Science And Environment

We've Been Asking the Wrong Question About Talking Trees

2026-07-28T03:34:31.271-07:00

Walk into almost any nature documentary today, and you'll hear an extraordinary claim: trees talk to each other. Some people describe forests as having an "internet" beneath the soil. Others point to the famous mother tree theory, which suggests that old trees feed and protect younger ones through vast mycorrhizal networks.

It's a beautiful idea, and like many beautiful ideas, it contains just enough truth to become widely misunderstood. The surprising part isn't that scientists discovered hidden connections beneath forests; it's that somewhere along the way, one of ecology's most remarkable discoveries slowly turned into one of its biggest myths.

If you'd like to experience this hidden world through cinematic storytelling, I've also created a documentary that follows this extraordinary discovery. The film and this essay tell the same story in different ways.

What Lies Beneath the Forest

Stand in the middle of a forest, and every tree looks like an individual, trunks rising towards the sky, branches reaching for sunlight, leaves moving in the wind. For centuries, that's exactly how forests were understood: nature organised into separate living things, each quietly competing with its neighbours for light, water and space.

Then scientists began looking underground, and found something unexpected. Beneath every step lies a
hidden network of living threads, millions of strands, each thinner than a human hair, winding through the soil and wrapping around roots, stretching from one plant to another. Surprisingly, these threads don't belong to the trees at all. They belong to fungi.

Scientists call these partnerships mycorrhizae, from Greek words meaning "fungus" and "root," and the relationship is astonishingly old. Long before dinosaurs appeared, plants and fungi had already formed an alliance that helped transform barren land into green landscapes.

The partnership itself is elegantly simple. Plants produce sugars through photosynthesis, something fungi can't do on their own. But fungi have something plants lack: microscopic filaments that can explore tiny spaces in the soil roots alone can't reach, gathering water and nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen. Plants trade sugar; fungi trade nutrients, and over hundreds of millions of years this exchange became one of the most successful partnerships in the history of life. Today, between 80 and 90 per cent of all land plants depend on these fungal relationships; without them, many forests would struggle to survive.

Researchers then noticed something stranger still: the same fungus could connect several plants at once. Trees that looked completely separate above ground were often linked beneath the soil. But proving that anything actually moved through these connections took an ingenious experiment. Scientists let one tree produce carbon containing a harmless tracer, then checked nearby plants linked by fungal threads. Some of that labelled carbon had travelled. The underground network wasn't imaginary; resources really could move from one plant to another.

That discovery changed how ecologists saw forests. Unfortunately, it also changed into something else entirely once it spread beyond scientific journals.

When the Story Escaped the Laboratory

The headlines came quickly: "The Wood Wide Web." "Talking Trees." "The Forest Internet." The comparisons made sense; humans understand invisible networks through technology, so if computers exchange information through cables, perhaps forests work the same way. The metaphor was useful, right up until people started believing it literally. A network became a conversation. Resource movement became friendship. Forests slowly began to sound less like ecosystems and more like human societies.

But nature doesn't always fit our favourite stories, and here's what scientists actually know: yes, carbon, nutrients and some chemical signals can move through fungal networks. That part is well supported. The much harder question is why. Are trees intentionally helping one another? Are old trees deliberately feeding younger ones? Or are these movements simply the consequence of fungi managing their own living networks? Those are very different explanations, and the "mother tree" idea captures the tension perfectly.

Some studies have shown carbon moving from large trees into nearby seedlings; that part is real. But whether those transfers represent deliberate nurturing remains an active scientific debate. Many ecologists point to simpler explanations: the fungus itself may be redistributing resources according to its own biology, environmental conditions may influence where those resources flow, and different fungal species and different forests behave differently from one another. The evidence continues to evolve, and that's not a weakness of science; it's exactly how science is supposed to work.

The Hidden System We Missed

Imagine watching aeroplanes travelling between cities. You might conclude that the cities are organising every flight, but they aren't; the airlines create the network, and the cities are simply connected by it. Perhaps we've been making the same mistake with forests. We've been looking at the trees, when maybe we should have been looking at the fungi.

The fungal network isn't a collection of biological cables; it's itself a living organism. It grows, competes, decides where to invest energy, and responds constantly to changes in its environment. The fungi aren't passive wires carrying messages between trees; they're active participants with evolutionary goals of their own. They aren't the forest's cables. They may be its hidden architects.

That small shift in perspective changes the entire story. The forest stops looking like a collection of individual trees and starts looking like a system of relationships; plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, and animals, each shaping the survival of the others. Recent research even suggests that enormous quantities of carbon move every year from plants into mycorrhizal fungi, making these partnerships an important part of Earth's carbon cycle.

Understanding forests, then, isn't only about understanding trees. It's about understanding the invisible relationships that make forests possible.

Do trees talk? Perhaps, in limited ways; resources and signals do move through underground fungal networks, and scientists continue to uncover how those exchanges influence life in the forest. But maybe that was never the most interesting question. The real wonder isn't that trees behave a little like humans. It's that life discovered an entirely different way of becoming connected; not through language or thought, but through hundreds of millions of years of cooperation, competition and evolution unfolding beneath every step we take.

The deeper scientists look underground, the less a forest resembles a collection of individual trees. Instead, it begins to reveal itself as something far more extraordinary: a hidden system.

If this essay changed the way you think about forests, I've also created a documentary that brings this invisible world to life. Rather than repeating what you've just read, the film follows the discoveries, the experiments, and the scientists who uncovered one of nature's greatest hidden systems, showing why the real story is even more remarkable than the myth of "talking trees."

Watch the documentary: Talking Trees: Science or Media Hype?

Money: The Invisible Technology Behind Civilization

2026-07-21T22:56:09.352-07:00

Why the greatest invention in human history may not have been a machine - but a shared belief.

This morning, billions of people around the world performed an action so ordinary that most never stopped to notice how remarkable it is.

They bought coffee, paid for transportation, ordered groceries, transferred money to family members, and exchanged hours of their work for numbers appearing on a screen.

None of these transactions required personal relationships.

The farmer who grew the coffee beans does not know the person drinking the coffee. The truck driver delivering supplies does not know the customer waiting at the café. The programmer who built the payment system may never meet any of the people using it.

Yet the entire system works.

Why?

A banknote cannot feed you. A digital balance cannot keep you warm. If you were stranded alone on an island, a suitcase full of cash would be far less useful than a fishing net or a bottle of clean water.

So why does money have the power to organize the lives of billions of people?

Money is not valuable mainly because of what it is made of. It is valuable because people believe others will accept it. That simple idea may be one of humanity's most powerful inventions.

Civilization's Trust Problem

The story of money is often introduced through barter. A farmer has wheat. A shepherd has sheep. A potter has clay pots. For a trade to happen, each person must want what the other has at exactly the same moment. Economists call this the "double coincidence of wants."

Barter certainly created difficulties, but the deeper problem emerged as human societies expanded.

Small communities could function through personal relationships. People knew who produced food, who made tools, and who could be trusted.

But villages grew into towns, towns became cities, and cities became interconnected through long-distance trade routes. Merchants began exchanging goods with people they had never met and might never meet again.

The problem was no longer simply how to exchange goods. The problem was how strangers could cooperate. That required a new kind of technology, not one made of metal or wood, but one built on shared agreement.

Money did not appear overnight, and it was never invented by a single person. Instead, it evolved slowly as different societies searched for better ways to record and exchange value.

Around 3000 BCE, administrators in ancient Mesopotamia were already recording debts and transactions on clay tablets. These records allowed people to keep track of obligations long before coins became widespread.

Later, civilizations experimented with many forms of money. Some used commodities such as grain, salt, cattle, or shells. The ancient kingdom of Lydia, in present-day Turkey, produced some of the earliest known standardized coins around the seventh century BCE. Centuries later came paper money in China, followed by modern banknotes, digital accounts, and electronic payments.

The materials kept changing, and the technology kept evolving, but the underlying challenge never did: how can people cooperate with someone they do not know?

Economists usually describe money as serving three functions, a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. All three are important, but they describe what money does. They do not explain why it works. The deeper invention was the ability to make trust transferable.

When Trust Became Portable

Imagine walking into a bakery and buying a loaf of bread. The baker does not know you. They do not know where you work, what your reputation is, or whether you will ever return. Yet they exchange something valuable, food, for something that has almost no practical use by itself.

Why?

Not because they trust you personally. They trust that someone else will accept the same money later. That same confidence connects the entire economic chain.

The baker trusts the flour supplier. The flour supplier trusts the grain merchant. The grain merchant trusts the farmer. The farmer trusts the equipment manufacturer.

Most of these people will never meet, but they can still cooperate because they participate in the same system. Money transformed trust from a personal relationship into a shared network. It made trust portable.

This is what makes money different from almost every other technology humans have created. A bridge works because of physics, a machine works because of engineering, a phone works because of electronics, but money works because of belief.

A paper note has little value on its own. A digital payment is simply information stored on computers. Yet both can buy food, homes, education, and medicine because millions of people agree that they represent value.

The real currency is not paper or pixels. It is confidence. Money is the system built on top of that confidence.

Consider your own cup of coffee this morning, the one that started this essay. Before it reached your hands, thousands of people may have contributed to its journey. Farmers grow the beans. Engineers build harvesting equipment. Workers manufacture packaging. Ships carry containers across oceans. Drivers transport supplies. Baristas prepare the final drink.

Most of these people will never know one another. They may live on different continents, speak different languages, and hold completely different beliefs about the world.

Yet they cooperate every day, not because they know each other, but because they trust the invisible system connecting them.

Civilization is often described through its visible infrastructure: roads, bridges, ports, and power stations. But beneath that physical infrastructure lies another layer: a system built from shared expectations.

The Invisible Architecture

The strange thing about invisible systems is that we usually notice them only when they fail. We notice electricity when the power goes out. We notice roads when transportation stops. And we notice money when trust begins to disappear.

During periods of hyperinflation, people may rush to spend money immediately because they no longer believe it will hold value. Businesses struggle to plan for the future. Savings lose their meaning. Ordinary transactions become uncertain.

The paper itself has not changed, and the numbers printed on it remain the same. What has disappeared is confidence. Money does not fail because the material disappears; it fails because belief does.

The next time you tap your card, scan a QR code, or receive your salary, it is worth remembering what is actually happening. You are not simply moving currency. You are participating in one of humanity's largest systems of cooperation. Every transaction connects people who will probably never meet: farmers and engineers, teachers and software developers, doctors and delivery workers.

Money has survived thousands of years of human history because its appearance can change without changing its purpose. Shells became coins, coins became paper, and paper became digital information, but the foundation remained the same: a shared belief that allows strangers to cooperate.

Every civilization has visible foundations, buildings, roads, machines, power networks. But beneath all of them lies another kind of infrastructure, one that cannot be photographed or measured directly. It is built from agreements, expectations, and trust. Money is one of humanity's greatest examples of that invisible architecture.

Its greatest power has never been the metal in a coin, the paper in a note, or the numbers stored in a bank account. Its greatest power is that it allows trust to move between people who may never meet. And that invisible technology may be one of the most remarkable inventions our species has ever created.

Continue the Journey

This essay explored one question: how did money become the invisible technology that allows billions of strangers to cooperate?

If you would like to explore that story visually, I have also created a documentary that follows money's journey, from ancient Mesopotamian debt records and the first coins of Lydia to paper currency, modern banking, and the digital systems that move money around the world today.

The film expands beyond the essay through archaeology, economics, and historical reconstruction, revealing how a simple human idea became one of the foundations of civilization.

If this essay changed the way you think about the money in your wallet, the documentary may change the way you see the invisible systems that quietly shape our world.

Watch the documentary: The Hidden Reason Money Exists

The Ancient Astronomers Who Measured Time Using Venus

2026-06-27T02:22:12.040-07:00

Chichen Itza observatory El Caracol ruins Mexico photograph

There is a question that has quietly followed me through years of working in education.

Why do so many students leave science classrooms believing that science is a collection of facts to memorise rather than a way of understanding the world?

Over the years, I have reviewed countless lessons, textbooks, and learning materials. They are often carefully designed and scientifically accurate. A chapter on the Solar System might explain that Venus appears as both the Morning Star and the Evening Star. Another might describe the phases of the Moon or the changing seasons. Students are expected to remember these ideas, answer examination questions about them, and move on.

Yet something is often missing.

Rarely do these lessons begin with the question that must have fascinated the first person who looked carefully at the sky.

Why does that brilliant object appear before sunrise for months, disappear completely, and then return after sunset?

The answer is scientifically interesting.

But the question is even more important.

Because questions are where science begins.

That thought stayed with me for a long time. Eventually, it led me to an extraordinary civilisation that spent centuries asking exactly that question, not in classrooms or observatories, but beneath the open sky.

The Maya.

Whenever the Maya appear in popular culture, the conversation almost inevitably drifts towards the 2012 "end of the world" prediction. I've always found that rather unfortunate. It reduces one of history's greatest achievements in careful observation to one of the internet's most persistent misunderstandings.

The real story is far more remarkable. It is the story of a civilisation that patiently watched a single planet until it became a clock.

Before Astronomy Was a Science, It Was an Act of Observation

Imagine trying to understand the heavens without a telescope. No observatories. No satellites. No clocks are precise enough to measure planetary motion. Only your eyes, the changing seasons, and the willingness to return to the same place night after night.

This was the starting point for Maya astronomy.

Among all the objects in the sky, one demanded attention. Venus was impossible to ignore. At times, it blazed in the eastern sky before sunrise. Months later, it vanished. Then, after another interval, it reappeared in the west after sunset.

To anyone watching casually, its behaviour would seem mysterious. The Maya did something that lies at the heart of every scientific discovery. They refused to be casual observers.

Instead, they recorded.

They compared.

They waited.

Over generations, they realised that Venus repeated its pattern roughly every 584 days, a period modern astronomy calls its synodic cycle.

Today, we explain this through the motion of Earth and Venus around the Sun.

The Maya reached the same numerical rhythm without knowing any of that. They arrived there through the oldest scientific instrument humanity has ever possessed: careful observation.

When Patterns Become Knowledge

Recognising a pattern is only the beginning.

The next question is whether that pattern can help us understand something larger.

For the Maya, it did.

Their observations became the foundation of an intricate system of calendars. The 260-day Tzolk'in guided ceremonial life. The 365-day Haab' followed the solar year. Their Long Count Calendar allowed them to record vast stretches of time spanning centuries.

These calendars were not simply ways of organising dates. They represented accumulated evidence.

Each cycle reflected generations of people who had noticed that nature was more orderly than it first appeared.

This is why the famous 2012 prediction was never really about the end of the world.

A calendar completing one cycle is no more an apocalypse than December giving way to January.

Humans have a curious habit of mistaking the end of one chapter for the end of the entire book. The Maya understood something much simpler.

Nature moves in cycles.

The Lesson I Wish More Science Classrooms Taught

Working in education has changed the way I read stories like this. When I look at the Maya, I don't first see an ancient civilisation.

I see learners.

Perhaps that sounds strange. But consider how most science is taught. Students are told that Venus has a synodic period of about 584 days.

They memorise the number. Some remember it for an examination. Most forget it not long afterwards.

Now imagine a different beginning.

Instead of opening a textbook, a teacher asks students to step outside after sunset for several evenings. Find the brightest object in the western sky. Notice when it appears. Notice when it disappears. Keep a journal. Compare observations with classmates over weeks and months.

The lesson would become slower. It would also become more scientific. Because students would not simply inherit someone else's discovery.

For a brief moment, they would experience the process that makes discovery possible.

This is something I have often felt is missing from science education.

Children are naturally curious observers. They ask why shadows change, why the Moon changes shape, why birds gather before rain, or why one bright object sometimes appears before sunrise and sometimes after sunset.

Too often, we answer those questions before allowing children to live with them. The Maya had no choice. They had to begin where every scientist begins.

By paying attention.

A Puzzle That Took Generations to Solve

One detail of Maya astronomy fascinated researchers for decades. Among their records was a mysterious 819-day cycle whose purpose remained unclear.

Only recently have scholars suggested that it may be part of a much larger mathematical framework linking the visible planets across nearly 45 years of observations.

Whether every detail of that interpretation proves correct is, in some ways, beside the point. What matters is what the puzzle reveals about the Maya themselves.

They were willing to think across decades. Some observations were begun by one generation and completed by another. That is an extraordinary idea.

Modern science often celebrates individual breakthroughs.

The Maya remind us that knowledge is usually something much quieter.

It accumulates. One careful observation after another. Across lifetimes.

Looking Up Again

This evening, if the sky is clear, step outside just after sunset and look towards the western horizon.

If you see an unusually bright object shining before the first stars appear, there is a good chance you are looking at Venus.

The remarkable thing is that, in that moment, you are looking at the same planet that generations of Maya astronomers patiently observed centuries ago.

The sky has changed very little.

We have.

Today, if we want to know why Venus appears there, we can open an app, search the internet, or read a textbook. Within seconds, we have the answer.

The Maya had no such luxury.

They had only their curiosity, their patience, and the willingness to keep returning to the same question until nature slowly revealed its pattern.

Perhaps that is why their story has stayed with me.

Not because they built remarkable calendars. Not because they measured the rhythm of a planet.

But because they remind me of what science feels like before it becomes a chapter in a textbook.

Over the years, working with teachers, curriculum designers, and learning materials, I have come to believe that we sometimes introduce science from the wrong end. We begin with answers and hope curiosity follows. Yet almost every great scientific discovery in history happened in the opposite order. Someone noticed something unusual. Someone stayed with the question. Only much later did the explanation emerge.

The Maya could not memorise astronomy.

They had to discover it.

And perhaps that is the lesson I carry with me whenever I think about science education.

If I could change just one thing about the way we teach science, it would not be the syllabus or the examinations.

It would be the order.

I would want more lessons to begin not with "Here is what we know," but with "Here is something worth noticing."

A leaf changing colour.

A shadow growing longer.

A bird building its nest.

Or a bright planet that appears, disappears, and quietly returns to the evening sky.

Because facts tell us what humanity has learned.

Curiosity teaches us how humanity learned it.

And after spending years designing learning experiences, reviewing classrooms, and thinking about how people come to understand the world, I have become convinced of one simple idea:

The purpose of science education is not merely to pass on discoveries. It is to help every new generation experience, however briefly, what it feels like to make one.

Perhaps that is the Maya's greatest gift to us.

Not a calendar.

Not a prediction.

But a reminder that every scientific journey begins in exactly the same place.

Someone notices something.

And chooses to keep looking.

Continue the Journey

This essay explored how generations of careful observation transformed a bright point of light into knowledge.

If you'd like to continue that journey, this documentary explores the same story through archaeology, astronomy, and historical reconstruction, bringing the Maya's remarkable understanding of Venus and timekeeping to life.

Rather than repeating the essay, it offers a visual perspective on the same enduring question:

How did human beings learn to read the sky?

Watch the documentary: Why an Ancient Civilization Became Obsessed with Venus

Dinosaurs : Still In Between Us !!!!!!!!!!!!

2012-03-29T09:42:00.001-07:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome Back.

I am back again with one another mysterious question of all times, "Do Dinosaurs Still Exists". The day I saw the movie "The Lost World", this question keep haunting me and kept me excited to find the answer for it and I researched a lot for the appropriate answer and what I conclude is I am going to share with you all.

I hope I will be able to satisfy you all with my answer.

Do dinosaurs still exist? The question may sound absurd. After all, conventional wisdom holds that these giant reptiles lapsed into extinction some 65 million years ago. Still, occasional reports from remote regions of the earth have kept the issue alive, if only to readers of tabloid newspapers and to the handful of scientists, adventurers, and nature writers who have tried to make sense of the accounts and, where possible, to investigate them.

The idea of still-living dinosaurs has captured the public imagination for well over a century. Not only have dinosaurs NOT been extinct for 70 million years, there is plenty of evidence that many are still alive today. The deception starts with the Rothschild dynasty who own many excavation sites around the globe. Remember, they are and Illuminati family who wants to keep as many people unsure and unaware of mankind beginnings as possible. If you don't know where you came from, how on earth can you know where you're going?

Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, published a 1912 novel called "The Lost World," set in the remote Venezuelan jungle where dinosaurs still survive in modern times. Films such as "Jurassic Park" were inspired by Conan Doyle's vision — in fact the sequel to "Jurassic Park" was titled "The Lost World." The fact is there are many references to living dinosaurs in the bible. Such is the case in: JOB: 41, Ps: 74:14 and Isa: 27, where they are referred to as "Leviathan". There are countless other passages that refer to "dragons" as well. As a matter of fact the term "Dinosaur" is a relatively modern term which means "terrible lizard".

This is the Zuiyo-Macu carcass that was caught in a japanese fishing boat off the coast of New Zealand in 1977. The carcass was decaying and weighed 4000 lbs. This dinosaur had been dead for about 30 days.

Here's another picture of a Plesiosaur that washed up on Moore's Beach in Monterey, California in 1925. The neck of this animal was 20 feet long!

Here is another modern day dinosaur that was photographed by a Japanese crew that science tried to pass off as a "frilled shark" Look at this picture...does this look like any known shark to you?

While at Lake Tele, Herman Regusters reported, he and his companions heard a peculiar story. A few months earlier, in February 1981, according to local people, the bodies of three adult male elephants had been found floating in the water. The cause of death seemed to be two large puncture marks in the abdomen of each. These were not bullet holes, and the elephants still had their tusks, indicating that poachers had not killed them. The natives attributed the deaths to a mysterious horned creature which lived in the nearby forests.
This creature is called emela-ntouka ("killer of elephants"). Reports consistently describe it as the size of an elephant, or larger, with heavy legs which support the body from beneath (as opposed to the side, as in crocodiles) and a long, thick tail. Its face is said to be generally rhinoceros-like, with a single horn which protrudes from the front of the head. It is semiaquatic in habit, eats foliage, and kills elephants and buffaloes with its great horn.

There are other stories of modern day dinosaurs from Central Africa where the natives refer to it as "Mokele Mbembe" pronounced "mo-kill-aye-mem-bay". There have been numerous pictures of "Champ" (below) which is a Plesiosaur that lives in Lake Champlain, New York.

Mackal also has collected a handful of vague reports of mbielu mbielu mbielu, "the animal with planks growing out of its back," said to resemble a stegosaur. More compelling were sightings of nguma monene, an enormous serpent-like reptile with a serrated ridge along its back and four legs situated along its sides. Among the witnesses was American missionary Joseph Ellis, who in November 1971 said he saw such a creature emerge from the Mataba River and disappear into the tall grass. Ellis did not get a good look at its entire body, though he was only 200 feet away and had the creature under observation for two minutes. He never saw its head and neck, but from the portions of the body above water, he determined that it had to be over 30 feet long.

In 1932 biologist Ivan T. Sanderson and animal collector W. M. (Gerald) Russell had a bizarre and frightening experience in the Mamfe Pool, part of the Mainyu River in West Cameroon. The two men, with native guides, were in separate boats and passing cliff-like river banks dotted with deep caves when suddenly they heard ear-shattering roars, as if huge animals were fighting in one of the caves.

Swirling currents sucked both boats near the cave's mouth. At that point, Sanderson would recall, there "came another gargantuan gurgling roar and something enormous rose out of the water, turned it to sherry-colored foam and then, again roaring, plunged below. This 'thing' was shiny black and was the head of something, shaped like a seal but flattened from above to below. It was about the size of a full-grown hippopotamus-this head, I mean."

Sanderson and Russell chose not to stick around to see anything more. Upstream they found big tracks which could not have been placed there by a hippopotamus because hippos did not live in the area. This was because the creatures had killed them all, the natives said. The creatures were not carnivorous, however; their diet consisted of the liana fruits that grew along the rivers. The natives called these creatures, in Sanderson's phonetic rendering, "m'kuoo m'bemboo."

If, however, the part of the animal the party saw really was its head, the animal was not the sauropod-like mokele-mbembe. Sauropods by definition have small heads. Mackal found during his own expeditions 50 years later that some local people used "mokele-mbembe" as something of a generic description of any large, dangerous animal including those described above living in rivers, lakes, or swamps.

These were some of the evidences in the support that dinosaurs are not completely extinct. They are still living on this earth with us somewhere hidden and far from our eyes, but even then we get confronted with these majestically creatures sometime or the other. These giants will always remain a mystery for human being and they will continue to live with us in their own "Lost World". Some mysteries are better to be kept mysteries and may be this is the law of nature and the ability of nature to keep balance on its own.

Yet scientifically speaking, not all dinosaurs died out. Most of us see dinosaurs every day, and some people even have them in their homes. Birds are the modern version of dinosaurs, though seeing Will Ferrell or Jeff Goldblum running terrified from an approaching pigeon just isn't very dramatic.

See you in next post friends. Good night and sweet dreams...

Why Fog Lights Are Yellow !!!!!!!!!!

2011-12-23T07:01:00.000-08:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome Back,

Its been quite long time since I shared my last post here with you all. So here I am again with you to share my knowledge on one more question that arouse in my mind due to the intense cold wave that is going on in northern part of India.

Yesterday was the most foggy day in my city and I was going to the school in my car with the fog lights of my car on and guiding me the way through the intense fog, and suddenly a question stroked in my mind, that why fog lights are yellow in colour although if we notice in the wavelength series that is VIBGYOR, red colour has the largest wavelength, then why we use yellow light insted of red light in fog lamps.

As per my understanding it is important for fog lights to be one color (rather than white, which is all colors) because the different wavelengths(colors) of visible light scatter off the fog droplets differently. This phenomenon is known as "dispersion," because the different colors of light in an image will separate from each other, causing the image to "disperse." If you illuminate the road with only one wavelength (color) of light, the images of the objects you see will still become somewhat blurry because of the scattering of light by the fog, but at least you won't have extra problems from dispersion. So, if we want to use just one wavelength of light, which wavelength should we use? It turns out that light with short wavelengths scatters more than light with long wavelengths (short to long: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red). So, a long wavelength light will be best. There's another thing to consider, too: our eyes are not equally sensitive to all colors. It turns out that we are most sensitive to yellow and green light. So, our best compromise between sensitivity for our eyes and a long wavelength for least scattering is yellow light.

Now, I don't know what kind of light bulbs are used in fog lights, but another consideration used in street lighting is cost and efficiency. You may have seen some yellow street lighting in some places; this is "low-pressure sodium vapor" lighting. The special thing about this light is that it is almost entirely one (actually two very close together) wavelength of yellow light, and that it gives the most illumination for the amount of electricity.

Red light is used as brake lights in vehicle, therefore we can not use red light as fog lights because then these lights can be misunderstood for break lights and the chance of accidents will increase.

Some persons says that to scatter the light the particles (fog droplets) must be smaller than the wavelength of light, therefore I will also like to tell you all that the size of fog droplets is smaller than the wavelength of yellow light. The average size of fog droplet is 10^-7 m and the wavelength of yellow light is 5.6 x 10^-7 m. So it also supports my theory.

So these are the main reason to use the yellow light in fog lamps.

Good Night friends and sweet dreams......See you in the next post.

The Unseen World Of Aliens - Part 2 !!!!!!!!!

2011-02-25T08:06:00.000-08:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome back.

As I promised you all I am back with more strange evidence of existence of aliens. Today I am going to post some amazing photos of aliens which will surely make you believe that aliens really exist. They were in past also and they always remain with us in our present and in our future too.

There are also many VERY believable UFO case files that are not fakable. But until Nasa and the Government say OUT LOUD, THEY EXIST, we as a whole people will not totally believe in ufo's. However if you are smart and you can see past the ludicrous explanations of ancient wonders, then you will believe in UFO's without that Nasa confirmation.

In this picture that was taken in the Cairo Museum you can see that incredible precision with which this gigantic stone pyramid was built. To say that it is precise is an understatement. When I saw this stone pyramid I said to myself how in the hell could a primitive people 5000 years ago create this. Let me tell you it is absolutely impossible. Unless they had advanced technology... Which they did without a doubt. This stone alone surely weighs 1-4 tons. To move this stone today it requires a large crane.

This is a picture that was taken in Egypt, notice the heads of the 2 figures in the picture. The abdomens of the 2 people or aliens is also different. It is stuck out a bit, many of the pictures in Egypt portray what I am positive are aliens and many of them have larger stomachs than a normal healthy human would have, they are not a cause of obesity. They also often have larger than normal thighs in association with their bodies, in comparison with normal humans. This picture shows 2 young aliens as their thighs are proportionate. T

hey have larger thighs and also longer and more slender fingers. This feature (long fingers) is shown often in Ancient Egypt paintings.

There are some alien babies that really are cute. This cute alien baby was sadly dead when it was discovered in Japan but at least we are all able to take a good look at the little thing through this alien picture. Who knows how it made its way to Earth but thanks to an alien picture it will never be forgotten.

The grown up aliens make it Earth much more than the baby aliens so it makes sense that there are more alien pictures of adult aliens around on the internet. The person that took this alien picture didn't even know they had the picture until they took a roll of film to get developed. Then when they took a look at the pictures they were stunned to find this haunting alien picture staring back at them.

This is a photo of Nefertiti the Goddess who lived in Ancient Egypt, notice this Goddess's head. Her skull is extremely elongated, this would mean her brain would be much larger than a normal human's. Therefore making her extremely intelligent. This is actually a statue of her, it is in a museum in Egypt currently. Several pictures in Ancient Egypt portray some of the Gods or Goddesses with extremely large elongated heads. Is this some coincidence, why would the Ancient Egyptians make such large heads in their photos, carvings, and statues, there had to be a motivation of some kind apart from an artistic one, and in my opinion there is nothing artistically appealing about a large elongated head, so why did they do it?

This is a photo of a skull found in Peru, notice the elongated back of the skull.

This is clearly not a human skull, we have been fed a variety of unlogical explanations as to why this skull has this formation. Several like it were found in Peru with small variations. Many artifacts that were clearly of Egyptian origin were also found in Peru dating back to the time of the Ancient Egyptians. However these two cultures and countries were not supposed to have had contact back then being so far from each other. Many odd things are found in Peru, the Nazca lines, a set of animal and geometrical lines engraved onto the ground which extend for miles. Engraving these lines would require a view from above to do them correctly, yet they were not supposed to have aircraft back then. So how did they do it?? This skull gives us a good idea. If they had brains big enough to fit into these skulls they could obviously find ways to fly in aircraft or spacecraft no doubt. A photo of other skulls found in Peru are below.

This picture is an engraving in Ancient Egypt, notice the hats worn by the two adults, could they be covering their large heads and skulls? Notice the 2 babies, one on the left has an elongated skull, so do the 2 on the right. Could all these facts be just coincidences? Of course not?

We are not all that gullible to keep accepting all these foolish arguments for all these obvious alien things we see around the world. Egypt, Peru, Mexico, Easter Island, we have been fed a bunch of baloney about the origins of all these incredible works and their builders. We are told in schools that the great pyramid of Egypt took 40 years to build and it's purpose was to bury a pharoah. Come on now, are we that gullible and were the Egyptians that gullible? Of course not, who would spend 40 years of hard labor building a pyramid just to stuff a dead body in it after 40 years of hard work. That hardly sounds logical for such an obviously advanced culture as the Ancient Egyptians. They invented their own language for god sakes, are we to think they were dumb enough to spend 40 years sweating their guts out for only burying 1 body. In Mexico the group of pyramids including the pyramid of the sun are known by people in Mexico by legend as "Place where the gods touch the earth." In all evidence this probably means where the aliens landed. Where they touched the Earth... Think about it, the pyramids are large stone monuments in Mexico with steps going down the sides. What better purpose for the steps than to allow the aliens to climb down the pyramids to the ground. That is the most logical reason for their construction. And to think that primitive people could build something so incredible is well not likely in all logic.

So my dear friends these are some of the evidences in favor of the existence of aliens. I am trying my best to give the genuine information to my readers and before posting any article on my blog I always performs intensive research on the article either from the books or from the internet. Many more evidences I will try to post in my next post.

Thank you.

See you in next post.

The Unseen World Of Aliens - Part 1 !!!!!!!!!!!

2011-02-24T04:14:00.000-08:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome back.

" ALIENS" we all are very well familiar with this word. Now a days this word has become a serious topic of discussion for all of us. Many science fiction movies had been made in the past on this topic and many of them has to come yet. We all are very well known to the movie 'Men In Black'. All of us had seen that movie with great interest and curiosity. Aliens moving and living in between us and performing many jobs in our daily life with us. One question that all of us had been thought while watching this movie at one or the other point of time : " Does this can really happen?" , " Do aliens really exist?" , " Are they really living among us?".

Today through my articles I will try to prove the same. In my next two or three posts including this one I will try to put forward some evidences of aliens and after that you yourself get the answer to the most discussed question of all times " Do aliens really exist?".

Do Aliens Exist? It’s a question man has asked for many years now. We’ve tried every means at our disposal to ascertain whether we are alone in the universe. We’ve sent messages across the vast expanse of space and searched the many radio waves for anomalies that would indicate advanced peoples.

Frank Drake, in the early 1960s, came up with an equation (called the “Drake Equation”) that calculated the possibility of extraterrestrial life.

Astronomer David Darling argues in Life Everywhere (2001) that life is highly likely to be common but also says we lack the knowledge to definitively conclude that it is likely to be uncommon. Keep in mind that our sun is hardly a “typical star” as 95% of stars are less massive.

He determined that there was a possibility of 100,000 to 1,000,000 extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy (the Milky Way) alone.

Some people swear they have proof of the existance of alien beings yet it is lacking since it is merely words with no direct physical evidence. Take this witnesss account from UFO Alley for example:

“With equal certainty I can tell you they are here and have been for some time. I personally have only been involved directly for just over two years now. My wife and I witnessed a incoming “Disabled UFO.”

There is always the possibility of existence of aliens in the outer space because it is the nature of life to evolve and develop in complexity over time until the life matches the needs of the environment. About millions years ago who had ever thought that earth can support life and there will be an intelligent species in future, whom we today know as humans. In that sense even us (humans) are also aliens and if humans can exist on earth than there is every possibility of the existence of more intelligent life form in the outer space too.

For example dinosaurs were the dominant species on Earth for millions of years, compared with hardly any time at all for humans. However, they never evolved any significant levels of intelligence. They didn't need to. Man learnt to walk upright, freeing his hands to use tools. He had the need to think, to plan, to develop strategies for survival. Man became intelligent. Now don't get confused between intelligence and technology; a cave man, a Roman soldier and a "modern" man are all just as intelligent. The difference between them is time - the time needed to develop technology, to record progress for future generations and the desire to discover.What about aliens? The same applies. If the conditions are right on a planet then we believe life will emerge. Whether the life will become intelligent will depend on the environment and the needs of the life form. How intelligent they become will depend on the time they have - just imagine a civilization that was technologically as advanced as us now a million years. We could not even begin to imagined what they could be like now.

Many people are interested in the topic of the existence of aliens, from your everyday ordinary person to astronomers and astronauts. Below is the best evidence for their existence:

There are several well-known people who would not lie about seeing something unexplainable. Both presidents Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter claimed to have seen UFO’s or strange objects in the sky. A few astronauts and pilots have claimed to see UFO’s or unexplainable objects in the sky. These are people who are not your average Joe or Jane; they are trusted, well respected and educated. So, if they’ve seen something unexplainable there’s a good possibility it could be from another world or time.

Video and pictures that remain unexplained. There are several UFO videos’ that go unexplained to this day. There was a picture of a possible alien standing outside the window of a house submitted to the news back in 2008. I don’t think it was ever proven if this was a hoax or possibly real.

The most famous case of aliens and UFO’s is Roswell, New Mexico, where alien crash debris and alien bodies were rumored to have been recovered. The government claims it was not alien aircraft or aliens and nothing of the sort was ever recovered. They have stated it was only a weather balloon. Several witnesses have come forward stating they saw strange things that were definitely not part of a weather balloon. There are tons of websites devoted to information about the infamous Roswell incident.

Millions of people can’t be wrong, can they? Millions of people have claimed to see or experience something alien/paranormal/out of the ordinary. Even if most of them can be explained away, that still leaves a lot of unexplainable objects in the sky and unexplainable sightings of other worldly beings. This cannot be a mass delusion or hysteria; or what could it possibly be?

UFO sightings have been reported all over the world, not just the U.S.A. More than seventy other countries have reported sightings of unidentified flying objects.

What about the claims of abductions by people who are otherwise completely sane? Could abductions be real evidence something is definitely going on. Many people have gone under hypnosis to remember. The stories they tell are chilling. Many people have taken lie detector tests to prove they’re not lying. Many people who claimed to have been abducted have even shown physical aspects of something going on, like marks being left on them or a strange feeling of something inserted into them or having been experimented on. Many have experienced missing time, where they were one place at a certain time and then seem to almost black out or go away and wake up hours later.

Many files kept secret by governments. Lots of information has never been released to the general public. Could there be a cover-up taking place? Many believe so.

Aliens show up in religious paintings and on old drawings. There are several Renaissance paintings that have UFO’s in them. There are also prehistoric drawings that show UFO’s and also numerous examples of UFO’s in petroglyphs.

Over eight thousand years ago the Sumerian culture wrote tales of aliens that came to this planet (from their home planet of Nibiru) and genetically manipulated the lesser primates, fused two chromosomes together and created humans. They were called the Annunaki. They "designed" humans to mine gold for them. The belief in aliens goes back far into history. Seeing aliens and UFO’s seem to be a phenomenon that has always existed, it’s seems to have been happening for long time now. Some even speculate that aliens helped build pyramids in Egypt.

Many people have had repeat experiences and encounters with UFO’s/aliens.

Regular ordinary everyday people have seen strange things. These are people who don’t want media attention; they just want to know what is going on.

The frequency of occurrence, how many times UFO’s have been seen daily, monthly, and yearly.

Because of the amount of planets and galaxies many believe we’re simply not alone in the universe. Whether or not we have been contacted people still believe that we are most likely not the only intelligent life that exists. Refer to Drake’s equation for the possibility that intelligent life exists in the universe.

There is also the theory that the visitors are not really aliens, they are humans from the future, time travelers, possibly coming back in time to observe or possibly change the future of mankind.

SETI: The search for extraterrestrial intelligence institute is looking using signals to see if they can find intelligent life out there.

Scientists just recently found water on our moon, as of September 23, 2009. Scientists also believe there is possibly water one of Jupiter’s moons, Europa and possibly on one of Saturn’s moons, Titan. There could be water to help sustain life on other planets, we do not know just yet.

These are some of the reasons that why I believe that aliens really exist. More evidence I will post in my next article " The Unseen World Of Aliens - Part 2."

So see you again in my next post for more mind boggling evidences abut aliens.

Your comments on each post are very valuable for me and they are always welcomed. So please feel free to give your valuable suggestions.

Thank you.

See you in next post.

The Beautiful Planet Earth 2

2010-12-22T07:19:00.000-08:00

Trash To Treasure This Christmas................

2010-12-17T07:09:00.000-08:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome back.

As the Christmas is approaching near, all of us were planning to celebrate it and we also planning for the gifts that we want to present to our dear ones. But what about our most dearest one........... What you planned to gift her? Still didn't understand. I am talking about our "Mother Earth".

The holiday season is full of good times with friends and family, with lots of food, treats, gifts, decorations, and more. But, have you ever thought about how much trash gets thrown away and how much energy is used during this time of year? What happens to the wrappers on all of the candy you get, the food scraps from your turkey dinner, the bows and gift wrapping from presents, the used up tape dispensers, the dried up wreaths and Christmas trees? Most of it gets thrown away and there's no getting around it, it's a lot of waste.

You can help the environment this holiday season by using less stuff, less energy, and turning trash into treasures for your friends, family, others in need and yourself. This is also a good way to save some money if you're looking for simple and inexpensive gift ideas. Use this list to help you reduce waste, conserve energy, save money, and get rid of some of your unwanted stuff.

Here are some of the tips by which you can make our Mother Earth feel good this Christmas by making an Eco friendly Christmas.

Holiday Preparation Ideas

Buy and use decorations that can be used more than once.
Make a gift bag by sewing together scraps of fabric, decorating an old pillowcase, or drawing a design on a paper bag.
Use washable plates, utensils, napkins and tablecloths for holiday parties.
Don't waste food! Divide up holiday leftovers in reusable containers between guests so that the leftovers are eaten and not wasted. Compostleftover food scraps.
Use some decorations that don't require electricity.
Use a timer on your house and Christmas tree lights to turn off when no one is awake to enjoy them.
Purchase LED (light emitting diodes) Christmas lights. They come in all shapes, sizes, and colors and use very little energy.

Shop Smart!

Do all of your shopping with reusable cloth bags, or reuse your paper and plastic bags.
Look for gifts or treats with little or no packaging.
Buy gifts that will last and can be used over and over again. Avoid disposable items.
Look for rechargeable batteries for holiday gifts requiring battery power.
Buy items made with recycled materials.
Look for presents that are locally produced. In general, local products reduce energy costs and greenhouse gases because they don't need to be shipped long distances.
As you head out to shop, carpool with family and friends.

Holiday Trees

Buy a "live" holiday tree that can be planted in the yard in the spring.
Place your "used" tree in the yard to provide cover for rabbits and birds during heavy snowfall, then cover it with strands of popcorn and cranberries, and place pine cone feeders on it to feed the birds.
Turn your tree into mulch to help make the garden nicer this summer. (You must keep the tree clean and free of tinsel or decoration hooks.)
Watch for tree collection days in your city or town and get your tree out in time for pick-up. Don't forget to remove all your ornaments and don't put the tree in a plastic bag.
Decorate your tree with LED lights and turn off lights when you go to bed.

Gift Ideas

Put your old, unwanted dress clothes, shoes, and jewelry in a box and give it to your sister or brother as a "dress up" kit or for a costume. Or, donate gently used clothes to a charity organization for someone else to wear.
You can avoid giving your friends a sugar overload by giving fun crayons, pencils, unique shaped erasers, sidewalk chalk, or other creative art supplies instead of candy.
Give gifts like tickets to the movies, concerts, or your favorite sporting event. A gift certificate to a favorite store, or ice cream shop is a fun gift.
Give a gift that lasts throughout the year. A DNR State Park stickergives you entrance to year-round outdoor experiences at Wisconsin State Parks.
Make a tasty treat and/or ornament with decorated cookies or candies.
Give an environmental gift like a refillable pencil and lead, cloth bag for shopping or for carrying school books, a lunch box with reusable food containers, a rechargeable battery charger, or a can crusher and fun recycling bin.
Make your own stationery and give it to a friend.
Buy living gifts. Try a house plant, seeds for spring gardening, potting soil, or even a coupon for your help with summer gardening.
Give holiday gifts that are made from recycled or organic materials or that support the environment.
Give the gift of time. Create a gift certificate for mowing the lawn, emptying the dishwasher, taking out the trash, brushing and walking the dog, or other chores above and beyond your regular ones.

Wrap it Up and Reuse

Wrap gifts in Sunday comics, old maps, or your own artwork drawn on the back of scrap paper.
Save gift boxes, gift bags, bows, and ribbons to wrap upcoming birthday presents or for use next holiday season.
Make your own cards or wrapping paper by making paper.
Make post cards or gift tags from used holiday cards.
Decorate old shoe boxes to use as gift boxes.

Holiday Decorations from Trash

Make a luminary from a plastic milk jug.
Make origami ornaments from used wrapping paper.
Decorate milk or juice cartons to make a holiday village.

After the Holidays

Don't throw away your holiday or greeting cards, use them to make new cards.
Save your bows, ribbons, gift boxes and gift bags to use for wrapping future holiday gifts.
Recycle your unwanted wrapping paper (most are recyclable except for the foil type).
Wash and reuse party tableware.
Recycle and reuse whatever you can.

So my dear friends by using these simple steps this festival you can make our Mother Earth happy and can gift her a great green pollution free environment.

Try this on this Christmas and you will feel very much internal happiness.

Dedicate yourself as much as you can to preserve the environment of our Mother Earth.

Thank You.

See you in next post

Once again Merry Christmas and Eco friendly Christmas.

Clean And Green Earth

2010-12-15T06:34:00.000-08:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome Back,

Today I am going to share some steps of keeping out earth green and pollution free. Today we all are concerned with our earth's bad condition which is going worst and more worst as the time is progressing. Today we all are listening about the global warming and the various effects of global warming on our lives.

In this article I am going to discuss about various pollutants which is making our earth's condition bad. One of the primary pollutant is solid waste.

Solid wastes are organic and inorganic waste material such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, kitchen refuse, paper, appliances, paint cans, batteries, etc. produced in a society, which according to individual perceptions does not have any value.

Now the question arises how we can get rid of solid waste.

There are several steps to having an effective

waste management strategy. This includes:

1. Source reduction is one of the fundamental ways to reduce waste. This can be done by using less material when making a product, reuse of products on site, designing products or packaging to reduce their quantity. On an individual level we can reduce the use of unnecessary items while shopping, buy items with minimal packaging, avoid buying disposable items and also avoid asking for plastic carry bags.

2. Recycling is reusing some components of the waste that may have some economic value. Recycling has several benefits such as conservation of resources, reduction in energy used during manufacture and pollution levels. Some materials such as aluminum and steel can be recycled many times. Metal, paper, glass and plastics are recyclable. Mining of new aluminum is expensive and hence recycled aluminum has a strong market and plays a significant role in the aluminum industry.

Paper recycling can also help preserve forests as it takes about 17 trees to make one ton of paper. Crushed glass (cullet) reduces the energy required to manufacture new glass by 50 percent.

3. Disposal of solid waste is done most commonly through a sanitary landfill or through incineration or vermicomposting.

4. Landfills A modern sanitary landfill is a depression in an impermeable soil layer that is lined with an impermeable membrane. In a municipal sanitary landfill, the solid waste is placed in a suitably selected and prepared landfill site in a carefully prescribed manner, the waste material is spread out and compacted with appropriate heavy machinery and then the waste is covered each day with a layer of compacted soil.

5. Vermicomposting Nature has perfect solutions for managing the waste it creates, if left undisturbed and produced within limits. The biogeochemical cycles are designed to clear the waste material produced by animals and plants. We can mimic the same methods that are present in nature. In nature, all dead and dry leaves and twigs decompose and are broken down by organisms such as worms and insects, and is finally broken down by bacteria and fungi, to form a dark rich soil-like material called compost. These organisms in the soil use the organic material as food, which provides them with nutrients for their growth and activities. These nutrients are returned to the soil to be used again by trees and other plants. This process recycles

nutrients in nature.

So you can help a bit towards keeping our Earth clean and green by following some of these steps. Its the combined efforts of all of us which can save our earth. After all earth is our home and to keep our home clean is our fundamental duty.

So my dear friends go ahead and try your best to save our earth. Every small step counts. For filling the sea every small drop is essential. All rivers and streams combine together to fill the sea.

Thank you.

See you in next post.

The Beginning Of Our Vast Universe.........

2010-12-11T08:47:00.000-08:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome Back,

Well today I am going to tell you about the history of our vast and endless universe. How did it came into existence. Well you all will be amazed to know that our this vast universe had started from a point as small as our skin pores. Now we are seeing so many galaxies separated by thousands of light years, humongous stars, planets and uncountable solar systems, but this all started from a single point as small as our skin pore.

Science has advanced to the point where we can infer something about the entire universe. This has been a great challenge considering how unimaginably vast the universe is. The countless stars you see in the darkest sky constitute merely 3000 neighbors out of about 300,000,000,000 stars in our galaxy, and as many as 100,000,000,000 galaxies exist in the universe. Humans have always wondered: Has the universe always existed like we see it now, or did it somehow start all of a sudden? In the beginning of this past century, we found out in amazement that the entire universe is expanding. This led physicists to deduce that the universe started out in the finite past with a minuscule size. Realizing that the universe had a beginning, and awed by its vastness and its creations, people have asked: How did the universe begin? After all, we are here to be amazed by it because the universe eventually created lives like us. Now, after decades of observing and thinking, we have come to answer confidently the question of the origin of our universe... with what is known as the "big bang".

Now question arises "What is BIG BANG?"

According to the big bang theory, the universe began by expanding from an infinitesimal volume with extremely high density and temperature. The universe was initially significantly smaller than even a pore on your skin. With the big bang, the fabric of space itself began expanding like the surface of an inflating balloon – matter simply rode along the stretching space like dust on the balloon's surface. The big bang is not like an explosion of matter in otherwise empty space; rather, space itself began with the big bang and carried matter with it as it expanded. Physicists think that even time began with the big bang. Today, just about every scientist believes in the big bang model. The evidence is overwhelming enough that in 1951, the Catholic Church officially pronounced the big bang model to be in accordance with the Bible.
Until the early 1900s, most people had assumed that the universe was fixed in size. New possibilities opened up in 1915, when Einstein formulated his famous general relativity theory that describes the nature of space, time, and gravity. This theory allows for expansion or contraction of the fabric of space. In 1917, astronomer Willem de Sitter applied this theory to the entire universe and boldly went on to show that the universe could be expanding. Aleksandr Friedmann, a mathematician, reached the same conclusion in a more general way in 1922, as did Georges Lemaître, a cosmologist and a Jesuit, in 1927. This step was revolutionary since the accepted view at the time was that the universe was static in size. Tracing back this expanding universe, Lemaître imagined all matter initially contained in a tiny universe and then exploding. These thoughts introduced amazing new possibilities for the universe, but were independent of observation at that time.

There are many evidences which point towards the big bang.

1. First, they found out that the universe is expanding—meaning that the separations between galaxies are becoming larger and larger. This led them to deduce that everything used to be extremely close together before some kind of explosion. Astronomer Vesto Slipher noticed that there are more galaxies going away from us than approaching us. Astronomers know that a galaxy is approaching or receding by looking at the spectrum of its light. If the spectrum is shifted toward shorter wavelength (blueshift), then the galaxy must be approaching, just like the sound of an approaching racing car has a higher pitch (shorter sound wavelength). If the spectrum is shifted toward longer wavelength (redshift), then the galaxy must be receding, just like the sound of a racing car that has passed us has a lower pitch (longer sound wavelength). The degree of the shift depends on the speed of approach or recession. So in other words, Slipher observed more galaxies whose spectrum was redshifted than those whose spectrum was blueshifted.
In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that farther galaxies are going away from us at higher speeds, proportional to their distance. In other words, the spectra of more distant galaxies had higher redshifts. From distant galaxies, light takes millions or even billions of years to reach us. This means we are seeing an image from millions or billions of years ago. In redshift, the spectrum is shifted from shorter wavelength to longer wavelength as the light travels from the galaxy to us. This increase in wavelength is due to expansion of the very fabric of space itself over the years that the light was traveling. If the wavelength had doubled, space must have expanded by a factor of two. Thus, Hubble's discovery was that this expansion factor was roughly proportional to the distance light traveled, or equivalently, to how far back in time you looked. This means that the universe was smaller and smaller earlier and earlier. The universe has been expanding. Tracing back this expanding universe, we see that the separations between galaxies become smaller while the density becomes higher. This continues until all matter is compacted into a completely shrunk volume of the universe with an incredible density—the moment of the big bang. We can estimate how long ago this was by dividing the distance to a galaxy by its recessional velocity. This way we estimate how long ago the distance between that galaxy and ours was essentially zero. Calculation shows that the big bang occurred as long as 10-15 billion years ago, which is about three times the age of the Earth.

As a way of checking this age estimate, we can examine the oldest things we find in the universe to verify that they are 10-15 billion years old, but definitely not older. From radioactive dating of uranium isotopes, we know that the oldest isotopes were created (through nuclear reactions in supernovae) about 10 billion years ago. From our current model of star evolution, we know that the oldest stars in our Galaxy are about 12 billion years old. These ages are consistent with the age estimated from the observed expansion of the universe. This agreement suggests that the universe really began a finite time ago, providing an encouraging reason to believe in the big bang model of the universe.

2. Second, the big bang perfectly explains the abundance of helium and other nuclei like deuterium (an isotope of hydrogen) in the universe. A hot, dense, and expanding environment at the beginning could produce these nuclei in the abundance we observe today. The notion that the expanding universe was extremely hot in the beginning provides a reasonable explanation for why helium and deuterium seem to have existed even before star formation. Both these species are created by nuclear fusion. Fusion of a proton and a neutron produces deuterium (also known as heavy hydrogen), while fusion of two deuterium nuclei produces helium. These reactions can occur only at very high temperatures, such as in the interiors of stars. In 1946, George Gamow, once a student of Friedmann, suggested that nuclear fusion must have taken place when the universe was so hot in the beginning. This process, called the "big bang nucleosynthesis", would have created helium and deuterium (plus trace amounts of elements like lithium and beryllium) out of an initial sea of energetic protons and neutrons.

In the early 1960s, spectroscopic studies of local stars showed that the abundance of helium was about 20-30% by mass, the rest being mostly hydrogen. Stars and hydrogen bombs are the only things we know of that make helium in the present universe. They both combine hydrogen nuclei (protons) into helium nuclei through nuclear fusion, releasing great amounts of energy. Astronomers calculate that the night sky should be much brighter if all the helium we now observe had come from stars burning (or bombs exploding). Some, if not most, of the helium must have existed before star formation.
Based on theories of the big bang nucleosynthesis, physicists in the mid-1960s calculated that roughly 1/4 of mass was converted into helium in the beginning, while the rest remained as hydrogen. This would be consistent with the earlier measurements of 20-30% helium abundance if most of the observed helium were present, from the big bang, even before stars began producing more. In the early 1970s, spectroscopic studies in other galaxies have confirmed that the majority of the observed helium did exist before any star formation. The figure shows the helium abundance of many galaxies having various oxygen abundances. Oxygen abundance indicates in general how much nucleosynthesis has taken place in stars because stars produce "heavy" elements (like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and helium) from hydrogen through nuclear fusion. If all observed helium was created in stars like all oxygen was, we would expect to find no helium in galaxies that have no oxygen because these galaxies must have formed before any stars created heavy elements. Yet, as the plot shows, the abundance of helium decreases very little as the abundance of oxygen approaches zero. The galaxies must have formed with an initial composition of about 24% helium. This observational result supports the theory that there must have been a big bang in the beginning which converted about 1/4 of mass into helium through nucleosynthesis.

Observation of deuterium gives an additional support of the big bang nucleosynthesis. Deuterium, unlike helium, is not produced in stars at all. At temperatures above about one million degrees K, it dissociates into proton and neutron. Astronomers in the early 1970s realized that no known process in the present universe could have produced deuterium. This is because any deuterium created in stars will immediately dissociate or convert to helium due to the high temperatures in interiors of stars. However, in 1973, studies of absorption spectra of nearby stars showed that interstellar medium (material between stars) contains a trace of deuterium. Since stars could not have produced the deuterium, it must have been created either very early in the formation of the galaxy or even before. Despite the high temperature at the beginning, the big bang nucleosynthesis could create deuterium because the expansion of the universe lowered the density and temperature so quickly that there was hardly time for the deuterium to decay.
Thus, the abundance of helium and existence of deuterium provide strong evidence that the universe began with a hot, violent explosion consistent with the big bang model.
3. Third, astronomers could actually observe the cosmic background radiation—the afterglow of the explosion—from every direction in the universe. This last evidence so conclusively confirmed the theory of the universe's beginning that Stephen Hawking said, "It is the discovery of the century, if not of all time."

The most conclusive evidence for the big bang arises from the observation of the cosmic background radiation. In 1948, Gamow predicted that the radiation from the big bang nucleosynthesis must still be filling the universe. He calculated how hot the universe must have been to yield the observed abundance of helium, and estimated that the temperature of this radiation would have lowered to about 5 degrees above absolute zero (5K) in the present universe. Most theorists at that time, including him, thought that such radiation would be too weak to detect.
However in 1964, two radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were struggling to get rid of a constant background "noise" from their radio antenna signals. Their efforts included catching pigeons that nested inside the horn-shaped antenna, and cleaning what they called "white dielectric material" produced by the pigeons on the antenna surface. After a year, they still could not remove the background noise. They learned that this constant signal was precisely uniform in every direction, whether they pointed the antenna toward the Sun or the Milky Way or the more empty parts of the sky. This meant that the signal was coming from far beyond our Galaxy; otherwise it would not be so uniform in all directions. The high degree of isotropy tells us that the signal originated very far away, or equivalently, very early in time. The source must have been enormously powerful for us to be detecting it. Physicists inferred that this must have been from the immense fireball of radiation at the big bang as Gamow predicted, but how could they be sure that this was really what Penzias and Wilson were detecting? After all, they were observing only one small part of the spectrum of radiation.
If the radiation really were from the big bang, it would have a type of spectrum called the "blackbody" spectrum. Radiation has blackbody spectrum if it is emitted by anything that absorbs and re-emits light freely but doesn't reflect it (hence blackbody). According to the big bang model, the universe at the beginning must have been crowded with particles and light, and must have been very hot. In that environment, the particles were constantly bumping into light, absorbing and re-emitting it. Light from such an environment would have a blackbody spectrum, and the spectrum's characteristic shape will be preserved while the light travels through the expanding space. In a blackbody spectrum, there is a contribution to the intensity at every wavelength. The amount of contribution varies continuously across the wavelengths in a characteristic way that depends only on the temperature of the emitting body. Therefore astronomers could verify that a spectrum is that of a blackbody by measuring the intensity of the radiation at different wavelengths.
During the 1970s, various groups observed the background radiation at various microwave and infrared wavelengths. They all confirmed that the background radiation has a blackbody spectrum with a characteristic temperature of about 3K. Relatively recently in 1991, a satellite observatory called COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) made a precise measurement of the background radiation from Earth's orbit and produced an absolutely beautiful result. The plot shows thirty-four data points along with the best-fit blackbody spectrum. The data fit the blackbody spectrum so perfectly that the theoretical blackbody curve hides the error-bars of the data points. This is considered the finest fit between theoretical and observed results in the history of astronomy.

COBE measured the characteristic temperature of the background radiation to be 2.726+/-0.010K. This temperature is significantly lower than the original temperature of the radiation because the expanding universe stretched the wavelength of radiation by many factors, making it much less energetic. It took practically the entire age of the universe for the radiation to reach us. Astronomers now know that the expansion of the universe during this time stretched out the wavelength of the radiation by more than 1000 fold. The afterglow of the big bang comes from when the universe was only about 500,000 years old. This makes the cosmic background radiation the oldest thing we have ever observed. We are almost viewing the event of the big bang.

So this is the short story about the formation of our vast universe.

Thank you.
See you in next post.

Monsters Of The Universe : "Black Holes"

2010-12-01T08:59:00.000-08:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome back.

Today I am going to share my knowledge about black holes with you all. From my childhood I always remained fascinated with the universe and all its mysteries and always tried to know about it, answers to my general questions of my childhood about universe sometimes comes from my father or sometimes it is from a book. Still today I am curious to know about the various mysteries of the universe. And today I am going to tell you about one of those mysteries i.e BLACK HOLES

A black hole is an object that is so compact (in other words, has enough mass in a small enough volume) that its gravitational force is strong enough to prevent light or anything else from escaping.

A black hole is born when an object becomes unable to withstand the compressing force of its own gravity. Many objects (including our Earth and Sun) will never become black holes. Their gravity is not sufficient to overpower the atomic and nuclear forces of their interiors, which resist compression. But in more massive objects, gravity ultimately wins.

Stellar-mass black holes are born with a bang. They form when a very massive star (at least 25 times heavier than our Sun) runs out of nuclear fuel. The star then explodes as a supernova. What remains is a black hole, usually only a few times heavier than our Sun since the explosion has blown much of the stellar material away.

We know less about the birth of supermassive black holes, which are much heavier than stellar-mass black holes and live in the centers of galaxies. One possibility is that supernova explosions of massive stars in the early Universe formed stellar-mass black holes that, over billions of years, grew supermassive. A single stellar-mass black hole can grow rapidly by consuming nearby stars and gas, often in plentiful supply near the galaxy center. The black hole may also grow through mergers with other black holes that drift to the galactic center during collisions with other galaxies. Astronomers are actively investigating these and other scenarios through observations and computer simulations.

The existence of black holes was first proposed in the 18th century, based on the known laws of gravity. The more massive an object, or the smaller its size, the larger the gravitational force felt on its surface. John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace both independently argued that if an object were either extremely massive or extremely small, it might not be possible at all to escape its gravity. Even light could be forever captured.

The name "black hole" was introduced by John Archibald Wheeler in 1967. It stuck, and has even become a common term for any type of mysterious bottomless pit. Physicists and mathematicians have found that space and time near black holes have many unusual properties. Because of this, black holes have become a favorite topic for science fiction writers. However, black holes are not fiction. They form whenever massive but otherwise normal stars die. We cannot see black holes, but we can detect material falling into black holes and being attracted by black holes. In this way, astronomers have identified and measured the mass of many black holes in the Universe through careful observations of the sky. We now know that our Universe is quite literally filled with billions of black holes.

All matter in a black hole is squeezed into a region of infinitely small volume, called the central singularity. The event horizon is an imaginary sphere that measures how close to the singularity you can safely get. Once you have passed the event horizon, it becomes impossible to escape: you will be drawn in by the black hole's gravitational pull and squashed into the singularity.

The size of the event horizon (called the Schwarzschild radius, after the German physicist who discovered it while fighting in the first World War) is proportional to the mass of the black hole. Astronomers have found black holes with event horizons ranging from 6 miles to the size of our solar system. But in principle, black holes can exist with even smaller or larger horizons. By comparison, the Schwarzschild radius of the Earth is about the size of a marble. This is how much you would have to compress the Earth to turn it into a black hole. A black hole doesn't have to be very massive, but it does need to be very compact!

Some black holes spin around an axis, and their situation is more complicated. The surrounding space is then dragged around, creating a cosmic whirlpool. The singularity is an infinitely thin ring instead of a point. The event horizon is composed of two, instead of one, imaginary spheres. And there is a region called the ergosphere, bounded by the static limit, where you are forced to rotate in the same sense as the black hole although you can still escape.

Imagine that you are in orbit around a black hole at a safe distance outside the event horizon. What would the sky look like? Normally you would just see the background stars steadily sliding by, due to your own orbital motion. But the gravitational force of a black hole changes things considerably.

Light rays that pass close to the black hole get caught and cannot escape. Therefore, the region around the black hole is a dark disk. Light rays that pass a little further away don't get caught but do get bent by the black hole's gravity. This makes the starfield appear distorted, as in a funhouse mirror. It also produces multiple images. You would see two duplicate images of the same star on opposite sides of the black hole, because light rays passing the black hole on either side get bent toward you. In fact, there are infinitely many images of each star, corresponding to light rays that circle the black hole several times before coming toward you.

Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that every object bends light rays through its gravity. This is called gravitational lensing. For our Sun this effect is very weak, but it has been measured. For more massive and distant objects in the Universe much stronger lensing has been seen. However, it has not yet been possible to observe this effect near a black hole, or to directly photograph the dark disk surrounding a black hole. However, this may become possible in the foreseeable future.

We cannot glimpse what lies inside the event horizon of a black hole because light or material from there can never reach us. Even if we could send an explorer into the black hole, she could never communicate back to us.

Current theories predict that all the matter in a black hole is piled up in a single point at the center, but we do not understand how this central singularity works. To properly understand the black hole center requires a fusion of the theory of gravity with the theory that describes the behavior of matter on the smallest scales, called quantum mechanics. This unifying theory has already been given a name, quantum gravity, but how it works is still unknown. This is one of the most important unsolved problems in physics. Studies of black holes may one day provide the key to unlock this mystery.

Einstein's theory of general relativity allows unusual characteristics for black holes. For example, the central singularity might form a bridge to another Universe. This is similar to a so-called wormhole (a mysterious solution of Einstein's equations that has no event horizon). Bridges and wormholes might allow travel to other Universes or even time travel. But without observational and experimental data, this is mostly speculation. We do not know whether bridges or wormholes exist in the Universe, or could even have formed in principle. By contrast, black holes have been observed to exist and we understand how they form.

If you have any question and any suggestion regarding the post please do contact me and feel free to tell me.

Thank You.

See you in next post.

Does God Exists.........????

2010-07-11T09:09:00.000-07:00

Does God exists?

This is one of the biggest and mysterious questions of our life that we are always confronted with. Many of us believe that God exists but some of us don't believe in him and always arises questions on his existence. Even scientists denies the presence of God but today I am going to explain some of the reasons based on science that does God really exists or not..

But first consider this. If a person opposes even the possibility of there being a God, then any evidence can be rationalized or explained away.

1. Does God exist? The complexity of our planet points to a deliberate Designer who not only created our universe, but sustains it today.

Many examples showing God's design could be given, possibly with no end. But here are a few:

The Earth...its size is perfect. The Earth's size and corresponding gravity holds a thin layer of mostly nitrogen and oxygen gases, only extending about 50 miles above the Earth's surface. If Earth were smaller, an atmosphere would be impossible, like the planet Mercury. If Earth were larger, its atmosphere would contain free hydrogen, like Jupiter.³ Earth is the only known planet equipped with an atmosphere of the right mixture of gases to sustain plant, animal and human life.

The Earth is located the right distance from the sun. Consider the temperature swings we encounter, roughly -30 degrees to +120 degrees. If the Earth were any further away from the sun, we would all freeze. Any closer and we would burn up. Even a fractional variance in the Earth's position to the sun would make life on Earth impossible. The Earth remains this perfect distance from the sun while it rotates around the sun at a speed of nearly 67,000 mph. It is also rotating on its axis, allowing the entire surface of the Earth to be properly warmed and cooled every day.

And our moon is the perfect size and distance from the Earth for its gravitational pull. The moon creates important ocean tides and movement so ocean waters do not stagnate, and yet our massive oceans are restrained from spilling over across the continents.⁴

Water...colorless, odorless and without taste, and yet no living thing can survive without it. Plants, animals and human beings consist mostly of water (about two-thirds of the human body is water). You'll see why the characteristics of water are uniquely suited to life:

It has an unusually high boiling point and freezing point. Water allows us to live in an environment of fluctuating temperature changes, while keeping our bodies a steady 98.6 degrees.

Water is a universal solvent. This property of water means that thousands of chemicals, minerals and nutrients can be carried throughout our bodies and into the smallest blood vessels.⁵

Water is also chemically neutral. Without affecting the makeup of the substances it carries, water enables food, medicines and minerals to be absorbed and used by the body.

Water has a unique surface tension. Water in plants can therefore flow upward against gravity, bringing life-giving water and nutrients to the top of even the tallest trees.

Water freezes from the top down and floats, so fish can live in the winter.

Ninety-seven percent of the Earth's water is in the oceans. But on our Earth, there is a system designed which removes salt from the water and then distributes that water throughout the globe. Evaporation takes the ocean waters, leaving the salt, and forms clouds which are easily moved by the wind to disperse water over the land, for vegetation, animals and people. It is a system of purification and supply that sustains life on this planet, a system of recycled and reused water.⁶

The human brain...simultaneously processes an amazing amount of information. Your brain takes in all the colors and objects you see, the temperature around you, the pressure of your feet against the floor, the sounds around you, the dryness of your mouth, even the texture of your keyboard. Your brain holds and processes all your emotions, thoughts and memories. At the same time your brain keeps track of the ongoing functions of your body like your breathing pattern, eyelid movement, hunger and movement of the muscles in your hands.

The human brain processes more than a million messages a second.⁷ Your brain weighs the importance of all this data, filtering out the relatively unimportant. This screening function is what allows you to focus and operate effectively in your world. The brain functions differently than other organs. There is an intelligence to it, the ability to reason, to produce feelings, to dream and plan, to take action, and relate to other people.

The eye...can distinguish among seven million colors. It has automatic focusing and handles an astounding 1.5 million messages -- simultaneously.⁸ Evolution focuses on mutations and changes from and within existing organisms. Yet evolution alone does not fully explain the initial source of the eye or the brain -- the start of living organisms from nonliving matter.

2. Does God exist? The universe had a start - what caused it?

Scientists are convinced that our universe began with one enormous explosion of energy and light, which we now call the Big Bang. This was the singular start to everything that exists: the beginning of the universe, the start of space, and even the initial start of time itself.

Astrophysicist Robert Jastrow, a self-described agnostic, stated, "The seed of everything that has happened in the Universe was planted in that first instant; every star, every planet and every living creature in the Universe came into being as a result of events that were set in motion in the moment of the cosmic explosion...The Universe flashed into being, and we cannot find out what caused that to happen."⁹

Steven Weinberg, a Nobel laureate in Physics, said at the moment of this explosion, "the universe was about a hundred thousands million degrees Centigrade...and the universe was filled with light."¹⁰

The universe has not always existed. It had a start...what caused that? Scientists have no explanation for the sudden explosion of light and matter.

3. Does God exist? The universe operates by uniform laws of nature. Why does it?

Much of life may seem uncertain, but look at what we can count on day after day: gravity remains consistent, a hot cup of coffee left on a counter will get cold, the earth rotates in the same 24 hours, and the speed of light doesn't change -- on earth or in galaxies far from us.

How is it that we can identify laws of nature that never change? Why is the universe so orderly, so reliable?

"The greatest scientists have been struck by how strange this is. There is no logical necessity for a universe that obeys rules, let alone one that abides by the rules of mathematics. This astonishment springs from the recognition that the universe doesn't have to behave this way. It is easy to imagine a universe in which conditions change unpredictably from instant to instant, or even a universe in which things pop in and out of existence."¹¹

Richard Feynman, a Nobel Prize winner for quantum electrodynamics, said, "Why nature is mathematical is a mystery...The fact that there are rules at all is a kind of miracle."¹²

4. Does God exist? The DNA code informs, programs a cell's behavior.

All instruction, all teaching, all training comes with intent. Someone who writes an instruction manual does so with purpose. Did you know that in every cell of our bodies there exists a very detailed instruction code, much like a miniature computer program? As you may know, a computer program is made up of ones and zeros, like this: 110010101011000. The way they are arranged tell the computer program what to do. The DNA code in each of our cells is very similar. It's made up of four chemicals that scientists abbreviate as A, T, G, and C. These are arranged in the human cell like this: CGTGTGACTCGCTCCTGAT and so on. There are three billion of these letters in every human cell!!

Well, just like you can program your phone to beep for specific reasons, DNA instructs the cell. DNA is a three-billion-lettered program telling the cell to act in a certain way. It is a full instruction manual.¹³

Why is this so amazing? One has to ask....how did this information program wind up in each human cell? These are not just chemicals. These are chemicals that instruct, that code in a very detailed way exactly how the person's body should develop.

Natural, biological causes are completely lacking as an explanation when programmed information is involved. You cannot find instruction, precise information like this, without someone intentionally constructing it.

In this post I had tried to justify the existence of God scientifically. These are some of those reasons which i think proves the existence of a superpower in this universe who is governing the whole universe that is God and I hope u will also agrees with me.

Thank you. See u in the next post.

Natural Particle Accelerators

2010-05-01T02:34:00.000-07:00

Hello Friends

Welcome back.

Today I am going to tell you something about natural particle accelerators, how does they work and what are their uses?

We all had heard about the particle accelerators or even read about them in our science books, such as Cyclotron and more recently all of us had heard about the LHC through various sources of media, whether it is a print media or through television. These all particle accelerators are made by man.

The question arises, What is a particle accelerator?

A particle accelerator is a device that uses electric fields to propel charged particles to high speeds and to contain them in well-defined beams. An ordinary CRT television set is a simple form of accelerator.

Had you ever heard or even think about the particle accelerators existing in nature?

Yes it is true, that nature has also its own particle accelerators and today in this topic I am going to tell you about the same natural particle accelerator

The idea of natural particle accelerators existing just kilometres above our heads first came in 1925, when the UK physicist and Nobel laureate Charles Wilson investigated the effects of a thundercloud's electric field. Wilson claimed that the electric field would cause an electrical breakdown of the Earth's atmosphere above the cloud, leading to transient phenomena such as sprites.

These sprites, physicists suggested, would do more than just light up the sky. As highly energetic particles or "cosmic rays" from space bombard our atmosphere, they strip air molecules of their outer electrons. In the presence of a sprite's electric field, these electrons could be forced upward in a narrow beam from the troposphere to near-Earth space. Moreover, the changing electron current would, via Maxwell's equations, produce electromagnetic waves in the radio-frequency range.

In 1998 Füllekrug's colleague Robert Roussel-Dupré of Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, US, used a supercomputer to simulate these radio waves. The simulations predicted they would come in pulses with a fairly flat spectrum – contrary to the electromagnetic spectrum of the lightning itself, which increases at lower frequencies.

The first evidence that thunderstorms can function as huge natural particle accelerators has been collected by an international team of researchers.

In a presentation at a meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society in Glasgow last week, Martin Füllekrug of Bath University described how the team detected radio waves coinciding with the appearance of "sprites" – glowing orbs that occasionally flicker into existence above thunderstorms. The radio waves suggest the sprites can accelerate nearby electrons, creating a beam with the same power as a small nuclear power plant.

"The discovery of the particle accelerator allows us to apply the knowledge gained in particle physics to the real world, and put the expected consequences to experimental testing."

Indeed, we might be hearing a lot more about natural particle accelerators in the near future. The IBUKI satellite from Japan could soon be looking at the movement of charged particles in the atmosphere. In the next few years several missions – including CHIBIS from Russia and TARANIS from France – should provide more data about these accelerators.

Thank You
See you in next post

Save Forests....Save Earth

2010-04-07T10:22:00.000-07:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome Back,

Today we all are screaming "save forests, save earth", but do we actually
saving them or trying to save them. Just sit down calmly and give a thought upon it.

Never has the planet been more in need of forests. Never have the forests been under greater pressure than they are today. As man learnt about nature he started to interfere with the laws of nature. He cut off the forests for agriculture and tamed wild animals for his food and clothing. The history of the growth and spread of civilisation is also the story of deforestation. Farming which started some 12,000 years ago, invariably took place on land previously covered by forests. Agriculture, in turn, was was a precondition for the growth of cities.

Man was able to conquer nature, yet he cannot control it. A balance exists between all living and non-living things in nature. Ecological disasters are bound to happen if there is any disturbance in the natural equilibrium. Increased industrialization and human requirements have led to the destruction of our forests and wildlife, which are interdependent in more than one ways.

Forests are indispensable to mankind. They provide us with wood, raw materials; prevent floods and soil erosion; increase underground water supply and humidity of air; provide an abode for the wildlife, check air pollution, etc. On a sunny day a large elm tree gives off vapor which is equivalent to 1500 gallons of water. According to a UN report, rain forests have been destroyed to a large extent. Man has mercilessly chopped off trees without paying any attention to the destruction he is causing to his own life and future. Hillsides have been stripped off its vegetation cover in the Himalayas, which has become a major cause for the earthquakes, avalanches, and landslides. Deforestation not only diminishes the natural beauty of any place but also upsets the ecological balance of that place. It is believed that the Thar Desert is a man-made desert. Yes! Emperor Akbar went for hunting there.

Wildlife is at the brink of destruction! Due to destruction of forests, pollution, climatic changes and extensive hunting of animals, many species of wildlife have become extinct. With extension, when a species disappears, it is gone forever! Wildlife destruction has upset the whole mechanism of natural regulation and balance, which could endanger our very existence. Animals are being used widely in drug research nowadays. Scientists believe that animal experimentation is necessary for the progress of medical sciences. They may be right but what we need is a balance between biomedical research and animal welfare.

At present, some five billion tons of excess carbon find their way into the Earth's atmosphere every year, four billion of this from the combustion of fossil fuels and firewood, and about one billion from the incineration of forests for the purpose of expanding areas of land to be used for cultivation. Most of the carbon released from fossil fuels originates in the industrialized countries. But the developing countries are rapidly catching up , particularly China and India, both of which have stores of coal that could keep power stations and factories in these countries running for centuries.

The CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere look set to increase dramatically in the coming years. Do we have any possibility at all to reverse the trends?

Something has been done, a lot more needs to be done. We have to develop harmony with nature as against conflict. Environmental issues should not only be discussed and talked about, but efforts should be made to do something at all possible levels. This issue needs to be a part of the public agenda. The concerned authorities should safeguard forests.

It is clear that energy conversation and greater energy efficiency could achieve a great deal, but it will take time to implement such measures. In the meantime the only option we have is to plant trees on a massive scale. Poaching and illegal hunting should be stopped. The export and sale of animal products should be completely banned. Habitats of the wildlife should be conserved like forests, wetlands, etc. Massive afforestation programs have to be set in motion. Eco-friendly stationery can save hundreds of bamboo or eucalyptus trees. Recycled paper use should be encouraged. Forest fires need to be prevented. To prevent the inhuman slaughter and hunting of these animals and birds, voluntary organizations should come forward and fight for this cause. We should protest if trees are being illegally cut down. We should support and participate in the programs of environmental groups and agencies.

No doubt that man has created all the problems, but it is also the duty of man to find solution to these problems, because man is the most intelligent creature on this planet. If we want to save forests and our earth then we have to do something really very fast and very effective and at every level. So my dear friends start doing what you can do at your level best.

Hope you will try your level best to make your community ecofriendly and make your neighbours aware of this serious problem.

Thank You,

See you in next post.

Save The Royality Of India : Tigers

2010-03-30T07:19:00.000-07:00

Hello friends,

Welcome back.

TIGER: At first as we think of this creature, our mind fills with fear from this enormous gigantic dangerous predator. But if we think for a moment then we realize that not this creature is dangerous for us but we are proving dangerous for the existence of this creature.

At the turn of the 20th century, according to sources, India had an estimated 40,000 tigers in the wild. In 2002, based on pug mark census, this number was 3,642. As per the monitoring exercise by Wildlife Institute of India in association with National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), Government of India using camera traps, in 2008 we were left with only 1,411 tigers. This number is so small that they will be gone soon if we don’t wake up to the crisis.

The tiger is not just a charismatic species. It’s not just a wild animal living in some forest either. The tiger is a unique animal which plays a pivotal role in the health and diversity of an ecosystem. It is a top predator and is at the apex of the food chain and keeps the population of wild ungulates in check, thereby maintaining the balance between prey herbivores and the vegetation upon which they feed. Therefore the presence of tigers in the forest is an indicator of the well being of the ecosystem. The extinction of this top predator is an indication that its ecosystem is not sufficiently protected, and neither would it exist for long thereafter.

If the tigers go extinct, the entire system would collapse. For e.g. when the Dodos went extinct in Mauritius, one species of Acacia tree stopped regenerating completely. So when a species goes extinct, it leaves behind a scar, which affects the entire ecosystem. Another reason why we need to save the tiger is that our forests are water catchment areas.

When we protect one tiger, we protect about a 100 sq. km of area and thus save other species living in its habitat. Therefore, it’s not just about saving a beautiful animal. It is about making sure that we live a little longer as the forests are known to provide ecological services like clean air, water, pollination, temperature regulation etc. This way, our planet can still be home to our children.

Now the question arises : What we can do in saving the royal king of jungle, if government can't do anything?

Remember, "Every single drop is essential to fill a sea."

Spread the word: Go out loud and tell others that tigers are dying and that they need our help. You can form forums (or join existing ones) on the web for discussions and exchange views on tiger conservation. Reach school going children.

Be a responsible tourist: The wilderness is to be experienced and not to be disturbed and polluted. Follow the forest department guidelines when visiting any wilderness area, tiger reserve in particular. As the saying goes ‘Don’t leave thing anything behind except foot steps, and don’t take anything except memories.’

Write to the policy makers: If you are really concerned and feel that more needs to be done for tiger conservation, then write polite letters to the decision makers - the Prime Minister, the Minister for Environment and Forests or even your local MP.

Informing the nearest police station: If you know of any information on poaching or trade of illegal wildlife. You can also contact TRAFFIC- an organisation fighting the powerful poachers and pass on the information to them.

Reducing pressure on natural resources: By reducing the use of products derived from forests, such as timber and paper.

Superconductors Could Simulate The Brain

2010-03-08T08:44:00.000-08:00

Hello friends,

Welcome back.

Today I am going to tell you about one more new discovery in the field of science. It is a quite amazing discovery and a very useful one also

Electronic components that exploit the phenomenon of superconductivity could allow us to study the collective behaviour of large numbers of neurons operating over long timescales. That is the finding of scientists in the US, who have shown how networks of artificial neurons containing two Josephson junctions would outpace more traditional computer-simulated brains by many orders of magnitude. Studying such junction-based systems could improve our understanding of long-term learning and memory along with factors that may contribute to disorders like epilepsy.

The human brain consists of some 100 billion nerve cells known as neurons, each of which receives electrical inputs from a number of its neighbours and then sends an electrical output to others – a process known as "firing" – when the sum of its inputs exceeds a certain level. The connections between neurons are known as synapses and it is the relative weighting of these that determines how the brain processes information.

One way to simulate the workings of the brain is using software. For example, the Blue Brain project at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland involves simulating in precise biological detail the 10,000 neurons that make up the neocortical column – the building block of the cerebral cortex, or grey matter.

Good Bye.

See you in next post.

10 Reasons Why World Won't End In 2012...................

2010-02-28T10:20:00.000-08:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome back,

Today we all are talking about the world's end in 2012. Many films has been made and released on this topic. We all know about the Mayan's calendar and their horrifying predictions of the end of Earth and off course the human race.

Today I am going to discuss with you all those reasons, on which Mayan's did the predictions and I will prove them baseless and purely bull shit.

So following are the ten reasons which Mayan's described as the basis of of their predictions of the Earth's end.

The ten top 2012 doomsday scenarios:

10. Changes in the Sun's magnetic field will lead to powerful flares.

So what else is new under the sun? The sun goes though a well-documented 11-year sunspot cycle that is driven by its magnetic field entangling, reforming and flipping polarity. Yes, the peak of the next cycle is in 2012 (or 2013), and some predictions suggest it might be 30 to 50 percent stronger than the last peak.

But experts say it will certainly not be the biggest peak ever recorded.

The bottom line is that no dragon's breath of flame will stretch across 100 million miles of space and blowtorch Earth. The largest solar flare recorded to date, on Nov. 4, 2003, spewed several billions of tons of plasma in Earth's direction. The flare's X-ray radiation that impacted our protective atmosphere had the equivalent radiation of 5,000 suns.

We're still here.

9. The Earth's magnetic field will reverse.

Don't hold you breath. The last field reversal happened nearly 800,000 years ago. Fred Flintstone and our other ancestor cavemen survived. Geological evidence shows that the field has reversed its orientation tens of thousands of times over Earth history. Yet there is no definitive evidence that a magnetic field reversal has ever caused any mass extinction due to increased cosmic ray influx.

8. The Earth's rotation axis will tip.

This isn't nearly as easy as tipping cows. Unlike Mars, which does go though wide excursions in it axial tilt, Earth's tilt is kept steady by the gravitational influence of the moon. An object the size of Mars would have to hit Earth to transfer enough momentum to knock us out of kilter. But Mars-sized protoplanets were kicked into interstellar space over 4 billion years ago. The solar system doesn't make "planets-gone-wild" anymore.

7. A grand alignment of Jupiter and Saturn will gravitationally perturb Earth.

For the past several decades there have been doomsday claims that the combined gravity from grand planetary alignments will cause geologic and meteorological upheavals on Earth.

None are scheduled for 2012.

In 1962 an extremely rare grand conjunction of the classical naked-eye planets drove astrologers crazy. The conjunction happened on Feb. 4-5 and was accompanied by a solar eclipse! The most infamous grand conjunction was in 1982 and popularized in a book called "The Jupiter Effect," which predicted earthquakes and massive tides. Life went on as usual both years. The moon has a vastly greater gravitational influence on Earth than Jupiter. It's called location, location, location! At a whopping distance of 400 million miles from Earth, Jupiter's tug is pretty wimpy.

6. The Sun will align with the galactic equator on the winter solstice.

So what? These are simply coordinates in the sky. It has no physical reality any more than the intersection of Broadway and 7th Avenue at Times Square influences the geology of Manhattan Island. This is greatly confused with the fact that the sun's position actually oscillates up and down as it orbits the galaxy, like a horse on a carousel.

We pass through the galactic plane every 35 to 40 million years. It's possible that an increased number of comets might be hurled towards the Earth because of gravitational interaction with the densest parts of our galaxy during this passage. But we are talking about the consequences spanning many thousands of years, not crashing down on our heads in any one specific year.

5. The black hole in the galactic center will affect us.

The Milky Way's black hole has no influence on the galactic disk. The black hole is three million solar masses. The Milky Way is several trillion solar masses when we add the tug of dark matter. Any gravitational influence of the black hole over the galaxy would be like the tail wagging the dog. The Milky Way's collision with the Andromeda galaxy will dump gas into the black hole and it will blaze as a quasar. But that's several billion years away.

4. An asteroid will smash into Earth.

A threatening near-Earth asteroid that's gotten the most press is the 900-foot wide Apophis. But its chances of collision have been downgraded to 1 in 250,000 at its next close approach in 2029. In theory, an uncharted asteroid or comet could come out of the blue tomorrow. But if we don't know about it today, the Mayans certainly didn't know about it 1,200 years ago. Earth-killer impacts are tens of millions of years apart. So there's no reason to be a doomsday clock-watcher.

3. The rogue planet Nibiru will swing by Earth.

There isn't such a planet any more than the planet Naboo from the Star Wars trilogy is real. Purported Internet pictures of the interloper are photographic lens flares or hoaxes. Don't believe every dot you see photographed in the sky.

2. Supernovae or hypernovae will irradiate Earth.

There are no stars that are so close to Earth that radiation from their supernova demise would seriously affect us. The nearest candidate, the red giant Betelgeuse, is predicted to explode in the next 1,000 years. The monster star Eta Carinae is also on a short fuse. Neither doomed star has a spin axis precisely aimed at Earth, so we don't have to worry about being fried by a narrow beam of gamma rays ejected from the core's implosion. In fact the kinds of stars that shoot out these Death Star beams are uncommon in the Milky Way. Earth has a one percent chance of getting zapped over 10 billion years. Scratch gamma ray bursts off of your homeowner's insurance policy.

1. A cloud of negative energy engulfs the solar system.

Wow! A dark cloud with a bad attitude! This sound suspiciously like a Star Trek episode. Dark energy is all around us already, but it is not packaged into clouds. The same goes for dark matter.

Gravity's effect on time..........

2010-02-20T06:39:00.000-08:00

Hello friends,

Welcome back.

Good evening friends. Today I am going to tell you the effect of gravity on time, a newest discovery by scientists.

Physicists in the US and Germany have used two fundamental tenets of quantum mechanics to perform a high-precision test of Einstein's general theory of relativity. The researchers exploited wave-particle duality and superposition within an atom interferometer to prove that an effect known as gravitational redshift – the slowing down of time near a massive body – holds true to a precision of seven parts in a billion. The result is important in the search for a theory of quantum gravity and could have significant practical implications, such as improving the accuracy of global positioning systems.

Gravitational redshift follows on from the equivalence principle that underlies general relativity. The equivalence principle states that the local effects of gravity are the same as those of being in an accelerated frame of reference. So the downward force felt by someone in a lift could be equally due to an upward acceleration of the lift or to gravity. Pulses of light sent upwards from a clock on the lift floor will be Doppler shifted, or red shifted, when the lift is accelerating upwards, meaning that this clock will appear to tick more slowly when its flashes are compared at the ceiling of the lift to another clock. Because there is no way to tell gravity and acceleration apart, the same will hold true in a gravitational field; in other words the greater the gravitational pull experienced by a clock, or the closer it is to a massive body, the more slowly it will tick.

Confirmation of this effect supports the idea that gravity is a manifestation of space–time curvature because the flow of time is no longer constant throughout the universe but varies according to the distribution of massive bodies. Reinforcing the idea of space–time curvature is important when distinguishing between different theories of quantum gravity because there are some versions of string theory in which matter can respond to something other than the geometry of space–time.

Good bye friends, take care, good night. See you in next post.

Father Of Nation: Mahatma Gandhi Or..............?????

2010-02-15T06:12:00.000-08:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome Back.

Today I am going to discuss with you one of my personal experience. I know that this topic didn't comes under my blog, but I think that this topic is worth to share with all of you.

Today when I was teaching my physics class, than at that time in between my topic one of the student raised his hand. Can you imagine what kind of question a student can ask in a physics class. Even I couldn't imagine at that time. I stopped my topic and asked him what's the problem. I thought he had some problem in the same topic that I was teaching, but I was amazed by listening his question. He asked me...........

"SIR, WHY MAHATMA GANDHI IS CONSIDERED AS FATHER OF NATION THOUGH THE EMPEROR BHARAT HAD UNITED THE WHOLE COUNTRY"?

At once I was also confused to hear the question. I ran out of words.

First reason for that was, that I am a physics lecturer, then how can I answer a question which is almost related to history........

Second reason for that was, whether I am a physics lecturer, I have to answer the question because a teacher should have a vast knowledge of his subject,as well as he must have also good knowledge of other subjects too, at least when it is concerned with nation's history........

Third reason for that was, I had not only to answer that question, but I had also to satisfy that student with my answer........

So then what should I answer?????? After remaining silent for sometime I prepared myself to answer that question. Whole class was staring me..........

I started, told him,"Whether Bharat united whole country, but as we all know that Bharat was an emperor and at that time our country was distributed in small territories of various kings such as chaulas, pallvas, marathas, rajputs, mughals etc etc. And all the kings try to conqueror more and more territories and to expand their kingdom. Same was the case with king Bharat". I told him that "He not only conquered the entire India but he also Bactria, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgistan, Turkmenistan, and Persia. He only united the boundaries of this nation, he could not unite the hearts of the civilians of this nation. And as we all know that any nation is built with its civilians".

"When emperor Bharat died, once again his kingdom weakened and it once again broke down into small territories, and at the time when British came to India it was once again divided into small territories and the kings of their respective territories were fighting alone to get free their territories from them".

"Then at that time an ordinary person came into being, named MOHAN DAS KARAM CHAND GANDHI. And he was the only person who alone walked on foot from Jammu Kashmir to Kannyakumari, and bonded all the people of India in one thread and taught them to fight not only for themselves but for each other. He not only united the boundaries of the country but also united the hearts of the civilians. He made them to think that they all are brothers and sisters and are commonly known as INDIANS".

Then I asked that boy,"Now tell me who is the father of nation, Emperor Bharat or Mahatma Gandhi"?

He at once answered,"Mahatma Gandhi".

Now I was satisfied, that I had achieved my goal.

So you all also tell me whether I am right or not?

THANK YOU.

Mystery Of Universe!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

2010-02-14T01:00:00.000-08:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome Back.

Five billion years ago, a dark, vast cloud of gas and dust stretched across hundreds of light-years of space. Inside the cloud, temperatures hovered just a few degrees above absolute zero. In one small region nestled deep within the cloud, the turbulent bulk motions of gas molecules bunched enough mass together that gravity could exert its inexorable force, causing part of the cloud to collapse. Millions of years later, gravity squeezed the densest regions of the shrinking cloud to temperatures and pressures high enough to ignite thermonuclear fires, forming thousands of newborn stars.

And 4.6 billion years after that, one of the small chunks of debris left over from the formation of one of those stars, intelligent beings emerged who could ask questions about their origin. Our Sun, our solar system, our planet, everyone we know, everything we love, everything we ever cared about — all of these owe their existence to a collapsing gas cloud some five billion years ago.

Our lives are intimately linked to the stars. Thermonuclear reactions deep inside the Sun provide the sustenance for life on Earth. The carbon in our cells, the oxygen we breathe, the calcium in our bones, and the iron in our blood were forged inside stars that expired billions of years ago. So, you see that virtually everything is made from star dust, we are star dust.

Thank you.

See you in next post.

What Is Dark Matter ??????

2010-02-13T10:06:00.000-08:00

When the Universe was young, it was nearly smooth and featureless. As it grew older and developed, it became organized. We know that our solar system is organized into planets (including the Earth!) orbiting around the Sun. On a scale much larger than the solar system (about 100 million times larger!), stars collect themselves into galaxies. Our Sun is an average star in an average galaxy called the Milky Way. The Milky Way contains about 100 billion stars. Yes, that's 100,000,000,000 stars! On still larger scales, individual galaxies are concentrated into groups, or what astronomers call clusters of galaxies.

The cluster includes the galaxies and any material which is in the space between the galaxies. The force, or glue, that holds the cluster together is gravity -- the mutual attraction of everything in the Universe for everything else. The space between galaxies in clusters is filled with a hot gas. In fact, the gas is so hot (tens of millions of degrees!) that it shines in X-rays instead of visible light. By studying the distribution and temperature of the hot gas we can measure how much it is being squeezed by the force of gravity from all the material in the cluster. This allows scientists to determine how much total material (matter) there is in that part of space.

Remarkably, it turns out there is five times more material in clusters of galaxies than we would expect from the galaxies and hot gas we can see. Most of the stuff in clusters of galaxies is invisible and, since these are the largest structures in the Universe held together by gravity, scientists then conclude that most of the matter in the entire Universe is invisible. This invisible stuff is called 'dark matter'. There is currently much ongoing research by scientists attempting to discover exactly what this dark matter is, how much there is, and what effect it may have on the future of the Universe as a whole.

Highly Accurate Clock

2010-02-13T08:33:00.000-08:00

A new optical clock that is twice as accurate as any other has been unveiled by physicists in the US. The clock, which is based on a single aluminum ion, could remain accurate to within one second over 3.7 billion years. The previous record was held by a clock with one mercury ion, which was good to one second in 1.7 billion years.

The new optical clock also differs from most other designs in that it uses a quantum-information protocol. It could therefore be used to further boost the performance of such clocks and ultimately lead to them replacing atomic clocks as our official timekeepers.

Since the first atomic clock was unveiled in 1955, the technology has been used in national time standards around the world. Tiny atomic clocks, which use microwaves to probe atomic transitions, are also used as timepieces on Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. The best atomic clocks have an accuracy of about 5 × 10–15, but this has been surpassed recently by optical clocks, which use light rather than microwaves and can be more than 100 times as accurate.

To Save Environment...........

2010-02-12T05:32:00.000-08:00

Hello Friends,

Welcome Back,

In my previous blog I asked you all to save electricity to conserve environment. Do you know, whenever we switch on the light we emit Carbon-di-oxide in the environment, because to produce light we have to burn the coal and by burning it poisonous gases are emitted such as carbon-di-oxide and carbon mono oxide. So my dear friends give a thought upon it and try to save electricity, not only to save fossil fuels but also to conserve environment by reducing pollution.

And second thought, on poly bags. We all know poly bags are harmful for environment but these poly bags are so mixed in our veins that we cannot leave them. We can live without eating for couple of days but we can't think a single minute without poly bags. I give you a simple example whenever you goes to a shop, first you ask shopkeeper for a poly bag. Weather you buy a needle or a machine you ask for poly bag to put it in. Had you ever thought of carrying a jute bag with you whenever you goes out for shopping. Moreover sometimes we ask for more than a single poly bag, so that we can take our thing safely back to our destination. If it goes on like this, a day will come when we start eating poly bags instead or rice or chapati. sadly our animals had started doing so, I am waiting when we will join them......... If it goes like this for few more years than i am sure I have not to wait for long time.

THINK UPON IT.............

LIFE OR A LIFE WORSE THAN DEATH.........

THANK YOU.

What Is Environment !!!

2010-02-11T05:23:00.000-08:00

Hi everyone,
Today we all are screaming save environment, save our earth from global warming. But do we know that what is environment

Environment is surrounding atmosphere/ conditions essential for existence. Environment is of two types negative and positive. In the system of environment, both have integral role to play.Life forms in both namely, pests, insects and others are cold blooded have different conditions which suits them to survive that may not be suitable to us, both have own identities. Most important factor is that negative positive factors have to join together to form an environment for example mother/ father for birth of a child, negative/ positive of energy for electricity.

But do you think it is that all what is environment!!!!!!!!!!!! Environment includes all those things that surround us, weather it is living or non living doesn't matter.

But the question is how can we save our environment?????????? We just witnessed the Copenhagen meeting on environment. We all are saying that this meeting is a big failure, am I right, but sit for sometime and rethink about your day routine and answer me a simple question what you had done to save the environment in the particular whole day???????

The answer will be a big null. A very few of us do a little to save or conserve the environment, but scream, all of us.

I daily goes to fetch milk in the early morning, and many houses comes in my way and everyone is busy in cleaning of their houses. But the waste that comes out of their houses, what they do with that waste, do you know, either the waste was burnt or it was thrown in front of other persons house. This is what we Indians are, than how can we blame anyone else for the failure of Copenhagen meeting??? Why we are so dependent on others decision??

There is no need of any such meetings if all of us understand our responsibility and try our level best to conserve environment. Drop by drop the sea can also be filled. Or do you think that the ministry decisions can only save our environment...............?

So my dear friends start trying from today for your better future. minimum we can try what we can do on our level not to wait for ministerial decisions. Stop using fuel vehicles for short distances, educating our neighborhood not to burn waste, or stopping those who tries to burn waste product, by recycling and reusing, by refusing to poly bags and most important by saving electricity.....

Now you will ask how environment can be conserved by saving electricity?? i will tell you in my next post.

So my dear friends I will be really glad if you start trying today and please tell me what you did to conserve the environment.....

Have a good day.