt;i&gt;Pluralitas Agama; Kerukunan
Dalam Keragaman&lt;/i&gt;, Kompas, Jakarta,
2001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dr. Anis Malik Thoha, &lt;i&gt;Tren Pluralisme Agama&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Tinjauan
Kritis&lt;/i&gt;, Pnerbit Prspektif Kelompok Gema Insani, Jakarta, 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dr. Sururin, Nilai-Nilai Pluralisme Dalam Islam; Bingaki
Gagasan Yang Berserak, Pnerbit Nuansa, Bandung,
2005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/9207225098941580621/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/10/agama-dan-pluralisme.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/9207225098941580621'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/9207225098941580621'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/10/agama-dan-pluralisme.html' title='AGAMA DAN PLURALISME'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-1230153854399515735</id><published>2012-09-30T10:05:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-09-30T10:05:59.454-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Reformasi dan kinerja Polri</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;LATAR BELAKANG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Polri
dalam kilasan sejarah lahir, tumbuh dan berkembangnya Polri tidak lepas dari
sejarah perjuangan kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia sejak Proklamasi. Kemerdekaan
Indonesia, Polri telah dihadapkan pada tugas-tugas yang unik dan kompleks.
Selain menata keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat di masa perang, Polri juga
terlibat langsung dalam pertempuran melawan penjajah dan berbagai opersai
militer bersama-sama satuan angkatan bersenjata yang lain. Kondisi seperti ini
dilakukan oleh Polri karena Polri lahir sebagai satu-satunya satuan bersenjata
yang relatif lebih lengkap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Hanya
empat hari setelah kemerdekaan, tepatnya tanggal 21 Agustus 1945, secara tegas
pasukan polisi segera memproklamirkan diri sebagai Pasukan Polisi Republik
Indonesia dipimpin oleh Inspektur Kelas I (Letnan Satu) Polisi Mochammad Jassin
di Surabaya, langkah awal yang dilakukan selain mengadakan pembersihan dan
pelucutan senjata terhadap tentara Jepang yang kalah perang, juga membangkitkan
semangat moral dan patriotik seluruh rakyat maupun satuan-satuan bersenjata
yang sedang dilanda depresi dan kekalahan perang yang panjang. Tanggal 29
September 1945 tentara Sekutu yang didalamnya juga terdapat ribuan tentara Belanda
menyerbu Indonesia dengan dalih ingin melucuti tentara Jepang. Pada
kenyataannya pasukan sekutu tersebut justru ingin membantu Belanda menjajah
kembali Indonesia. Oleh karena itu perang antara sekutu dengan pasukan
Indonesiapun terjadi dimana-mana. Klimaksnya terjadi pada tanggal 10 Nopember
1945, yang dikenal sebagai &quot;Pertempuran Surabaya&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tanggal
itu kemudian dijadikan sebagai hari Pahlawan secara Nasional yang setiap tahun
diperingati oleh bangsa Indonesia Pertempuran 10 Nopember 1945.di Surabaya menjadi
sangat penting dalam sejarah Indonesia, bukan hanya karena ribuan rakyat
Indonesia gugur, tetapi lebih dari itu karena semangat heroiknya mampu
menggetarkan dunia dan PBB akan eksistensi bangsa dan negara Indonesia di mata
dunia. Andil pasukan Polisi dalam mengobarkan semangat perlawanan rakyat ketika
itupun sangat besar.alam menciptakan keamanan dan ketertiban didalam negeri, POLRI
juga sudan banyak disibukkan oleh berbagai operasi militer, penumpasan pemberontakan
dari DI &amp;amp; TII, PRRI, PKI RMS RAM dan G 30 S/PKI serta berbagai penumpasan
GPK.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dalam
perkembangan paling akhir dalam kepolisian yang semakin modern dan global, POLRI
bukan hanya mengurusi keamanan dan ketertiban di dalam negeri, akan tetapi juga
terlibat dalam masalah-masalah keamanan dan ketertiban regional maupun
internasional, sebagaimana yang di tempuh oleh kebijakan PBB yang telah meminta
pasukan-pasukan polisi, termasuk Indonesia, untuk ikut aktif dalam berbagai
operasi kepolisian, misalnya di Namibia (Afrika Selatan) dan di Kamboja (Asia).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dengan
dibentuknya negara kesatuan pada 17 Agustus 1950 dan diberlakukannya UUDS 1950
yang menganut sistem parlementer, Kepala Kepolisian Negara tetap dijabat R.S.
Soekanto yang bertanggung jawab kepada perdana menteri/presiden. Waktu
kedudukan Polri kembali ke Jakarta, karena belum ada kantor digunakan bekas
kantor Hoofd van de Dienst der Algemene Politie di Gedung Departemen Dalam
Negeri. Kemudian R.S. Soekanto merencanakan kantor sendiri di Jalan Trunojoyo
3, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan, dengan sebutan Markas Besar Djawatan
Kepolisian Negara RI (DKN) yang menjadi Markas Besar Kepolisian sampai
sekarang. Ketika itu menjadi gedung perkantoran termegah setelah Istana Negara.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Sampai
periode ini kepolisian berstatus tersendiri antara sipil dan militer yang
memiliki organisasi dan peraturan gaji tersendiri. Anggota Polri terorganisir
dalam Persatuan Pegawai Polisi Republik Indonesia (P3RI) tidak ikut dalam
Korpri, sedangkan bagi istri polisi semenjak zaman revolusi sudah membentuk
organisasi yang sampai sekarang dikenal dengan nama Bhayangkari tidak ikut
dalam Dharma Wanita ataupun Dharma Pertiwi. Organisasi P3RI dan Bhayangkari ini
memiliki ketua dan pengurus secara demokratis dan pernah ikut Pemilu 1955 yang
memenangkan kursi di Konstituante dan Parlemen. Waktu itu semua gaji pegawai
negeri berada di bawah gaji angkatan perang, namun P3RI memperjuangkan
perbaikan gaji dan berhasil melahirkan Peraturan Gaji Polisi (PGPOL) di mana
gaji Polri relatif lebih baik dibanding dengan gaji pegawai negeri lainnya
(mengacu standar PBB).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dengan
Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959, setelah kegagalan Konstituante, Indonesia kembali
ke UUD 1945, namun dalam pelaksanaannya kemudian banyak menyimpang dari UUD
1945. Jabatan Perdana Menteri (Alm. Ir. Juanda) diganti dengan sebutan Menteri
Pertama, Polri masih tetap di bawah pada Menteri Pertama sampai keluarnya
Keppres No. 153/1959, tertanggal 10 Juli di mana Kepala Kepolisian Negara
diberi kedudukan Menteri Negara ex-officio. Pada tanggal 13 Juli 1959 dengan
Keppres No. 154/1959 KaPolri juga menjabat sebagai Menteri Muda Kepolisian dan
Menteri Muda Veteran. Pada tanggal 26 Agustus 1959 dengan Surat Edaran Menteri
Pertama No. 1/MP/RI1959, ditetapkan sebutan Kepala Kepolisian Negara diubah
menjadi Menteri Muda Kepolisian yang memimpin Departemen Kepolisian (sebagai
ganti dari Djawatan Kepolisian Negara).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Waktu
Presiden Soekarno menyatakan akan membentuk ABRI yang terdiri dari Angkatan
Perang dan Angkatan Kepolisian, R.S. Soekanto menyampaikan keberatannya dengan
alasan untuk menjaga profesionalisme kepolisian. Pada tanggal 15 Desember 1959
R.S. Soekanto mengundurkan diri setelah menjabat KaPolri/Menteri Muda
Kepolisian, sehingga berakhirlah karir Bapak Kepolisian RI tersebut sejak 29
September 1945 hingga 15 Desember 1959. Dengan Tap MPRS No. II dan III tahun
1960 dinyatakan bahwa ABRI terdiri atas Angkatan Perang dan Polisi Negara.
Berdasarkan Keppres No. 21/1960 sebutan Menteri Muda Kepolisian ditiadakan dan
selanjutnya disebut Menteri Kepolisian Negara bersama Angkatan Perang lainnya
dan dimasukkan dalam bidang keamanan nasional. Tanggal 19 Juni 1961, DPR-GR
mengesahkan UU Pokok kepolisian No. 13/1961. Dalam UU ini dinyatakan bahwa
kedudukan Polri sebagai salah satu unsur ABRI yang sama sederajat dengan TNI
AD, AL, dan AU.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dengan
Keppres No. 94/1962, Menteri KaPolri, Menteri/KASAD, Menteri/KASAL, Menteri/KSAU,
Menteri/Jaksa Agung, Menteri Urusan Veteran dikoordinasikan oleh Wakil Menteri
Pertama bidang pertahanan keamanan. Dengan Keppres No. 134/1962 menteri diganti
menjadi Menteri/Kepala Staf Angkatan Kepolisian (Menkasak). Kemudian Sebutan
Menkasak diganti lagi menjadi Menteri/Panglima Angkatan Kepolisian (Menpangak)
dan langsung bertanggung jawab kepada presiden sebagai kepala pemerintahan
negara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Setelah
Soeharto dipilih sebagai presiden pada tahun 1968, jabatan Menhankam/Pangab
berpindah kepada Jenderal M. Panggabean. Kemudian ternyata betapa ketatnya
integrasi ini yang dampaknya sangat menyulitkan perkembangan Polri yang secara
universal memang bukan angkatan perang. Pada tahun 1969 dengan Keppres No.
52/1969 sebutan Panglima Angkatan Kepolisian diganti kembali sesuai UU No.
13/1961 menjadi Kepala Kepolisian Negara RI, namun singkatannya tidak lagi KKN
tetapi KaPolri. Pergantian sebutan ini diresmikan pada tanggal 1 Juli 1969.
Pada HUT ABRI tanggal 5 Oktober 1969 sebutan Panglima AD, AL, dan AU diganti
menjadi Kepala Staf Angkatan. Pada kesempatan tersebut anggota AL danAU memakai
tanda TNI di kerah leher, sedangkan Polri memakai tanda Pol. Maksudnya untuk
menegaskan perbedaan antara Angkatan Perang dan Polisi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Saat ini, setelah adanya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ketetapan MPR No.
X/MPR/1998 tentang Reformasi telah melahirkan Inpres No. 2/1999 tanggal 1 April
1999 dalam era Presiden BJ Habibie yang memisahkan Polri dan TNI karena
dirasakan memang terdapat perbedaan fungsi dan cara kerja dihadapkan dengan &lt;em&gt;civil
society&lt;/em&gt;. Untuk sementara, waktu itu, Polri masih diletakkan di bawah
Menteri Pertahanan Keamanan.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Akan tetapi,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;karena pada waktu itu Menteri dan Panglima TNI dijabat orang yang sama
(Jenderal TNI Wiranto),&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;maka praktis
pemisahan tidak berjalan efektif. Sementara peluang yang lain adalah Ketetapan
MPR No. VI/2000 tanggal 18 Agustus 2000 yang menetapkan secara nyata adanya
pemisahan Polri dan TNI, yang selanjutnya diikuti pula oleh Ketetapan MPR No.
VII/2000 yang mengatur peran TNI dan Polri secara tegas. Sementara itu, sebelum
ketetapan-ketetapan tersebut di atas digulirkan, pada HUT Bhayangkara 1 Juli
2000 dikeluarkan Keppres No. 89/2000 yang melepaskan Polri dari Dephan dan
menetapkan langsung Polri di bawah presiden.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kendati Keppres ini
sering disoroti sebagai bahaya karena Kepolisian akan digunakan sewenang-wenang
oleh presiden, namun sesungguhnya ia masih bisa dikontrol oleh DPR dan LKN
(Lembaga Kepolisian Nasinal) yang merupakan lembaga independen. Adapun
tantangan yang dihadapi Polri dewasa ini dan ke depan, terutama adalah
perubahan paradigma pemolisian yang sesuai dengan paradigma baru penegakan
hukum yang lebih persuasif di negara demokratis, di mana hukum dan polisi
tidaklah tampil dengan mengumbar ancaman-ancaman hukum yang represif dan kadang
kala menjebak rakyat, melainkan tampil lebih simpatik, ramah, dan familier. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;REFORMASI
POLRI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kemandirian
Polri diawali sejak terpisahnya dari ABRI tanggal 1 April 1999 sebagai bagian
dari proses reformasi haruslah dipandang dan disikapi secara arif sebagai
tahapan untuk mewujudkan POLRI sebagai abdi negara yang profesional dan dekat
dengan masyarakat, menuju perubahan tata kehidupan nasional kearah masyarakat
madani yang demokratis, aman, tertib, adil dan sejahtera.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kemandirian
Polri dimaksud bukanlah untuk menjadikan institusi yang tertutup dan berjalan
serta bekerja sendiri, namun tetap dalam kerangkan ketatanegaraan dan
pemerintahan negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang utuh termasuk dalam
mengantisipasi otonomi daerah sesuai dengan Undang-undang No.22 tahun 1999
tentang Otonomi Daerah dan Undang-undang No.25 tahun 1999 tentang Perimbangan
keuangan antara pusat dan daerah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kebijakan tersebut kemudian diikuti dengan dikeluarkannya
kebijakan lain berupa TAP MPR No. VI Tahun 2000 Tentang Pemisahan Polri dan
TNI, dan TAP MPR No. VII Tahun 2000 Tentang Peran Polri dan TNI. Kebijakan ini
mengakhiri status Polri di bawah garis komando ABRI selama Orde Baru. Dengan
pemisahan struktur organisasi ini aparat kepolisian diharapkan tidak lagi
tampil dalam performance dan watak yang militeristik, dan dapat bekerja
profesional sebagai aparat kepolisian sipil secara profesional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pengembangan
kemampuan dan kekuatan serta penggunaan kekuatan Polri dikelola sedemikian rupa
agar dapat mendukung pelaksanaan tugas dan tanggung jawab Polri sebagai
pengemban fungsi keamanan dalam negeri. Tugas dan tanggung jawab tersebut adalah
memberikan rasa aman kepada negara, masyarakat, harta benda dari tindakan
kriminalitas dan bencana alam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Secara internal Polri mengartikan pemisahan tersebut sebagai upaya
pemandirian Polri dengan melakukan perubahan pada 3 aspek:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Aspek
Struktural: Meliputi perubahan kelembagaan kepolisian dalam ketatanegaraan,
organisasi, susunan dan kedudukan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Aspek
Instrumental: Mencakup filosofi (visi, misi dan tujuan),&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;doktrin, kewenangan, kompetensi, kemampuan fungsi
dan Iptek.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Aspek
kultural: Meliputi perubahan manajerial, sistem rekrutmen, sistem pendidikan,
sistem material fasilitas dan jasa, sistem anggaran, dan sistem operasional&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Berkenaan
dengan uraian tugas tersebut, maka Polri akan terus melakukan perubahan dan
penataan baik di bidang pembinaan maupun operasional serta pembangunan kekuatan
sejalan dengan upaya Reformasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Polri
yang mampu menjadi pelindung Pengayom dan Pelayan Masyarakat yang selalu dekat
dan bersama-sama masyarakat, serta sebagai penegak hukum yang profesional dan
proposional yang selalu menjunjung tinggi supermasi hukum dan hak azasi
manusia, Pemelihara keamanan dan ketertiban serta mewujudkan keamanan dalam
negeri dalam suatu kehidupan nasional yang demokratis dan masyarakat yang
sejahtera. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Misi
Polri yaitu : Berdasarkan uraian Visi sebagaimana tersebut di atas, selanjutnya
uraian tentang jabaran Misi Polri kedepan adalah sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Memberikan
perlindungan, pengayoman dan pelayanan kepada masyarakat (meliputi aspek
security, surety, safety dan peace) sehingga masyarakat bebas dari gangguan
fisik maupun psykis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Memberikan
bimbingan kepada masyarakat melalui upaya preemtif dan preventif yang dapat
meningkatkan kesadaran dan kekuatan serta kepatuhan hukum masyarakat (Law
abiding Citizenship). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Menegakkan
hukum secara profesional dan proporsional dengan menjunjung tinggi supremasi
hukum dan hak azasi manusia menuju kepada adanya kepastian hukum dan rasa
keadilan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Memelihara
keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat dengan tetap&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;memperhatikan norma - norma dan nilai - nilai yang berlaku dalam bingkai
integritas wilayah hukum Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mengelola
sumber daya manusia Polri secara profesional dalam mencapai tujuan Polri yaitu
terwujudnya keamanan dalam negeri sehingga dapat mendorong meningkatnya gairah
kerja guna mencapai kesejahteraan masyarakat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Meningkatkan
upaya konsolidasi kedalam (internal Polri) sebagai upaya menyamakan Visi dan
Misi Polri kedepan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Memelihara
soliditas institusi Polri dari berbagai pengaruh external yang sangat merugikan
organisasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;8.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Melanjutkan
operasi pemulihan keamanan di beberapa wilayah konflik guna menjamin keutuhan Negara
Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Meningkatkan
kesadaran hukum dan kesadaran berbangsa dari masyarakat yang berbhineka&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;tunggal ika.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Reformasi
Polri merupakan bagian dari reformasi sektor keamanan yang juga memiliki
jalinan interidependensi dengan reformasi di sektor lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;POLISI
SIPIL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pemisahan
struktur Polri dari TNI perlu diikuti dengan upaya membentuk Polri berwatak
sipil. Mewujudkan Polisi sipil adalah agenda utama reformasi kepolisian dalam
masyarakat yang demokratis. Kata sipil dalam istilah polisi sipil mengandung
beberapa pengertian antara lain:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Polisi Sipil
menghormati hak-hak sipil; Masyarakat demokratis membutuhkan polisi sipil yang
mampu berperan sebagai pengawal nilai-nilai sipil. Nilai-nilai ini telah
dirumuskan dalam hak asasi manusia yang dijamin sebagai hukum positif negara (&lt;i&gt;the
guardian of civilian values&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Polisi Sipil
mengedepankan pendekatan kemanusiaan. Karakter sipil secara luas dikaitkan
dengan nilai-nilai peradaban (&lt;i&gt;civilization&lt;/i&gt;) dan keadaban (&lt;i&gt;civility&lt;/i&gt;).
Pada polisi sipil melekat sikap sikap budaya yang sopan, santun, ramah, tidak
melakukan kekerasan, dan mengedepankan persuasi menjadi ciri utamanya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pengertian sipil secara
diametral jauh dari karakteristik&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;militer, sejalan dengan definisi yang diangkat dalam perjanjian hukum
internasional yang meletakkan kedudukan polisi sebagai kekuatan yang tidak
terlibat perang (&lt;i&gt;non-combatant&lt;/i&gt;),&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;sementara militer didesain untuk berperang (&lt;i&gt;combatant&lt;/i&gt;). Fungsi
kepolisian ditujukan untuk menciptakan keamanan dalam negeri, ketertiban dalam
masyarakat, pelayanan dan bantuan kepada masyarakat, penegakan hukum dan
pemolisian masyarakat (&lt;i&gt;community policing&lt;/i&gt;). Dan kualitas polisi sipil
diukur dari kemampuannya untuk menjauhkan diri dari karakter militer dan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mendekatkan diri kepada masyarakat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Polisi Sipil juga
berbeda dengan Polisi Rahasia. Polisi sipil mengabdi kepada kepentingan
masyarakat yang merupakan pemilik kedaulatan. Mempunyai karakteristik sebagai
polisi masyarakat, yaitu polisi yang menjadi pelindung dan pengayom bagi
masyarakat. Dalam karakter ini, polisi harus mewujudkan pola kerja yang
menyalami, merangkul dan menyayangi masyarakat (&lt;i&gt;police who&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;cares&lt;/i&gt;), mengedepankan penggunaan komunikasi
kepada masyarakat, tidak mengandalkan peluru tajam. Kebalikannya Polisi Rahasia
adalah polisi yang taat, patuh dan mengabdi kepada kepentingan politik penguasa
yang sering berbeda dengan kepentingan masyarakat. Sebagai komponen yang
penting dalam sistem pemerintahan yang otoriter, polisi rahasia sering
dilekatkan dengan tindakan yang represif, pengekangan kebebasan kepada
masyarakat, penangkapan semena-mena, bahkan penyiksaan. Konsepsi tentang polisi
rahasia juga sering dilekatkan dengan konsepsi tentang polisi negara (&lt;i&gt;state
police&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Satu
upaya untuk menegaskan jalan bagi Polri menjadi polisi sipil dan melepas
paradigma yang masih berbau militer adalah dengan mengembangkan pemolisian
masyarakat (&lt;i&gt;community policing&lt;/i&gt;) di kepolisian. Gagasan ini muncul sebagai
pendekatan terhadap konsep pemolisian tradisional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;REFORMASI POLRI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Secara
historis penggabungan Polri dalam Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia
(ABRI/TNI) melalui Keppres No 290/1964 telah membuat&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Polri berada dalam posisi yang lemah karena
menjadi subordinasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;satu
institusi militer yang secara prinsipiil memiliki watak dan fungsi yang
bertentangan dengan kepolisian sebagai institusi sipil. Struktur Polri yang
berada di bawah ABRI juga mengakibatkan Polri tidak maksimal menjalankan
tugasnya karena keputusan-keputusan dalam menghadapi beragam kasus
sosial-politik cenderung dipengaruhi bahkan diselesaikan oleh ABRI sebagai
organisasi induknya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penggabungan
Polri dan TNI juga berimplikasi pada tidak profesionalnya Polri karena
terjadinya tumpang tindih peran, tugas dan fungsi TNI sebagai kekuatan
pertahanan dengan Polri sebagai kekuatan keamanan dalam negeri dan ketertiban
di bawah ABRI. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penggabungan
telah membentuk kultur Polri yang militeristik tertanam dalam sistem pendidikan
dan manajemen Polri, sehingga mengakibatkan kerentanan terlibat dalam
pelanggaran hukum dan HAM, baik dalam menjalankan tugas-tugas polisionilnya
maupun bersama-sama TNI sebagai alat pemerintah Orde Baru. Begitupun dalam
penyediaan anggaran, sistem pendidikan, peralatan, keuangan dan kebutuhan
lainnya tidak berbeda dengan apa yang berlaku bagi TNI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sebagai
bagian dari ABRI, juga terjadi penyimpangan fungsi Polri sebagai alat
stabilisasi politik rejim Orde Baru. Sebagai akibatnya, Polri juga kehilangan
kepercayaan dari masyarakat karena bertindak represif, melanggar hukum dan HAM
sebagaimana TNI. Gerakan Reformasi 1998 berhasil menurunkan Soeharto sekaligus
membawa perubahan terhadap watak rezim yang berkuasa paska Orde Baru. Termasuk
didalamnya adalah reformasi Polri melalui TAP MPR No. VI Tahun 2000 tentang
Pemisahan TNI dan Polri dan TAP MPR No. VII Tahun 2000 tentang Peran TNI dan
Peran Polri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Terkait
dengan peran Polri, BAB II Pasal 2 TAP MPR No. VII Tahun 2000 menyatakan;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kepolisian negara
merupakan alat negara yang berperan dalam memelihara keamanan dan ketertiban
masyarakat, menegakkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;hukum, memberikan
pengayoman, dan perlindungan masyarakat. Dalam menjalankan perannya Polri wajib
memiliki keahlian dan keterampilan profesional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan
kedua TAP MPR tersebut kemudian disusun kebijakan operasional Polri yaitu
Undang-undang No 2 Tahun 2002 Tentang Polri yang merumuskan perubahan paradigma
kepolisian dengan harapan dapat memantapkan kedudukan, peranan serta
pelaksanaan tugas Polri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Namun,
perubahan yang ada tidak serta merta mengubah pandangan publik terhadap Polri.
Publik belum percaya sepenuhnya kepada Polri karena institusi ini dilihat masih
mewarisi watak militeristik dengan citra “&lt;i&gt;having force and power&lt;/i&gt;”.
Pandangan ini seiring dengan masih munculnya kasus kekerasan, pelanggaran HAM,
serta belum adanya penegakan hukum yang berkeadilan dan akuntabel atas
pelanggaranpelanggaran yang melibatkan aparat Polri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kedudukan
Polri di bawah Presiden juga menjadi kontroversi. Dari sudut pandang Polri
kedudukan ini mendorong independensi dan otonomi Polri, yang menjamin
profesionalisme Polri. Sementara organisasi masyarakat sipil, politisi dan
militer melihat struktur polisi seperti itu tidak lazim di negara demokrasi.
Posisi Polri dikhawatirkan mendorong institusi kepolisian memasuki wilayah
politisasi Presiden.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sesuai
dengan prinsip demokrasi, seharusnya reformasi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Polri ditujukan untuk membangun perpolisian yang mempunyai karakter
sipil, berdasar pada norma demokrasi yaitu keterbukaan (&lt;i&gt;openness&lt;/i&gt;) dan
akuntabilitas (&lt;i&gt;accountability&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Keterbukaan
berarti polisi adalah bagian dari masyarakat, berintegrasi dengan masyarakat
dan memiliki hak yang sama sebagai warga negara. Polisi adalah mitra sejajar
masyarakat dalam melawan tindak kriminal dan tidak diskriminatif terhadap
kelompok tertentu baik dalam kepolisian maupun dalam pelaksanaan tugasnya, dan
polisi adalah institusi sipil yang profesional. Akuntabilitas artinya polisi
harus dapat mempertanggungjawabkan semua perilakunya secara hukum,
meminimalisir pelanggaran HAM. Begitupun dalam konteks anggaran, polisi harus
dapat mempertanggungjawabkan penggunaan anggarannya kepada masyarakat dan
pemerintah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;KINERJA POLRI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kata kinerja berasal dari kata “kerja”yang
artinya perbuatan melakukan sesuatu; sesuatu yang dilakukan (diperbuat).
Kinerja merupakan faktor-faktor manifest dalam perilaku. dasar dasar teori yang
akan dikemukakan tentang pemahaman kinerja sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;menurut WJS Purwodarminto:kinerja adalah hasil
kerja yang dicapai seseorang karyawan dalam melaksanakan tugas yang dibebankan
kepadanya. menurut Drs Paustino Cardoso G&lt;em&gt;:kinerja adalah hasil kerja yang
didapat dicapai oleh seseorang atau sekelompok orang dalam suatu organisasi,
sesuai dengan wewenang dan tanggung jawab masing-masing dalam rangka upaya
untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi bersangkutan secara legai tidak melanggar
hukum dan sesuai dengan etika. &lt;/em&gt;menurut Bernadin dan Russel&lt;em&gt; Memberikan
batasan mengenai kinerja atau performance sebagai berikut:“in the record of
outcomes produced on a specifid job function or activity during a specifiet
time periode”.“pengeluaran yang dihasilkan dari fungsi suatu pekerjaan tertentu
atau kegiatan selama suatu periode waktu tertentu”.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;kinerja berasal dari kata” to perform”
mempunyai istilah sebagai berikut: 1). melakukan, menjalankan, dan
melaksanakan, 2). memenuhi atau menjalankan kewajiban dalam suatu permainan,
3). menggambarkan suatu karakter dalam suatu organisasi, 4). menggambarkan
dengan sarana alat music, 50. melaksanakan atau menyempurnakan tangguang jawab,
6). melakukan usaha kegiatan dalam suatu permainan, 7). melakukan sesuatu yang
diharapkan oleh seseorang atau mesin. Jadi kinerja dapat diartikan perencanaan
yang dilaksanakan untuk kelompok atau individu untuk mencapai tujuan atau hasil
yang diharapkan sesuai dengan perencanaan&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Kinerja Polisi setelah reformasi adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;KOD sebagai penjabaran Desentralisasi Administratif Polri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kepolisian Indonesia bukan Kepolisian yang total
sentralistis. Semenjak 20 tahun yang lalu, Polri melakukan desentralisaai
administrative dengan menetapkan Polres sebagai Kesatuan Operasional Dasar (
KOD), yaitu kesatuan yang paling dekat berhubungan dengan masyarakat bertugas
sepenuhnya bertanggung jawab atas seluruh tugas pokok Kepolisian.. Sedangkan
Polsek adalah Kesatuan terkecil yang setingkat dengan Kecamatan / Desa, yang
bertugas untuk mengemban seluruh tugas pokok Kepolisian samapai ke tingkat
Desa, terutama untuk melindungi dan melayani masyarakat. Desentralisasi
Administrratif akan memberi lebih banyak otoritas kekuasaan kepada Polres.
Kejahatan sekarang sudah semakin canggih, tidak mengenal batas wilayah, bahkan
Negara &lt;i&gt;( transnasional crime&lt;/i&gt;), Maka ada kejahatan yang ditangani oleh
Polda samapi Mabes Polri secara berjenjang. Tetapi fungsi utama dari kesatguan
atasan adalah memberikan bantuan tekhnis kepada satuan bawah untuk menerbitkan
petunjuk tekhnis dan petunjuk lapangan karena dalam sistem peradilan pidana
kita, sesuai deliknya, tindak pidana hanya dapat ditangani dengan menyesuaikan
tempat kejadian perkaranya ( locus delicti).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Desentralisasi ini diatur Pasal 10 UU No.2/2002, yang
mengatur konsep tentang pendelegasian wewenang Polri yang menganut pengertain “&lt;i&gt;desentralisasi
administrative&lt;/i&gt;“. Pasal 10 (1) ini mengatakan bahwa : “Pimpinan Negara
Republik Indonesia di daerah hukum, sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 8 ayat(2),
bertanggung jawab atas pelaksanaan tugas dan weweang kepolisian secara
hierarkhie. Dalam rangka menetapkan strategi dan kebijakan pembangunan kekuatan
untuk meningkatkan kemampuan operasional satuan kewilayahan agar mampu
melaksanakan tugas pokoknya secara professional, maka Mabes Polri dijadikan
pusat pengembangan dan penetapan kebijakan strategis secara nasional, polda
seabagi kesatuan yang memiliki kewenangan penuh,polres sebagai basis pelayanan
masyarakatdan polsek sebagai ujung tombak operasional yang langsung
mengendalikan anggotanya di lapangan sebagai pengemban diskresi kepolisian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Terkait dengan otonomi daerah, strategi pembinaan
kekuatan sangat berhubungan erat dengan kemampuan operasional kewilayahan
polda, polres dan polsek yang berada di lapangan untuk melakukan tindakan
kepolisian secara penuh dan jelas. Penggunaan kekuatan ini sangat tergantung
kepada kemampuan professional anggota Polri di lapangan. Ketika hal ini
terjadi, dimana sejak otonomi daerah dijalankan, dan Pemda memiliki kewenangan
penuh atas penegakan hukum perda melalui Polisi pamong prajanya dan dishub
untuk penertiban parkir, Polri terbentur dengan perbedaan pendapat dan paham
masalah penegakan hukum perda dengan peraturan nasional ( undang-undang)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dalam konteks ini, Polri sudah harus memberikan
sedikit dari sekian banyak wewenangnya, kepada para perusahaan penjual jasa
keamanan ( dalam konteks ini adalah perusahaan-perusahaan yang mampu secara
kuantitas dan kualiatas) untuk turut serta menjaga aset-aset yang ada di
wilayah operasional polsek, dengan demikian maka pelaksanaan bidang oprasional
bisa lebih fokus dalam pencapaian program-program mabes Polri yang
berkelanjutan misalnya melalui operasi-operasi kepolisian yang bersifat umum
dan khusus. Polres dan Polda sendiri, saat ini sudah dapat melakukan operasi
Kepolisian mandiri kewilayahan sendiri, yaitu jenis operasi kepolisian khusus,
yang dapat dilakukan oleh kekuatan polres atau polda, disesuaikan dengan
tantangan dan kebutuhan dalam hal keamanan dan perkembangan situsi di
wilayahnya masing-masing, misalnya operasi kepolisian mandiri adalah di Polda
Sumatera Selatan melakukan operasi kepolisian yang dilakukan dengan target
sasaran kebakaran hutan baik yang disengaja maupun yang tidak. Hal ini tentunya
disesuaikan dengna karakteristik wilayah sumatera selatan, yang pada musim
kemarau seringkali terjadi kebakaran hutan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat
maupun perusahaan-perusahaan perkebunan yang mengakibatkan terjadi polusi udara
yang parah sampai merepotkan Negara tetangga seperti Malaysia dan Singapura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Selain itu, dapat dilakukan kerjasama dengan pihak
pemerintah daerah setempat, ketika dalam periode pemilihan umum daerah yang
sejak masa pentahapan sudah harus diproses dan membutuhkan keamanan, maka polda
atau polres dapat membantu secara mandiri ataupun meminta backup bantuan dari
kesatuan yang ada di atasnya dalam rangka terciptanya kondisi keamanan yang
stabil dan menjamin agar proses tersebut berjalan dengan lancara. Namun dalam
hal ini, seringkali terbentur oleh masalah penggunaan kekuatan yang tidak
seimbang karena terbatasnya angagran, sehingga yang terjadi adalah seringkali
pihak otonomi daerah di pemda yang mempunyai kekuasaan dan ingin juga terlibat
sebagai calon dalam pemilukada &lt;i&gt;( incumbent&lt;/i&gt;), melakukan upaya-upaya agar
pihaknya diberikan privilege, atau keleluasaan bergerak dan perlindungan
khusus, dimana mereka dapat melakukan praktek-praktek yang sebenarnya tidak
boleh dilakukan atau bahkan melanggar tata tertib pemilihan umum daerah , namun
mereka seringkali menawarkan dan pengamanan yang cukub besar untuk, sehingga
resikonya terjadi ketidak objektifan target pengamanan pemilukada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kinerja Polri di bawah Presiden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sesuai dengan pengalaman 10 tahun pemisahan dengan
ABRI, Polri terus membenahi diri. Sudah sekitar 6 tahun Polri melakukan
tugasnya mereformasi diri, dan kesempatan untuk kembali dibawah presiden.
Sebagai privilege yang luar biasa, kedudukan KaPolri di bawah Presiden telah
menjadikan Polri lebih oprtimal dan maksimal dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Hal
ini disebabkan karena posisi KaPolri yang langsung mengetahui
permasalahan-permasalahan sosial, ekonomi, keamanan dan politik melalui rapat
dalam sidang Kabinet sehingga dapat menyampaikan juga permasalahan Polri yang
ada saat ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Secara Politik, Polri bisa langsung menyampaikan
kebutuhan-kebutuhan institusi dalam rangka menjalankan tugasnya . Dalam hal
ini, diperlukan pemimpin yang sangat professional dalam hal ini KaPolri, yang
dapat memisahkan kepentingan, antara kepentingan Negara maupun kepentingan
pribadi. Hal ini menjadi bias, karena apabila hasil dari demokrasi mejadikan
seorang pemimpin Negara yang otoriter / diktator, maka secara politik, kaPolri
akan langsung dibawah kendali seorang diktator dan menjadikan institutional
sebagai alat kekuasaan. Hal ini bisa saja terjadi karena dalam proses politik,
untuk hal ini pemilihan presiden, semua hal bisa terjadi dan tidak ada hal yang
tidak mungkin dalam politik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pelaksanaan UU No.2 tahun 2002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dalam pelaksanaan tugas dan fungsi Kepolisian, perlu
ditata dahulu rumusan tugas pokok, weweang Kepolisian RI dalam Undang-undang
No.2 tahun 2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Fungsi Kepolisian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pasal 2 :” Fungsi Kepolisian adalah salah satu fungsi
pemerintahan Negara di bidang pemelihara keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat,
penegak hukum, perlindungan, pengayoman dan pelayanan masyarakat”. Sedangkan
Pasal 3: “(1) Pengemban fungsi Kepolisian adalah Kepolisian Negara Republik
Indonesia yang dibantu oleh : a. kepolisian khusus, b. pegawai negri sipil
dan/atau c. bentuk-bentuk pengamanan swakarsa. (2) Pengemban fungsi Kepolisian
sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1) huruf a,b, dan c, melaksanakan fungsi
Kepolisian sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang menjadi dasar hukum
masing-masing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tugas pokok Kepolisian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pasal 13: Tugas Pokok Kepolisian Negara Rrepublik
Indonesia dalam UU No.2 tahun 20002 adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Memelihara keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Menegakkan hukum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Memberikan perlindungan,pengayoman dan pelayanan kepada masyarakat. “,
penjabaran tugas Kepolisian di jelaskan lagi apada Pasal 14 UU Kepolisian RI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kewenangan Kepolisian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pada Pasal 15 dan 16 UU Kepolisian RI adalah perincian
mengenai tugas dan wewenang Kepolisian RI, sedangkan Pasal 18 berisi tentang
diskresi Kepolisian yang didasarkan kepada Kode Etik Kepolisian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sesuai dengan rumusan fungsi, tugas pokok, tugas dan
weweang Polri sebagaimana diatur dalam UU No2.tahun 2002, maka dapat dikatakan
fungsi utama kepolisian meliputi :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pre-emtif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Preventif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Represif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Fungsi utama itu bersifat universal dan menjadi ciri
khas Kepolisian, dimana dalam pelaksanaannya Polri lebih mengutamakan Preventif
dari pada represif. Adapun perumusan dari fungsi utama tersebut adalah :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tugas Pembinaan masyarakat (Pre-emtif)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segala usaha dan kegiatan pembinaan masyarakat untuk meningkatkan
partisipasi masyarakat, kesadaran hukum dan peraturan perundang-undangan. Tugas
Polri dalam bidang ini adalah Community Policing, dengan melakukan pendekatan
kepada masyarakat secara sosial dan hubungan mutualisme, maka akan tercapai
tujuan dari &lt;i&gt;community policing&lt;/i&gt; tersebut. Namun, konsep dari Community
Policing itu sendiri saat ini sudah bias dengan pelaksanaannya di
Polres-polres. Sebenarnya seperti yang disebutkan diatas, dalam mengadakan perbandingan
sistem kepolisian Negara luar, selain harus dilihat dari administrasi
pemerintahannya, sistem kepolisian juga terkait dengan karakter sosial
masyarakatnya. Konsep Community Policing sudah ada sesuai karakter dan budaya
Indonesia ( Jawa) dengan melakukan sistem keamanan lingkungan ( siskamling)
dalam komunitas-komunitas desa dan kampong, secara bergantian masyarakat merasa
bertangggung jawab atas keamanan wilayahnya masing-masing. Hal ini juga
ditunjang oleh Kegiatan babinkamtibmas yang setiap saat harus selalu mengawasi
daerahnya untuk melaksanakan kegiata-kegiatan khusus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tugas di bidang Preventif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segala usaha dan kegiatan di bidang kepolisian preventif untuk memelihara
keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat, memelihara keselematan orang, benda dan barang
termasuk memberikan perlindungan dan pertolongan , khususnya mencegah
terjadinya pelanggaran hukum. Dalam melaksanakan tugas ini diperlukan kemampuan
professional tekhnik tersendiri seperti patrolil, penjagaan pengawalan dan
pengaturan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tugas di bidang Represif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Di bidang represif terdapat 2 (dua) jenis yaitu represif justisiil dan non
justisiil. UU No. 2 tahun 2002 memberi peran Polri untuk melakukan
tindakan-tindakan represif non Justisiil terkait dengan Pasal 18 ayat 1(1) ,
yaitu weweang ” diskresi kepolisian” yang umumnya menyangkut kasus ringan.
KUHAP memberi peran Polri dalam melaksanakan tugas represif justisiil dengan
menggunakan azas legalitasbersama unsure Criminal Justice Sistem lainnya. Tugas
ini memuat substansi tentang cara penyidikan dan penyelidikan sesuai dengan
hukum acara pidana dan peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bila terjadi tindak pidana, penyidik melakukan
kegiatan berupa:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mencari dan menemukan suatu peristiwa Yang dianggap sebagai tindak pidana;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Menentukan dapat atau tidaknya dilakukan penyidikan;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mencari serta mengumpulkan bukti;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Membuat terang tindak pidana yang terjadi;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Menemukan tersangka pelaku tindak pidana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;d.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Komisi Kepolisian Nasional ( Kompolnas)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lembaga Kepolisian Nasional yang disebut dengan Komisi
Kepolisian Nasional berkedudukan di bawah Presiden. Komisi Kepolisian Nasional
dalam Undang-Undang Kepolisian No.2 tahun 2002, merupakan akomodasi aspirasi
masyarakat yang berkembang tentang perlunya transparansi, pengawasan dan
akuntabilitas Kepolisian Negara RI yang dilakukan oleh suatu lembaga
independen. Selain itu diharapkan adanya lembaga yang objektif dan konsisten
memperhatikan kebijakan-kebijakan untuk Presiden berkenaan dengan tugas pokok Polri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Menurut UU No.2 tahun 2002 Tugas Kompolnas adalah :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Membantu Presiden dalam menetapkan arah kebijakan Kepolisian Negara
Republik Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Memberikan pertimbangan kepada Presiden dalam pengangkatan dan
Pemberhentian KaPolri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Wewenang Kompolnas sebagaimana dimaksud ayat (1)
adalah : Mengumpulkan dan menganalisa datam seabagai bahan pemberian saran
kepada Presiden yang berkaitan denganj anggaran Kepolisian Negara Republik
Indonesia. Pengembangan Sumber daya manusia Kepolisian Negara Republik
Indonesia, pengembangan sarana dan prasarana Kepolisian Negara Republik
Indonesia. Memberikan saran dan pertimbangan lain Kepada Presiden dalam rangka
mewujudkan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia yang professional dan mandiri,
dan Menerima saran dan keluhan dari masyarakat mengenai Kinerja Kepolisian dan
menyampaikan ke presiden.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Melihat komposisi tugas dan wewenang Kompolnas, hal
ini menjadi jelas dan kelihatan sekali, bahwa pengawasan kinerja Kepolisian
dengan indikator keluhan masyarakat sudah resmi dan efisien sebenarnya, namun
saat ini Sosialisasi Kompolnas ke daerah-daerah lain tidak maksimal dan kurang
diketahuui keberadaannya oleh masyarakat. Masyarakat di kabupaten-kabupaten
banyak yang belum mengetahui, karena Kompolnas tidak pernah melakukan
sosialisasi dan memberikan keterangan kepada media massa akan keberadaannya.
Justru Lembaga-lembaga lain yang sebenarnya boleh dikatakan tidak mempunyai
landasan hukum uyang kuat untuk menilai Polri secara objektif seperti
lembaga-lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat, Lembaga Survey, yang sering mempublikasikan
hasil temuannya di media massa yang terkadang diragukan keobjektifitasannya.
Untuk itu, sebaiknya dalam proses pengawasan Polri di masa mendatang, sebaiknya
Kompolnas melakukan tugasnya dan berperan dalam pembuatan opini public yang
dipercaya dan diterima oleh hukum dan masyarakat. Kompolnas harus selalu
terdepan dalam memberikan informasi yang berkaitan dengan Kinerja Polri dan
dapat dijadikan tolak ukur atau indikator keberhasilan pelaksanaan tugas pokok Polri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;PENUTUP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dengan reformasi internalnya, Polri
sudah mengalami kemajuan untuk menjadi polisi sipil bagi mewujudkan keamanan
dan ketertiban masyarakat, penegakan hukum dan perlindungan, pengayom, dan
pelayan masyarakat. Namun, apa yang dicapai itu masih jauh dari harapan
masyarakat yang menginginkan memiliki polisi sipil yang handal, bermoral,
profesional, dan sebagai pelayan masyarakat, yang dicintai dan didukung
masyarakat, serta menjadi kebanggaan rakyat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Peningkatan moralitas, etika, dan
mensensitifkan hati nurani menjadi kunci pokok dalam mewujudkan harapan
masyarakat. Untuk itu, setiap anggota Polri perlu bertanya pada diri sendiri
“sudah patutkah saya menjadi polisi harapan masyarakat?” Bertanyalah pada hati
nurani sendiri, seandainya saya anggota masyarakat biasa, apa harapan anda
kepada Polri? Sudah memadaikah apa yang saya lakukan selama ini? Hal-hal
seperti itu perlu dilakukan agar perilaku dan kinerja polisi tidak jauh berbeda
dengan tuntutan dan harapan masyarakat terhadap Polri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sebab,
membangun wacana ini dalam masyarakat yang masih bersikap reaktif emosional,
peran pengemban profesi hukum yang profesional dan proporsional akan sangat
menentukan. Jika tidak mampu mencitrakan diri dan jati dirinya, masyarakat akan
terpengaruh untuk tidak patuh dan taat akan hukum. Karena yang kita perlukan
adalah para pengemban profesi hukum yang bisa memerankan unsure idealisme dan
realistisnya dalam mengaplikasikan setiap kinerjanya, sehingga segala bentuk
harapan dan kenyataan akan antara moral dan pengabdian dalam kode etik profesi
hukum akan terwujud dengan sendirinya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bagi Polri, memenuhi harapan
masyarakat yang begitu banyak dan beraneka ragam kepentingan dan kebutuhan
bukanlah hal yang mudah, apalagi jika dikaitkan dengan keterbatasan personil,
anggaran, dan peralatan yang dimiliki Polri. Namun, mewujudkan harapan itu
bukan sesuatu yang mustahil, tergantung pada niat yang kuat dan tulus.
Perwujudan harapan itu harus dilakukan dari dua arah baik dari Polri maupun
dari masyarakat sendiri. Yang perlu digarap lebih dulu adalah bagaimana
menciptakan kondisi dari dua pihak itu untuk menuju kearah harapan itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
__________, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah Kepolisian Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;,
( MABES POLRI, 1999), h. 45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
__________, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah Kepolisian Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;,
( MABES POLRI, 1999), h. 141&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; Drs.
Kunarto (Jend. Pol. Purn), &lt;i&gt;Merenungi
Kritik Terhadap Polri; Polri Mandiri&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;(Pt. Cipta Manunggal,1999), Hal. 117&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
Awaloeddin Djamin, &lt;i&gt;Sistem Administrasi
Kepolisian; Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;, (YPIK, Jakarta), h. 69-71&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Drs. Kunarto
(Jend. Pol. Purn), &lt;i&gt;Merenungi Kritik
Terhadap Polri; Polri Mandiri&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(Pt.
Cipta Manunggal,1999), Hal. 117&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
Seri 6 Penjelasan Singkat (Backgrounder), &lt;i&gt;Reformasi
Kepolisian Republik Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;, IDSPS (institut for defense scurity and
peace study) dan Rights &amp;amp; Democracy Kanada 06/2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
Seri 6 Penjelasan Singkat (Backgrounder), &lt;i&gt;Reformasi
Kepolisian Republik Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;, IDSPS (institut for defense scurity and
peace study) dan Rights &amp;amp; Democracy Kanada 06/2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-left: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; Dali s mora, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;Profesionalisme
Polisi Republik Indonesia Di Mata Masyrakat Sebagai Profesi Hukum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;,
diambil pada tanggal 29 november 2011 dari &lt;u&gt;http://mardalli.wordpress.com/2009/05/23/profesionalisme-polisi-republik-indonesia-di-mata-masyrakat-sebagai-profesi-hukum/&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;DAFTAR
PUSTAKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;__________,
&lt;i&gt;Sejarah Kepolisian Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;, ( MABES
POLRI, 1999)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Drs.
Kunarto (Jend. Pol. Purn), &lt;i&gt;Merenungi
Kritik Terhadap Polri; Polri Mandiri&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;(Pt. Cipta Manunggal,1999)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Awaloeddin
Djamin, &lt;i&gt;Sistem Administrasi Kepolisian;
Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;, (YPIK, Jakarta),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Seri 6 Penjelasan
Singkat (Backgrounder), &lt;i&gt;Reformasi
Kepolisian Republik Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;, IDSPS (institut for defense scurity and peace
study) dan Rights &amp;amp; Democracy Kanada 06/2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0cm 10pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dali s mora, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;Profesionalisme Polisi Republik Indonesia Di
Mata Masyrakat Sebagai Profesi Hukum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, diambil pada tanggal 29
november 2011 dari &lt;u&gt;http://mardalli.wordpress.com/2009/05/23/profesionalisme-polisi-republik-indonesia-di-mata-masyrakat-sebagai-profesi-hukum/&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/1230153854399515735/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/reformasi-dan-kinerja-polri.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/1230153854399515735'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/1230153854399515735'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/reformasi-dan-kinerja-polri.html' title='Reformasi dan kinerja Polri'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-1327881127337467161</id><published>2012-09-28T03:18:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-09-28T03:19:23.034-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Perbandingan Sistem Kepolisian Amerika Serikat, Jepang Dan Indonesia; Sistem Kepolisian Ideal Di Indonesia</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Latar belakang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Sistem Kepolisian suatu Negara sangat
dipengaruhi oleh Sistem Politik serta control social yang diterapkan.
Kepolisian Negara RI berdiri semenjak 1 Juli 1946 yang berbentuk Jawatan
tersendiri berdasarkan Penetapan Pemerintah No. 11/S.D Kepolisian beralih status
menjadi Jawatan tersendiri dibawah langsung Perdana Mentri. Ketetapan
Pemerintah tersebut menjadikan kedudukan Polisi setingkat dengan Departemen dan
kedudukan Kepala Kepolisian Negara (KKN) setingkat dengan Menteri. Dengan
Ketetapan itu, Pemerintah mengharapkan Kepolisian dapat berkembang lebih baik
dan merintis hubungan vertical sampai ketingkat kecamatan-kecamatan. Kepolisian
Republik Indonesia sebelumnya telah mengeluarkan Proklamasi Kepolisian untuk
menyatakan sikap setia kepada Proklamasi Bangsa Indonesia 1945. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dengan dibentuknya negara kesatuan pada 17
Agustus 1950 dan diberlakukannya UUDS 1950 yang menganut sistem parlementer,
Kepala Kepolisian Negara tetap dijabat R.S. Soekanto yang bertanggung jawab
kepada perdana menteri/presiden. Waktu kedudukan Polri kembali ke Jakarta,
karena belum ada kantor digunakan bekas kantor Hoofd van de Dienst der Algemene
Politie di Gedung Departemen Dalam Negeri. Kemudian R.S. Soekanto merencanakan
kantor sendiri di Jalan Trunojoyo 3, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan, dengan
sebutan Markas Besar Djawatan Kepolisian Negara RI (DKN) yang menjadi Markas
Besar Kepolisian sampai sekarang. Ketika itu menjadi gedung perkantoran
termegah setelah Istana Negara.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Sampai periode ini kepolisian berstatus
tersendiri antara sipil dan militer yang memiliki organisasi dan peraturan gaji
tersendiri. Anggota Polri terorganisir dalam Persatuan Pegawai Polisi Republik
Indonesia (P3RI) tidak ikut dalam Korpri, sedangkan bagi istri polisi semenjak
zaman revolusi sudah membentuk organisasi yang sampai sekarang dikenal dengan
nama Bhayangkari tidak ikut dalam Dharma Wanita ataupun Dharma Pertiwi.
Organisasi P3RI dan Bhayangkari ini memiliki ketua dan pengurus secara
demokratis dan pernah ikut Pemilu 1955 yang memenangkan kursi di Konstituante
dan Parlemen. Waktu itu semua gaji pegawai negeri berada di bawah gaji angkatan
perang, namun P3RI memperjuangkan perbaikan gaji dan berhasil melahirkan
Peraturan Gaji Polisi (PGPOL) di mana gaji Polri relatif lebih baik dibanding
dengan gaji pegawai negeri lainnya (mengacu standar PBB).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dengan Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959, setelah
kegagalan Konstituante, Indonesia kembali ke UUD 1945, namun dalam
pelaksanaannya kemudian banyak menyimpang dari UUD 1945. Jabatan Perdana
Menteri (Alm. Ir. Juanda) diganti dengan sebutan Menteri Pertama, Polri masih
tetap di bawah pada Menteri Pertama sampai keluarnya Keppres No. 153/1959,
tertanggal 10 Juli di mana Kepala Kepolisian Negara diberi kedudukan Menteri
Negara ex-officio. Pada tanggal 13 Juli 1959 dengan Keppres No. 154/1959
Kapolri juga menjabat sebagai Menteri Muda Kepolisian dan Menteri Muda Veteran.
Pada tanggal 26 Agustus 1959 dengan Surat Edaran Menteri Pertama No.
1/MP/RI1959, ditetapkan sebutan Kepala Kepolisian Negara diubah menjadi Menteri
Muda Kepolisian yang memimpin Departemen Kepolisian (sebagai ganti dari
Djawatan Kepolisian Negara).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Waktu Presiden Soekarno menyatakan akan
membentuk ABRI yang terdiri dari Angkatan Perang dan Angkatan Kepolisian, R.S.
Soekanto menyampaikan keberatannya dengan alasan untuk menjaga profesionalisme
kepolisian. Pada tanggal 15 Desember 1959 R.S. Soekanto mengundurkan diri
setelah menjabat Kapolri/Menteri Muda Kepolisian, sehingga berakhirlah karir
Bapak Kepolisian RI tersebut sejak 29 September 1945 hingga 15 Desember 1959.
Dengan Tap MPRS No. II dan III tahun 1960 dinyatakan bahwa ABRI terdiri atas
Angkatan Perang dan Polisi Negara. Berdasarkan Keppres No. 21/1960 sebutan
Menteri Muda Kepolisian ditiadakan dan selanjutnya disebut Menteri Kepolisian
Negara bersama Angkatan Perang lainnya dan dimasukkan dalam bidang keamanan
nasional. Tanggal 19 Juni 1961, DPR-GR mengesahkan UU Pokok kepolisian No.
13/1961. Dalam UU ini dinyatakan bahwa kedudukan Polri sebagai salah satu unsur
ABRI yang sama sederajat dengan TNI AD, AL, dan AU.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dengan Keppres No. 94/1962, Menteri Kapolri,
Menteri/KASAD, Menteri/KASAL, Menteri/KSAU, Menteri/Jaksa Agung, Menteri Urusan
Veteran dikoordinasikan oleh Wakil Menteri Pertama bidang pertahanan keamanan.
Dengan Keppres No. 134/1962 menteri diganti menjadi Menteri/Kepala Staf
Angkatan Kepolisian (Menkasak). Kemudian Sebutan Menkasak diganti lagi menjadi
Menteri/Panglima Angkatan Kepolisian (Menpangak) dan langsung bertanggung jawab
kepada presiden sebagai kepala pemerintahan negara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Setelah Soeharto dipilih sebagai presiden pada
tahun 1968, jabatan Menhankam/Pangab berpindah kepada Jenderal M. Panggabean.
Kemudian ternyata betapa ketatnya integrasi ini yang dampaknya sangat
menyulitkan perkembangan Polri yang secara universal memang bukan angkatan
perang. Pada tahun 1969 dengan Keppres No. 52/1969 sebutan Panglima Angkatan
Kepolisian diganti kembali sesuai UU No. 13/1961 menjadi Kepala Kepolisian
Negara RI, namun singkatannya tidak lagi KKN tetapi Kapolri. Pergantian sebutan
ini diresmikan pada tanggal 1 Juli 1969. Pada HUT ABRI tanggal 5 Oktober 1969
sebutan Panglima AD, AL, dan AU diganti menjadi Kepala Staf Angkatan. Pada
kesempatan tersebut anggota AL danAU memakai tanda TNI di kerah leher,
sedangkan Polri memakai tanda Pol. Maksudnya untuk menegaskan perbedaan antara
Angkatan Perang dan Polisi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Saat ini, setelah adanya &lt;/span&gt;Ketetapan MPR No.
X/MPR/1998 tentang Reformasi telah melahirkan Inpres No. 2/1999 tanggal 1 April
1999 dalam era Presiden BJ Habibie yang memisahkan Polri dan TNI karena
dirasakan memang terdapat perbedaan fungsi dan cara kerja dihadapkan dengan &lt;i&gt;civil
society&lt;/i&gt;. Untuk sementara, waktu itu, Polri masih diletakkan di bawah
Menteri Pertahanan Keamanan. &amp;nbsp;Akan tetapi, &amp;nbsp;karena pada waktu itu Menteri
dan Panglima TNI dijabat orang yang sama (Jenderal TNI Wiranto), &amp;nbsp;maka
praktis pemisahan tidak berjalan efektif. Sementara peluang yang lain adalah
Ketetapan MPR No. VI/2000 tanggal 18 Agustus 2000 yang menetapkan secara nyata
adanya pemisahan Polri dan TNI, yang selanjutnya diikuti pula oleh Ketetapan MPR
No. VII/2000 yang mengatur peran TNI dan Polri secara tegas. Sementara itu,
sebelum ketetapan-ketetapan tersebut di atas digulirkan, pada HUT Bhayangkara 1
Juli 2000 dikeluarkan Keppres No. 89/2000 yang melepaskan Polri dari Dephan dan
menetapkan langsung Polri di bawah presiden.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
Kendati Keppres ini sering disoroti sebagai
bahaya karena Kepolisian akan digunakan sewenang-wenang oleh presiden, namun
sesungguhnya ia masih bisa dikontrol oleh DPR dan LKN (Lembaga Kepolisian
Nasinal) yang merupakan lembaga independen. Adapun tantangan yang dihadapi
Polri dewasa ini dan ke depan, terutama adalah perubahan paradigma pemolisian
yang sesuai dengan paradigma baru penegakan hukum yang lebih persuasif di
negara demokratis, di mana hukum dan polisi tidaklah tampil dengan mengumbar
ancaman-ancaman hukum yang represif dan kadang kala menjebak rakyat, melainkan
tampil lebih simpatik, ramah, dan familier. &lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Reformasi Polri yang dimulai sejak tahun 1998 dikukuhkan dengan TAP MPR No.
VI dan VII tahun 1999 dan sangat penting adalah UU No. 2 tahun 2002 tentang
Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, sebagai landasan operasional dan
pembinaan Polri yang mengatur fungsi, tugas pokok, tugas-tugas dan
wewenang&amp;nbsp; yang harus dilaksanakan setepat
mungkin dan sebaik mungkin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Kerangka Berpikir&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Keberadaan lembaga kepolisian dalam suatu negara mutlak diperlukan. Tidak
ada satu pun negara di dunia ini yang tidak mempunyai lembaga kepolisian. Namun
demikian, antara satu lembaga kepolisian pada suatu negara belum tentu
menggunakan sistem kepolisian yang sama pula dikarenakan adanya pengaruh dari
faktor sistem politik/pemerintahan yang dianut serta mekanisme sistem kontrol
sosial yang berlaku dalam negara tersebut. Bahkan dengan sistem pemerintahan
yang sama-sama menganut paham demokratis pun, belum tentu menggunakan sistem
kepolisian yang sama. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
William
Doener dan M.L. Dantzker, dalam bukunya ” &lt;i&gt;contemporary Police Organization
and Management, Issues and Trends&lt;/i&gt;“, menyatakan bahwa “Ketika pengamat
membandingkan Sistem Kepolisian Amerika bagaimana penegakaan hukum dijalankan
di lain Negara, satu kunci perbedaan segera dapat dilihat bahwa Kepolisian
Amerika sangat terpisah, desentralisasi organisasi. Sebagai contoh, banyak
Negara mengadopsi satu organisasi,biro, atau departemen untuk menegakkan hukum
secara nasional.”&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
Pemahaman
Konsep Sistem, adalah suatu kesatuan himpunan yang utuh menyeluruh dengan
bagian-bagian yang saling berkaitan, saling ketergantungan, saling bekerjasama
berdasarkan aturan tertentu, untuk mencapai tujuan dari system. ( Prof. Djoko
Sutono, C.W. Churchman, Matheus, Lempiro). Di dunia ada 3 ( tiga ) kelompok
sistem yaitu:&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fragmented System of Policing&lt;/i&gt; ( Sistem kepolisian terpisah atau berdiri
sendiri) Disebut juga system Desentralisasi yang ekstrim atau tanpa system,
dimana adanya kekhawatiran terhadap penyalahgunaan dari suatu organisasi Polisi
yang otonom dan dilakukan pembatasan kewenangan Polisi. Sistem ini dianut oleh
Negara-negara yaitu Belgia, Kanada, Belanda, Switzerland, Amerika Serikat.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Centralized System of Policing&lt;/i&gt; ( Sistem Kepolisian Terpusat) . Berada
langsung dibawah kendali pemerintah. Negara-negara yang menganut system ini
adalah Perancis, Italia, Finlandia, Israel, Thailand, Taiwan, Irlandia,
Denmark, Swedia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Integrated System of Policing&lt;/i&gt; ( Sistem Kepolisian Terpadu), disebut juga
system desentralisasi moderat atau kombinasi atau kompromi, merupakan system
control yang dilakukan pemerintah pusat dan daerah agar terhindar dari
penyalahgunaan organisasi Polisi Nasional serta efektif, efisien, dan seragam
dalam pelayanan. Negara-negara yang menganut hal ini adalah Jepang, Australia,
Brasilia, Inggris dan Indonesia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Masing-masing sistem kepolisian
tersebut memiliki kelebihan serta kelemahan tersendiri sehingga memang benar
apabila disebutkan bahwa ”tidak ada satu sistem kepolisian yang sempurna”. Oleh
karena itulah dalam praktik kepolisian dipandang perlu untuk menelaah lebih
lanjut terkait dengan berbagai kelemahan maupun kelebihan dimaksud melalui
suatu metode perbandingan antar sistem kepolisian dalam rangka mendapatkan
pemahaman secara integral tentang perbedaan yang terdapat antara suatu sistem
kepolisian pada suatu negara tertentu dengan sistem kepolisian negara lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Outcome &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;yang hendak
dicapai dari hasil perbandingan sistem kepolisian dimaksud antara lain agar
dapat diambil suatu manfaat dari suatu sistem kepolisian negara tertentu bagi
negara lainnya, antara lain berupa penataan dan pengembangan organisasi &lt;i&gt;(organizational development)&lt;/i&gt; serta
pengembangan potensi kerjasama kerjasama antar lembaga kepolisian beberapa
negara. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, maka penulis hendak menulis tentang
perbandingan sistem kepolsian di Amerika Serikat, Jepang dan Indonesia, dalam
rangka menelaah berbagai kelebihan serta kelemahan yang terdapat pada sistem
kepolisian yang di ketiganegara tersebut dan selanjutnya mengambil
manfaat-manfaat terutama yang terdapat dalam sistem kepolisian Amerika Serikat
dan Jepang guna dijadikan sebagai faktor pembanding terhadap sistem kepolisian
di Indonesia. Manakala faktor pembanding dimaksud dipandang dapat diterapkan
pada sistem kepolisian di Indonesia serta memiliki prospek positif dalam
peningkatan profesionalisme lembaga kepolisian di Indonesia, maka dapat
diupayakan suatu strategi terkait dengan aplikasinya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Permasalahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
Kedudukan sistem Kepolisian
Indonesia saat ini dapat dikategorikan sebagai &lt;i&gt;Integrated System of policing&lt;/i&gt;
telah menjadikan posisi Kepolisian menjadi kekuatan yang bersifat Nasional
sebagai intstitusi namun juga berkapasitas &lt;i&gt;fragmented &lt;/i&gt;( kedaerahan). &lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Apakah
sistem yang sekarang ini merupakan sistem Kepolisian yang tepat untuk
diterapkan di Indonesia?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Sebelum kita membahas system
apa yang terbaik bagi negara kita, sebelumnya kita akan membahas system yang
digunakan oleh beberapa negara, diantaranya adalah Amerika Serikat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Sistem Kepolisian di Amerika Serikat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Sistem kepolisian di Amerika
Serikat menggunakan paradigma &lt;i&gt;Fragmented
System of Policing&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu suatu sistem kepolisian yang terpisah atau
berdiri sendiri, disebut juga sebagai sistem desentralisasi yang ekstrim atau
tanpa sistem. Oleh karena itu di dalam sistem tersebut terjadi kekhawatiran
terhadap penyalahgunaan dari suatu organisasi polisi yang otonom sehingga dalam
penerapan paradigma sistem dimaksud senantiasa diiringi dengan dilakukannya
pembatasan kewenangan polisi. Negara-negara yang menganut sistem ini selain
Amerika Serikat, antara lain : Belgia, Kanada, Belanda dan Swiss. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Sistem kepolisian dengan
paradigma tersebut memiliki ciri-ciri, antara lain yaitu : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Kewenangan yang dimiliki lembaga
kepolisian bersifat terbatas, yaitu hanya sebatas pada daerah di mana suatu
badan kepolisian berada. Hal ini dikarenakan secara umum lembaga kepolisian di
setiap daerah di Amerika Serikat, baik di tingkat negara bagian sampai dengan
tingkat propinsi maupun kabupaten, memang dibentuk oleh pemerintah daerah
setempat dan diatur dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang diterbitkan oleh
pemerintah daerah setempat pula sehingga tugas pokok dan wewenang lembaga
kepolisiannya pun&amp;nbsp; hanya menjangkau
daerah tersebut. Oleh karena itu, guna menangani kasus-kasus tindak pidana
tertentu, terutama yang melibatkan lebih dari satu yurisdiksi maupun yang
termasuk dalam kategori &lt;i&gt;transnational
crime&lt;/i&gt;, Amerika Serikat membentuk badan-badan kepolisian federal dengan
wewenang meliputi seluruh daerah di Amerika Serikat, seperti halnya FBI, DEA
maupun US Homeland Security.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Pengawasan terhadap lembaga kepolisian
sifatnya lokal, artinya yaitu pengawasan yang dilakukan&amp;nbsp; terhadap pelaksanaan tugas-tugas serta
wewenang kepolisian dilakukan oleh tiap-tiap struktur lokal yang ditentukan
dalam suatu lembaga kepolisian, termasuk dalam hal ini pengawasan terutama
dilakukan secara melekat oleh publik daerah setempat dimana suatu lembaga
kepolisian tersebut berada.&amp;nbsp; Hal ini
cenderung memang dipengaruhi oleh &lt;i&gt;basic &lt;/i&gt;model
penerapan hukum yang dianut di Amerika Serikat, yaitu model anglo saxon atau &lt;i&gt;common law &lt;/i&gt;yang memang dalam sistem
tersebut lembaga kepolisian tumbuh dari adanya kepentingan dalam masyarakat
sendiri sehingga representasi polisi dalam model tersebut dapat dikatakan
sebagai representasi dari masyarakat itu sendiri atau dengan kata lain bahwa
polisi adalah sebagai milik masyarakat karena munculnya lembaga kepolisian pada
awalnya bukan dikarenakan oleh adanya kepentingan negara, melainkan kepentingan
masyarakat, sebagaimana filosofi yang dikemukakan oleh Sir Robert Peel, yaitu ”The police are the public and the public are
the police; &lt;span class=&quot;huge&quot;&gt;the police being only members of the public
who are paid to give full time attention to duties which are incumbent on every
citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence&lt;/span&gt;”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Penegakan hukum dilaksanakan secara
terpisah atau berdiri sendiri, maksudnya yaitu bahwa dalam pelaksanaan
penegakan hukum tersebut, suatu lembaga kepolisian pada daerah tertentu tidak
bisa memasuki wilayah hukum daerah yang lain. Hal ini disebabkan karena
setiap&amp;nbsp; lembaga kepolisian di Amerika
Serikat diatur dengan suatu peraturan perundang-undangan tersendiri yang
ditentukan oleh pemerintah daerah setempat, termasuk dalam hal teknis
pelaksanaan penegakan hukumnya, berbeda halnya dengan negara yang sistem
kepolisiannya menggunakan Sistem Kepolisian Terpusat &lt;i&gt;(Centralized System of Policing)&lt;/i&gt;, seperti di Indonesia, dalam
pelaksanaan penegakan hukum dilaksanakan tidak secara terpisah atau berdiri
sendiri tetapi secara menyeluruh sebagai suatu lembaga kepolisian yang terpusat
sebagaimana ditentukan dalam UU No. 2 Tahun 2002 tentang Polri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Tentunya dalam penerapan
sistem kepolisian dengan paradigma &lt;i&gt;Fragmented
System of Policing&lt;/i&gt; tidak lepas dari kelebihan dan kelemahan yang
dimilikinya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Kelebihan
dimaksud, antara lain : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 19.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Polisi relatif dapat menyesuaikan dengan
situasi dan kondisi masyarakat setempat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 19.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Polisi otonom di dalam hal melakukan
pengaturan terhadap segala kegiatannya, baik dalam bidang administrasi maupun
operasional sesuai dengan struktur masyarakatnya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 19.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Kecil kemungkinan terjadinya
penyalahgunaan organisasi polisi oleh penguasa secara nasional dikarenakan
sifat pengawasannya lokal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 19.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;d)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Birokrasinya bersifat praktis, dalam arti
lebih pendek, terutama dalam hal pengusulan dana atau anggaran operasional
kepolisian karena langsung ditujukan kepada pemerintah daerah setempat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
Sementara itu, kelemahan yang dimiliki dalam Sistem Kepolisian Terpisah &lt;i&gt;(Fragmented System of Policing)&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp; , antara lain : &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Pelaksanaan penegakan hukum yang
dilaksanakan secara terpisah atau berdiri sendiri serta terbatasnya kewenangan
lembaga kepolisian hanya sebatas pada daerah dimana lembaga kepolisian tersebut
berada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; atau lokal saja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Tidak adanya suatu standar profesionalisme
di bidang kepolisian akibat dari terjadinya fragmentasi sistem kepolisian di
masing-masing daerah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Pengawasan yang bersifat lokal menyebabkan
tidak terlaksananya mekanisme kontrol dengan baik karena pengawasan hanya
terjadi dalam satu level organisasi, tidak terdapat kontrol lagi diatasnya
dengan wewenang yang lebih tinggi dalam hal pengawasan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Sistem Kepolisian di Jepang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Sistem kepolisian
di Jepang menggunakan paradigma &lt;i&gt;Integrated
System of Policing&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu suatu sistem kepolisian yang terpadu atau sering
disebut juga sistem desentralisasi moderat atau sistem kombinasi (Terri, 1984)
atau sistem kompromi (Stead, 1977), artinnya bahwa dalam sistem kepolisian yang
demikian terdapat sistem kontrol /pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah
pusat dan daerah dengan tujuan agar dapat dihindari berbagai penyalahgunaan
organisasi polisi nasional serta guna mencapai efektivitas, efisiensi dan keseragaman
dalam hal pelaksanaan pelayanan kepada publik. Negara-negara yang menganut
sistem kepolisian tersebut selain Jepang, antara lain : Inggris, Australia dan
Brasilia (Bayley, 1985). Oleh karena itu, terkait dengan kelebihan maupun
kelemahan yang terdapat dalam Sistem Kepolisian Terpadu &lt;i&gt;(Integrated System of Policing) &lt;/i&gt;dapat berasal baik dari Sistem
Kepolisian Terpisah &lt;i&gt;(Fragmented System of
Policing)&lt;/i&gt; dan Sistem Kepolisian Terpusat &lt;i&gt;(Centralized System of Policing)&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Polisi
Jepang banyak menggunakan teknologi komunikasi baik kabel, radio dan satelit
untuk komando dan kendali saling tukar informasi. Teknologi maju juga
diterapkan dalam mengidentifikasi penjahat seperti : sidik jari, analisa modus
operandi dan identifikasi sasaran. Kepolisian Jepang disusun dengan struktur
organisasi yang terdiri dari NPA (sebagai badan koordinasi dan pembuat
kebijaksanaan kepolisian) dan Badan Kepolisian Prefektur (sebagai kesatuan
penegak hukum). Sistem kepolisian Jepang utamanya mengedepankan Kepolisian
Prefektur. Untuk menjamin netralitas politik dan mencegah penyalahgunaan
kekuasaan oleh polisi maka dibentuk Komisi Keselamatan Publik pada tingkat
nasional dan prefektur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Di Jepang terdapat sistem ”koban”. Koban
didasari pada prinsip bahwa keselamatan seluruh bangsa didasarkan pada
keselamatan dan ketenteraman masing-masing warga. Sistem ini terdiri dari dari
”Police Boxes/koban kota” di mana petugas polisi warga masyarakat bekerja dalam
perondaan shift dan ”Police Boxes (Chuzoisho)/ tempat tinggal”. Di Jepang
terdapat kira-kira 15.000 Koban dan Chuzoisho di seluruh negeri. Sistem ini
berperan besar dalam pemeliharaan keselamatan publik karena petugas polisi
terbiasa hadir di tengah-tengah warga yang menimbulkan kepercayaan dari warga
masyarakat kepada polisi. Pertangungjawaban dan tugas polisi di Jepang adalah
melindungi kehidupan, orang dan harta benda individu dan melakukan pencegahan,
penanggulangan, dan penyidikan kejahatan dan lainnya yang berkaitan dengan
pemeliharaan keselamatan dan ketertiban masyarakat. Kegiatan kepolisian
dibatasi secara ketat. Sesuai dengan undang-undang Jepang dalam melaksanakan
tugas polisi harus memegang prinsip tidak berpihak, tidak berprasangka dan
adil, tidak menyalahgunakan kewenangan dengan berbagai cara yang melanggar HAM
dan kemerdekaan individu. Prinsip-prinsip tersebut dikuatkan dalam bentuk
”Sumpah Polisi”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pemerintah Nasional Jepang membentuk organisasi
”Polisi Pusat” untuk mengontrol dan melayani organisasi ”Polisi Prefektur”.
Undang-Undang Kepolisian menetapkan bahwa Pemerintah Nasional akan
memberdayakan masing-masing prefektur untuk melaksanakan tugas sebagai
perlindungan kehidupan, orang, benda milik individu dan pemeliharaan
keselamatan dan ketertiban warga masyarakat dalam yurisdiksi prefektur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;A. Organisasi Kepolisian Nasional/National
Police Organization (NPO)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Di Jepang terdapat organisasi kepolisian yang
berskala nasional &lt;i&gt;yaitu National Public
Safety Commission&lt;/i&gt; (NPSC) dan &lt;i&gt;National
Police Agency&lt;/i&gt; (NPA).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;NPSC (&lt;i&gt;National
Public Safety Commission&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Merupakan suatu badan pemerintah yang
bertanggung jawab di bidang supervisi administratif terhadap NPA. Meskipun NPSC
ini berada di bawah Perdana Menteri namun Perdana Menteri tidak berwenang untuk
memerintah atau mengendalikan langsung komisi keselamatan publik nasional ini.
Komisi bersifat otonom dan menjamin netralitas Polisi. Komisi ini bertanggung
jawab terhadap semua operasional dan kegiatan kepolisian berkenaan dengan
keselamatan publik, latihan komunikasi, identifikasi penjahat, statistik
kriminil dan peralatan serta berbagai hal yang berkaitan dengan administrasi
kepolisian. Komisi hanya dapat melakukan supervisi terhadap NPA, tetapi tidak
berwenang melaksanakan supervisi terhadap Polisi Prefektur karena kepolisian
prefektur memiliki aturan sendiri yang diawasi oleh komisi keselamatan publik
prefektur. Anggota NPSC terdiri atas 1 orang ketua yang merangkap sebagai
menteri negara ditambah 5 orang anggota yang ditunjuk oleh Perdana Menteri
dengan persetujuan Dewan. NPSC dalam melaksanakan tugasnya memelihara hubungan
yang erat dengan PPSC (Prefectural Public Safety Commission) sebagai komisi
keselamatan publik di tingkat prefektur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;NPA (&lt;i&gt;National
Police Agency&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Organisasi ini di bawah supervisi dari NPSC.
Kepala NPA adalah seorang Commissioner General of NPA yang ditunjuk dan
diberhentikan oleh NPSC dengan persetujuan Perdana Menteri. Commissioner
General (CG) bertanggung jawab terhadap subjek supervisi NPSC, mengendalikan
urusan-urusan NPA, menunjuk dan memberhentikan personel bawahannya, mengontrol
dan mengawasi kinerja urusan masing-masing Biro Lokal maupun Tingkat Pusat. NPA
bertanggung jawab terhadap perencanaan perundang undangan kepolisian, standart
kegiatan Polisi dan sistem kepolisian. NPA melakukan koordinasi kegiatan serta
memberikan dukungan kepada Polisi Prefektur baik hardware maupun softwarenya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Organisasi NPA di tingkat regional adalah
”Regional Police Bureau” (RPB). RPB ini berada di bawah NPA yang bertugas
melaksanakan fungsi kepolisian di masing-masing regio. Ditempatkan di kota-kota
besar kecuali Tokyo dan Hokkaido. Departemen Kepolisian Metropolitan Tokyo
mempunyai fungsi khusus dikarenakan karakteristik wilahnya. Demikian juga di
Hokaido di mana Markas Besar Kepolisian Prefektur Hokkaido mempunyai yurisdiksi
seluruh wilayah Hokkaido. Direktur Jenderal dari masing-masing Regio
bertanggung jawab terhadap tugas-tugas Regio dan supervisi personel Regio.
Direktur Jenderal Regio juga melakukan kontrol dan supervisi Markas Besar
Prefektur yang ada di bawah yurisdiksinya atas perintah Commissioner General
NPA. Di samping Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department dan Hokkaido Prefectural
Police Department di Jepang terdapat 7 RPB lainnya yaitu Tohoku RPB, Kanto RPB,
Kinki RPB, Chubu RPB, Chugoku RPB, Shikoku RPB dan Kyushu RPB.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;B. Organisasi Kepolisian Prefektur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Kepolisian Kota
Jepang bahwa masing-masing pemerintahan prefektur mempunyai kesatuan/organisasi
kepolisian sendiri yang mengemban tugas-tugas kepolisian di wilayahnya. Di
tingkat prefektur terdapat Komisi Keselamatan Publik Prefektur/ &lt;i&gt;Prefectural Public Safety Commission&lt;/i&gt;
(PPSC) dan Markas Besar Kepolisian Prefektur termasuk Departemen Kepolisian
Metropolitan Tokyo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;PPSC (&lt;i&gt;Prefectural
Public Safety Commission&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;PPSC adalah badan pemerintah prefektur yang
bertanggung jawab supervise administrative terhadap Kepolisian Prefektur.
Walaupun PPSC berada di bawah yurisdiksi Gubernur Prefektur tetapi Gubernur
tidak berwenang untuk memerintah dan mengendalikan secara langsung komisi ini.
Komisi PPSC ini melakukan supervise terhadap Kepolisian Prefektur utamanya
berkenaan dengan operasi kepolisian, tetapi bukan pengendalian terhadap
penanganan kasus-kasus atau kegiatan penegakan hukum khusus. Komisi ini membuat
peraturan-peraturan tentang hal-hal yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya seperti
delegasi wewenang menurut undang-undang, peraturan-peraturan. PPSC terdiri dari
5 anggota untuk prefektur besar dan 3 anggota untuk prefektur kecil. Anggota
PPSC ditunjuk oleh Gubernur dengan persetujuan Dewan Prefektur yang masa
jabatannya selama 3 tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Di setiap prefektur terdapat Kepolisian
Prefektur. Organisasi Kepolisian yang terdapat di prefektur terdiri dari
“Departemen Kepolisian Metropolitan” (MPD) dan “Markas Besar Kepolisian
Prefektur”(PPH). Kepolisian Prefektur bertanggung jawab terhadap tugas-tugas di
wilayah prefektur. Kepolisian Prefektur berada di bawah supervise dari PPSC.
Departemen Kepolisian Metropolitan dikepalai oleh seorang Superintendent
General yang diangkat dan diberhentikan oleh NPSC dengan persetujuan Perdana
Menteri, sedangkan Markas Besar Kepolisian Prefektur dikepalai oleh seorang
Chief Respectively yang diangkat dan diberhentikan oleh NPSC dengan persetujuan
PPSC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;MPD dan PPH dibagi ke dalam wilayah distrik
yang masing-masing merupakan Yurisdiksi Police Station (PS). Kepala Polisi PS
di bawah perintah dan kendali Superintendent General MPD dan Chief Respectievly
PPH. Sebagai unit terdepan di masing-masing prefektur PS melaksanakan tugas dan
menjalin hubungan yang erat dengan masyarakat. Police Boxes (Koban) dan
Residental Police Boxes (Chuzaisho) berada di bawah PS. Koban dan Chuzaisho
ditempatkan di dalam yurisdiksi PS dan berperan sebagai pusat keselamatan
masyarakat bagi penduduk setempat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Masing-masing badan kepolisian prefektur
merupakan suatu badan yang otonom yang satu sama lain dapat saling berhubungan.
Bila kepolisian prefektur tidak mampu menangani kasus-kasus tertentu maka dapat
meminta bantuan NPA atau kepolisian prefektur lainnya. Dalam menghadapi
kejahatan terorganisir antar Polisi Prefektur dapat melakukan kerjasama dengan
cara meningkatkan patroli malam, meningkatkan fasilitas, memperbaiki
perlengkapan dan kerjasama yang erat antara Polisi dan Masyarakat.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Sistem Kepolisian di Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;KOD sebagai penjabaran Desentralisasi
Administratif Polri&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
Kepolisian Indonesia bukan
Kepolisian yang total sentralistis. Semenjak 20 tahun yang lalu, Polri
melakukan desentralisaai administrative dengan menetapkan Polres sebagai
Kesatuan Operasional Dasar ( KOD), yaitu kesatuan yang paling dekat berhubungan
dengan masyarakat bertugas sepenuhnya bertanggung jawab atas seluruh tugas
pokok Kepolisian.. Sedangkan Polsek adalah Kesatuan terkecil yang setingkat
dengan Kecamatan / Desa, yang bertugas untuk mengemban seluruh tugas pokok
Kepolisian samapai ke tingkat Desa, terutama untuk melindungi dan melayani
masyarakat. Desentralisasi Administrratif akan memberi lebih banyak otoritas
kekuasaan kepada Polres. Kejahatan sekarang sudah semakin canggih, tidak
mengenal batas wilayah, bahkan Negara &lt;i&gt;( transnasional crime&lt;/i&gt;), Maka ada
kejahatan yang ditangani oleh Polda samapi Mabes Polri secara berjenjang.
Tetapi fungsi utama dari kesatguan atasan adalah memberikan bantuan tekhnis
kepada satuan bawah untuk menerbitkan petunjuk tekhnis dan petunjuk lapangan
karena dalam sistem peradilan pidana kita, sesuai deliknya, tindak pidana hanya
dapat ditangani dengan menyesuaikan tempat kejadian perkaranya ( locus
delicti).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
Desentralisasi ini diatur Pasal 10
UU No.2/2002, yang mengatur konsep tentang pendelegasian wewenang Polri yang
menganut pengertain “&lt;i&gt;desentralisasi administrative&lt;/i&gt;“. Pasal 10 (1) ini
mengatakan bahwa : “Pimpinan Negara Republik Indonesia di daerah hukum,
sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 8 ayat(2), bertanggung jawab atas pelaksanaan
tugas dan weweang kepolisian secara hierarkhie. Dalam rangka menetapkan
strategi dan kebijakan pembangunan kekuatan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan
operasional satuan kewilayahan agar mampu melaksanakan tugas pokoknya secara
professional, maka Mabes Polri dijadikan pusat pengembangan dan penetapan kebijakan
strategis secara nasional, polda seabagi kesatuan yang memiliki kewenangan
penuh,polres sebagai basis pelayanan masyarakatdan polsek sebagai ujung tombak
operasional yang langsung mengendalikan anggotanya di lapangan sebagai
pengemban diskresi kepolisian.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
Terkait dengan otonomi daerah,
strategi pembinaan kekuatan sangat berhubungan erat dengan kemampuan
operasional kewilayahan polda, polres dan polsek yang berada di lapangan untuk
melakukan tindakan kepolisian secara penuh dan jelas. Penggunaan kekuatan ini
sangat tergantung kepada kemampuan professional anggota polri di lapangan.
Ketika hal ini terjadi, dimana sejak otonomi daerah dijalankan, dan Pemda
memiliki kewenangan penuh atas penegakan hukum perda melalui Polisi pamong
prajanya dan dishub untuk penertiban parkir, Polri terbentur dengan perbedaan
pendapat dan paham masalah penegakan hukum perda dengan peraturan nasional (
undang-undang)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
Dalam konteks ini, Polri sudah
harus memberikan sedikit dari sekian banyak wewenangnya, kepada para perusahaan
penjual jasa keamanan ( dalam konteks ini adalah perusahaan-perusahaan yang
mampu secara kuantitas dan kualiatas) untuk turut serta menjaga aset-aset yang
ada di wilayah operasional polsek, dengan demikian maka pelaksanaan bidang
oprasional bisa lebih fokus dalam pencapaian program-program mabes polri yang
berkelanjutan misalnya melalui operasi-operasi kepolisian yang bersifat umum
dan khusus. Polres dan Polda sendiri, saat ini sudah dapat melakukan operasi
Kepolisian mandiri kewilayahan sendiri, yaitu jenis operasi kepolisian khusus,
yang dapat dilakukan oleh kekuatan polres atau polda, disesuaikan dengan
tantangan dan kebutuhan dalam hal keamanan dan perkembangan situsi di
wilayahnya masing-masing, misalnya operasi kepolisian mandiri adalah di Polda
Sumatera Selatan melakukan operasi kepolisian yang dilakukan dengan target
sasaran kebakaran hutan baik yang disengaja maupun yang tidak. Hal ini tentunya
disesuaikan dengna karakteristik wilayah sumatera selatan, yang pada musim
kemarau seringkali terjadi kebakaran hutan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat
maupun perusahaan-perusahaan perkebunan yang mengakibatkan terjadi polusi udara
yang parah sampai merepotkan Negara tetangga seperti Malaysia dan Singapura.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
Selain itu, dapat dilakukan
kerjasama dengan pihak pemerintah daerah setempat, ketika dalam periode
pemilihan umum daerah yang sejak masa pentahapan sudah harus diproses dan
membutuhkan keamanan, maka polda atau polres dapat membantu secara mandiri
ataupun meminta backup bantuan dari kesatuan yang ada di atasnya dalam rangka
terciptanya kondisi keamanan yang stabil dan menjamin agar proses tersebut
berjalan dengan lancara. Namun dalam hal ini, seringkali terbentur oleh masalah
penggunaan kekuatan yang tidak seimbang karena terbatasnya angagran, sehingga
yang terjadi adalah seringkali pihak otonomi daerah di pemda yang mempunyai
kekuasaan dan ingin juga terlibat sebagai calon dalam pemilukada &lt;i&gt;( incumbent&lt;/i&gt;),
melakukan upaya-upaya agar pihaknya diberikan privilege, atau keleluasaan
bergerak dan perlindungan khusus, dimana mereka dapat melakukan praktek-praktek
yang sebenarnya tidak boleh dilakukan atau bahkan melanggar tata tertib
pemilihan umum daerah , namun mereka seringkali menawarkan dan pengamanan yang
cukub besar untuk, sehingga resikonya terjadi ketidak objektifan target
pengamanan pemilukada.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Kinerja Polri di bawah Presiden&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
Sesuai dengan pengalaman 10 tahun
pemisahan dengan ABRI, Polri terus membenahi diri. Sudah sekitar 6 tahun Polri
melakukan tugasnya mereformasi diri, dan kesempatan untuk kembali dibawah presiden.
Sebagai privilege yang luar biasa, kedudukan Kapolri di bawah Presiden telah
menjadikan Polri lebih oprtimal dan maksimal dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Hal
ini disebabkan karena posisi Kapolri yang langsung mengetahui
permasalahan-permasalahan sosial, ekonomi, keamanan dan politik melalui rapat
dalam sidang Kabinet sehingga dapat menyampaikan juga permasalahan Polri yang
ada saat ini.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
Secara Politik, Polri bisa langsung
menyampaikan kebutuhan-kebutuhan institusi dalam rangka menjalankan tugasnya .
Dalam hal ini, diperlukan pemimpin yang sangat professional dalam hal ini
Kapolri, yang dapat memisahkan kepentingan, antara kepentingan Negara maupun
kepentingan pribadi. Hal ini menjadi bias, karena apabila hasil dari demokrasi
mejadikan seorang pemimpin Negara yang otoriter / diktator, maka secara
politik, kapolri akan langsung dibawah kendali seorang diktator dan menjadikan
institutional sebagai alat kekuasaan. Hal ini bisa saja terjadi karena dalam
proses politik, untuk hal ini pemilihan presiden, semua hal bisa terjadi dan
tidak ada hal yang tidak mungkin dalam politik.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Pelaksanaan UU No.2 tahun 2002&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;&quot;&gt;
Dalam pelaksanaan tugas dan fungsi
Kepolisian, perlu di&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;ata
dahulu rumusan tugas pokok, weweang Kepolisian RI dalam Undang-undang No.2
tahun 2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Fungsi Kepolisian&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pasal 2 :” Fungsi Kepolisian adalah
salah satu fungsi pemerintahan Negara di bidang pemelihara keamanan dan
ketertiban masyarakat, penegak hukum, perlindungan, pengayoman dan pelayanan
masyarakat”. Sedangkan Pasal 3: “(1) Pengemban fungsi Kepolisian adalah
Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia yang dibantu oleh : a. kepolisian khusus,
b. pegawai negri sipil dan/atau c. bentuk-bentuk pengamanan swakarsa. (2)
Pengemban fungsi Kepolisian sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1) huruf a,b, dan
c, melaksanakan fungsi Kepolisian sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan
yang menjadi dasar hukum masing-masing.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Tugas pokok Kepolisian&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pasal 13: Tugas Pokok Kepolisian
Negara Rrepublik Indonesia dalam UU No.2 tahun 20002 adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Memelihara keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat&lt;/div&gt;
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2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Menegakkan hukum&lt;/div&gt;
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3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Memberikan perlindungan,pengayoman dan
pelayanan kepada masyarakat. “, penjabaran tugas Kepolisian di jelaskan lagi
apada Pasal 14 UU Kepolisian RI.&lt;/div&gt;
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3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Kewenangan Kepolisian&lt;/div&gt;
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Pada Pasal 15 dan 16 UU Kepolisian
RI adalah perincian mengenai tugas dan wewenang Kepolisian RI, sedangkan Pasal
18 berisi tentang diskresi Kepolisian yang didasarkan kepada Kode Etik
Kepolisian.&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sesuai dengan rumusan fungsi, tugas
pokok, tugas dan weweang Polri sebagaimana diatur dalam UU No2.tahun 2002, maka
dapat dikatakan fungsi utama kepolisian meliputi :&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; 1)&lt;/span&gt;Pre-emtif&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;, 2) &lt;/span&gt;Preventif&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;, dan 3)&lt;/span&gt;Represif&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Fungsi utama itu bersifat universal
dan menjadi ciri khas Kepolisian, dimana dalam pelaksanaannya Polri lebih
mengutamakan Preventif dari pada represif. Adapun perumusan dari fungsi utama
tersebut adalah :&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Tugas
Pembinaan masyarakat (Pre-emtif)&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;Segala
usaha dan kegiatan pembinaan masyarakat untuk meningkatkan partisipasi
masyarakat, kesadaran hukum dan peraturan perundang-undangan. &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Tugas di
bidang Preventif&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;Segala usaha dan kegiatan di
bidang kepolisian preventif untuk memelihara keamanan dan ketertiban
masyarakat, memelihara keselematan orang, benda dan barang termasuk memberikan
perlindungan dan pertolongan , khususnya mencegah terjadinya pelanggaran hukum.
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Tugas di
bidang Represif&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;Di bidang represif terdapat
2 (dua) jenis yaitu represif justisiil dan non justisiil. UU No. 2 tahun 2002
memberi peran Polri untuk melakukan tindakan-tindakan represif non Justisiil
terkait dengan Pasal 18 ayat 1(1) , yaitu weweang ” diskresi kepolisian” yang
umumnya menyangkut kasus ringan.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Komisi Kepolisian Nasional ( Kompolnas)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Lembaga Kepolisian Nasional yang
disebut dengan Komisi Kepolisian Nasional berkedudukan di bawah Presiden.
Komisi Kepolisian Nasional dalam Undang-Undang Kepolisian No.2 tahun 2002,
merupakan akomodasi aspirasi masyarakat yang berkembang tentang perlunya
transparansi, pengawasan dan akuntabilitas Kepolisian Negara RI yang dilakukan
oleh suatu lembaga independen. Selain itu diharapkan adanya lembaga yang
objektif dan konsisten memperhatikan kebijakan-kebijakan untuk Presiden
berkenaan dengan tugas pokok Polri.&lt;/div&gt;
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Menurut UU No.2 tahun 2002 Tugas
Kompolnas adalah :&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; 1) &lt;/span&gt;Membantu Presiden dalam
menetapkan arah kebijakan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; dan 2) &lt;/span&gt;Memberikan pertimbangan kepada Presiden dalam
pengangkatan dan Pemberhentian Kapolri.&lt;/div&gt;
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Wewenang Kompolnas sebagaimana
dimaksud ayat (1) adalah : Mengumpulkan dan menganalisa datam seabagai bahan
pemberian saran kepada Presiden yang berkaitan denganj anggaran Kepolisian
Negara Republik Indonesia. Pengembangan Sumber daya manusia Kepolisian Negara
Republik Indonesia, pengembangan sarana dan prasarana Kepolisian Negara
Republik Indonesia. Memberikan saran dan pertimbangan lain Kepada Presiden
dalam rangka mewujudkan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia yang professional
dan mandiri, dan Menerima saran dan keluhan dari masyarakat mengenai Kinerja
Kepolisian dan menyampaikan ke presiden.&lt;/div&gt;
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Melihat komposisi tugas dan
wewenang Kompolnas, hal ini menjadi jelas dan kelihatan sekali, bahwa
pengawasan kinerja Kepolisian dengan indikator keluhan masyarakat sudah resmi
dan efisien sebenarnya, namun saat ini Sosialisasi Kompolnas ke daerah-daerah
lain tidak maksimal dan kurang diketahuui keberadaannya oleh masyarakat.
Masyarakat di kabupaten-kabupaten banyak yang belum mengetahui, karena
Kompolnas tidak pernah melakukan sosialisasi dan memberikan keterangan kepada
media massa akan keberadaannya. Justru Lembaga-lembaga lain yang sebenarnya
boleh dikatakan tidak mempunyai landasan hukum uyang kuat untuk menilai Polri
secara objektif seperti lembaga-lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat, Lembaga Survey,
yang sering mempublikasikan hasil temuannya di media massa yang terkadang
diragukan keobjektifitasannya. Untuk itu, sebaiknya dalam proses pengawasan
Polri di masa mendatang, sebaiknya Kompolnas melakukan tugasnya dan berperan
dalam pembuatan opini public yang dipercaya dan diterima oleh hukum dan
masyarakat. Kompolnas harus selalu terdepan dalam memberikan informasi yang
berkaitan dengan Kinerja Polri dan dapat dijadikan tolak ukur atau indikator
keberhasilan pelaksanaan tugas pokok Polri.&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Dari penjelasan diatas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Sistem kepolisian di Indonesia menggunakan
paradigma &lt;i&gt;Centralized System of Policing&lt;/i&gt;,
yaitu suatu sistem kepolisian yang terpusat / sentralisasi di mana sistem
kepolisian berada di bawah kendali atau pengawasan langsung oleh pemerintah
pusat. Sistem ini dahulunya dianut oleh sistem pemerintahan yang totaliter
seperti Jerman pada era Nazi. Negara-negara yang menganut sistem kepolisian ini
selain Indonesia, antara lain : Perancis, Italia, Finlandia, Israel, Thailand,
Taiwan, Irlandia, Denmark dan Swedia. Kelemahan dari sistem ini, antara lain : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Cenderung dijauhi / kurang didukung
masyarakat karena cenderung lebih memihak kepada penguasa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Birokrasinya juga terlalu panjang, mulai
dari level paling bawah hingga paling atas terletak dalam satu rangkaian sistem
birokrasi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Kurang dapat menyesuaikan dengan situasi
dan kondisi masyarakat, karena panjang dan gemuknya rentang struktural dalam
sistem kepolisian tersebut. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;d)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Terdapat kerentanan yang tinggi terhadap
munculnya intervensi penguasa serta penyalahgunaan organisasi maupun wewenang
kepolisian untuk kepentingan penguasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Sedangkan kelebihan dari
sistem kepolisian terpusat tersebut, antara lain yaitu : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Mudahnya sistem komando dan pengendalian
karena dapat dilaksanakan secara terpusat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Wilayah kewenangan hukumnya lebih luas
dibandingkan dengan sistem desentralisasi, karena kewenangan tersebut bersifat
nasional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Terdapat standarisasi profesionalisme,
efisiensi dan efektivitas baik dalam bidang administrasi maupun operasional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;d)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Ruang lingkup pengawasan dalam sistem ini
sifatnya lebih luas dibandingkan dengan sistem desentralisasi karena pengawasan
tidak hanya pada tataran lokal tapi secara berjenjang sampai dengan level
nasional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;KESIMPULAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Melalui pemahaman konsep
sistem, maka akan didapatkan suatu pandangan tentang suatu kesatuan himpunan
yang utuh menyeluruh dengan bagian-bagian yang saling berkaitan, saling
ketergantungan, saling bekerjasama berdasarkan aturan tertentu, untuk mencapai
tujuan dari sistem ( Prof. Djoko Sutono, C.W. Churchman, Matheus, Lempiro).
Oleh karena itu, termasuk pula dalam hal perbandingan atas sistem-sistem
kepolisian yang digunakan dalam negara-negara demokratis tersebut diatas, maka
didapatkan suatu pemahaman bahwa tidak ada suatu sistem kepolisian yang
sempurna karena masing-masing sistem kepolisian tersebut memiliki kelebihan dan
kekurangan tersendiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Dengan adanya kelebihan yang
dimiliki dalam suat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt; sistem kepolisian tertentu, maka
selayaknya dapat difungsikan sebagai kekuatan &lt;i&gt;(strength) &lt;/i&gt;dan peluang &lt;i&gt;(opportunity)
&lt;/i&gt;yang harus dioptimalkan eksistensinya guna menutupi atau mengeliminasi
kelemahan &lt;i&gt;(weakness) &lt;/i&gt;yang dimiliki dalam
sistem kepolisian tersebut. Kelebihan dimaksud harus dikelola dengan baik
sehingga tidak justru menjadikan timbulnya ancaman &lt;i&gt;(threat)&lt;/i&gt; tersendiri bagi operasionalisasi sistem kepolisian
tersebut karena tidak ada satu pun sistem kepolisian yang paling sempurna di
dunia, melainkan setiap siste kepolisian pasti memiliki kelebihan dan
kelemahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Walaupun semua system tidak
ada yang sempurna, akan tetapi, &lt;/span&gt;Kepolisian
Indonesia saat ini sudah hampir mendekati sistem Kepolisian ideal yang
diharapkan oleh anggotanya sendiri maupun masyarakat, kemandirian Polri sudah
dilaksanakan dan terpisah dari ABRI, dan sekarang yang perlu dilakukan Polri
adalah melakukan peningkatan sumber daya manusianya serta melakukan pembenahan
secara maksimal. Program-program yang dilaksanakan dalam tugas kepolisian di
kewilayahan sudah dapat dilihat hasilnya, sementara yang perlu dan wajib
dilakukan adalah adanya penyederhanaan sistem birokrasi untuk pelayanan kepada
masyarakat.&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Pelayanan Masyarakat melalui
langsung maupun tidak langsung bisa dilakukan dan disederhanakan dengan
melakukan efisensi dan efektifitas yang terkait dengan penggunaan tekhnologi
Kepolisian yang maksimal dan up to date. Pengawasan juga diperlukan dalam
rangka menjaga supaya tidak ada penyelewengan dan penyalahgunaan kekuasaan
dalam praktek-praktek kerja di lapangan.&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;__________, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah Kepolisian Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;, ( MABES POLRI, 1999), h. 45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;__________, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah Kepolisian Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;, ( MABES POLRI, 1999), h. 141&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Awaloeddin Djamin, &lt;i&gt;Sistem Administrasi Kepolisian; Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;,
(YPIK, Jakarta), h. 69-71&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Diakses
dari situs : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelian_Principles&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelian_Principles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/r/robertpee%20l260231.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/r/robertpee
l260231.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;, pada
tanggal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;0 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;November &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;201&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Diakses
dari situs : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.governance-indonesia.com/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;do_pdf=1&amp;amp;id=74&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;http://www.governance-indonesia.com/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;do_pdf=1&amp;amp;id=74&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;, pada tanggal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;0 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;November&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; 201&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Prinsip-prinsip dalam good governance
yaitu : Partisipasi Masyarakat, Tegaknya Supremasi Hukum, Transparansi, Peduli
pada Stakeholder, Berorientasi pada Konsensus, Kesetaraan, Efektifitas dan
Efisiensi, Akuntabilitas dan Visi Strategis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Yade
setiawan ujung, &lt;i&gt;Sistem Kepolisian Jepang&lt;/i&gt;,
diupload tanggal 07 desember 2011 dari http://ys-ujung.com/?p=84&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;DAFTAR PUSTAKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;__________, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah Kepolisian Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;, ( MABES POLRI, 1999&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Awaloeddin Djamin, &lt;i&gt;Sistem Administrasi Kepolisian; Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;,
(YPIK, Jakarta)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Lutan, Ahwil,
Dkk, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Perbandingan Sistem
Kepolisian di Negara-Negara Demokratis,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Materi Kuliah Mahasiswa PTIK, Jakarta, 2000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pasaribu, Arman,
&lt;i&gt;Perbandingan Sistem Kepolisian : Sistem
Kepolisian Ideal di Indonesia, &lt;/i&gt;diakses
dari situs : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://armanpasaribu.wordpress.com/2009/02/12/108/&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;http://armanpasaribu.wordpress.com/2009/02/12/108/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;, pada tanggal
22 November 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelian_Principles&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelian_Principles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;, diakses pada tanggal 22 November 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/r/robertpee%20l260231.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/r/robertpee
l260231.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;, diakses
pada tanggal 20 November 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.governance-indonesia.com/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;do_pdf=1&amp;amp;%20id=74&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;http://www.governance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;indonesia.com/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;do_pdf=1&amp;amp;
id=74&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;diakses pada tanggal 21 November 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;8.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Diakses dari situs : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelian_Principles&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peelian_Principles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/r/robertpee%20l260231.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/r/robertpee l260231.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, pada
tanggal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;0 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;November &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;201&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;9.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Diakses
dari situs : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.governance-indonesia.com/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;do_pdf=1&amp;amp;id=74&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;http://www.governance-indonesia.com/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;do_pdf=1&amp;amp;id=74&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, pada
tanggal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;0 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;November&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; 201&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;10.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Diakses
dari situs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://polisikita.wordpress.com/2008/06/24/sejarah-polri/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;http://polisikita.wordpress.com/2008/06/24/sejarah-polri/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, pada
tanggal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;November&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; 201&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
11.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Yade
setiawan ujung, &lt;i&gt;Sistem Kepolisian Jepang&lt;/i&gt;,
diupload tanggal 07 desember 2011 dari http://ys-ujung.com/?p=84&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/1327881127337467161/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/perbandingan-sistem-kepolisian-amerika.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/1327881127337467161'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/1327881127337467161'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/perbandingan-sistem-kepolisian-amerika.html' title='Perbandingan Sistem Kepolisian Amerika Serikat, Jepang Dan Indonesia; Sistem Kepolisian Ideal Di Indonesia'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-642752792129369514</id><published>2012-09-25T09:03:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2012-09-25T09:03:57.874-07:00</updated><title type='text'>KINERJA POLISI DALAM MENCAPAI PROFESIONALISME</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Latar belakang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;“Polisi itu yang
penting adalah tugas di lapangan, bukan teori-teori di sekolah. Fakta di
lapangan sangat berbeda dengan apa yang diajarkan di kelas. Polisi tugasnya
adalah menegakkan hukum, benar atau salah sudah ditentukan dan jelas aturannya.
Sekolah dan belajar itu secukupnya ..…… Keberhasilan polisi lebih ditentukan
hasil praktek di lapangan, bukan dari teori-teori “. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Pernyataan tersebut
masih sering kita dengar, dan diperdebatkan oleh para petugas kepolisian, yang
membuat kita bertanya-tanya : Apa peran dan fungsi polisi dalam masyarakat?
Tugas Polisi merupakan Profesi atau &lt;i&gt;craft&lt;/i&gt;? Jika tugas polisi merupakan
profesi berarti polisi harus profesional dan para petugasnya memerlukan
keahlian atau ketrampilan tertentu. Bagaimana kalau polisi tidak profesional
dalam melaksanakan tugasnya? Apa dampaknya? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Dari pertanyaan
tersebut juga dapat dipertanyakan mengapa polisi harus profesional? Dan
bagaimana menjadikan polisi profesional? Masih banyak pertanyaan yang dapat
dikembangkan untuk mempertanyakan keberadaan, dan fungsi polisi baik sebagai
institusi, maupun sebagai petugas dalam melaksanakan pemolisiannya dalam
masyarakat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Dalam masyarakat yang
modern untuk dapat bertahan hidup, tumbuh berkembang dituntut adanya
produktivitas. Bagi yang tidak dapat melakukan produktivitas akan menjadi beban
atau benalu bagi orang lain. Dan dalam proses produktivitas tersebut ada
berbagai masalah sosial yang dapat mengganggu, menghambat bahkan mematikan
produktivitas tersebut. Untuk melindungi warga masyarakat dalam melaksanakan
produktivitasnya diperlukan hukum, norma, aturan-aturan untuk mengatur tata
kehidupan dalam masyarakat tersebut. Untuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;menegakkannya
dan mengajak warga masyarakat mentaatinya diperlukan institusi yang bertugas
untuk menangani, salah satunya adalah polisi (lihat Friedman:1992, Bayley
:1994, Suparlan: 1999, Rahardjo: 2002). Menurut Profesor Parsudi Suparlan
(2004: 34): &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;“Dalam
sebuah masyarakat yang otoriter maka fungsi polisi adalah melayani atasan atau
penguasa untuk menjaga kemantapan kekuasaan otoriter pemerintah yang berkuasa.
Sedangkan dalam masyarakat madani yang demokratis yang modern dan bercorak
majemuk, seperti Indonesia masa kini yang sedang mengalami reformasi menuju
masyarakat madani yang demokratis, maka fungsi polisi adalah juga harus sesuai
dengan corak masyarakat dan kebudayaan Indonesia tersebut. Jika tidak maka
polisi tidak hanya tidak akan berfungsi sebagaimana seharusnya tetapi bahkan
tidak akan memperoleh tempat dalam masyarakat Indonesia sebagai pranata yang
otonom yang dibutuhkan keberadaannya oleh masyarakat Indonesia”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup
masyarakat adalah suatu masalah yang kompleks dan saling terkait dan saling
mendukung dalam suatu sistem (holistik dan sistemik). Salah satu faktor penting
bagi masyarakat untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidupnya adalah adanya rasa aman
dalam melaksanakan kegiatan atau aktivitasnya. Masalah keamanan inilah yang
menjadi tugas dan tanggung jawab utama Polisi atau petugas kepolisian dalam
struktur kehidupan masyarakat, yang berfungsi sebagai pengayom masyarakat,
penegak hukum. Yaitu untuk melindungi harkat dan martabat manusia, memelihara
ketertiban masyarakat dan menangani kejahatan baik dalam bentuk tindakan
terhadap pelaku kejahatan maupun dalam bentuk upaya pencegahan kejahatan dengan
tujuan warga masyarakat dapat hidup dan bekerja maupun melaksanakan
aktivitasnya dalam keadaan aman dan tentram (Bachtiar 1994; 1, lihat Suparlan :
2000). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Konsep
Profesional Dan Kepolisian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Profesionalisme Orang sering menyebut, baik dalam
tulisan maupun pidato tentang profesionalisme Polri tanpa memahami hakiki makna
dan aplikasinya dilapangan. Sehingga pengertian dasarnya kabur karena membentuk
bentangan spektrum yang luas mulai dari pengertian yang ekstrim sulit sampai
dengan yang sederhana saja. Untuk itu, kami akan mengemukakan beberapa pendapat
mengenai pengertian profesional agar dapat membantu dalam memahami makna serta
penggunaan yang tepat dilapangan. Kata profesionalisme mempunyai ciri dan
kriteria sebagai berikut: 1) Keterampilan yang didasarkan atas pengetahuan
teoritis, 2) Memperoleh pendidikan tinggi dan latihan kemampuannya diakui oleh
rekan sejawatnya, 3) Adanya “ Organisasi Profesi “ yang menjamin berlangsungnya
budaya profesi melalui persyaratan untuk memasuki organisasi tersebut, yaitu : ketaatan
pada “ kode etik profesi”, 4) Adanya nilai khusus, harus diabadikan pada
kemanusian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Kata “polisi” dalam bahasa indonesia merupakan kata
pinjaman dan jelas berasal dari kata belanda “politie”. Adapun kata Belanda
“politie” didasarkan atas serangkain kata Yunani Kuno dan Latin yang berasal
dari kata Yunani-Kuno “polis”.Kata tersebut berarti “kota” atau “negara kota”.
Atas dasar perkembangan itu maka kata “polis”, mendapat pengertian “negara” dan
dalam bentuk-bentuk perkembangannya masuk unsur “pemerintah” dan lain
sebagainya. Kata Yunani kuno tersebut masuk kedalam bahasa Lain sebagai
“poliyia” dan kata itulah yang diduga menjadi kata dasar kata “police”
(Inggris), “ politie” (Belanda), “polisi” (Indonesia).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Bilamana secara tepat kata “polisi” mendapat arti yang
kini digunakan, sulit dipastikan. Namun demikian, perkembangan sebagimana
dicatat di inggris, yang dicatat penggunaan kata “police” sebagai kata kerja
yang berarti “memerintah” dan “mengawasi” (sekitar tahun 1589). Selanjutnya
sebagai kata benda diartikan “pengawasan”, yang kemudian meluas dan menunjukkan
“organisasi yang menangani pengawasan dan pengamanan” (tahun 1716). Di
Indonesia, istilah polisi ‘ digunakan dalam pengertian “organisasi pengamanan”
pada abad ke-19 dalam interregum Inggris dari 1811 – 1817. wilayah Indonesia
saat itu merupakan bagian dari wilayah yang dipimpin “bupati” masing-masing
diserahi tugas pengamanan terib hukum dan polisi bertanggungjawab pada bupati
setempat itu. Secara historis, posisi kelembagaan kepolisian sebagaimana
dipaparkan oleh Harsja Bahtiar dalam bukunya Ilmu Kepolisian Suatu Cabang Ilmu
Pengetahuan yang baru, bahwa pada masa penjajahan Hindia Belanda Kepolisian
berada di bawah Procedur General (Jaksa Agung), baik itu Besturs Politie
(Polisi Pamong Praja) maupun Algeneu Politie (polisi umum). Pada masa revolusi
tanggal 19 agustus 1945, Kepolisian merupakan bagian dari Departemen Dalam
Negeri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Kinerja Kepolisian dalam mencapai profesionalisme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Pandangan Masyarakat terhadap Kinerja Polri Kinerja
Polri dari hari ke hari telah menampakkan kemajuan yang berarti walaupun belum
dapat memenuhi harapan masyarakat. Banyak prestasi yang telah dicapai oleh
Polri dalam menemukan penjahat dalam waktu yang relatif tidak lama. Namun, juga
masih banyak harapan masyarakat akan dapat ditangkapnya para koruptor besar
yang sampai saat ini belum berhasil ditangkap. Keberhasilan Polri melumpuhkan
komplotan teroris di Batu-Malang (Jawa Timur) dan menewaskan Dr. Azahari sangat
menggembirakan masyarakat. Juga ditemukannya sejumlah bahan peledak dan bom
rakitan seperti di Ngebel-Ponorogo dan Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur (Kompas, 12-13
Nov. 2005). Polri pula yang berhasil membongkar dan menangkap produsen Narkoba.
Dalam penggrebekannya di desa Cemplang-Serang (Banten) itu Polri menangkap 13 tersangka
pelaku termasuk pemilik pabrik, serta menyita sejumlah barang bukti (Republika,
12 Nov. 2005). Konon, pabrik Narkoba itu merupakan terbesar ketiga di dunia
dengan omset mencapai kurang lebih satu triliun rupiah setiap minggu (Pelita,
15 Nov. 2005). Keberhasilan-keberhasilan itu diakui oleh masyarakat sebagai
prestasi Polri yang membanggakan dan pantas mendapat pujian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Namun, harus diakui juga bahwa harapan masyarakat
untuk memiliki polisi yang benar-benar baik dan bersih masih belum menjadi
kenyataan. Masih banyak oknum polisi yang melakukan pelanggaran etika
kepolisian, memeras, bahkan melakukan kejahatan Narkoba, penadah perampasan
taksi seeperti belum lama berselang (Kompas, 17 Nov. 2005). Masih banyak lagi
kejadian kejahatan yang melibatkan polisi dan sering dapat dibaca atau ditonton
dalam berita di media massa. Masyarakat juga banyak bergonjing tentang adanya
polisi yang menghentikan kendaraan truk terutama di luar kota di mana
pengemudinya sudah menyiapkan kotak korek api untuk diberikan kepada oknum
polisi itu. Tentu saja kotak itu tidak berisi korek api karena bukan itu yang
diminta oleh polisi. Pengurusan Surat Ijin Mengemudi dan surat-surat lainnya pun
menjadi “ladang” yang subur bagi pemasukan uang bagi polisi (Indo Pos, 15 Nov.
2005). Masih banyak lagi “ladang” lainnya yang dapat menjadi tempat korupsi
polisi, tetapi bukan terhadap uang negara. Korupsi itu korupsi terhadap uang
masyarakat secara perseorangan. Hal itu sulit dibuktikan, namun bagi masyarakat
dianggapnya bukan rahasia lagi. Hal ini menyebabkan masyarakat belum merasa
“menjadi satu” sebagai mitra polisi, pada hal perkara ini sangat penting dalam
mendukung tugas polisi. Masyarakat masih takut atau segan berhubungan dengan
polisi karena berbagai sebab yang pada umumnya takut “kehilangan” uang. Menjadi
saksipun kalau bisa dihindari, demikian pula melaporkan kejadian kehilangan
barangnya saja masih ada yang tidak merasa perlu karena pesimis akan
manfaatnya, dan bisa jadi ujung-ujungnya akan “kehilangan” uang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Perilaku menyimpang polisi disebabkan oleh banyak
faktor, antara lain pengaruh lingkungan yang mengakibatkan ingin menjalani gaya
hidup hedonisme, gaji yang relatif kurang, sikap mental yang buruk, dan
diberikannya kekuasaan polisi oleh hukum untuk mengambil tindakan dalam situasi
tertentu menurut “pertimbangan sendiri” atau disebut kekuasaan
diskresi-fungsional yang menempatkan pribadi-pribadi polisi sebagai faktor
sentral dalam penegakan hukum . Jadi, diskresi merupakan kebijakan, keleluasaan
atau kemampuan untuk memilih rencana kabijakan atau mempertimbangkan bagi diri
sendiri atau suatau kebijakan berdasarkan keleluasaannya untuk melakukan suatu
tindakan atas dasar pertimbangan dan keyakinan dirinya. Oleh karena itu,
diskresi tidak terlepas dari ketentuan hukum, artinya diskresi itu dilakukan
dalam kerangka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Dari pengertian di atas itulah, maka pribadi-pribadi
polisi mendapat peran yang sangat penting dan sentral dalam penegakan hukum.
Polisi merupakan salah satu pilar dalam mewujudkan tegaknya hukum. Namun, jika
polisi tidak memiliki integritas moral yang tinggi dan kuat, maka dengan
kekuasaan diskresi-fungsional tersebut justru memberi peluang untuk menggunakan
kekuasaan itu untuk kepentingan pribadinya sendiri yang tidak untuk tegaknya
hukum dan keadilan dengan melakukan tindakan yang bernuansa pemerasan atau
intimidasi ataupun rekayasa dan kolusi dalam penanganan suatu perkara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Untuk mencegah digunakannya kekuasaan
diskresi-fungsional yang tidak proporsional, maka masalah peningkatan moral,
etika dan berfungsinya hati nurani menjadi sangat penting. Moral dan etika akan
menjadi pendorong untuk menjadi polisi yang baik, yang menuntun sikap,
tindakan, dan perilaku polisi. Moralitas adalah norma atau standard tingkah
laku manusia yang didasarkan atas pertimbangan benar-salah, dan baik-buruk.
Etika merupakan nilai-nilai dan norma yang menjadi pegangan seseorang atau
kelompok masyarakat dalam mengatur tingkah. Menghidupkan berfungsinya hati
nuarani juga sangat penting karena sesungguhnya hati nurani tidak pernah
bohong. Hati nurani yang sensitif (tidak tumpul) dapat mengarahkan pada hal-hal
yang baik dan terpuji.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Pentingnya peningkatan moral dan etika serta
mensensitifkan hati nurani itu juga berkaitan dengan prinsip bahwa “yang legal
belum tentu bermoral.” Kalau berdasarkan legal saja maka seperti jawaban
Eichman (Nazi Jerman) ketika dalam proses peradilan ditanya” mengapa dia tega
membunuh puluhan ribu manusia” yang dengan entengnya dijawabnya “saya tidak
bersalah karena saya taat”. Orang yang berpikir hanya berdasar legalitas saja akan
cenderung seperti Machiavellis yang berprinsip “tujuan menghalalkan cara” yang
menumpulkan hati nurani. Di samping itu, ada masalah keseharian polisi yaitu
persoalan menggunakan hukum. Apabila hukum digunakan oleh polisi secara
semestinya niscaya kedilan akan mendukung terwujudnya keadilan dan citra polisi
akan membaik. Mungkin ada aturan hukum yang tidak sempurna, tetapi akan
menciptakan kebaikan jika penegak hukumnya baik. Sebaliknya, hukum yang baik
tidak menjamin akan terciptanya keadilan, keteriban atau kebaikan jika aparat
penegak hukumnya buruk. Disini lagi menunjukkan pentingnya moral, etika dan
hati nurani diketengahkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Sikap dan perilaku anggota Polri terikat pada Kode
Etik Profesi Kepolisian Negara R.I. Dalam melaksanakan tugas dan wewenangnya
anggota Polri harus dapat mencerminkan kepribadian Bhayangkara Negara
seutuhnya. Anggota Polri juga harus menghayati dan menjiwai etika profesi
kepolisian yang tercermin dalam sikap dan perilakunya seperti dirumuskan dalam
Kode Etiknya yang merupakan kristalisasi nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam Tri
Brata dan Catur Prasetya yang dilandasi dan dijiwai oleh Pancasila (Kansil,
2003: 152-153). Kode Etik tersebut bukan hanya untuk dihafalkan tetapi harus
diamalkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari terutama dalam melaksanakan tugasnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Untuk mewujudkan tugas pokok tersebut tentunya perlu
dukungan dari masyarakat. Partisipasi masyarakat dalam mewujudkan keamanan dan
ketertiban serta penegakan hukum adalah sangat penting. Partisipasi itu bisa
terwujud apabila masyarakat merasa memiliki dan mencintai Polri. Hal itu bisa
terwujud jika Polri dapat merebut hati masyarakat, dekat dengan masyarakat
dengan menunjukkan sikap, perilaku, dan pelayanan yang baik kepada masyarakat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Pengungkapan masalah-masalah tersebut di atas mungkin
dirasakan “pahit” bagi Polri, tetapi kebanyakan obat adalah pahit. Anggaplah
itu sebagai obat yang pahit yang perlu bagi polisi untuk memperbaiki diri. Yang
jelas pengungkapan ini tidak bermaksud memojokkan Polri, tetapi didasari oleh
kecintaan pada Polri dan keinginan memiliki polisi sipil yang bersih,
berwibawa, bermartabat dan bermoral, yang benar-benar dapat menjadi pelindung,
pengayom, dan pelayan masyarakat yang baik. Di negara manapun, keinginan
masyarakat adalah seperti itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Harapan Masyarakat terhadap Kinerja Polri Harapan
masyarakat sudah banyak disebutkan pada perbincangan sebelumnya, yang pada
intinya masyarakat ingin agar Polri dapat mewujudkan tugas pokoknya dengan
baik, yang dilandasi oleh moralitas, profesionalisme sebagai polisi sipil, dan
memiliki kedekatan dengan rakyat yang positif. Harapan itu sebenarnya tidak
berlebihan. Untuk itu, setiap anggota Polri juga harus memperhatikan beberapa
hal, yaitu: 1) Mengenal diri, artinya tahu dan paham, dan menghayati benar
siapa dirinya (sebagai anggota polisi sipil), paham dan menghayati tugasnya dan
bagaiman melakukan tugas dengan baik, serta memahami apa yang menjadi keharusan
dan larangannya, 2) Integritas pribadi, artinya bersikap jujur, adil, dan
amanah dalam melakukan tugas, 3) Pengendalian diri, yang berarti dapat menunda
gratifikasi dan bertindak secara proporsional serta tidak emosional, 4) Komitmen
dan konsistensi, artinya memiliki tekad yang kuat untuk menjadi polisi yang
baik sebagai pelindung, pengayom,dan pelayan masyarakat, 5)Kepercayaan diri,
artinya dalam melaksanakan tugas tidak bersikap ragu-ragu, tegas tetapi tetap
terukur dan tetap sopan santun, 6) Fleksibel, berarti tidak bersifat kaku dalam
bertindak. Di samping itu, perlu diperhatikan bahwa masyarakat berharap Polri
bersikap netral dalam kehidupan politik dan tidak berpolitik praktis seperti
ditegaskan dalam pasal 28 Undang-Undang tentang Kepolisian Negara R.I. Jangan
lagi karena kepentingan sesaat Polri terlibat dalam politik praktis seperti
dalam kampanye dengan memobolisasi para purnawirawannya, karena jika hal itu
terjadi akan merugikan Polri dan menjauhkan Polri dari masyarakat yang sangat
majemuk dan bermacam paham politik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Penutup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Dengan reformasi internalnya, Polri sudah mengalami
kemajuan untuk menjadi polisi sipil bagi mewujudkan keamanan dan ketertiban
masyarakat, penegakan hukum dan perlindungan, pengayom, dan pelayan masyarakat.
Namun, apa yang dicapai itu masih jauh dari harapan masyarakat yang
menginginkan memiliki polisi sipil yang handal, bermoral, profesional, dan
sebagai pelayan masyarakat, yang dicintai dan didukung masyarakat, serta
menjadi kebanggaan rakyat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Peningkatan moralitas, etika, dan mensensitifkan hati
nurani menjadi kunci pokok dalam mewujudkan harapan masyarakat. Untuk itu,
setiap anggota Polri perlu bertanya pada diri sendiri “sudah patutkah saya
menjadi polisi harapan masyarakat?” Bertanyalah pada hati nurani sendiri,
seandainya saya anggota masyarakat biasa, apa harapan anda kepada Polri? Sudah
memadaikah apa yang saya lakukan selama ini? Hal-hal seperti itu perlu
dilakukan agar perilaku dan kinerja polisi tidak jauh berbeda dengan tuntutan
dan harapan masyarakat terhadap Polri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Daftar Pustaka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Harsja w. Bachtiar, &lt;i&gt;Ilmu Kepolisian;
Suatu Cabang Ilmu Pengetahuan Yang Baru&lt;/i&gt;, Jakarta: PT Gramedia Widiasarana
Indonesia, 1994&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Parsudi suparlan, &lt;i&gt;Ilmu Kepolisian&lt;/i&gt;,
Jakarta, YPKIK, 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Wik Djatmika, &lt;i&gt;Kurikulum Sejarah
Kepolisian Pada Pendidikan Polri&lt;/i&gt;, Jakarta, 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;__________, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah Kepolisian Di
Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;, Jakarta, Mabes Polri, 1999&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/642752792129369514/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/kinerja-polisi-dalam-mencapai.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/642752792129369514'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/642752792129369514'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/kinerja-polisi-dalam-mencapai.html' title='KINERJA POLISI DALAM MENCAPAI PROFESIONALISME'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-2196561165944368642</id><published>2012-09-12T20:04:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-09-12T20:04:37.476-07:00</updated><title type='text'>AL-FARRABI; Sang Bapak Filsafat</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Biografi Al-Farrabi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Nama asli beliau adalah Abu Nashr Ibnu Audagh bin
Thorhan Al-Farabi. Ia dilahirkan dikota &lt;i&gt;Farrab&lt;/i&gt;
tahun 257 H (870 M). sejak kecil Al-Farabi adalah anak yang tekun dan rajin
dalam belajar . dalam berolah kata, tutur bahasa ia mempunyai kecakapan yang
luar biasa dan menguasai bahasa Iran,
Turkistan, dan Kurdistan. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Nampaknya ia tidak mengenal bahasa Yunani dan
Suryani, yaitu bahasa-bahasa ikmu pengetahuan pada masa itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Setelah besar Al-Farabi dalam memulai karirnya
pertama-tama beliau hijrah dari kota
kelahirannya kekota Baghdad
yang saat itu menjadi pusat ilmu pengetahuan. Dia belajar disana selama kurang
lebih dua puluh tahun. Ia&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menimba ilmu
pengetahuan kapada : Ibnu Suraj untuk belajar tata bahasa Arab, Abu Bisyr Matta
Ibn Yunus untuk belajar ilmu manthiq (logika). Nampaknya pertama datang di Baghdad, hanya sedikit
bahasa Arab yang telah dikuasainya. Ia sendiri mengatakan bahwa ia belajar ilmu
&lt;i&gt;nahwu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dari situ Ia mencoba pergi ke Harran
yang saat itu menjadi&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;salah satu pusat
kebudayaan Yunani di Asia kecil. Disana ia berguru kepada Yohana Ibn Hailan,
namun tak lama kemudian ia meninggalkan kota ini
dan kembali ke Baghdad.
Disini ia kembali memperdalam ilmu Filsafat,
 Ia juga mampu mencapai ahli dalam
ilmu Manthiq (logika).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pemikiran Al-Farrabi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Al-Farabi mempunyai pengetahuan yang luas. Ia mendalami
berbagai macam ilmu yang ada pada masanya termasuk filsafat. Ia mendefinisikan
filsafat sebagai ilmu yang menyelidiki hakikat sebenarnya dari segala yang ada
(&lt;i&gt;Al-Ilmu Bil Maujudaat Baina Hia
Al-Maujudat&lt;/i&gt;). Filsafatnya yang terkenal adalah filsafat &lt;i&gt;emanasi&lt;/i&gt;. Dalam filsafat emanasi ini ia
menerangkan bahwa segala yang ada memancar dari zat Tuhan melalui akal-akal
yang berjumlah sepuluh.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Alam materi dikontrol oleh akal yang sepuluh itu. Ia juga membahas soal jiwa
dan akal manusia. Akal menurutnya mempunyai tiga tingkat yaitu : &lt;i&gt;Al-Hayulani&lt;/i&gt; (materi) &lt;i&gt;Bi Al-Fiil&lt;/i&gt; (aktuil) dan&lt;i&gt; Al-Mustafad (adeptus, aquired)&lt;/i&gt;. Akal
pada tingkat terakhir ini lah yang dapat menerima pancaran yang dikirimkan
Tuhan melalui akal-akal tersebut.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Al-Farabi berpendapat bahwa segala sesuatu keluar dari
Tuhan. Karena Tuhan mengetahui zat-Nya dan mengetahui bahwa Ia menjadi dasar
susunan wujud yang sebaik-baiknya, jadi ilmunya menjadi sebab bagi wujud semua
yang diketahui-Nya. Bagi Tuhan cukup dengan mengetahui zat-Nya yang menjadi
sebab adanya alam maka akan tercipta alam. dengan demikian, maka keluarnya alam
(&lt;i&gt;Mahkluk &lt;/i&gt;)dari Tuhan terjadi tanpa
gerak atau alat, karena emanasi adalah pekerjaan akal semata-mata. Akan tetapi
wujud alam tidak memberi kesempurnaan bagi Tuhan, karena wujud-Nya bukanlah
karena lainnya. Dan emanasi itu timbul karena pengetahuan (&lt;i&gt;‘Ilmu&lt;/i&gt;) terhadap zat-Nya yang satu. Dan Tuhan itu Esa sama sekali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Al-Farabi banyak mengeluarkan pemikirannya dalam&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bidang filsafat. Misalnya Filsafatnya
mengenai politk kenegaraaan yang menyatakan bahwa masyarakat terdiri dari tiga
macam tingaktan yaitu : Dunia seluruhnya, sebagian dunia atau suatu territorial
dan masayarakat kecil yang terdiri satu kota.
Dan masyrakat itu sendiri Ia bagi menjadi dua macam yaitu masyarakat sempurna
dan tidak semprna. Masyarakat sempurna adalah masyarakat yang mengandung
keseimbangan di antara unsur-unsurnya. Sedangkan masyarakat tidak sempurna
adalah masyarakat yang tidak lengkap unsur-unsurnya. Perkembangan dari tidak
sempurna menjadi sempurna menurut Al-Farrabi bertingkat-tingkat. Mula-mula
masyarakat manusia berupa masyarakat yang tersebar, lalu menjadi masyarakat
desa dan kampong, kemudian menuju kemasyarakat kota yang sempurna berpemerintahan.Pokok
filsafat politik kenegaraan Al-Farrabi ialah&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;autokrasi&lt;/i&gt; dengan seorang raja
yang berkuasa mutlak mengatur Negara.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Suatu keistimewaan yang diraih oleh Al-Farrabi adalah
usaha yang Ia lakukan dalam mengkompromikan perbedaan faham antara Plato dan
Aristoteles. Plato mengatakan bahwa alam nyata yang kita lihat ini adalah
tiruan semata dari alam idea, sedangkan Aristoteles mengatakan sebaliknya,
bahwa alam idea hanyalah bayangan (pantulan) saja dari alam materi. Kita
melihat beberapa benda (materi). Lalu dari pantulan penglihatan itu barulah
kita dapat menyimpulksn suatu rumusan pendapat (konsep) tentang benda itu.dan
konsepsi itulah menurut Aristoteles yang dinamakan idea. Kalau Plato mengatakan
bahwa alam dunia ini adalah baru (&lt;i&gt;hadis&lt;/i&gt;)
dan tidak abadi, maka sebaliknya Aristoteles mengatakan bahwa alam dunia ini &lt;i&gt;Qadim (azali&lt;/i&gt;) sudah ada sejak semula dan
abadi selama-lamnya. Untuk kedua hal tersebut Al-Farrabi mengatakan bahwa semua
filasfat itu memikirkan kebenaran . dan karena kebenaran itu hanyalah satu
macam dan serupa hakikatnya, maka semua filsafat itu pada prisipnya tidak
berbeda. Begitu juga antara filsafah dan agama. Filsafat memikirkan kebenaran,
sedangkan agama juga memikirkan kebenaran maka tidak ada perbedaan antara
filsafat dan agama. Dan kedua pertentangan diatas janganlah dianggap sebagai
pertentangan yang mutlak dan prinsipil, tetapi haruslah dianggap sebagai
pertentangan yang relative dan hanya soal rincian saja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Demikian usaha yan gdilakukan Al-Farrabi unutk
mengkompromikan dua pendapat yan gmenurut anggapan banyak orang saling
bertentangan. Banyak karangan yang ditinggalkan oleh Al-Farrabi, tetapi
karangan-karangan tersebut tidak banya dikena seperti karanga–karangan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ibnu Sina. Boleh jadi karena karangankarangan
Al-FArrabi hanya berupa &lt;i&gt;risalah&lt;/i&gt; (karangan
pendek), dan sedikit sekali yang berupa buku besar yang mendalam
pembicaraannya. Kebanyakan karangannya telah hilang, dan yang masih tersisa
hanya sekitar 30 buah saja yang ditulis dalam bahasa Arab.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pada abad pertengahan, Al-Farrabi menjadi sangat
terkenal sehingga orang yahudi banyak yang mempelajari karangan-karangannya.
Banyak pula yang disalin kedalam bahas Ibrani. Sampai sekarang salinan tersebut
masih tersimpan di perpustakaan-perpustakaan Eropa, disamping salinan-salina
dalam bahasa latin, baik yang langsung dari bahas Arab maupun dalam bahasa
Ibarani.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sebagian besar karangan Al-Farrabi terdiri atas ulasan
dan penjelasan tehadap filsafat Aristoteles, Plato, dan Galenus, dalam
bidang-bidang logika, fisika etika dan metafisika. Meskipun banyak tokoh
filsafat yang diulasnya, Ia lebih terkenal sebagai pengulas Aristoteles. Ibnu
Sina pernah mempelajari buku Metafisika karangan Aristoteles lebih dari 40
kali, tetapi belum juga mengerti maksudnya. Setelah Ia
membaca buku karangan Al-Farrabi yang berjudul &lt;i&gt;Intisari Buku Metafisika&lt;/i&gt;, baru ia mengerti apa yang selama ini
dirasakannya sukar.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Daftar Pustaka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Atjeh Abubakar, &lt;i&gt;Sejarah
Filsafat Islam,&lt;/i&gt; Semarang, 1970&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Umar Farukh, &lt;i&gt;Tarikh
Al-Fikr Al-Arabi&lt;/i&gt;, Beirut, A962. Halaman 225&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Filsafat Umum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, Pustaka Setia, Bandung,
1997.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mustofa A.H.Drs, &lt;i&gt;Filsafat
Islam&lt;/i&gt;, Pustaka Setia, Bandung, 1997.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ahmad Tafsir,Dr., &lt;i&gt;Filsafat
Umum&lt;/i&gt;, Rosdakarya, Bandung, 1990.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Abu Hanifah, &lt;i&gt;Rintisan
Filsafat&lt;/i&gt;, Jakarta , 1950.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bakri Hasbullah,H., &lt;i&gt;Sistematika
Filsafat&lt;/i&gt;, Solo, 1961.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Soemardi Soejabrata,&lt;i&gt;
Pengantar Filsafat&lt;/i&gt;, Yogyakarta, 1970.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Mustofa A.H.Drs, &lt;i&gt;Filsafat
Islam&lt;/i&gt;, 1997.Pustaka Setia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Akal yang sepuluh terdiri atas intelegensi pertama dan sembilan
intelegensi planet dan lingkungan yang semuanya berputar menelilingi intelegnsi
yang pertama. Taip lingkungan mempunyai intelegensi dan ruh yang merupakan asal
gerak yang diatur oleh intelegensi kesepuluh. Akal pertam adalah bumi. Akal
kedua adalah langit pertama. Akal ketiga adalah langit kedua. Akal keempat
adalah planet saturnus. Akal kelima adalah panet yupiter. Akal keenam adalah
planet mars. Akal ketujuh adalah matahari. Akal kedelapan adalah plnet venus .
akal kesembilan adalah planet merkurius. Akal kesepuluh adalah bulan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Filsafat Umum,1997, pustaka setia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; H.Syadali Ahmad, Drs dan Mudzakir,Drs., &lt;i&gt;Filsafat Umum untuk &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;IAIN, STAIN,
PTAIS&lt;/i&gt;.,Pustaka Setia, Bandung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;ibid&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;ibid&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/2196561165944368642/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/al-farrabi-sang-bapak-filsafat.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2196561165944368642'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2196561165944368642'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/al-farrabi-sang-bapak-filsafat.html' title='AL-FARRABI; Sang Bapak Filsafat'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-2814671277862568261</id><published>2012-09-11T21:13:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2012-09-11T21:13:53.550-07:00</updated><title type='text'>AKUNTABILITAS POLRI</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;PENDAHULUAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;‘Polisi itu melihat orang. Kalau
kita mengerti hukum itu, kita tidak dipukuli. Kalau yang tidak mengerti,
diperas habis, dipukuli”.(Ali, 24, ditangkap karena memiliki marijuana pada
bulan Januari 2008)&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sejak jatuhnya rezim otoriter Presiden Suharto pada tahun 1998,
Indonesia telah memulai serangkaian reformasi strategis penting, yang telah
ikut menyumbang pada peningkatan norma hukum dan perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia
(HAM) yang lebih baik. Langkah-langkah ini mencerminkan meningkatnya komitmen
terhadap perlindungan dan pemajuan HAM yang lebih baik pada tingkat nasional
dan internasional. Namun masih ada celah besar antara kebijakan dan praktik.
Undang-undang dan penerapannya masih belum bisa melindungi hak-hak rakyat
Indonesia. Dalam hal ini, Amnesty International masih terus menerima banyak
laporan pelanggaran HAM yang terjadi di negara itu, termasuk yang dilakukan
personel kepolisian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pengalaman Ali adalah ciri khas yang terjadi pada banyak tertuduh
pidana di tangan polisi. Meskipun adanya proses reformasi dewasa ini dan upaya
untuk membuat Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia (POLRI) lebih profesional
dan menghormati HAM, Amnesty&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;International mengamati adanya pola pelanggaran polisi terhadap kelompok
tertentu dalam masyarakat. Para tersangka kriminal yang hidup dalam komunitas yang
miskin dan tersisihkan, terutama kaum perempuan dan pelaku pelanggaran berulang
kali, menderita pelanggaran HAM secara tak proporsional termasuk penggunaan
kekuatan berlebihan yang dalam&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sejumlah
kasus menyebabkan terjadinya penembakan mematikan; penyiksaan, dan perlakuan
buruk lainnya pada saat penangkapan, interogasi, dan penahanan; serta akses tak
memadai terhadap perawatan medis pada saat berada dalam tahanan polisi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Amnesty International mengakui banyaknya tantangan yang dihadapi
polisi dalam pekerjaan mereka&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
sehari-hari. Namun, sebagaimana ditetapkan dalam hukum dan standar HAM
internasional, polisi memiliki hak-hak, tetapi juga ada batasan terhadap
kekuasaan polisi.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Polisi di Indonesia memiliki kewajiban menghormati ketetapan yang tercantum dalam
traktattraktat HAM internasional yang telah diratifikasi Indonesia&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
serta standar HAM lain yang telah diakui secara internasional yang membentuk
customary international law (kebiasaan internasional yang terbukti dalam
praktik umum dan diterima sebagai hukum).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Personel kepolisian juga memiliki tugas untuk menghormati ketetapan HAM dalam
perundangundangan nasional.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lembaga Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia telah membuat kemajuan
penting dengan menjadi badan yang efektif dan independen sejak memisahkan diri
dari Angkatan Bersenjata satu dasawarsa lalu, di bawah kepemimpinan Presiden
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie. Pemerintah-pemerintah berikutnya telah memberlakukan
sejumlah reformasi legislatif dan struktural penting guna memperkuat
efektivitas polisi dalam mencegah dan mendeteksi kejahatan; menjaga ketertiban
umum; dan mempromosikan norma hukum. Lebih dari itu, sejumlah bagian dalam
lembaga kepolisian telah mendapatkan pelatihan hukum serta standar HAM
internasional. Prakarsa perpolisian masyarakat juga telah dilaksanakan guna
mengembangkan profesionalisme polisi dan akuntabilitas kepada masyarakat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Walaupun adanya hal-hal positif tersebut, polisi di Indonesia
dewasa ini masih dipandang sebagai lembaga yang sangat korup&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
dan tak dipercayai.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Meskipun petugas kepolisian bertugas mempromosikan norma hukum, dalam
kenyataannya mereka sering kali berperilaku seolah-olah mereka berada di atas
hukum. Situasi ini ditunjang oleh tidak adanya mekanisme akuntabilitas yang
efektif, baik secara internal maupun eksternal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Amnesty International percaya bahwa pendekatan berbasis HAM dalam
perpolisian bisa sangat meningkatkan profesionalisme polisi (lihatlah kolom
mengenai perpolisian berbasis HAM, h15).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Perpolisian dan HAM sangat erat terkait karena peran polisi adalah untuk
melindungi HAM.14 Dalam pendekatan semacam itu, HAM tidak bertentangan dengan
perpolisian yang efektif, tapi malah mendukungnya. Sehubungan hal ini, Kode dan
Standar Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) mengenai perpolisian telah
mengembangkan tiga prinsip dasar: 1) polisi perlu memastikan bahwa mereka
menjalankan pekerjaan mereka secara responsif terhadap masyarakat yang mereka
layani; 2) bahwa mereka merupakan perwakilan penduduk; 3) bahwa mereka
bertanggung gugat atau berakuntabilitas dalam struktur mereka, dan secara
eksternal sesuai dengan hukum serta standar HAM internasional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;AKUNTABILITAS OPERASIONAL POLRI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Akuntabilitas operasional Polri adalah akuntabilitas atas
pelaksanaan tugas operasional kepolisian dilapangan secara langsung.
Akuntabilitas Operasional Kepolisian dilakukan secara berjenjang secara
internal organisasi Polri mulai dari anggota terdepan, pimpinan unit/tim,
Kapolsek, Kapolres, Kapolda, dan seterusnya hingga Kapolri. Disamping itu
terdapat akuntabilitas Polri yang diatur dalam berbagai peraturan
perundang-undangan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sistim Peradilan Pidana, KUHAP, dan berbagai peraturan lainnya
mengatur akuntabilitas operasional Polri kepada Sistim Peradilan Pidana,
Kejaksaan, dan Pengadilan. Pada tingkat Polda dan Polres, DPRD setempat maupun
Kepala Daerah setempat dapat meminta Kapolda dan Kapolres setempat untuk
menjelaskan berbagai hal dibidang pemolisian. Untuk lebih memperkuat
akuntabilitas Polri di daerah Pemda perlu memberi kontribusi dukungan
operasional kepolisian terutama terhadap berbagai prioritas daerah setempat.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;AKUNTABILITAS POLRI DIBIDANG PENYIDIKAN TINDAK PIDANA &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Akuntabilitas (accountability) adalah ukuran yang menunjukkan
apakah aktivitas birokrasi publik atau pelayanan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah
sudah sesuai dengan norma dan nilai-nilai yang dianut oleh rakyat dan apakah
pelayanan publik tersebut mampu mengakomodasi kebutuhan rakyat yang
sesungguhnya dengan demikian akuntabilitas terkait dengan falsafah bahwa
lembaga eksekutif pemerintah yang tugas utamanya adalah melayani rakyat harus
bertanggung jawab secara langsung maupun tidak langsung kepada rakyat. Starling&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(1998:164) mengatakan bahwa akuntabilitas
ialah kesediaan untuk menjawab pertanyaan publik. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;“&lt;i&gt;A good synonym for the term accountability is answerability. An
organization must be answerable to someone or something outside itself. When
things go wrong, someone must be held responsible. Unfortunately a frequently
heard charge is that government is faceless and that, consequently, affixing
blame is difficult.&lt;/i&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kesulitan untuk menuntut pertanggungjawaban pemerintah terhadap
kualitas pelayanan publik terutama disebabkan karena sosok pemerintah itu
sendiri tidak tunggal. Untuk itu proses akuntabilitas bagi lembaga pemerintah
atau birokrasi publik yang memadai merupakan prasyarat penting bagi peningkatan
kualitas pelayanan publik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ferlie (1997:202-216) membedakan beberapa model akuntabilitas
yakni: akuntabilitas ke atas &lt;i&gt;(accountability upwards&lt;/i&gt;), akuntabilitas
kepada staf (&lt;i&gt;accountability to staff&lt;/i&gt;), akuntabilitas ke bawah &lt;i&gt;(accountability
downwards&lt;/i&gt;), akuntabilitas yang berbasis pasar (&lt;i&gt;market-based forms of
accountability&lt;/i&gt;) dan akuntabilitas kepada diri sendiri &lt;i&gt;(self
accountability&lt;/i&gt;). Wahyudi Kumorotomo (2005:4).Kepolisian Negara Republik
Indonesia sebagai bagian dari pelaksana fungsi pemerintahan negara juga tidak
luput dari tuntutan akuntabilitas atas pelaksanaan tugas-tugasnya.
Akuntabilitas Polisi menurut Loughlin (1988) merupakan ukuran bagaimana
berbagai kebijakan dan pelaksanaan tugas Polisi tersebut dilakukan secara
terbuka sehingga dapat diteliti dengan cermat oleh publik. Dari pendapat itu
jelas bahwa akuntabilitas Polri dapat dipakai untuk menilai profesionalisme
polisi dalam melakukan tugas-tugasnya dan dapat diukur secara terbuka oleh
masyarakat. Akuntabilitas bukan hanya dilaksanakan secara internal dalam tubuh
Polri tetapi yang lebih penting adalah dilakukan secara eksternal kepada
publik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pada hakekatnya tugas pokok Polri tersebut mengandung makna bahwa
Polri adalah pelayan masyarakat. Pelaksanaan tugas dalam memberikan pelayanan
kepada masyarakat turut mempengaruhi citra atau image Polri di mata masyarakat.
Diantara tugas pokok Polri yang banyak mendapat perhatian publik/ masyarakat
adalah tugas penegakan hukum di bidang penyidikan tindak pidana. Dalam rangka
penegakan hukum Polri melakukan tugas-tugas penyidikan tindak pidana yang
diemban oleh penyidik/penyidik pembantu oleh fungsi reserse&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;kriminal maupun fungsi operasional Polri lain
untuk melakukan penyidikan dan dalam pelaksanaannya harus dilaksanakan secara
profesional dan proporsional. Undang Undang RI Nomor 8 tahun 1981 tentang Hukum
Acara Pidana memberikan kewenangan kepada Polri untuk melakukan penyidikan
tindak pidana sekaligus menegaskan eksistensi Polri sebagai penyidik utama.
Pelaksanaan penyidikan itu menuntut adanya akuntabilitas publik, hal ini
berkaitan dengan penggunaan dana publik dalam proses penyidikan sesuai Inpres
No 7 tahun 1999.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tuntutan akuntabilitas dalam proses penyidikan juga dipertegas oleh
penjelasan pasal 1 angka 7 Undang-undang RI No.28 tahun 1999 dimana penyidik
dikategorikan sebagai pejabat lain yang memiliki fungsi strategis, yang
dimaksud disini adalah pejabat yang tugas dan wewenangnya di dalam melakukan
penyelenggaraan negara rawan terhadap praktek-praktek korupsi, kolusi dan
Nepotisme. Polri dalam pelaksanaan tugas penegakan hukum sebenarnya telah
mengimplementasikan akuntabilitas di bidang penyidikan tindak pidana namun
masih perlu adanya peningkatan seiring dengan perkembangan situasi yang dinamis
ditandai dengan meningkatnya tuntutan masyarakat atas akuntabilitas pelayanan
publik para aparatur penyelenggara negara. Implementasi akuntabilitas yang
telah dilakukan Polri antara lain; Menindaklanjuti kasus-kasus Pidana yang
dilaporkan masyarakat dan terpenuhi unsur-unsur pidananya ke Kejaksaan,
menyampaikan surat pemberitahuan perkembangan hasil penyidikan (SP2HP) kepada
korban atau pelapor, memberikan keterangan pers terhadap kasus-kasus yang
ditangani melalui media massa secara terbuka kepada masyarakat umum, menyajikan
laporan kemajuan penanganan kasus ke kesatuan atas. Namun akuntabilitas publik
tersebut dilakukan penyidik belum didasari sikap bahwa hal tersebut merupakan
tanggung jawab atau sebagai wujud kewajiban. Padahal akuntabilitas penyidikan
dapat menjadi sarana yang efektif untuk menilai kinerja penyidik sehingga
mengetahui kelemahan dan kekurangan penyidik serta sekaligus membuka peluang
bagi publik untuk memberikan kontrol sosial berupa koreksi guna perbaikan
kinerja Polri di bidang penyidikan tindak pidana. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Semenjak berlakunya Undang-undang No.8 Tahun 1981 tentang Kitab
Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP), tahapan proses peradilan pidana
terbagi secara nyata, yaitu penyelidikan dan penyidikan dimana sebagai “centre
figure” adalah Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, Penuntutan menjadi
wewenang Kejaksaan dan Pemeriksaan di depan sidang menjadi wewenang Hakim.
Proses penyidikan diawali dari penyelidikan, penindakan, pemberkasan dan
penyerahan tersangka dan barang bukti kepada Jaksa Penuntut Umum. Dalam rangka
proses peradilan pidana Polri mempunyai sejumlah kewenangan antara lain
melakukan: penangkapan, penahanan,penggeledahan dan penyitaan dan lain
sebagainya (Lihat Pasal 16 Ayat 1 huruf a s/d l UU No 2 Tahun 2002 ). Seluruh
rangkaian kegiatan penyidikan tersebut rentan terhadap Korupsi,Kolusi dan
Nepotisme serta setiap wewenang tersebut diatas bila dilaksanakan secara tidak
benar dan adil, serta wajar (reasonable) dapat mengakibatkan pelanggaran Hak
Asasi Manusia karena petugas Kepolisian diberi kewenangan oleh undang-undang
untuk mengekang sementara kemerdekaan seseorang. Untuk menjamin pelaksanaan tugas
penyidikan agar tidak menyimpang dan sesuai dengan rule of law maka penyidik
dituntut untuk dapat mempertanggungjawabkan segala tindakan yang dilakukannya
atau dengan kata lain untuk dapat memberikan akuntabilitas publik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pelaksanaan memberikan akuntabilitas publik merupakan kewajiban
penyidik Polri sebagai wujud pertanggungjawaban penyidik Undang Undang yang
telah memberikan kewenangan kepadanya. Undang-undang dibuat oleh DPR yang
notabene adalah perwakilan rakyat, jadi pertanggungjawaban penyidik kepada Undang
Undang dapat diartikan sebagai pertanggungjawaban penyidik kepada rakyat.
Akuntabilitas penyidikan Polri juga dapat ditinjau dari perspektif
pertanggungjawaban keuangan publik sebagaimana dimaksud Inpres No 7 tahun
1999.Sementara itu penyidik sebagai salah satu pejabat penyelenggara negara
harus berpedoman pada asas akuntabilitas yang bertujuan pada sikap dan perilaku
penyidik yang bebas KKN.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;D&lt;span class=&quot;A4&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;ukungan berupa komitmen politik yang diberikan oleh Presiden SBY
kepada kepolisian untuk mengungkap kasus pajak, dengan menempatkan kepolisian
berada di garis depan, kelihatannya berhasil menghentikan tarik-menarik
penanganan kasus korupsi yang melibatkan Gayus P Tambunan, tapi hanya untuk
sejenak. Lantaran dukungan yang diberikan Istana, tidak digunakan secara baik
oleh kepolisian untuk mengungkap tidak hanya mereka yang selama ini telah
diseret ke meja hijau, tapi juga para penyuap. Desakan berbagai kalangan
masyarakat agar kasus tersebut diambil alih oleh KPK, belakangan malah menguat.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;A4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Harapan bahwa dengan dukungan politik yang besar, dan penyelesaian
kasus kakap, bisa mengembalikan kepercayaan masyarakat kepada Polri, kembali
pupus. Muatan politis pada kasus pajak ini, ketidakseriusan penanganannya, dan
polisi yang masih terpolitisasi dianggap sebagai penyebab kebuntuan bagi aparat
penegak hukum untuk menyentuh semua pihak yang terlibat dalam kasus ini. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;A4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dalam konteks reformasi Polri, kelemahan seperti ini menggambarkan
harapan tentang hadirnya polisi yang professional dan akuntabel, masih jauh
dari harapan publik. Masyarakat sipil bahkan mengungkapkan bahwa reformasi
Polri kini mengalami stagnasi. Kredibilitas institusi ini tak henti-hentinya
dipertanyakan oleh publik. Daripada menampilkan diri sebagai lembaga yang
transparan, kepolisian menurut politisi Senayan adalah institusi publik yang
dipenuhi ketertutupan, hingga menghambat pembersihan kepolisian dari
penyelewengan. Hal ini selanjutnya mendorong meluasnya tuntutan agar polisi
tidak menangani kasus korupsi. Sejumlah upaya yang sudah ditempuh, misalnya
penerapan sanksi yang diberikan kepada anggota Polri yang menyalahgunakan
kewenangan pun belum bisa mengubah persepsi masyarakat terhadap bobroknya penegakan
hukum. Belum lagi polisi masih menggunakan pendekatan kekerasan dalam menangani
berbagai masalah keamanan di masyarakat, makin mendiskreditkan posisi Polri di
mata masyarakat. Bahkan dampak dari ketidakseriusan penanganan kasus-kasus di
kepolisian kini meluas, telah mengganggu kepatuhan masyarakat terhadap hukum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;A4&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Untuk membenahi kepolisian, peneliti IDSPS, Sri Yunanto mengatakan
bisa menempuhnya dengan dua pendekatan. Sayangnya, karena pendekatan pertama
yaitu pendekatan parsial; melakukan perubahan manajemen, prosedur dan
ketentuan, yang digantungkan kepada efektivitas kepemimpinan di Polri, yang
dinilai tidak terlalu berhasil.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Untuk
itu Polri seharusnya punya kemauan untuk melakukannya dengan pendekatan yang radikal;
merombak struktur organisasi, mengubah sistem kepolisian yang saat ini langsung
dibawah presiden, ke dalam organisasi kepolisian yang berada di salah satu
departemen dan melakukan desentralisasi fungsi kepolisian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Walau tampaknya beberapa tahun terakhir, tampak Polri juga berupaya
untuk membuka ruang transparansi, komunikasi dan kerjasama dengan masyarakat
sipil yang selama ini melakukan pengawasan terhadap kinerja Polri untuk
mendorong pembenahan reformasi Polri. Hal ini tampak pada kegiatan yang dilakukan
dalam merespon cita-cita pemolisian yang ideal, yaitu “Seminar &lt;i&gt;Good Policing&lt;/i&gt;
serta Lokakarya &lt;i&gt;Penanganan Hate Speech&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;dan Deradikalisasi&lt;/i&gt;”.
Kegiatan ini di satu sisi bisa dimaknai bahwa Polri berkomitmen untuk
mewujudkan&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;cita-cita reformasi Polri sesuai dengan standar universal
akan pemolisian ideal. Di sisi lain kegiatan itu juga bisa dimaknai bahwa
segala kinerja dan perilaku Polri baik di tingkatan personel individual maupun
institusional akan dievaluasi lewat standar pemolisian ideal tersebut. Artinya tuntutan
terhadap kinerja dan perilaku Polri yang ideal akan semakin besar. Selain itu,
hal ini merupakan bentuk sensitivitas Polri dalam mendengarkan keluhan dari
kelompok masyarakat sipil yang mempertanyakan kinerja Polri dalam menghadapi
kekerasan yang berbasis pada suatu kebencian terhadap kelompok minoritas agama
atau kepercayaan. Namun demikian, komitmen para petinggi Polri ini akan sia-sia
bila kegiatan tersebut hanya berhenti hanya sebagai forum diskusi dan tidak
direalisasikan sebagai strategi mendisiplinkan dan memperkuat kapasitas
personel Polri yang akan menghadapi tantangan serupa ke depan, khususnya
tindakan penegakan hukum kepada kelompok kekerasan &lt;i&gt;(vigilante).&lt;/i&gt; Selain
itu ‘&lt;i&gt;engagement’&lt;/i&gt; Polri dengan masyarakat sipil harus diperluas hingga ke
daerah-daerah pada semua level kepolisian sesuai dengan semangat doktrin
‘pemolisian masyarakat’ dan strategi &lt;i&gt;partnership building&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;PENUTUP DAN REKOMENDASI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Akuntabilitas Polri merupakan sebuah keharusan yang harus dimiliki
Polri sehingga Polri dapat melaksanakan tugas yang diemban tanpa ada intervensi
dari pihak manapu. Adanya suatu instansi yang membawahi kinerja polri hanyalah
sebagai pengawas sehingga polri tidak melenceng dari tugas yang telah
diamanatkan seperti adanya kompolnas. Adanya Kompolnas dan adanya warga
independen sebagai anggota Kompolnas merupakan hal yang positif, namun masih
perlu dilakukan penyempurnaan-penyempurnaan dalam tugas dan werwenang
Kompolnas. Kehadiran Kompolnas diharapkan akan dapat menagwasi dan meningkatkan
legitimasi dan kepercayaan masyarakat kepada Polri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Reformasi yang utuh dalam tubuh Polri tentu membutuhkan waktu yang
panjang dan komitmen yang kuat dari Kapolri dan institusi Polri sendiri. Hal
ini tentu juga harus didukung lewat komitmen politik Presiden, Pemerintah dan DPR
untuk tidak mempolitisir insitusi ini untuk kepentingan praktis semata. Polri
harus berani menolak intervensi dari berbagai pihak dan menunjukkan bahwa upaya
pelayanan dan perlindungan bagi masyarakat adalah hal yang utama. Hari
Bhayangkara ini menjadi titik pijak bagi momentum pemajuan agenda akuntabilitas
Polri yang lebih komprehensif dengan mendorong Kapolri agar :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Membuat terobosan kreatif &lt;i&gt;(crative breakthrough)&lt;/i&gt; dengan
membuat kebijakan tertulis yang aplikatif untuk tidak melakukan kekerasan atau
penyiksaan kepada para tersangka di kantor polisi (seperti poster, banner,
spanduk dll). Berbagai kasus kekerasan dan penyiksaan sering terjadi karena
ketidakmampuan penyelidik atau penyidik akan teknik investigasi yang memadai
sehingga mereka mencari jalan pintas dalam mengumpulkan bukti dan kesaksian
lewat praktik penyiksaan. Polri harus meningkatkan kapasitas personelnya dalam
kegiatan penyelidikan dan penyidikan serta tidak memaksimalkan pemberian
penghukuman efektif dan efek jera kepada pelaku kekerasan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Memperkuat mekanisme akuntabilitas internal dengan membuat
mekanisme pengawasan berkala dan berlapis hingga ke tingkat Polda, Polres dan
Polsek. Polri juga harus menempatkan personel yang memiliki integritas sebagai
penjaga nilai dan pengawas kinerja anggota Polri dan membuka sidang etik,
disiplin dan pidana secara cepat dan terbuka. Itwasum dan Propam harus
ditempatkan sebagai mekanisme kontrol yang independen di bawah Kapolri dan
bekerja secara mandiri, termasuk bebas dari hak prerogatif Kapolri yang rawan
intervensi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Menyediakan ruang &lt;i&gt;effective remedy&lt;/i&gt; sebagai sebuah mekanisme
pertanggungjawaban pemulihan hak-hak para korban jika terjadi kesalahan
tindakan anggota Polri yang mengakibatkan pelanggaran HAM. Jaminan ini sejalan
dengan semangat Perkap HAM No 8/2009. Jaminan ini harus diterapkan secara
merata tanpa politik diskriminasi, khususnya pada minoritas. Ketertundukan
Polri terhadap mekanisme &lt;i&gt;criminal justice system,&lt;/i&gt; termasuk RUU KUHP
menjadi ukuran atas komitmen penguatan &lt;i&gt;effective remedy.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Melakukan penegakan hukum terhadap kelompok-kelompok yang melakukan
kekerasan dan mengambil tindakan tegas terhadap tindakan-tindakan penyebaran
kebencian &lt;i&gt;(hate speech)&lt;/i&gt; yang menjadi bibit dari radikalisme. Jika perlu,
Polri harus melakukan pendidikan HAM yang intensif sampai kepada anggota dalam
lini terbawah, termasuk mengintegrasikan nilai-nilai HAM, penghormatan kepada
kelompok, agama dan ras yang berbeda dalam kerja keseharian anggota Polri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mengefektifkan dan membuka diri terhadap ruang kontrol pengawasan
eksternal yang efektif, dengan mengefektifkan kerjasama dengan Kompolnas,
Komnas HAM dan Ombudsman. Keterbukaan dan dukungan ini harus juga menjadi
komitmen bagi Polda, Polres dan Polsek di mana pelanggaran HAM lebih banyak
terjadi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Membuka diri terhadap kontrol institusi demokratik yang merupakan
representasi kepentingan publik, dan membuka partisipasi masyarakat luas.
Pengawasan masyarakat sipil (&lt;i&gt;civil society&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;oversight&lt;/i&gt;) – termasuk
media – dapat menjadi mitra strategis sebagai institusi pengawas dan&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;kontrol
dalam mendorong pengambilan keputusan dan kebijakan melalui sistem yang juga
memenuhi prasyarat proses yang transparan dan akuntabel. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;DAFTAR
PUSTAKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;“Memahami
Perpolisian – Buku pegangan bagi para pegiat hak asasi manusia” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Anneke Osse, Amnesty International Belanda, 2006, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;“&lt;i&gt;Apakah
perpolisian berbasis HAM itu?&lt;/i&gt;”, h.15 dan Pasal 29 Deklarasi Universal HAM
(UDHR).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;UUD
Indonesia dan amendemen keempatnya, Undang-undang Hak Asasi Manusia (UU
No39/1999),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Undang-undang
tentang Pengadilan Ham (UU No 26/2000) dan KUHP.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;http://www.ti.or.id/en/publication/all/tahun/2009/bulan/01/tanggal/21/id/3845/,
diakses 23 Maret 2009. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;The
Jakarta Post, “The National Police: Between Idealism and Reality”, 1 Juli 2008.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Diskusi
“MENYOAL KINERJA POLRI” oleh Ronny LIHAWA, 7 Agustus 2007. Diakses pada tanggal
29 Maret 2012 dari:
http://ebookbrowse.com/akuntabilitas-politik-dan-profesional-polri-ronny-lihawa-pdf-d57549900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;8.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Akuntabilitas
Polri dibidang Penyidikan Tindak Pidana diakses&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;pada tanggal 15 Maret 2012 dari
http://www.jalurberita.com/2011/12/akuntabilitas-polri-dibidang-penyidikan.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Newsletter
| Edisi VI/November/2010 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Bukan nama sebenarnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;“Memahami Perpolisian – Buku pegangan bagi para pegiat hak
asasi manusia” &lt;/i&gt;Anneke Osse, Amnesty International Belanda, 2006,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; “&lt;i&gt;Apakah
perpolisian berbasis HAM itu?&lt;/i&gt;”, h.15 dan Pasal 29 Deklarasi Universal HAM
(UDHR).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Indonesia telah meratifikasi Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-hak
Sipil dan Politik (ICCPR), Kovenan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Internasional tentang Hak-hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya (ICESCR),
Konvensi PBB Menentang Penganiayaan dan Perlakuan Kejam Lain, Tidak Manusiawi
atau Hukuman yang Merendahkan (UNCAT), Konvensi Internasional tentang
Penghapusan Semua Bentuk Diskriminasi Rasial (CERD), Konvensi tentang
Penghapusan Semua Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita (CEDAW) dan Konvensi
tentang Hak-hak Anak (CRC).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Peraturan internasional yang berasal dari praktik-praktik yang
dilakukan negara-negara secara konsisten menjadi peraturan yang mengikat atas
negara-negara dengan mengabaikan apakah negara itu sudah meratifikasi atau belum
traktat yang relevan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; UUD Indonesia dan amendemen keempatnya, Undang-undang Hak Asasi
Manusia (UU No39/1999), Undang-undang tentang Pengadilan Ham (UU No 26/2000)
dan KUHP.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Transparency
International, “Measuring Corruption in Indonesia:&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Indonesia Corruption Perception Index 2008
and Bribery Index”. Laporan ini mengatakan bahwa “Indeks penyuapan menunjukkan
bahwa polisi masih dianggap yang paling rentan terhadap suap” h24. Tautan web:
http://www.ti.or.id/en/publication/all/tahun/2009/bulan/01/tanggal/21/id/3845/,
diakses 23 Maret 2009. Indeks penyuapan berdasarkan pada persepsi terhadap
polisi yang dimiliki mereka yang diwawancara . Survei ini dilakukan di 50 kota
di Indonesia antara September dan Nopember 2008 dengan mewawancarai 3841
orang..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; The Jakarta
Post, &lt;i&gt;“The National Police: Between Idealism and Reality”&lt;/i&gt;, 1 Juli 2008.
Dalam jajak pendapat yang diselenggarakan surat kabar harian besar Kompas ,
50.6% peserta menyatakan citra polisi masih buruk. Lebih dari 75% beranggapan
bahwa polisi tidak menangani dengan benar kasus-kasus korupsi dan HAM. Bacalah
juga survei Institut ProPatria, “Evaluasi Publik atas Keamanan Nasional”, dalam
“Nasional Security Framework – Police Reform: Taking the Heart and Mind”, T
Hari Prihatono dan Jessica Evangeline, Januari 2008, h250. Dalam survei
internasional yang dilangsungkan bulan Mei 2007, 49,8% dari mereka yang
diwawancarai menyimpulkan bahwa pekerjaan polisi tidak memuaskan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; ‘Perpolisian
berbasis HAM’dan perpolisian yang ‘profesional’ merupakan konsep yang bisa
saling ditukarkan. Untuk tujuan laporan ini, Amnesty International dengan
sengaja menggunakan kata-kata ‘perpolisian berbasis HAM’ untuk menunjukkan
sampai sejauh mana hukum dan standar HAM&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;nternasional merupakan kunci untuk melakukan reformasi kepolisian yang
efektif dan mengembangkan profesionalisme polisi di Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Diskusi
“MENYOAL KINERJA POLRI” oleh Ronny LIHAWA, 7 Agustus 2007. Diakses pada tanggal
29 Maret 2012 dari:
http://ebookbrowse.com/akuntabilitas-politik-dan-profesional-polri-ronny-lihawa-pdf-d57549900&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Akuntabilitas
Polri dibidang Penyidikan Tindak Pidana diakses &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;pada tanggal 15 Maret 2012 dari
http://www.jalurberita.com/2011/12/akuntabilitas-polri-dibidang-penyidikan.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;Default&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Newsletter | Edisi
VI/November/2010 | 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/2814671277862568261/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/akuntabilitas-polri.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2814671277862568261'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2814671277862568261'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/akuntabilitas-polri.html' title='AKUNTABILITAS POLRI'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-3080510918336616984</id><published>2012-09-05T21:32:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-09-12T08:11:56.013-07:00</updated><title type='text'>KEJAHATAN KORPORASI DALAM BENCANA LUMPUR LAPINDO</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
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 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-qformat:yes;
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 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
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 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Secara konsep
kebijakan pembangunan sudah memasukkan faktor kelestarian lingkungan sebagai
hal yang mutlak untuk dipertimbangkan, namun dalam implementasinya terjadi
kekeliruan orientasi kebijakan yang tercermin melalui berbagai peraturan yang
terkait dengan sumber daya alam. Peraturan yang dibuat cenderung mengoptimalkan
pemanfaatan sumber daya alam tanpa perlindungan yang memadai, sehingga membuka
ruang yang sebesar-besarnya bagi pemilik modal.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tidak adanya
peraturan yang jelas terhadap para pemilik modal menimbulkan adanya eksploitasi
besar-besaran terhadap alam. Dampak dari eksploitasi alam secara besar-besaran
sebagai akibat kekeliruan implementasi kebijakan pembangunan tersebut mulai
dirasakan rakyat Indonesia beberapa tahun belakangan ini. Berbagai bencana
terjadi silih berganti, mulai dari bencana yang diakibatkan oleh dampak
fenomena alam seperti Tsunami di Aceh, tanah longsor dan banjir di berbagai
daerah sampai pada bencana yang diakibatkan adanya faktor kelalaian manusia
dalam usaha mengeksploitasi alam tersebut seperti kasus Teluk Buyat di
Sulawesi, Freeport di Papua sampai dengan yang sekarang menjadi bencana
nasional yaitu kasus semburan lumpur panas Lapindo di Sidoarjo Jawa Timur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tragedi Lumpur Lapindo dimulai pada tanggal 27 Mei 2006. Peristiwa
ini menjadi suatu tragedi ketika banjir lumpur panas mulai menggenangi areal
persawahan, pemukiman penduduk dan kawasan industri. Hal ini wajar mengingat
volume lumpur diperkirakan sekitar 5.000 hingga 50 ribu meter kubik perhari
(setara dengan muatan penuh 690 truk peti kemas berukuran besar). Akibatnya,
semburan lumpur ini membawa dampak yang luar biasa bagi masyarakat sekitar
maupun bagi aktivitas perekonomian di Jawa Timur: genangan hingga setinggi 6
meter pada pemukiman; total warga yang dievakuasi lebih dari 8.200 jiwa;
rumah/tempat tinggal yang rusak sebanyak 1.683 unit; areal pertanian dan
perkebunan rusak hingga lebih dari 200 ha; lebih dari 15 pabrik yang tergenang
menghentikan aktivitas produksi dan merumahkan lebih dari 1.873 orang; tidak
berfungsinya sarana pendidikan; kerusakan lingkungan wilayah yang tergenangi;
rusaknya sarana dan prasarana infrastruktur (jaringan listrik dan telepon);
terhambatnya ruas jalan tol Malang-Surabaya yang berakibat pula terhadap
aktivitas produksi di kawasan Ngoro (Mojokerto) dan Pasuruan yang selama ini
merupakan salah satu kawasan industri utama di Jawa Timur.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dampak dari
luapan lumpur yang bersumber dari sumur di Desa Renokenongo, Kecamatan Porong,
Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Propinsi Jawa Timur sejak 27 Mei 2006 ini telah
mengakibatkan timbunan lumpur bercampur gas&amp;nbsp;
sebanyak 7 juta meter kubik atau setara dengan jarak 7.000 kilometer,
dan jumlah ini akan terus bertambah bila penanganan terhadap semburan lumpur
tidak secara serius ditangani. Lumpur gas panas Lapindo selain mengakibatkan
kerusakan lingkungan, dengan suhu rata-rata mencapai 60 derajat celcius juga
bisa mengakibatkan rusaknya lingkungan fisik masyarakat yang tinggal disekitar
semburan lumpur. Tulisan lingkungan fisik diatas adalah untuk membedakan
lingkungan hidup alami dan lingkungan hidup buatannya, dimana dalam kasus ini
mengalami gangguan Daud Silalahi menganggap hal ini sebagai awal krisis
lingkungan karena manusia sebagai pelaku sekaligus menjadi korbannya.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lumpur juga berbahaya bagi kesehatan masyarakat. Kandungan logam
berat (Hg), misalnya, mencapai 2,565 mg/liter Hg, padahal baku mutunya hanya
0,002 mg/liter Hg. Hal ini menyebabkan infeksi saluran pernapasan, iritasi
kulit dan kanker.4 Kandungan fenol bisa menyebabkan sel darah merah pecah (&lt;i&gt;hemolisi&lt;/i&gt;s),
jantung berdebar &lt;i&gt;(cardiac aritmia&lt;/i&gt;), dan gangguan ginjal.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Selain
perusakan lingkungan dan gangguan kesehatan, dampak sosial banjir lumpur tidak
bisa dipandang remeh. Setelah lebih dari 100 hari tidak menunjukkan perbaikan
kondisi, baik menyangkut kepedulian pemerintah, terganggunya pendidikan dan
sumber penghasilan, ketidakpastian penyelesaian, dan tekanan psikis yang
bertubi-tubi, krisis sosial mulai mengemuka. Perpecahan warga mulai muncul
menyangkut biaya ganti rugi, teori konspirasi penyuapan oleh Lapindo,6 rebutan
truk pembawa tanah urugan hingga penolakan menyangkut lokasi pembuangan lumpur
setelah skenario penanganan teknis kebocoran (menggunakan snubbing unit)
dan&amp;nbsp; (pembuatan relief well) mengalami
kegagalan. Akhirnya, yang muncul adalah konflik horisontal. Berdasarkan hal
tersebut, “Apakah dalam kasus luapan lumpur panas Lapindo Brantas Inc. ini
telah terjadi tindak pidana kejahatan korporasi?”. Untuk mendapatkan jawabannya
maka dilakukan sebuah studi penelitian hukum normatif-kualitatif dan hasilnya
menunjukkan bahwa dilihat dari aturan-aturan hukum yang berlaku, Lapindo
Brantas Inc. telah melakukan pelanggaran hukum tindak pidana kejahatan
korporasi. Diharapkan agar segera melakukan perbaikan kondisi lingkungan hidup
dan aparat penegak hukum melakukan tindakan penegakkan hukum lingkungan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penyebab terjadinya lumpur lapindo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lapindo Brantas
melakukan pengeboran sumur Banjar Panji-1 pada awal Maret 2006 dengan
menggunakan perusahaan kontraktor pengeboran PT Medici Citra Nusantara. Pada
awalnya sumur tersebut direncanakan hingga kedalaman 8500 kaki (2590 meter)
sampai mencapai formasi Kujung (batu gamping). Sumur tersebut akan dipasang
selubung bor (casing ) yang ukurannya bervariasi sesuai dengan kedalaman untuk
mengantisipasi potensi circulation loss (hilangnya lumpur dalam formasi) dan
kick (masuknya fluida formasi tersebut ke dalam sumur) sebelum pengeboran
menembus formasi Kujung. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Setidaknya ada 3 aspek
yang menyebabkan terjadinya semburan lumpur panas tersebut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pertama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, adalah aspek teknis.
Pada awal tragedi, Lapindo bersembunyi di balik gempa tektonik Yogyakarta yang
terjadi pada hari yang sama. Hal ini didukung pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa
pemicu semburan lumpur (&lt;i&gt;liquefaction&lt;/i&gt;) adalah gempa (&lt;i&gt;sudden cyclic
shock&lt;/i&gt;) Yogya yang mengakibatkan kerusakan sedimen.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kedua, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;aspek ekonomis. Lapindo
Brantas Inc. adalah salah satu perusahaan Kontraktor Kontrak Kerja Sama (KKKS)
yang ditunjuk BP-MIGAS untuk melakukan proses pengeboran minyak dan gas bumi.
Saat ini Lapindo memiliki 50% &lt;i&gt;participating interest&lt;/i&gt; di wilayah Blok
Brantas, Jawa Timur.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Dalam kasus
semburan lumpur panas ini, Lapindo diduga “sengaja menghemat” biaya operasional
dengan tidak memasang &lt;i&gt;casing&lt;/i&gt;. Jika dilihat dari perspektif ekonomi,
keputusan pemasangan &lt;i&gt;casing&lt;/i&gt; berdampak pada besarnya biaya yang
dikeluarkan Lapindo. Medco, sebagai salah satu pemegang saham wilayah Blok
Brantas, dalam surat bernomor MGT-088/JKT/06, telah memperingatkan Lapindo
untuk memasang &lt;i&gt;casing&lt;/i&gt; (selubung bor) sesuai dengan standar operasional
pengeboran minyak dan gas. Namun, entah mengapa Lapindo sengaja tidak memasang &lt;i&gt;casing&lt;/i&gt;,
sehingga pada saat terjadi &lt;i&gt;underground blow out, &lt;/i&gt;lumpur yang ada di
perut bumi menyembur keluar tanpa kendali.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ketiga, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;aspek politis. Sebagai
legalitas usaha (eksplorasi atau eksploitasi), Lapindo telah mengantongi izin
usaha kontrak bagi hasil/&lt;i&gt;production sharing contract&lt;/i&gt; (PSC) dari
Pemerintah sebagai otoritas penguasa kedaulatan atas sumberdaya alam.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Poin inilah yang paling penting dalam kasus lumpur panas ini. Pemerintah
Indonesia telah lama menganut sistem ekonomi neoliberal dalam berbagai
kebijakannya. Alhasil, seluruh potensi tambang migas dan sumberdaya alam (SDA)
“dijual” kepada swasta/individu (&lt;i&gt;corporate based&lt;/i&gt;). Orientasi profit &lt;i&gt;an
sich &lt;/i&gt;yang menjadi paradigma korporasi menjadikan manajemen korporasi buta
akan hal-hal lain yang menyangkut kelestarian lingkungan, peningkatan taraf
hidup rakyat, bahkan hingga bencana ekosistem. Di Jawa Timur saja, tercatat
banyak kasus bencana yang diakibatkan lalainya para korporat penguasa tambang
migas, seperti kebocoran sektor migas di kecamatan Suko, Tuban, milik Devon
Canada dan Petrochina (2001); kadar hidro sulfidanya yang cukup tinggi
menyebabkan 26 petani dirawat di rumah sakit. Kemudian kasus tumpahan minyak
mentah (2002) karena eksplorasi Premier Oil.18 Yang terakhir, tepat 2 bulan
setelah tragedi semburan lumpur Sidoarjo, sumur minyak Sukowati, Desa
Campurejo, Kabupaten Bojonegoro terbakar. Akibatnya, ribuan warga sekitar sumur
minyak Sukowati harus dievakuasi untuk menghindari ancaman gas mematikan. Pihak
Petrochina East Java, meniru modus cuci tangan yang dilakukan Lapindo, mengaku
tidak tahu menahu penyebab terjadinya kebakaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penjualan aset-aset bangsa oleh pemerintahnya sendiri tidak terlepas dari
persoalan kepemilikan. Dalam perspektif Kapitalisme dan ekonomi neoliberal
seperti di atas, isu privatisasilah yang mendominasi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pengertian kejahatan korporasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kejahatan korporasi dalam pengertian gramatikal merupakan pelanggaran atau
tindak pidana yang dilakukan oleh suatu korporasi. Pengertian lain mengenai
kejahatan korporasi juga dikemukakan dalam &lt;i&gt;Black’s Law Dictionary, Any
criminal offense committed by and hence chargeable to a corporation because of
activities of its officers or employees (e.g., price fixing, toxic waste
dumping), often referred to as “white collar crime”.&lt;/i&gt; Bahwa kejahatan
korporasi merupakan tindak pidana yang dilakukan oleh dan karenanya dapat
dibebankan pada suatu korporasi karena aktivitas-aktivitas pegawai atau
karyawannya (seperti penetapan harga, pembuangan limbah), dan kejahatan ini
sering juga disebut sebagai “kejahatan kerah putih”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Suatu tindak pidana dapat diidentifikasi dengan timbulnya kerugian (&lt;i&gt;harm&lt;/i&gt;),
yang kemudian mengakibatkan lahirnya pertanggungjawaban pidana&amp;nbsp; atau &lt;i&gt;criminal
liability&lt;/i&gt;. Terkait dengan kejahatan korporasi, maka timbul pertanyaan
mengenai bagaimana pertanggungjawaban korporasi atau &lt;i&gt;corporate liability&lt;/i&gt;
mengingat di dalam Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), yang dianggap
sebagai subyek hukum pidana hanyalah orang perseorangan atau&lt;i&gt; naturlijkee
person&lt;/i&gt;. Selain daripada itu, KUHP juga masih menganut asas &lt;i&gt;sociates
delinquere non potest&lt;/i&gt; dimana badan hukum atau korporasi dianggap tidak
dapat melakukan tindak pidana. Jika seandainya kegiatan atau aktivitas yang
dilakukan untuk dan atas nama suatu korporasi terbukti mengakibatkan kerugian
dan harus diberikan sanksi, siapa yang akan bertanggungjawab, apakah pribadi
korporasi itu sendiri atau para pengurus korporasi tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Didalam KUHP memang hanya ditetapkan bahwa yang menjadi subyek tindak
pidana adalah orang perseorangan. Meskipun seharusnya pembuat undang-undang
dalam merumuskan delik juga harus memperhitungkan bahwa manusia&amp;nbsp; juga
melakukan suatu tindakan di dalam atau melalui organisasi yang, dalam hukum
keperdataan maupun di luarnya (misalnya dalam hukum administrasi), muncul
sebagai satu kesatuan dan oleh karena itu diakui serta mendapat perlakuan
sebagai badan hukum atau korporasi. Dan berdasarkan KUHP, pembuat undang-undang
akan merujuk pada pengurus atau komisaris korporasi jika mereka berhadapan
dengan situasi seperti itu. Sehingga, KUHP saat ini tidak dapat menjadi
landasan untuk&amp;nbsp; memperoleh pertanggungjawaban pidana dari sebuah
korporasi, karena hanya dimungkinkan pertanggungjawabannya oleh pengurus
korporasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Meskipun saat ini KUHP tidak mengikutsertakan korporasi sebagai subyek
hukum yang dapat dibebankan pertanggungjawaban pidana, namun korporasi mulai
diposisikan sebagai subyek hukum pidana dengan ditetapkannya UU No.7/Drt/1955
tentang Pengusutan, Penuntutan dan Peradilan Tindak Pidana Ekonomi. Kemudian
kejahatan korporasi juga diatur dan tersebar dalam berbagai undang-undang
khusus lainnya dengan rumusan yang berbeda mengenai arti “korporasi”, antara
lain termasuk pengertian badan usaha, perseroan, perusahaan, perkumpulan,
yayasan, perserikatan, organisasi, dan lain-lain, sebagaimana undang-undang
yang disebutkan dibawah ini :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;UU No.11/PNPS/1964
     tentang Pemberantasan Kegiatan Subversi;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;UU No.38 Tahun
     2004 tentang Jalan; dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;UU No.31 Tahun
     1999 jo. UU No.21 Tahun 2002 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi,
     dan lain-lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;UU No. 5 Tahun
     1999&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Di Indonesia sendiri, salah satu peraturan yang mempidanakan kejahatan
korporasi adalah Undang-undang Nomor 23 tahun 1997 tentang Lingkungan Hidup.
Hal ini dapat dilihat berdasarkan isi Pasal 46 Bab IX mengenai ketentuan&amp;nbsp;
pidana yang mengadopsi doktrin &lt;i&gt;vicarious liability&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Terhadap hal-hal diatas baik dalam sistem hukum &lt;i&gt;common law&lt;/i&gt; maupun &lt;i&gt;civil
law&lt;/i&gt;, memang sangat sulit untuk dapat mengatribusikan suatu bentuk tindakan
tertentu serta membuktikan unsur &lt;i&gt;mens rea&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;criminal intent &lt;/i&gt;atau&lt;i&gt;
guilty mind&lt;/i&gt;) dari suatu entitas abstrak seperti korporasi. Di Indonesia
sendiri, meskipun undang-undang diatas dapat dijadikan sebagai landasan hukum
untuk membebankan &lt;i&gt;criminal liability&lt;/i&gt; terhadap korporasi, namun
Pengadilan mempergunakan peraturan-peraturan tersebut. Hal ini dapat dilihat
dari sedikitnya kasus-kasus kejahatan korporasi di pengadilan dan tentu saja
berdampak pada sangat sedikitnya keputusan pengadilan berkaitan dengan
kejahatan korporasi. Akibatnya, tidak ada acuan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai
preseden bagi lingkungan peradilan di Indonesia.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Analisa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Melihat fakta-fakta dilapangan serta bila dihubungkan dengan
unsur-unsur terjadinya kejahatan lingkungan oleh korporasi, dimana dalam hal
ini korporasi tersebut adalah Lapindo Brantas Inc sebagai pemegang kuasa
pertambangan ekplorasi dan eksplotasi migas di Blok Brantas Kec. Porong
Sidoarjo dari BP Migas, maka penulis menarik sebuah kesimpulan bahwa
unsur-unsur tersebut telah terpenuhi, baik melalui unsur kesengajaan atau pun
kelalaian. Kedua unsur tersebut dapat digunakan untuk menjerat korporasi
kedalam pembebanan tanggungjawab pidana. Dalam UU No.23 Tahun 1997 tentang
Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup juga terdapat pasal yang menerangkan apabila
dilakukan karena kelalaian korporasi tersebut dapat juga dijadikan pelaku dalam
kejahatan lingkungan hidup.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Perbuatan
pengeboran yang dilakukan oleh Lapindo Brantas di blok Brantas yang telah
terjadi selama beberapa periode eksplotasi ini telah membuat Lapindo Brantas
menjadi tersangka utama dalam dugaan adanya pelanggaran terhadap UUPLH
sekaligus penerapan sanksi pidana terhadap sangkaan terjadinya kejahatan
korporasi oleh Lapindo Brantas, sampai saat ini menyebab dari semburan lumpur
tersebut masih diselidiki oleh pihak yang berwenang, namun korban serta
lingkungan yang rusak terus bertambah besar dan luas jumlahnya, tanpa ada yang
tahu kapan lumpur tersebut akan berhenti menenggelamkan Kec. Porong dan&amp;nbsp; sekitarnya. Yang sangat jelas terlihat saat
ini adalah Lapindo Brantas/EMP sebagai pemegang hak eksploitasi dan eksplorasi
dari BP Migas telah menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan lingkungan dan pencemaran
lingkungan, dalam UUPLH No. 23 Tahun 1997 hal ini telah melanggar Pasal 41
hingga Pasal 45 undangundang tersebut. Namun tentunya dalam hal Lapindo, jika
nantinya tidak dapat ditemukan bahwa penyebab menyemburnya lumpur yang telah
mengakibatkan bencana ini merupakan kealpaan atau kesengajaan dalam kegiatan
pengeboran sudah tentu Lapindo sebagai korporasi tidak dapat dijatuhi hukuman.
Dan hal ini akan membuat masyarakat yang mencari keadilan akan terkoyak.
Menurut Fredrik J. Pinakunary dalam tulisannya di Harian Koran Kompas,
penerapan sistem tanggung jawab pidana mutlak dapat langsung menempatkan
Lapindo sebagai pelaku kejahatan korporasi lingkungan.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Berbeda dari
sistem tanggung jawab pidana umum yang mengharuskan adanya unsur kesengajaan
atau kealpaan dalam pembuktian sebuah perbuatan pidana, dalam sistem tanggung
jawab pidana mutlak, hanya dibutuhkan pengetahuan dan perbuatan dari terdakwa,
yang artinya adalah dalam melakukan perbuatan tersebut, terdakwa telah mengetahui
atau menyadari potensi hasil dari perbuatannya dapat merugikan pihak lain, maka
keadaan ini telah cukup untuk menuntut pertanggungjawaban pidana kepadanya. Hal
ini tentu saja dapat dilakukan oleh hakim sebagai &lt;i&gt;living interpretator &lt;/i&gt;yang
dapat menangkap semangat keadilan yang hidup ditengahtengah masyarakat dan
hakim juga dapat mematahkan kekakuan normatif prosedural undang-undang karena
seiring dengan perkembangan hukum dan beradabnya negara-negara di seluruh
dunia, hakim tidak lagi sekedar hanya mulut atau corong undang-undang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Melihat
kenyataan yang terjadi di lapangan saat ini, mustahil bahwa Lapindo sendiri
tidak menyadari bahwa lingkungan sekitar daerah penggalian migas adalah
merupakan pemukiman penduduk dan pabrik-pabrik kecil milik warga. Polisi sendiri,
telah memeriksa setidaknya 6 orang tersangka yang berasal dari karyawan Lapindo
sendiri dan karyawan dari PT. Medici Citra Nusa sebagai pemegang sub kontrak
Drilling (pengeboran) dari pihak Lapindo, pihak berwenang mengatakan, para
tersangka untuk saat ini diancam dengan Pasal 188 KUHP dan Pasal 41 dan Pasal
42 ayat 1e dan 2e UUPLH No.23 Tahun 1997126. Adapun isi dari Pasal 188 KUHP
adalah sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;”Barangsiapa
karena kealpaannya menyebabkan kebakaran, ledakan atau banjir, diancam dengan
pidana penjara paling lama lima tahun atau kurungan paling lama satu tahun atau
denda paling banyak tiga ratus rupiah, jika karena timbul bahaya umum bagi
barang, jika karenanya timbul bahaya bagi nyawa orang lain, atau jika karenanya
mengakibatkan matinya orang.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bahwa kasus
luapan lumpur panas Lapindo Brantas Inc. Merupakan tindak pidana kejahatan
korporasi, karena :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penyebab
luapan lumpur diakibatkan karena kesalahan dan kelalaian Lapindo Brantas Inc.
Dalam melakukan pengeboran. Dan juga karena telah melanggar peraturan mengenai
tata ruang dan peraturan lingkungan hidup.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dampak
yang diakibatkan adanya kegiatan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi Migas yang
dilakukan di Blok Brantas oleh Lapindo Brantas Inc. Telah mengakibatkan
terjadinya kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan di sekitar wilayah Kecamatan
Porong Kabupaten Sidoarjo Propinsi Jawa Timur. Dampak kerusakan tersebut telah
mengakibatkan rusaknya lingkungan fisik, lumpuhnya sector ekonomi pertanian dan
industri, kerugian social dan budaya masyarakat, serta penurunan kualitas
kehidupan masyarakat terdampak seperti yang selama ini kita lihat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Penutup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lumpur lapindo
adalah sebuah kejadian yang patut kita cermati sebaik mungkin karena sudah
banyak dampak kerugian yang dialami oleh masyarakt sekitarnya, serta tidak adanya
tanggung jawab dari pihak LAPINDO semakin menjadikan masyarakt berada dalam
kesulitan yang disebabkan oleh Lumpur LAPINDO. Dengan demikian perlu adanya
tindakan hukum yang jelas terhadap LAPINDO, baik secara persero maupun terhadap
perorangan yang bertanggung jawab terhadap kejadian tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Daftar
Pustaka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Koesnadi
Hardjasoemantri, &lt;i&gt;Pentingnya Payung Hukum dan Pelibatan Masyarakat dalam Buku
Di Bawah Satu Payung Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam&lt;/i&gt;, 2005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Wikipedia Indonesia, &lt;i&gt;Banjir
Lumpur Panas Sidoarjo 2006&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Daud
Silalahi, &lt;i&gt;Hukum Lingkungan Dalam Sistem Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;.
Bandung. Penerbit Alumni. 1996.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kompas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, 19 Juni 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Hot Mud Flow in East
Java, Indonesia, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Blog&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Wikipedia Indonesia, &lt;i&gt;Lapindo
Brantas,&lt;/i&gt; dan lihat website BPMIGAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lumpur, Kesengajaan
atau Kelalaian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;?” di ambil pada
tanggal 15 Februari 2012 dari:&amp;nbsp;
http://www.walhi.or.id/kampanye/cemar/industri/060719_lumpur_li/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;8.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cabut PSC Lapindo,
Solusi Terhadap Ancaman Bencana Bagi Masyarakat di Sekitar Blok Brantas, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;diambil pada tanggal 13 Februari 2012 dari:&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;http://www.walhi.or.id/
kampanye/cemar/industri/060728_psclapindo_rep/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;9.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kosparmono
Irsan,&amp;nbsp; “&lt;i&gt;Kejahatan Korporasi; BAB IV&lt;/i&gt;”,
Jakarta 2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;10.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kejahatan
Korporasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, diambil pada tanggal 15 februari
2012 dari: http://www.tanyahukum.com/perusahaan/114/kejahatan-korporasi/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fredrik.J.
Pinakunary, Advocates pada Lubis, Santosa &amp;amp; Maulana Law Offices, Lapindo
dan Pidana Mutlak, Koran Kompas, Des 2006.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Koesnadi Hardjasoemantri, &lt;i&gt;Pentingnya Payung Hukum dan Pelibatan
Masyarakat dalam Buku Di Bawah Satu Payung Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam&lt;/i&gt;,
2005, Hal XVI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Wikipedia Indonesia, &lt;i&gt;Banjir
Lumpur Panas Sidoarjo 2006&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Daud Silalahi, &lt;i&gt;Hukum Lingkungan Dalam Sistem Penegakan Hukum
Lingkungan Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. Bandung. Penerbit Alumni. 1996. Hal 9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Kompas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, 19 Juni 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Hot Mud Flow in East
Java, Indonesia, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Blog&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Wikipedia Indonesia, &lt;i&gt;Lapindo
Brantas,&lt;/i&gt; dan lihat website BPMIGAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Lumpur, Kesengajaan atau Kelalaian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;?” di ambil pada
tanggal 15 Februari 2012 dari:&amp;nbsp;
http://www.walhi.or.id/kampanye/cemar/industri/060719_lumpur_li/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Cabut PSC Lapindo,
Solusi Terhadap Ancaman Bencana Bagi Masyarakat di Sekitar Blok Brantas, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;diambil pada tanggal 13
Februari 2012 dari:&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;http://www.walhi.or.id/ kampanye/cemar/industri/060728_psclapindo_rep/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Kosparmono
Irsan,&amp;nbsp; “&lt;i&gt;Kejahatan Korporasi; BAB IV&lt;/i&gt;”,
Jakarta 2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;“ Kejahatan
korporasi” diambil pada tanggal 15 februari 2012 dari:
http://www.tanyahukum.com/perusahaan/114/kejahatan-korporasi/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 42.55pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Fredrik.J. Pinakunary, Advocates pada Lubis, Santosa &amp;amp; Maulana
Law Offices, Lapindo dan Pidana Mutlak, Koran Kompas, Des 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/3080510918336616984/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/kehatan-korporasi-dalam-bencana-lumpur.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/3080510918336616984'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/3080510918336616984'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/09/kehatan-korporasi-dalam-bencana-lumpur.html' title='KEJAHATAN KORPORASI DALAM BENCANA LUMPUR LAPINDO'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-5654006094758654851</id><published>2012-05-01T20:39:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-05-01T21:20:06.616-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ILMU ADMINISTRASI DAN MANAJEMEN</title><content type='html'>&lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dalam membahas administrasi kepolisian sangat diperlukan untuk
mengetahui tentang ilmu administrasi. Banyak pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa
ilmu administrasi lahir berkat Woodrow Wilson dalam &lt;i&gt;Political Sciense
Quarterly&lt;/i&gt; yng terbit tahun 1987 dengan judul &lt;i&gt;The Study Of
Administration. &lt;/i&gt;Istilah “&lt;i&gt;administration&lt;/i&gt;” dan “&lt;i&gt;management”&lt;/i&gt;
sering diartikan berbeda oleh beberapa penulis dan pakar di bidang ilmu
tersebut, tapi banyak juga yang mengartikan sama, ada yang beranggapan bahwa &lt;i&gt;administration&lt;/i&gt;
mencakupi &lt;i&gt;organization&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i&gt;management&lt;/i&gt;. Dengan demikian makna &lt;i&gt;admisitration&lt;/i&gt;
lebih luas cakupannya, namun ada pula yangmengartikan sebaliknya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Secara sederhana, &lt;i&gt;administration&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp; atau &lt;i&gt;management&lt;/i&gt; berarti “&lt;i&gt;to get
things done through and with people&lt;/i&gt;”. Dari arti tersebut dapat diambil
kesimpulan bahwasannya administration atau management sudah ada sejak zaman
Yunani, Mesir kuno dan lain sebagainya, dan baru pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad
ke-20 dibuat sistematis dan dipelajari secara ilmiah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bapak dari &lt;i&gt;Scientific Management&lt;/i&gt; adalah Frederich Winslow
Taylor dengan buku beliau yang terkenal dengan judul “&lt;i&gt;the principales of
scientific management”&lt;/i&gt; yang berfokus pada cara-cara terbaik untuk
meningkatkan produktifitas pekerja. Menurutnya, motivasi utama dari pekerja
adalah imbalan ekonomi. Menurutnya cara terbaik dalam pelaksanaan tugas antara
lain dengan “&lt;i&gt;time and motion study” (one best way)&lt;/i&gt;. Pada tahun 1916,
Henry Fayol di Francis menulis buku dengan judul &lt;i&gt;“administration general et
industrialle”&lt;/i&gt; yang diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa inggris menjadi &lt;i&gt;“industrial
and general management”&lt;/i&gt;. Taylor lebih menitik beratkan perhatiannya pada
tingkat bawah dari organisasi, sedangkan Fayol memperhatikan organisasi dari
tingkat atas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sosiolog terkenal Max Weber mengemukakan konsep birokrasi, yang
mengatakan organisasi bergerak atas dasar rasionalitas. Dimana biroksasi
digambarkan sebagai cerminan bagaimana organisasi disusun dan dirancang agar
menjadi lebih efisien. Pendapat weber sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;a. Ada
pembagian tugas berdarakan kemampuan tertentu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;b. Ada
hirarki wewenang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;c. Ada
ketentuan-ketentuan yang berlaku sama diseluruh organisasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;d. Menjaga
hubungan yang inpersonaal karena keputusan rasional hanya dapat dibuat secara
obyektif tanpa&amp;nbsp; emosi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pemilihan
dan promosi pegawai berdasarkan pada kemampuan bukan pertimbangan lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Seluruh pendekatan diatas dikenal dengan pendekatan klasik.
Pendekatan ini melahirkan prinsip-prinsip administrasi atau manajemen yang
dianggap universal karena berdasarkan rasio, yang masih berpengaruh hingga saat
ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Selain para pakar diatas, ada pula golongan yang human relations
yang dipelopori oleh Elton Mayo dari Universitas Harvard yang terkenal dengan “&lt;i&gt;Howthorne
Experiment&lt;/i&gt;”, yaitu studi pada 10 perusahaan Western Electric company di Howthorne
plant selama 10 tahun, yang menghasilkan pertentangan antara pendapat ini
dengan pendapat klasik karena menekankan pada prilaku manusia (&lt;i&gt;behavioral
approach&lt;/i&gt;), terutama para pekerja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Roethliesberger dan Dickson menyatakan bahwa factor social juga mempengaruhi
produktifitas dan kepuasan karyawan, seperti perhatian atasan dan sebagainya.
Sumbangan penting dari studi teresebut adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tingkat
produksi ditentukan oleh norma sosial, bukan karena kapasitas psikologis&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Reward
dan sanksi non-ekonomi sangat mempengaruhi tingkah laku pekerja dan mengatasi
pengaruh rencana insntif ekonomis.&amp;nbsp; Kegiatan
dan reaksi pekerja seringkali bukan sebagai pribadi tetapi sebagai anggota
kelompok. Kepemimpinan
dipandang penting dalam menentukan keputusan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pendekatan humans relation kemudian diikuti oleh pendekatan humans
behaviour, pendekatan ini membahas prilaku manusia secara ilmiah untuk
mendapatkan generalisai tentang prilaku. Pendekatan human behaviour juga
mengkritik kelemaha-kelemahan pendekatan human relations. Pakar-pakar yang
terkenal dalam pendekatan human behaviour antara lain adalah Malow dengan
tingkat-tingkat kebutuhan manusia yaitu: &lt;i&gt;physiological needs, safety needs,
esteem needs dan self actualization&lt;/i&gt;. Juga Mc. Gregor dengan teori X dan
teori Y.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dalam prakteknya, ternyata tidak ada yang menggunakan pendekatan
klasik maupun pendekatan &lt;i&gt;human relations&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i&gt;human behaviour&lt;/i&gt;
secara ekstrim. Banyak penulis mencakupi kedua pendekatan tersebut diatas
dengan penekanan yang berbeda tergantung dari latar belakang dan pengalaman
penulisnya. Yang dari kedua pendekatan teresebut menghasilkan &lt;i&gt;system theory&lt;/i&gt;
dan &lt;i&gt;contingency theory&lt;/i&gt;, dalam &lt;i&gt;System theory&lt;/i&gt; semua bagian dari
suatu system adalah saling terkait dan saling ketergantungan dan merupakan
suatu kesatuan. &lt;i&gt;Contingency theory&lt;/i&gt; menggunakan pendekatan sitem juga
menekankan hubungan-hubungan yang penting, baik dalam organisasi ataupun dengan
luar organisasi. Menurut &lt;i&gt;contingency theory&lt;/i&gt;, hubungan-hubungan penting
itu harus diperhitungkan dalam menyusun organisasi dan dalam praktek manajemen
.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/5654006094758654851/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/05/ilmu-administrasi-dan-manajemen.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/5654006094758654851'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/5654006094758654851'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2012/05/ilmu-administrasi-dan-manajemen.html' title='ILMU ADMINISTRASI DAN MANAJEMEN'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW0xc_FGJa_7hyq8VqAJaT6pGjvYlvYYGJUDFn-zB2j78SkfG-LTbsW4lpUzMN8OUOKcGHX614IuEPVjemn4rADrBDQJmZ3pRCvWOdxS95aaJGEUqFwF4BkQ9vP-jo9ijya_E1ZOEyNcTi/s72-c/Untitled-1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-7907773469199558382</id><published>2011-04-06T19:39:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-06T19:39:18.749-07:00</updated><title type='text'>my angel</title><content type='html'>AKU tidak bisa mengeluh&lt;br /&gt;
Hanyalah bisa merasa sedih&lt;br /&gt;
Yang kau lihat hanyalah rupaku&lt;br /&gt;
Tetapi bukan hatiku, sayang&lt;br /&gt;
Aku akan selalu mengingat&lt;br /&gt;
Saat yang kita lalui bersama&lt;br /&gt;
Setiap kali aku mengingatnya&lt;br /&gt;
Air mataku akan mengalir&lt;br /&gt;
Aku mencintaimu malaikatku&lt;br /&gt;
Aku tidak akan pernah melupakanmu&lt;br /&gt;
Aku mencintaimu my angel..</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/7907773469199558382/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2011/04/my-angel.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/7907773469199558382'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/7907773469199558382'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2011/04/my-angel.html' title='my angel'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-3269392988395129654</id><published>2011-04-05T08:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-05T08:57:00.995-07:00</updated><title type='text'>++++ &quot;Maaf&quot; ++++</title><content type='html'>beratnya rasa dalam diri ini&lt;br /&gt;
melepaskan kasih dan cinta&lt;br /&gt;
namun semua harus terjadi&lt;br /&gt;
walau dalam hati terasa lara&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHSMME8rQNOw4Io1gZRGuzVw70sfvTelEb1lNguSKawXxmikgTSAHHWX7n6t92xtGWLFkUMvwBKpKzIznSEBndjSXqXzpFSdNz56L8VT7n2GDhRBTFkuxK3O8zDtDzL5v8TCgEToQWznFa/s1600/Flowers+%252814%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHSMME8rQNOw4Io1gZRGuzVw70sfvTelEb1lNguSKawXxmikgTSAHHWX7n6t92xtGWLFkUMvwBKpKzIznSEBndjSXqXzpFSdNz56L8VT7n2GDhRBTFkuxK3O8zDtDzL5v8TCgEToQWznFa/s200/Flowers+%252814%2529.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
masih terbayang senyum sedih dimatamu&lt;br /&gt;
membuat hati kian lara dan merana&lt;br /&gt;
bila ingat cintamu hanya untukku&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
terlalu banyak dosaku padamu&lt;br /&gt;
terlalu banyak aku menghianatimu&lt;br /&gt;
terlalu banyak aku melukaimu&lt;br /&gt;
terlalu banyak salahku padamu&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
mungkin ini yang terbaik&lt;br /&gt;
Tuhan berikan senyummu untuknya&lt;br /&gt;
maafkan aku yang bersalah padamu</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/3269392988395129654/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2011/04/maaf.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/3269392988395129654'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/3269392988395129654'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2011/04/maaf.html' title='++++ &quot;Maaf&quot; ++++'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHSMME8rQNOw4Io1gZRGuzVw70sfvTelEb1lNguSKawXxmikgTSAHHWX7n6t92xtGWLFkUMvwBKpKzIznSEBndjSXqXzpFSdNz56L8VT7n2GDhRBTFkuxK3O8zDtDzL5v8TCgEToQWznFa/s72-c/Flowers+%252814%2529.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-2166466642984131287</id><published>2011-03-26T21:19:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-03-26T21:19:39.908-07:00</updated><title type='text'>&quot;Dia Disini&quot;</title><content type='html'>aku merasa aneh terhadap diriku&lt;br /&gt;
karena aku mencintai dirinya&lt;br /&gt;
lama masa dan waktu terus kucari &lt;br /&gt;
ku tanya setiap orang yang berlalu&lt;br /&gt;
padahal ia bersanding bersama&lt;br /&gt;
mataku mencari-cari selalu&lt;br /&gt;
padahal ia ada dimana ia berada&lt;br /&gt;
hatiku dirundung rindu&lt;br /&gt;
ternyata ia ada di dalam hati</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/2166466642984131287/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2011/03/dia-disini.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2166466642984131287'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/2166466642984131287'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2011/03/dia-disini.html' title='&quot;Dia Disini&quot;'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-5873134043636633916</id><published>2011-03-19T20:25:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-03-19T20:25:31.321-07:00</updated><title type='text'>&quot;pemilik cinta&quot;</title><content type='html'>keindahan diciptakan untuk dinikmati oleh pandangan dan diresap kedalam hati&lt;br /&gt;
cinta hanya dibuat untuk manusia berhati suci&lt;br /&gt;
kasih hanya dimiliki oleh seorang pecinta sejati&lt;br /&gt;
kebahagiaan dirasakan oleh yang pernah merasakan pahit cinta</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/5873134043636633916/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2011/03/pemilik-cinta.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/5873134043636633916'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/5873134043636633916'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2011/03/pemilik-cinta.html' title='&quot;pemilik cinta&quot;'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-854801387101026816</id><published>2011-01-15T20:42:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-15T20:42:29.481-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Hamzah Fansuri</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;AR-SA&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;Syekh Hamzah Fansuri adalah seorang cendekiawan, ulama tasawwuf, sastrawan, dan budayawan terkemuka yang hidup antara pertengahan abad ke-16 sampai abad awal ke-17. (tanggal dan tahun yang tepat tidak ada yang tahu karena sesudah pada masa itu terjadi perselisihan dan banyak kitab-kitab karangan ahli&lt;i&gt; wujudiyah&lt;/i&gt; yang dibakar). Nama&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;gelaran atau &lt;i&gt;takhallus&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;yang tercantum di belakang nama kecilnya memperlihatkan bahwa pendekar puisi dan ilmu suluk ini berasal dari Fansur.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Beliau hidup pada masa kegemilangan kota Barus dan menyaksikan pula maraknya perkembangan kerajaan Aceh Darussalam. Syehk Hamzah Fansuri bukan hanya seorang ulama tapi beliau juga seorang pembaharu pada masa itu. Beliau juga seorang sufi dan pengarang kitab keilmuan pertama dalam bahasa melayu.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Karangan Syekh Fansuri dalam tasawwuf adalah &lt;i&gt;Zinat Al-Wahidin&lt;/i&gt; atau juga dikenal dengan &lt;i&gt;Zinat Al-Muwahidin&lt;/i&gt; ( Hiasan Para Ahli Tasawwuf) yang ditulis pada akhir abad ke-16 ketika perdebatan sengit tentang filsafat wujudiyah (&lt;i&gt;wahdat al-wujud&lt;/i&gt;) sedang berlangsung di Sumatra khususnya di aceh yang melibatkan ahli-ahli tasawwuf, ushuluddin dan ilmu fiqih terkemuka pada waktu itu. Perdebatan tentang faham &lt;i&gt;wujudiyah&lt;/i&gt; ini lebih dikenal sebagai perdebatan tentang &lt;i&gt;a’yan thabitah&lt;/i&gt; (esensi segala sesuatu) yang merupakan persoalan sentral didalam &lt;i&gt;wujudiyah&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;Banyak orang mengira bahwa ajaran &lt;i&gt;wujudiyah&lt;/i&gt; yang berkembang di Indonesia sampai saat ini adalah ajaran martabat tutjuh.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; pendapat ini tidak benar, sebab martabat tujuh baru berkembang pada abad ke-17. syekh hamzah fansuri , dan juga para wali dipulau jawa abad ke-16 seperti Sunan Bonang dan Sunan Kalijaga, tidak pernah menjadi penganjur ajaran martabat tujuh. Memang ajran martabat tujuh termasuk ajaran &lt;i&gt;wujudiyah&lt;/i&gt; namun telah menempuh perkembangan agak lain dan kedalamnya telah masuk pengaruh India.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;Sebagai seorang tasawwuf syekh hamzah fansuri langsung mengaitkan dirinya dengan ajaran para sufi Arab&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;dan Persia sebelum abad ke-16, terutama &lt;i&gt;Bayazid Bisthami, Mansur Al-Hallaj, Fariduddin, ‘Attar, Syekh Junaid Al-Baghdadi, Al-Ghazali, Ibn ‘Arabi, Rumi, Maghribi, Mahmud Ahbistari, ‘Iraqi Dan Jami.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45pt;&quot;&gt;Inti ajaran &lt;i&gt;wujudiyah&lt;/i&gt; adalah untuk menyatakan keesaan Tuhan (tauhid) tidak bertentangan dengan gagasan tentang penampakan pengetahiuan-Nya yang berbagai-bagai di alam fenomena (&lt;i&gt;‘alam al-khalq&lt;/i&gt;). Tuhan sebagai Zat mutlak satu-satunya dan dalam keesaan-Nya memang tanpa sekutu dan bandingan, dan karenanya Tuhan&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;adalah transenden &lt;i&gt;(tanzih).&lt;/i&gt; Tetapi karena dia menampakkan wajah-Nya serta ayat-ayat-Nya diseluruh alam semesta dan didalam diri manusia, maka Dia memiliki kehadiran spiritual di alam kejadian, kalau tidak demikian maka Dia bukan Zat Yang Zahir dan Yang Batin, sebagaimana Al- Qur’an menyatakan,” dan kehampiran-Nya kepada kepada manusia tidak akan lebih dekat dari urat leher manusia sendiri”. Karena manifestasi pengatahuan-Nya berbagai-bagai dan memiliki penampakan Zahir dan Batin, maka disamping transenden Dia juga Immanen (&lt;i&gt;tashbih&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;  &lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;    &lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Takhallus&lt;/i&gt; adalah sejenis gelaran yang biasanya diambil dari nama kota kelahiran atau negri asal seorang tokoh.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Sebutan orang arab terhadap Barus. Sebuah kota kecil dipantai barat Sumatra yang terletak antara kota sibolga dan singkel.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Ahadiyah, wahdah, wahidiyah, ‘alam al-arwah, ‘alam al-mitsal, ‘alam al-ajsam dan ‘alam al-insan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Hamzah Fansuri dan risalah tasawwuf dan puisinya hal-20&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Ibid hal-21&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7628759486064639313#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Pengantar ilmu tasawwuf-proyek pembinaan perguruan tinggi Agama&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;IAIN Sumatra Utara&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1981/1982 hal : 189&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/854801387101026816/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2011/01/hamzah-fansuri.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/854801387101026816'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/854801387101026816'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2011/01/hamzah-fansuri.html' title='Hamzah Fansuri'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7628759486064639313.post-8452732592381264306</id><published>2010-10-13T13:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-10-13T13:00:00.134-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pelayanan Keagamaan Dalam Agama Buddha</title><content type='html'>Kata pelayanan berasal dari kata layan, melayani, pelayanan yang berarti: membantu menyiapkan (mengurus) apa-apa yang diperlukan seseorang,  sedangkan keberagamaan berarti perihal beragama.  Jadi pelayanan keagamaan berarti mengurusi segala hal yang berhubungan dengan perihal keagamaan.&lt;br /&gt;
Sedangkan Pelayanan dalam agama Buddha memiliki beberapa arti tertentu, yang pertama yaitu karuna adalah sebuah kegiatan yang dimulai dalam rangka meringankan dari apa yang diderita seseorang sehingga orang tersebut dapat lepas dari penderitaan tersebut. Pelayanan adalah gerak hati yang didasarkan atas rasa ingin membantu tanpa ada pamrih terhadap apapun, ke dua adalah bantuan murni, dimana bantuan tersebut tanpa ada paksaan dan pamrih terhadap hal apapun, ketiga mudita atau senang melihat kebahagiaan orang lain, keempat pemberian yang ikhlas, dan kelima belas kasihan. Jadi dalam Agama Buddha pelayanan adalah bantuan yang tanpa pamrih berdasarkan belas kasihan karena senang melihat kebahagiaan orang lain. &lt;br /&gt;
Pelayanan keagamaan dalam agama Buddha adalah sebuah sebuah bantuan tanpa pamrih berdasarkan belas kasihan karena senang melihat orang lain bahagia di dalam bidang keagamaan. Segala hal yangberhubungan dengan masalah umat Buddha, baik itu ibadah maupun kebaktian seperti pernikahan dan lain sebagainya.&lt;br /&gt;
Pelayanan keagamaan dalam agama Buddha adalah bhikku/ni sebagai rohaniawan harus bisa melayani dan dilayani. Sebagai sebuah pelayanan para rohaniawan utuk umat, dimana umat membutuhkan bantuan rohaniawan untuk memperdalam ajaran satu dharma atau memberikan pengertian kepada umat bagaimana ajaran dari agama buddha itu yang sebenarnya. Jadi pelayanan keagamaan dalam agama buddha adalah sebuah keadaan atau sebuah situasi dimana umat membutuhkan bantuan dari rohaniawan maka para rohaniawan siap membantu untuk umat tersebut. &lt;br /&gt;
Bentuk nyata dari pelayanan keagamaan dalam agama Buddha yang banyak  terjadi adalah sebagai tempat konsultasi bagi umat dalam menghadapi kehidupan nyata. Dengan adanya para bhikku/ni sebagai tempat konsultasi, mereka akan lebih bisa mendapatkan petunjuk dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang mereka hadapi. Dengan adanya pelayanan dari para bhikku/ni mereka akan dapat menemukan tempat bagi mereka untuk mencurahkan segala maslah yang mereka hadapi. Dengan demikian mereka akan lebih bisa menghadapi keadaan dengan lebih tenang, sehingga mereka dapat memecahkan masalah tersebut lewat bimbingan para bhikku dan ajaran dharma yang mereka telah pahami dan mereka pelajari dari para &lt;i&gt;bhikku/ni&lt;/i&gt; melalui kebaktian dan ceramah-ceramah serta pembacaan &lt;i&gt;parita&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i&gt;sutra-sutra &lt;/i&gt;dalam setiap kebaktian.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/feeds/8452732592381264306/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2010/10/pelayanan-keagamaan-dalam-agama-buddha.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/8452732592381264306'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7628759486064639313/posts/default/8452732592381264306'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://s-moc.blogspot.com/2010/10/pelayanan-keagamaan-dalam-agama-buddha.html' title='Pelayanan Keagamaan Dalam Agama Buddha'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07097791951666892708</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>