SAYANSI NA TEKNOLOGIA

LCD LIBRARY FOR STM32F4 USING 4 BIT INTERFACING

2018-08-27T22:10:00.001+03:00

Introduction:
Hello and welcome to the tutorial on how to interface LCD to STM32F4 in 4 bit mode. In this tutorial i will use 20x4 LCD display module. this display module has 4 lines of display with the ability of displaying 20 characters per line. But in reality it consist of only two lines which are addressable from Data Ram of the LCD.

How to use the display with stm32f4 MCU and ATTOLIC TRUE STUDIO FOR ST

In this tutorial STM32f4 Discovery Board DISC1 is used. this board uses STM32F407VG mcu. It has several pin breakout which can be used as GPIO as well as Alternate function to interface the mcu to the external world. We will use the pins as GPIO to interface our mcu to the display. Note that we want to be able to use any pin combination from any port without problems. In order to do so we need to define pins and ports in the header file:

#define D4 0

#define D4Port GPIOC

#define D5 1

#define D5Port GPIOD

#define D6 2

#define D6Port GPIOD

#define D7 3

#define D7Port GPIOB

#define RS 4 //REGISTER SELECT PIN

#define RSPort GPIOD

#define EN 5 //ENABLE PIN #define ENPort GPIOD

As seen from above, we have defined pin numbers as well as port to be used by the lcd. This gives us the flexibility of using any combination of pin and port as we wish, provided that we have edited the definitions above! As seen above we can use any port and any pin we like.

Now lets create our helper functions.............................

First of all we need to configure the pins as GPIO pins. Since we are using arm microcontroller we have to bear in mind that we need first to enable clock to the GPIO module of the MCU. (Module Clock is normally disabled in arm mcu families in order to save power, so you have to enable them before you can use any module). Here i will use PD0 of GPIOD as an example:

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<3); //enable clock to PORTD, see reference manual for your mcu

Then we need to configure the pin as GPIO (Pins has other alternative functions as well)

GPIOD->MODER|=(1<<0); //Set pin PD0 of port D as GPIO Output pin

Also we will set Out put type to push-pull and with no pull up or pull-down

GPIOD->OTYPER&=~(1<<0); //Set PD0 in push-pull configuration

GPIOD->PUPDR&=~(1<<0); //NO PULL-UP OR PULL-DOWN on PD0

Finally we set the pin speed (pin speed control slew rate on the pin)

port->OSPEEDR|=(1<<1)|(1<<0); //Set PD0 highest speed.

That's all required in order to configure the Pin as GPIO. Please consider reference manual for you mcu. Below is a function which can set any pin of any port in GPIO output mode.

void gpioInit(GPIO_TypeDef *port, uint8_t pinNumber)

{

if(port==GPIOA)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<0);

}

else if(port==GPIOB)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<1);

}

else if(port==GPIOC)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<2);

}

else if(port==GPIOD)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<3);

}

else if(port==GPIOE)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<4);

}

else if(port==GPIOF)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<5);

}

else if(port==GPIOG)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<6);

}

else if(port==GPIOH)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<7);

}

else if(port==GPIOH)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<8);

}

else

{

exit(0); //if port is not valid, terminate the program

}

port->MODER|=(1<<(pinNumber*2)); //SET IS AS GPIO

port->OTYPER=0x0000; //PUSH PULL CONFIGURATION

port->PUPDR=0X0000; //NO PULL-UP OR PULL-DOWN

port->OSPEEDR|=(3<<(pinNumber*2)); //SET IT TO HIGHEST SPEED

}

Now lets configure individual pins as GPIO output using our helper function that we have created above:

void pinInit() //configure respective port pin

{

gpioInit(D4Port, D4);

gpioInit(D5Port, D5);

gpioInit(D6Port, D6);

gpioInit(D7Port, D7);

gpioInit(RSPort, RS);

gpioInit(ENPort, EN);

}

Voila......

Now lets figure how to send a byte to the LCD.,.. But wait, we need helper function for sending bit to the pin (Remember that our library will provide a flexible way of using pins from various Ports so we can simply write to a port at once, we need a mechanism to break byte into bits)!!!

Here is a function that will send bits into the pin.

void writeBit(GPIO_TypeDef *port, uint8_t pinNumber, uint8_t bitValue)

{

if(bitValue)

{

port->BSRRL|=(1<<pinNumber);

}

else

{

port->BSRRH|=(1<<pinNumber);

}

As seen, the function needs port to write to (of Type GPIO_TypeDef), a pin and a bitValue (either 1 or 0) .

Now we can write our byte to LCD........ Oh but wait. Do you remember that we are interfacing the lcd to our mcu using 4 Bit? Well you remember, so how about sending the byte in this scenario? Simply we will have to break the byte into two nibbles (4 bit ) and send the high nibble first then the lower nibble next. See the function below to send Higher nibble

void sendHigherNibble(char byteToSend)

{

char temp;

temp=byteToSend;

temp=temp&0xF0; //select high nibble first and send it through d4..d7

writeBit(D4Port, D4, temp&0x10);

writeBit(D5Port, D5, temp&0x20);

writeBit(D6Port, D6, temp&0x40);

writeBit(D7Port, D7, temp&0x80);

}

See the function below to send Higher nibble

void sendLowerNibble(char byteToSend){

byteToSend=byteToSend<<4; //select lower nibble first and send it through d4..d7

writeBit(D4Port, D4, byteToSend&0x10);

writeBit(D5Port, D5, byteToSend&0x20);

writeBit(D6Port, D6, byteToSend&0x40);

writeBit(D7Port, D7, byteToSend&0x80);

}

But in reality (in our case) we will combine all these in one function. Lets see a function which sends command to the lcd.

void LCDWriteCmd(char cmd)

{

char temp;

temp=cmd;

temp=temp&0xF0; //select high nibble first and send it through d4..d7

writeBit(D4Port, D4, temp&0x10);

writeBit(D5Port, D5, temp&0x20);

writeBit(D6Port, D6, temp&0x40);

writeBit(D7Port, D7, temp&0x80);

writeBit(RSPort, RS, 0); //command mode selected

writeBit(ENPort, EN, 1);

delay(VAL);

writeBit(ENPort, EN, 0); //generate enable signal

cmd=cmd<<4; //select lower nibble first and send it through d4..d7

writeBit(D4Port, D4, cmd&0x10);

writeBit(D5Port, D5, cmd&0x20);

writeBit(D6Port, D6, cmd&0x40);

writeBit(D7Port, D7, cmd&0x80);

enableSignal();

delay(1000);

}

Function to send data to lcd:

void LCDWriteData(char data)

{

char temp;

temp=data;

temp=temp&0xF0; //select high nibble first and send it through d4..d7

writeBit(D4Port, D4, temp&0x10);

writeBit(D5Port, D5, temp&0x20);

writeBit(D6Port, D6, temp&0x40);

writeBit(D7Port, D7, temp&0x80);

writeBit(RSPort, RS, 1); // data mode

enableSignal(); //generate enable signal

data=data<<4; //select lower nibble first and send it through d4..d7

writeBit(D4Port, D4, data&0x10);

writeBit(D5Port, D5, data&0x20);

writeBit(D6Port, D6, data&0x40);

writeBit(D7Port, D7, data&0x80);

enableSignal();

delay(1000);

}

Note that the delay function is dummy function that loops to generate a non precise delay to use for timing the communication between the mcu and lcd display.

Here is the dummy function for generating delay

void delay(uint32_t val)

{

volatile uint32_t i, j=0;

for(i=0; i<val; i++)

{

j++; //increment dummy variable

}

finally initialize the lcd by calling this function:

void LCDInit()

{

pinInit();

LCDWriteCmd(0x33); //wake up lcd for commands

delay(1000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x32); //wake up lcd for commands

delay(1000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x20); //init lcd for 4bit mode

delay(1000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x28); //2 lines, 5x7 matrix

delay(1000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x0e); //display on, cursor on

LCDWriteCmd(0x01); //clear lcd

delay(20000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x06); //shift cursor right

delay(1000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x0c);

delay(1000);

}

This is a helper function to display string in the LCD

void LCDWriteString(char *str)

{

while(*str!='\0')

{

LCDWriteData(*str++);

}

But also we need a way to navigate and diplay any where in our lcd, we eill be able to do so by using the following function

void LCDSetCursor(uint8_t x, uint8_t y)

{

char firstArr[4]={0x00, 0x40, 0x14, 0x54}; //array of addresses for 4x20 lcd

LCDWriteCmd(0x80+firstArr[y]+x);

}

Note that y ranges from 0 to 3 (rows) and x ranges from 0 to 19.

This is the complete library for lcd in 4 bit mode

* LiquidCrystal4BIT.h

* Created on: Aug 18, 2018

* Author: DIDAS ERENE (rombian_coder)

* follow instagram: rombian_abc, embedded_tz

* phone call: 255 629052463

* THIS LIBRARY SERVES HELPER FUNCTION FOR USING 20x4 LCD DISPLAY WITH

* STM32F4 MICROCONTROLLER FAMILLIES, IT USES 4 BIT MODE MEANS IT USES D4 * TO D7 PINS

* OF LCD DISPLAY, SERVING MCU PINS. IT GIVES FLEXIBILITY OF USING ANY PIN * ON ANY PORT

* WITH LCD BY ONLY CHANGING PIN AND PORT DEFINITION.

* ENJOY USING IT

#ifndef LIQUIDCRYSTAL4BIT_H_

#define LIQUIDCRYSTAL4BIT_H_

#define _SVID_SOURCE

#include "stm32f4xx.h"

#include "stm32f4xx_gpio.h"

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

#define VAL 10000

#define D4 0

#define D4Port GPIOD

#define D5 1

#define D5Port GPIOD

#define D6 2

#define D6Port GPIOD

#define D7 3

#define D7Port GPIOD

#define RS 4 //REGISTER SELECT PIN

#define RSPort GPIOD

#define EN 5 //ENABLE PIN (TIE RW TO GROUND AS WE WILL NOT READ ANYTHING FROM LCD IN THIS LIBRARY)

#define ENPort GPIOD

/* Private variables */

/* Private function prototypes */

/* Private functions */

void gpioInit(GPIO_TypeDef *port, uint8_t pinNumber);

void pinInit(void);

void delay(uint32_t val);

void writeBit(GPIO_TypeDef *port, uint8_t pinNumber, uint8_t bitValue);

void enableSignal(void);

void LCDWriteCmd(char cmd);

void LCDWriteData(char data);

void LCDInit();

void LCDSetCursor(uint8_t x, uint8_t y);

void LCDWriteString(char *str);

void LCDWriteInteger(uint16_t val);

void LCDWriteFloat(float fval);

void gpioInit(GPIO_TypeDef *port, uint8_t pinNumber)

{

if(port==GPIOA)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<0);

}

else if(port==GPIOB)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<1);

}

else if(port==GPIOC)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<2);

}

else if(port==GPIOD)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<3);

}

else if(port==GPIOE)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<4);

}

else if(port==GPIOF)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<5);

}

else if(port==GPIOG)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<6);

}

else if(port==GPIOH)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<7);

}

else if(port==GPIOH)

{

RCC->AHB1ENR|=(1<<8);

}

else

{

return;

}

port->MODER|=(1<<(pinNumber*2)); //SET IS AS GPIO

port->OTYPER=0x0000; //PUSH PULL CONFIGURATION

port->PUPDR=0X0000; //NO PULLUP OR PULLDOWN

port->OSPEEDR|=(3<<(pinNumber*2)); //SET IT TO HIGHEST SPEED

}

void pinInit()

{

gpioInit(D4Port, D4); //configure respective port pin

gpioInit(D5Port, D5);

gpioInit(D6Port, D6);

gpioInit(D7Port, D7);

gpioInit(RSPort, RS);

gpioInit(ENPort, EN);

}

void delay(uint32_t val)

{

volatile uint32_t i, j=0;

for(i=0; i<val; i++)

{

j++; //increment dummy variable

}

void writeBit(GPIO_TypeDef *port, uint8_t pinNumber, uint8_t bitValue)

{

if(bitValue)

{

port->BSRRL|=(1<<pinNumber);

}

else

{

port->BSRRH|=(1<<pinNumber);

}

void enableSignal()

{

writeBit(ENPort, EN, 1);

delay(VAL);

writeBit(ENPort, EN, 0);

}

void LCDWriteCmd(char cmd)

{

char temp;

temp=cmd;

temp=temp&0xF0; //select high nibble first and send it through d4..d7

writeBit(D4Port, D4, temp&0x10);

writeBit(D5Port, D5, temp&0x20);

writeBit(D6Port, D6, temp&0x40);

writeBit(D7Port, D7, temp&0x80);

writeBit(RSPort, RS, 0); //command mode selected

enableSignal(); //generate enable signal

cmd=cmd<<4; //select lower nibble first and send it through d4..d7

writeBit(D4Port, D4, cmd&0x10);

writeBit(D5Port, D5, cmd&0x20);

writeBit(D6Port, D6, cmd&0x40);

writeBit(D7Port, D7, cmd&0x80);

enableSignal();

delay(1000);

}

void LCDWriteData(char data)

{

char temp;

temp=data;

temp=temp&0xF0; //select high nibble first and send it through d4..d7

writeBit(D4Port, D4, temp&0x10);

writeBit(D5Port, D5, temp&0x20);

writeBit(D6Port, D6, temp&0x40);

writeBit(D7Port, D7, temp&0x80);

writeBit(RSPort, RS, 1); // data mode

enableSignal(); //generate enable signal

data=data<<4; //select lower nibble first and send it through d4..d7

writeBit(D4Port, D4, data&0x10);

writeBit(D5Port, D5, data&0x20);

writeBit(D6Port, D6, data&0x40);

writeBit(D7Port, D7, data&0x80);

enableSignal();

delay(1000);

}

void LCDInit()

{

pinInit();

LCDWriteCmd(0x33); //wake up lcd for commands

delay(1000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x32); //wake up lcd for commands

delay(1000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x20); //init lcd for 4bit mode

delay(1000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x28); //2 lines, 5x7 matrix

delay(1000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x0e); //display on, cursor on

LCDWriteCmd(0x01); //clear lcd

delay(20000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x06); //shift cursor right

delay(1000);

LCDWriteCmd(0x0c);

delay(1000);

}

void LCDSetCursor(uint8_t x, uint8_t y)

{

char firstArr[4]={0x00, 0x40, 0x14, 0x54}; //Starting addresses for 4x20 lcd display

LCDWriteCmd(0x80+firstArr[y]+x);

}

void LCDWriteString(char *str)

{

while(*str!='\0')

{

LCDWriteData(*str++);

}

void LCDWriteInteger(uint16_t val)

{

char buf[7];

sprintf(buf, "%i", val);

LCDWriteString(buf);

}

void LCDWriteFloat(float fval)

{

char fbuf[8];

gcvt(fval, 6, fbuf);

LCDWriteString(fbuf);

}

#endif /* LIQUIDCRYSTAL4BIT_H_ */

Example : Using Attolic true studio for st

******************************************************************************

File: main.c

Info: Generated by Atollic TrueSTUDIO(R) 9.0.1 2018-08-11

The MIT License (MIT)

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy

of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights

to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell

copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is

furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all

copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR

IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,

FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE

AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER

LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,

OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE

SOFTWARE.

******************************************************************************

/* Includes */

#include "LiquidCrystal4BIT.h"

#include "ADC1Lib.h"

#define TIM2_SR_UIF 0x0001

#define TIM3_SR_UIF 0x0001

#define TIM4_SR_UIF 0x0001

#define TIM5_SR_UIF 0x0001

volatile uint32_t cnt=0;

volatile uint32_t cnt1=0;

volatile uint32_t cnt2=0;

volatile uint32_t cnt3=0;

void timerConfig(TIM_TypeDef *timer, uint16_t psc, uint32_t arr);

void TIM2_IRQHandler()

{

if(TIM2->SR&TIM2_SR_UIF)

{

cnt++;

TIM2->SR&=~(1<<0); //clear pending UIF bit

}

void TIM3_IRQHandler()

{

if(TIM3->SR&TIM3_SR_UIF)

{

cnt1++;

TIM3->SR&=~(1<<0); //clear pending UIF bit

}

void TIM4_IRQHandler()

{

if(TIM4->SR&TIM4_SR_UIF)

{

cnt2++;

TIM4->SR&=~(1<<0); //clear pending UIF bit

}

void TIM5_IRQHandler()

{

if(TIM5->SR&TIM5_SR_UIF)

{

cnt3++;

TIM5->SR&=~(1<<0); //clear pending UIF bit

}

int main(void)

{

pinInit();

LCDInit();

ADCPinConfig(ADCPort, ADCPin);

ADCInit(ADC1, ADCChannel);

LCDSetCursor(0,0);

LCDWriteString("TIMER 2:");

LCDSetCursor(0,1);

LCDWriteString("TIMER 3:");

LCDSetCursor(0,2);

LCDWriteString("TIMER 4:");

LCDSetCursor(0,3);

LCDWriteString("TIMER 5:");

timerConfig(TIM2, 42000, 499);

timerConfig(TIM3, 42000, 999);

timerConfig(TIM4, 42000, 1999);

timerConfig(TIM5, 42000, 3999);

NVIC_EnableIRQ(TIM2_IRQn);

NVIC_EnableIRQ(TIM3_IRQn);

NVIC_EnableIRQ(TIM4_IRQn);

NVIC_EnableIRQ(TIM5_IRQn);

while(1)

{

LCDSetCursor(10,0);

LCDWriteInteger(cnt);

LCDSetCursor(10,1);

LCDWriteInteger(cnt1);

LCDSetCursor(10,2);

LCDWriteInteger(cnt2);

LCDSetCursor(10,3);

LCDWriteInteger(cnt3);

LCDSetCursor(10,0);

}

void timerConfig(TIM_TypeDef *timer, uint16_t psc, uint32_t arr)

{

if(timer==TIM2)

{

RCC->APB1ENR|=(1<<0); //CLOCK FOR TIMER 2

}

else if(timer==TIM3)

{

RCC->APB1ENR|=(1<<1); //CLOCK FOR TIMER 3

}

else if(timer==TIM4)

{

RCC->APB1ENR|=(1<<2); //CLOCK FOR TIMER 4

}

else if(timer==TIM5)

{

RCC->APB1ENR|=(1<<3); //CLOCK FOR TIMER 5

}

else

{

LCDWriteCmd(0x80);

LCDSetCursor(0,0);

LCDWriteString("INVALID PARAMETER");

LCDSetCursor(0,1);

LCDWriteString("DURING INIT....");

exit(0);

}

timer->CR1&=~(1<<1); //UPDATE ENABLE

timer->CR1&=~(1<<4); //UP COUNTER

timer->CNT=0;

timer->DIER|=(1<<0); //uie interrupt

timer->PSC=(uint16_t)psc;

if(timer==TIM2||timer==TIM5)

{

timer->ARR=(uint32_t)arr;

}

else

{

timer->ARR=(uint16_t)arr;

}

timer->CR1|=(1<<0); //TIMER ENABLE

}

THAN YOU, IF YOU HAVE ANY ISSUE PLEASE LEAVE YOU COMMENT BELOW!!!

TANGAZO TANGAZO

2018-03-26T22:24:00.000+03:00

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2014-04-24T10:40:00.001+03:00

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MP3, MFUMO WA KUIFADHI DATA ZA SAUTI

2014-04-08T12:11:00.001+03:00

UTANGULIZI

Mp3/MPEG-I/MPEG-II layer III (Moving Picture Expert Group I/II layer 3) ni mfumo wa kufomati mafaili ya sauti ya kidigitali. Ni mfumo standadi unaotumika duniani kote kufomati mafaili ya sauti, mfano ni yale ya miziki. Mfumo huu unajulikana kwa kuweza kubadili mafaili yenye saizi kubwa na kuwa na saizi ndogo bila kuathiri sana ubora wa sauti! Kama mnakumbuka vizuri, kipindi cha nyuma CD (Compact Disc) yenye saizi ya 700mb iliweza kuchukua nyimbo chache ambazo zilikuwa zinafomatiwa kwa kutumia mfumo wa PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)! Lakini kuja kwa mfumo wa mp3 kumeweza kupunguza sana saizi ya mafaili ya kidigitali ya sauti (Digital Audio), mfano faili la mfumo wa PCM la 40mb linaweza kugandamizwa (compressed) mpaka likawa na saizi ya 4mb!

NAMNA Mp3 INAVYOFOMATIWA
Faili la kawaida la sauti likiway kwenye mfumo wa digitali linakuwa na data nyingi sana ambazo zilipatikana wakati wa kulibadili kutoka *analogia kwenda digitali. Sasa faili hili la sauti huwa na sampuli nyingi sana, ambazo nyingi zake hazitasikika kabisa katika masikio ya binadamu! Hivyo data hizi ambazo hazitaathiri ubora wa sauti huondolewa kwa kutumia utaalamu wa pyschoacoustics ambao unahusika na kutafiti namna ambavyo sauti onavyopokelewa na kutafsiriwa na masikio! Haraka haraka unaweza kuona namna mfumo unavyohusisha pia saikolojia kufanikisha jambo hili! Kutokana na kupuuza na kuondoa sehemu ya data kutoka kwenye faili, njia hii ni lossy data compression!

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Ref:
Wikipedia

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2013-11-17T18:46:00.001+03:00

KWA UFUPI:

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HATUA:

KWA WATUMIAJI WA GMAIL
i) Ingia katika akaunti yako (Login into your account).

ii) Baada ya kuingia ndani, angalia juu kabisa upande wa kulia utaona icon ya gia, bonyeza pale, menyu itashuka chagua settings.


iii) Baada ya kufunguka, click link ya filter.




iv) Bonyeza create a new filter.

v)Jaza fomu kulingana na vipengele vilivyopo, mfano ingiza anuani ya email unayotaka kuzuia email zake kukufikia. mimi nimejaza kama mfano tu kukuelekeza namna ya kufanya! Bonyeza Create filter with this kuendelea mbele.

pia unaweza kuzuia email/barua pepe zinazohostiwa na domain fulani, mfano andika *@abc.com .

vi)Tiki kibox cha Delete it au chochote unachotaka kitokee halafu malizia kwa kubonyeza link Create filter.

vii) Utajulishwa kuwa kichujio/filter uliyoseti imekubali!



MWISHO:
Katika machapisho yajayo nitakujuza namna ya kublock barua pepe ambazo huzitaki katika domain nyingine! Elimika nayo!!

TEKNOLOGIA YA BLUETOOTH

2013-08-17T14:04:00.001+03:00

UTANGULIZI:

Bluetooth ni teknologia ya masafa mafupi ambayo ni rahisi, ni
salama kuitumia kwa maana ya kwamba sio rahisi mtu kuingilia mawasiliano ya bluetooth (secure). Ni teknologia inayotumika kwenye vifaa vingi sana vya kielektroniki, kuanzia simu za mikononi, kompyuta printa, kwenye vifaa vya burudani na kwenye vifaa vya matibabu. Kifaa kinachotumia teknologia hii kinaitwa Bluetooth radio. Picha ya hapa chini inaonyesha Bluetooth radio ya nje ya kompyuta ya USB!

USB Bluetooth radio

HISTORIA:
Jina Bluetooth limetoholewa kutoka jina la mfalme wa Denmark na Norway mfalme Harald Bluetooth! Mfalme huyu alitawala miaka ya 936 mpaka 940. Anajulikana sana ka jitihada zake za kuunganisha makabila mbalimbali ya maeneo hayo! Ni kwa kuangalia jitihadi zake, teknologia hii imepea jina hili la Bluetooth kwa kuwa nayo imelenga kuunganisha vifaa mbalimbali vya kielektroniki! Logo ya Bluetooth   imetokana na muunganiko wa herufi za zamani ambazo ni   (Haglaz)
na   (Berkanan), sawa na herufi H na B!. Teknologia hii ilibuniwa na Bluetooth Consortium mwaka 1998. Consortium hii ilijumuisha kmpuni za EricsonIBM, Intel, Motorola, Nokia na Toshiba. Mwaka 1999, makampuni ya 3Com, Lucent Technlogies na Microsoft yalijiunga na waanzilishi.





HABARI ZA KIUFUNDI (TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS):

Teknologia ya Bluetooth inatumia bendi ambayo ni ya bure (ISM band, Unlicensed Frequency) ya 2.4GHz. Vifaa vinaeza kutumia Bluetooth kuwasiliana kama umbali kati ya vifaa hivyo si zaidi ya mita 100. Umbali huu ni kwa [class 1 radios]! kwa class 2 radios ni mita 10 na kwa class 3 radios ni mita 1. Kasi ya Bluetooth ni kwenye 108.8kbps pande zote (both directions)

PICHA ZA BAADHI YA VIFAA VIANAVYOTUMIA KIFAA CHA BLUETOOTH :


   mouse (kipanya) kinachotumia bluetooth

   earphone



     spika



   dashibodi ya gari



   kompyuta

soma zaidi

     habari za bluetooth, historia ya bluetooth na
     historia zaidi ya bluetooth.

TEKNOLOGIA YA 4G (4G TECHNOLOGY)

2013-06-11T20:25:00.000+03:00

TEKNOLOGIA YA 4G (4G TECHNOLOGY)

Tukiongelea 4G, tunaongelea muendelezo wa teknologia ya 3G. 4G ni kifupisho cha Fourth Generation, yaani ni teknologia ya kizazi cha nne cha mawasiliano ya selula. Ni teknologia yenye bandwidth kubwa zaidi, yaani kasi kubwa na huduma nyingi za kimtandao kuliko 3G. kwa kuwa ni teknologia mpya, kwa muda huu, ni nadra kupata maelezo ya kutosha kuhusu teknologia hii. Bado teknologia hii haijaingia nchini Tanzania! soma pia 4G WIKIPIDIA

NAMNA BORA YA KUTUMIA SIMU, BILA KUPATA MADHARA MAKUBWA KIAFYA

2013-06-02T16:20:00.004+03:00

Utangulizi

Simu za mikononi zimemeshakuwa kitu muhimu sana maishani mwetu katika wakati huu ambapo pengine ni dhahiri kumsikia mtu akisema hawezi kutoka bila simu, kumtafuta mtu bila kutumia simu na pia kufanya mambo kadha wa kadha bila kutumia simu za mikononi. Kwa bahati mbaya ama nzuri matumizi ya simu hizi
yameongezeka sana na imefikia hatua hata watoto wadogo wanamiliki vifaa hivi. Hili laweza kuwa jambo zuri kwa maana ya matumizi yake kuwa na tija katika jamii! Simu yaweza tumika kama chanzo cha mapato, kupata taarifa na pia hutusaidia kutumia muda vizur! Ebu fikiria miaka ya nyuma kabla ya matumizi ya simu hizi,
ulikuwa ukitaka kuonana na mtu ni lazima umfuate unakoamini mara nyingi anakuwepo, na kama hayupo ilikulazimu kujaribu mahala pengine na penginge! Lakini uwepo wa vifaa hivi umerahisisha mambo, kiasi kwamba unataka kuonana na mtu
unampigia na kumuuliza kama anapatikana au hapatikani mahala fulan ili uchukue uamuzi sahihi!. Kama ilivyo kawaida, Kila chenye faida kina madhila yake, pia pamoja na uzuri wa vifaa hivi, pia zipo athari mbalimbali kama vile za kijamii, kisiasa, kiuchumi na kiafya. Katika makala hii, nitajikita zaidi katika athari za mbaya kiafya na namna bora ya kupunguza athari hizo.

MUHUTASARI WA NAMNA SIMU ZINAVYOWASILIANA

Hii ni mahsusi kabisa ili kujua ni nini kinachoendelea, ambacho
husababisha madhara kwa mtumiaji! Simu hutumia mawimbi ya umeme_sumaku (electromagnetic waves) kuwasiliana na minara (base stations), mawasiliano kati ya mnara na mnara hutumia njia mawimbi hayo (microwave link)! mawimbi haya yote yanatumia frekwensi kubwa (850Mhz-950Mhz), pia yenye nguvu kubwa! mawimbi haya yana uwezo wa kupenya katika mwili wa binadamu na kumsababishia matatizo mbalimbali kama vile ya kansa ya ubongo, pia husababisha vinasaba (DNA) kubadilika (DNA mutation) sababu inayopelekea pia tatizo la kansa! Mtoto ambaye ajazaliwa (foetus) anaweza pia kuathirika kutokana na matumizi ya simu yaliokithiri ya mama yake!



   NAMNA YA KUPUNGUZA ATHARI ZA KIAFYA:

-Epuka matumizi ya muda mrefu ya maongezi kwa simu! Ndio, katika dunia ya leo, vijana tunatumia muda mrefu kuongea na simu, hii ni hatari kwani kadri unavyotumia muda mrefu, mionzi nayo inazidi kuathiri ubongo wako.

KUMBUKA:
  Kutumia headphones hakusaidii kuondoa/kupunguza mionzi, kwa kuwa headphones zita-act kama antennae, hii ni kutokana na mita-bendi ndogo (small wavelengths, range=1nanoMetre) zinazotumika katika mawasiliano haya! Tumia headphones za bomba (air tube headsets) ukiweza.

-Unapolala usiku, weka simu mbali na kichwa! Tuna tabia ya kuweka simu karibu na kichwa wakati wa usiku! Hii ni hatari, kwa kua simu mara nyingi inatafuta mtandao, na pia inawasiliana na mnara mara kwa mara kutumiana taarifa mbalimbali kama za call delivery, sms delivery n.k., hii itakuathiri kiafya!

-Epuka kutumia simu feki! hapa pana changamoto! simu zina kiwango maalumu cha mionzi inayoruhusiwa! kitaalamu, kiwango hiki hujilikana kama Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). Kiwango cha SAR maeneo mengi ulimwenguni kinaanzia 1.6watt/kg-2watt/kg. Unaponunua simu hakikisha simu hiyo ni origino, hii itakusaidia kuepukana na matatizo yaletwayo na simu zitoazo kiwango
kikubwa cha mionzi.

-Matumizi ya simu mbovu! kwa bahati mbaya jambo hili ni gumu kulitambua lakini, wewe mtumiaji unapogundua simu yako ni mbovu, acha kuitumia. simu ikiharibika, yaweza zidisha kiwango cha mionzi inayotoa!

-Pia epuka kutumia/kuongea sana na simu maeneo yenye mawimbi dhaifu (weak BTS signal)kwa kuwa simu yako itatumia nguvu kubwa (High power) ili kufanya mawasiliano na mnara (BTS)! Jambo hili ni hatari kwa afya!

soma zaidi:
     phone use safety, phone radiations

HSPDA (HIGH SPEED PACKET DOWN-LINK ACCESS)

2013-05-27T12:58:00.000+03:00

TEKNOLOGIA YA HSPDA

Utangulizi

HSPDA ni kifupisho cha High Speed Downlink Packet Access. Hii inamaanisha upatikanaji wa internet yenye kasi kubwa katika upakuaji wa data (high speed downloading), Kumbuka, katika utirikaji wa data, kuna linki mbili, moja ya kwenda mtandaoni ambayo kitaalamu huitwa 'uplink' na nyingine kuja katika kifaa kutoka mtandaoni ambayo huitwa 'downlink'!. 'Uplink'
hutumika wakati kiperuzi (browser) inapotuma maombi kwenda kwenye server! mfano ukitafuta kitu mtandaoni kwa kutumia Google, maneno uliyooandika huongezewa habari maalum (metadata) na kutumwa kwenye server za Google kwa kutumia uplink! na ulichotafuta huletwa kwenye simu/kompyuta yako
kwa kutumia downlink! Teknologia ya HSPDA inakuwezesha kuwa na downlink yenye kasi kubwa sana kuliko ile ya uplink. Teknologia hii inatumika katika 3G kuongeza kasi ya usafirishaji data. Ipo katika standadi za WCDMA. Inaweza kutoa kasi kubwa mara tano zaidi kuliko aina za mwanzo za UMTS, hivyo humruhusu mtumiaji kufaidi kasi kubwa ya upakuaji mtandaoni (High Speed Download). Ina kasi ya mpaka 14.4Mbps ya downlink, na 2Mbps kwenye uplink. Lakini kiuhalisia, mtumiaji anaweza pata kasi ya
400-700Kbps, muda mwingine hadi 1Mbps (data bursts rates).

soma zaidi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access

TEKNOLOGIA YA 3G (3rd GENERATION)

2013-05-20T22:01:00.001+03:00

Teknologia ya mawasiliano ya 3G

Utangulizi

Bila shaka umewahi kusikia neno 3G mara kadhaa, likitajwa
mara kwa mara! Pia kama unamiliki/unatumia smart phone,
utaona ikoni (icon) ya 3G! na labda ukabaki ukijiuliza
maana yake/kazi yake ni nini? Kwenye mfululizo wa makala zangu leo nitaelezea teknologia hii ya mawasiliano! Jipange kupata
mambo mazuri. Karibu mpenzi msomaji!

   picha imetolewa engineering garage

3G ni nini?

3G ni teknologia ya kizazi cha tatu katika mapinduzi ya mawasiliano ya simu za selula/rununu (cellular mobile phones). 3G kama ilivo ni ufupisho wa Third Generation yaani kizazi cha tatu katika familia ya teknologia hizi. Teknologia hii imebadilisha sana mambo katika ulimwengu wa selula! Mbali na kuongeza kasi ya mawasiliano, pia imewezesha kuongeza ubora wa huduma za mawasiliano kama vile kupiga simu za video, kuangalia video mtandaoni bila kuzipakua na internet ya kasi! Ukiwa na simu yenye uwezo wa #G unaweza kuangalia video kwenye mtandao wa youtube, pia unaweza kuangalia video live kupitia huduma mbalimbali kama DSTV mobile kwa ubora wa hali ya juu! Hii ni teknologia inayoendana na standadi za International Mobile Teknologia-2000 (IMT-2000) kama ilivyoelezwa na International Telecommunications Union (ITU) . Hii ilibuniwa kwa ajili ya huduma za multimedia!

Wachangiaji kwenye ubunifu wa 3G

CDMA2000 -Code Division Multiple Access

TD-SCDMA -Time Division-Synchronous Code-division Multiple Access

W-CDMA (UMTS) - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

picha



soma zaidi hapa 3G TECHNOLOGY, More information about 3G Tech

TEKNOLOGIA YA EDGE (ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM)

2013-05-12T16:14:00.000+03:00

Hii ni teknolgia ambayo imebuniwa kuuongezea uwezo mfumo wa teknologia ya mawasiliano ya simu ya GSM (Global Mobile System)! Twaweza kuiita teknologia hii ya EDGE kama muendelezo wa teknologia ya GSM iliyoboreshwa kuwezesha usafirishaji wa data kwa kasi kubwa. Teknologia hii huwezesha kasi hadi ya 384Kbps ukilinganisha na uwezo wa GSM ambao hutumia kasi ndogo chini ya 60Kbps, ni sahihi kusema EDGE ni mtangulizi wa teknologia ya 3G. Teknologia hii ilibuniwa mahsusi kwa ajili ya matumizi ya Maltimedia kama usafirishaji wa video na sauti (Video and audio streaming) kwenye simu za mikononi! Hii teknologia ilizinduliwa kwa mara ya kwanza nchini marekani (US) mwaka 2003 na kampuni ya Cingur, ambayo kwa sasa ni AT&T. Pia imesanifiwa na 3GPP (3^rd GENERATION PARTNERSHIP PROJECT) kama sehemu ya familia ya GSM. angalia zaidi kuhusu 3GPP

picha zime toka: readgsm.blogspot.com, http://www.mechanicalengineeringblog.com/

viungio: maelezo zaidi kuhusu edge, maelezo ya Wikipedia, kamusi huru

TEKNOLOGIA YA GPRS

2013-05-07T01:18:00.006+03:00

Mambo yamebadilika sana kwenye suala la matumizi ya simu za mikononi! Vitu ambavyo vilidhaniwa visingewezwa kufanywa kwa kutumia simu za mikononi vinafanyika sasa, tena kwa kubonyeza kifungo/batanicha keypad tu! Teknologia mbalimbali zimevumbuliwa zinazoruhusu kutumia simu kwa kutuma data kwa kasi kubwa!, Ndio, data za barua-pepe, za kuperuzi tovuti na matumizi mengine ya kisasa ya simu za mikononi!. Yote haya yamewezekana kwa kutumia teknologia ya GPRS! kirefu chake ni General Packet Radio Service. Teknologia hii inatumika kwenye kizazi cha pili cha simu za selula/rununu (2G mobile phones) kuzisaidia kupokea an kutuma data kwa kasi kubwa!. GPRS inaruhusu simu kuunganishwa muda wote kwenye mtandao, hivyo kama umetumiwa MMS (MulitiMedia Services), itapakuliwa kwenye simu yako na kutaarifiwa kuwa una MMS mpya, hivyo huna haja ya kuipakua unahitajika kubonyeza tu batani kuisoma! Teknologia hii inaweza kutoa kasi ya 32kbps mpaka 48kbps. Sifa nyingine kuu ya teknologia hii ni uwezo wake wa kuruhusu utumaji na upokeaji wa data hata wakati unaongea na simu! Matumizi ya GPRS huchajiwa kwa kiwango cha data ulizotumia, sio kwa muda uliotumia kama ilivyo kwa matumizi ya kawaida ya huduma ya sauti ya simu. Hii teknologia imeziwezesha simu zinazoitumia kuwa na ufanisi unaokaribia kidogo na ule wa zile zinazotumia teknologia ya kizazi cha tatu (3G mobile technology)!, ila tofauti kubwa ya 3G ni uwezo wake wa kuwa na kasi kubwa ya kutuma na kupokea data. Teknologia ya GPRS iliyoboreshwa inaweza kusapoti huduma mbalimbali kama kuperuzi mtandao, kutuma barua-pepe, na ujumbe wa picha, sauti na video(MMS), hivyo teknologia hii yaweza itwa pia 2.5G!

Mchoro unaonyesha namna teknologia ya GPRS inavyoshirikiana na teknologia nyingine kufanikisha mawasiliano ya data

soma zaidi maelezo ya GPRS

KUNUNUA HUDUMA NA BIDHAA KUPITIA MTANDAO

2013-05-01T15:35:00.001+03:00

Utangulizi

Unataka kujua jinsi ya kununua vitu kuptia mtandao wa internet? Tangu kuzaliwa kwa mtandao, watu wamekuwa kununua bidhaa na huduma online. Internet ni njia kubwa ya kupata vitu ambavyo huwezi kupata katika maduka ya kawaida au maduka ya rejareja yaliyo karibu nawe karibu nawe, pia faida nyingine ni kuwa unawez kununua vitu kwa bei nafuu ukilinganisha na maduka ya kwetu Tanzania.

VITU VYA KUZINGATIA

· Kuficha credential zako mf. Neno au namba ya siri, habari zako binafsi (personal particulars)

Jambo muhimu kukumbuka wakati wa kununua vitu online ni kuhakikisha unaficha habari zako za kibenki, kwani kuna wizi mkubwa kwa kutumia mtandao!, watu wamekuwa pia wanafungua tovuti feki ili kuwalaghai watu!. Pia jaribu kutafuta habari tofauti tofauti kujua athari za kufanya manunuzi online

· Huduma za usafirishaji (shipping services) na waranti.

Pia ni jambo muhimu kuangalia kama kuna huduma ya usafirishaji, la sivyo, unaweza nunua vitu na bado ukahitajika kutoa gharama nyingine kuvileta ulipo!. Unapotaka kununua vitu kwa njia ya mtandao, inakubidi kuangalia tovuti tofauti tofauti kwa kuwa zinatofautiana kwenye ubora wa huduma, mfano kampuni moja yaweza uza kitu (item) bila ya waranti (warranty), lakina nyingine yaweza uza pamoja ya kutoa waranti ya bidhaa, yaani product warranty!

NJIA ZINAZOTUMIKA

Credit card

Njia ya kawaida ya kununua vitu online ni kutumia credit kadi. Hii ni njia kubwa ya kununua vitu online au vitu dukani, ebooks online au bidhaa ambazo si rahisi kuzipata maduka ya rejareja . Wakati wa kununua kitu na credit kadi ni lazima kuhakikisha kwamba tovuti ni salama. Kawaida, tovuti itakuwa na lock kidogo juu yake pia huwa na kiungio cha https badala ya http!.

PayPal

Njia ya pili ya kawaida kwamba watu kununua vitu online ni kupitia PayPal. PayPal ni moja ya makampuni makubwa yanayotuo huduma ya kununua vitu online. Kama tovuti ni salama na halali, itatoa njia ya PayPal kama njia ya kuwasilisha malipo. Kufungua akaunti PayPal ni bure na rahisi sana. tembelea tovuti hii https://registration.paypal.com/na unaweza kuanza haraka.

eCheck

Moja ya njia ya kawaida kwamba watu kununua kitu online ni kupitia eCheck. ECheck inamuwezesha mteja wake kuchukua fedha na kuangalia salio. Akiba katika akaunti ya eCheck yaweza kutumika kufanya manunuzi online. Kama unatumia eCheck, kuwa na uhakika kwamba tovuti ni salama. Njia hii kuchukua muda mrefu sana kwa mchakato kuliko kadi za credit, na unaweza kusubiri kwa muda wa hadi siku saba kwa ajili ya malipo kufanyika.

Umuhimu:

Kununua huduma na bidhaa online ni njia kubwa ya kuokoa fedha na muda. Ni njia ambayo waweza nunua bidhaa kama za kielektroniki, vitabu na bidhaa za urembo!.

Angalizo:

Njia hii ya kufanya manunuzi online yafaa kutumika kwa tahadhari kubwa!, hakikisha unaona kiungio cha https://, badala ya http//, pia kiwe na alama ya kofuli kwenye address bar , mfano https://www.buyingstuffs.com, vile vile usitumie njia ya manunuzi isyotambulika/hakikishwa kimataifa au kitaifa! Hakikisha kampuni unayotaka kununua vitu inatambulika na pia soma masharti na vigezo (terms and conditions) ili ujue kama uko salama kufanya nao biashara!

Soma zaidi:

http://www.mademan.com/mm/how-buy-things-online.html # ixzz2RyO2B39l

Kwa maoni na ushauri:

email: dierek2013@gmail.com

TEKNOLOGIA YA MAWASILIANO YA SIMU ZA MIKONONI ((GSM)

2013-04-29T11:27:00.001+03:00

Utangulizi
Leo hii duniani kote, karibia watu bilioni 10 hutumia simu za mikononi, hapa nimegusia namba wale wanaotumia teknologia ya GSM. GSM ni kifupisho cha Groupe Special mobile. Hii ni teknologia ambayo ilianzishwa mwaka 1982 wakati wa kongamano la wakuu wa mashirika ya posta na mawasiliano (CEPT).
CEPT ni kifupisho cha European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrators. Teknologia hii iko katika kizazi cha pili cha simu za mikononi!, vizazi vingine ni GPRS na EDGE (2.5 Generation), WCDMA, HSPA na LTE(3rd Generation) na LTE-A (4 Generation). Inakadiriwa kuwa karibia asilimia 80 ya simu za mkononi duniani kote hutumia teknologia ya GSM, ndio maana mara nyingi hujulikana kama mfumo wa ulimwengu wa simu za mkononi, yaani kwa kimombo "Global Mobile System". Angalia zaidi hapa kuhusu GSM. Katika makala nyingine, nitaelezea teknologia nyingine za GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, HSPA, LTE na LTE-A moja baada ya nyingine.

kumbukumbu:

http://cellphones.about.com/od/phoneglossary/g/gsm.htm