Science Eternity

Pluto Dwarf planet | Why was Pluto ejected from the solar system?

2020-02-01T08:17:00.000+05:30

Pluto Dwarf planet | Why was Pluto ejected from the solar system?

Introduction

In the General Assembly of International Astronomical Union 2,412 members gathered in the city of Prague in the Czech Republic to give a new definition to the civilized planet. Seven members of the Planet Definition Committee gave an explanation of the planet's interpretation. The vote was taken on August 24 after discussing it for a week, in which 424 members of the General Assembly voted.

New defination of Planet

The Planet Definition Committee has interpreted to identify any celestial body as a planet :-

Sun should be illuminated.

With its own gravity, its own liquids should be drawn towards the center and assumed a sphere.

The second planet should not be lunar and The path through which the revolution takes place in the spatial space of the orbit must have some difference in its gravitational effect.

And according to this fourth law, Pluto was not considered a planet. Because he did not influence gravity in his spatial space. Gravity is weak, so its effect is less than other planets.

According to the new interpretation of planets on the day of August 24, 2006, Pluto was removed from the planet and included in the lower position of the planet Vamana / dwarf. And the number of planets in solar-system(Suryamandal) decreased to eight.

Why was there a need to create a new definition?

The ancient Greeks called the planet celestial bodies. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Guru, Saturn, Sun and Moon got the status of planets. The Earth and the rest of the planets revolve around the Sun, according to Nicholas Copernicus 1543. After that those who revolve around the Sun were considered to be planets. Therefore, the name of the Sun and the Moon came out from the list of planets and the Earth was added, thus the number of planets was six.

The matter settled here, but whether or not the orbiting comet was included in the list of planets? This question was not answered. In 1801, when the miniature called Siris was found, its diameter was only 930 kilometers. He was going to discover a planet. This was followed by the discovery of miniature eclipses like Palas (552 km), Vesta (521 km) and Heizia (450 km). But after this, due to the large number of minor eclipses being found, astronomy has removed all the minor eclipses from the planets and put them into a new group of miniatures.

Then the planet survived a total of six. Uranus feared in 1781, Neptune was found in 1846, and Pluto was discovered in 1930. Now the total number of planets is 9. There was no explanation of the planet, yet there was no difference of opinion among astronomers.

In 1992, David Zewitt and Jaime Lu of the US discovered new astronomical icy shells in the Kuiper Belt outside the solar system. More names were added to this list. Nevertheless, there was no need to explain the planets. But in 2005, American astronomer Mike Brown claimed Iris to be a planet one and a half times larger than Pluto. And released the tenth planet.

Now according to astronomy, the Kuiper belt was likely to have many other spheres, if all were counted as planets, the list would have been much longer. Were they a little older than Pluto, consider them planets? By the way, why even call Pluto a planet?

A seven-member Planet Definition Committee was formed for this problem. And then they settled the matter by giving new interpretation.

Conclusion

Finally on the basis of vote of a seven member planet definition committee on the day of August 24, 2006 it is concluded that the planet Pluto is no more counted as planet of solar system.

Dopamine | A Happiness Hormon | Best ways to Increase Dopamine Level Naturally

2020-01-05T10:39:00.001+05:30

Dopamine | A Happiness Hormon | Best ways to Increase Dopamine Level Naturally

Dopamine - A Happiness Hormon

Are you feeling Demotivated negative and facing stress, tension or having not Sufficient energy to do any work? These are may be the symptoms of lack of Secretion of Dopamine molecules in your brain, which tend to Decrease the Dopamine Level in your body. Which leads to Pain, stress, and another mental health issues.

In this Article we are going discuss on the topic Dopamine, or it's meaning, Importance and there consequences. And at the end we are going to share Best Seven way's to increase the Dopamine level Naturally.

What is Dopamine?

Dopamine is also Known as 'happiness hormones'.

Dopamine gives sense of satisfaction to our mind after accomplishing any task. In Simple word, Dopamine is the molecule which responsible for the regulation or secretion of prolactin in brain, Prolactin is the responsible for the problem solving, brain evaluation, Decision making and the motor skill function of body.

Scientific Explanation of Dopamine:

Dopamine Structure

The proper detailed Explanation of Dopamine is not stated yet. Even the Scientists actively Researching on the Dopamine molecule and don’t even understand them completely yet. But for Current a day’s, we can Concluded that the Dopamine is a Neurotransmitter which produces by the Brain that Plays an essential role in the body to make it healthy or motivated and to feel positive.

For an average person who interested in mental health or Pleasure, it is a waste of time to focusing on molecules like dopamine, Serotonin and norepinephrine. For Such people the simple non-Scientific Explanation of "The sense of pleasure, fun, Curiosity and drive or some other Psychological phenomena is the result of Dopamine."

Symptoms of deficiency of Dopamine level

Some of the most common symptoms of Low Dopamine level in our body are:

1. Poor Coordination
2. Less motivated or Demotivated
3. Difficulty in Concentration
4. Poor movement
5. Feeling stress and pain

Need to Enhance the Dopamine level

Since, Low dopamine level can lead to health issues (i.e. Sadness, Stress, depression and feel negative or demotivated etc). So, Good level of Dopamine molecule in our body is essential to leave happy and joy-full life without having any stress or tension.

Fortunately, there are numerous ways to increase or to maintain dopamine level in our body without taking any medicine or any medical treatment.

Now, take a look at the History of Human Culture and See what People Have Done over the years to enhance or to improve their mental health issue.

1. Getting proper Diet

2. Get enough Sleep

3. Be Organized

4. Do Regular Exercise

5. Take a cold shower

6. Get massage

7. Meditation

8. Make some hobbies – Reading, Writing, travelling and cooking etc.

9. Engage with family, friends, Relatives and even Strangers on the Regular basis.

10. Maintain an active Social network.

Consequences of low dopamine level

If our body is deficient in dopamine level, these can lead to imbalance the healthy life and cause many problems. There are some Consequences of low dopamine level, which are stated below.

1. Lack of focus

2. Apathy

3. Sugar Carving

4. Lower motivation

5. Depression

6. Moodiness

7. Difficulty in Concentration etc.

Effect of Excesses of Dopamine (DA) Level

Very high level of dopamine make you feel top of the world

Since, Dopamine is a result for the behaviour brain and body, it essential to ensuring thar you have good Dopamine level in your body.

Some of the common Affect of Excesses of Dopamine are:

1. Addiction
3. Hallucinations
4. Delusions

2. Obesity

Anything Addicting like nicotine, caffeine and Alcohol etc are very effective at increasing dopamine levels and can be the root cause of addicted behaviour in our life.

Best ways to increase the Dopamine level Naturally.

Now, A day Everyone Busy in their life and no one has enough time to focusing on their Health and Mental health issues. So, it become difficult to maintain healthy life stress without taking any medicine. Since use of any anything in excess can affect negative same here with medicine (Use to increase dopamine level for healthy life) So that should be neglected. There are numerous ways to resolve several mental health issues which can be easily done in our life by making small change in our daily life.

1. Getting Proper Diet

A Cup of Black Coffee once in a day reduces Stress

To maintain Dopamine level Naturally in Body, eat foods which are rich in Tyrosine. Basically, Tyrosine is an amino acid that is naturally produces in body from another amino acid name as Phenylalanine.

Tyrosine can be found Easily in many foods, especially in cheese (where first it was discovered). Foods which Contain Tyrosine are Almonds, Bananas, Eggs, Chicken and Avocados etc.

There are so many foods which can helps to increase the dopamine level by including them in Diet plan. Like Black Coffee, Green Tea, Sea Food, Chocolate’s, Nut’s and Green Vegetables etc.

2. Get Enough Sleep

To ensuring that our brain increases dopamine level naturally, we make it sure that we are getting enough sleep. While we are sleeping our body get chance to repair and renew the body cells and it helps to wash away the toxins which comes in our body in day Life.

During Sleeping the nerve cell connection are active and constantly self-renewing. Lack of proper sleep may cause to reduce the concentration of neurotransmitter, including Dopamine and their Receptor.

3. Do Regular Exercise

Jogging stimulate the release of Endorphins
(Work to reduce pain and Stress)

A Studies shows that the doing Exercise or workout may stimulate the release of Endorphins. Which Is chemical produced by the brain in body to relieve pain and stress or boost happiness. Endorphins is also the most popular happiness hormone as the Dopamine.

Endorphins also help to maintain the dopamine level in our body which could be maintained on the basses of Regular Exercises.

A Regular Exercise Doesn’t mean Expending number of hours in Gym on treadmill. It can achieve by walking and by doing motor skill work on regular basses.

The Same work can be done in our body by taking Drugs name Opioids. Basically, Opioids release the feeling of happiness and relive the pain and Stress.

4. Make Some Hobbies

We all aware about that the hobbies are the work gives sense of pleasure to our mind and feel happy. So, to reduce stress and pain made some Hobbies like listening to music, writing, reading and cooking etc.

Specially, The Listening to music refresh our mind and gives pleasure feeling, reduces stress and help with focus and concentration. A Research shows that A person having any hobby having less stress. Thus, hobbies help to achieve the Dopamine level.

5. Learn to meditate

Meditation is the key of 'Peaceful Mind'

Over the thousands of year ago the power of meditation was shown. Meditation is the key to get relief from stress and tension or to increase the concentration Power

During meditation session it was discovered that the dopamine release in body was increased by up to 65%. Especially for the meditation session of Yoga Nidra.

6. Get massage

It is scientifically proven that the effect of stress can be reduces by massage therapy and helps to body to increase dopamine level approx. to 30% while decreasing Stress Harmon named as cortisol. Because of that it also suggested by doctor’s that one should get massage therapy once to get stress free.

7. Spending time in Nature

A study’s shows that the person spend at least 10 minutes in bright sunlight exposure experiences a blood flow increases in their Dopamine-dominated area of the brain.

Or we Also know that the person leaving in villages, hill-station and area’s close to nature having less stress and leaving happier life. Because of rich of dopamine molecules in their mind, which helps to maintain dopamine level in their body.

Conclusion

With practice (as discussed above), our brain Automatically produces enough amount of Dopamine molecules in our body and help to maintain appropriate Dopamine Level. Which help us to live stress free Life with full of Happiness.

Gold | Scientists founded a new structure of gold

2019-08-22T13:38:00.000+05:30

Gold | Scientists founded a new structure of gold

Researchers at the Lawrence suffragist National Laboratory (LLNL) and also the Carnegie establishment of Washington have declared that a brand new study they need performed has found a brand new structure of gold. The team has discovered a brand new structure for the dear metal once it's compressed terribly quickly.

According to the scientists, when gold is compressed over nanoseconds, the increase in pressure and temperature changes the crystalline structure to a new phase of gold. The well-known body-centered cubic (bcc) structure is changed into a more open crystalline structure than the fcc (face-centered cubic) structure. Gold prefers to be in associate degree FCC structure per the team.

Lead study author Richard Briggs from the LLNL aforesaid that the team has discovered a brand new structure in gold that exists at extreme states. The pressure required to produce the new structure in the gold was two-thirds of the pressure found at the center of the Earth. Briggs also notes that the new structure has less packing efficiency at higher pressures than the starting pressure, which was a surprising finding.

The experiments were performed at the Dynamic Compression Sector (DCS) at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. The experiments found that the structure of gold began to change at a pressure of 220 GPa, which is 2.2 million times Earth’s atmospheric pressure. Gold began to soften once compressed on the far side 250 GPA.

Briggs says that observation of gold at 330 GPa is “astonishing” noting that the experiment measured gold at more than 300 GPa higher than the previous measurement of liquid gold at high pressure. He also noted that many of the theoretical models of gold used to understand high-pressure/high-temperature behavior didn’t predict the formation of bcc structure and that only two out of more than ten published works did.

Indian gooseberry, Amla taste sweet when we drink water after eating it?

2019-08-19T19:06:00.000+05:30

Indian gooseberry, Amla taste sweet when we drink water after eating it? Why?

Amla also known as Indian gooseberries which is rich in vitamins 'C'. The molecular geometry of vitamin 'C' is almost similar to Glucose, Fructose and sucrose.

What is Vitamin 'C'?

Vitamin 'C' Which is also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in various foods and sold as a dietary supplement. It is used to prevent and treat scurvy. Vitamin C is a vital nutrient concerned with in the repair of tissue and therefore the protein production of bound neurotransmitters. It is required for the functioning of several enzymes and is important for immune system function. It also functions as an antioxidant.

Vitamin 'C' is a soluble vitamin found in the body and in various edible items. It promotes health benefits such as immunity, formation and maintenance of connective tissue as well as the promotion of collagen with the benefits of being an antioxidant thrown in.

Indian gooseberry

Phyllanthus emblica, conjointly referred to as emblic, Indian gooseberry, Malacca tree, myrobalan or amla from Indo-Aryan amalaki may be a deciduous tree of the family Phyllanthaceae. It has produce, noted by identical name.

Gooseberry most frequently refers to cultivated plants from 2 species of the genus Ribes:

Ribes uva-crispa native to Europe, northwestern continent and southwestern Asia.
Ribes hirtellum, American gooseberry.
Hybrids between genus Ribes hirtellum and shrub, as well as most of the fashionable gooseberry cultivars.
The common name of Indian gooseberry is amla.

Why Amla taste sweet when we drink water after eating it.

Reason 1:

Initially, the taste of Amla is sour, and the sensations feels is due to protons which present in amla. When we eat amla then the protons get stuck on our tongue, and after that when we drink water, the protons present on our tongue get washed away away but the the taste buds will probably take some time to return to its initial form, which gives a sensation of a brief sweet taste.

Reason 2:

Like many other fruits, Amla contains carbohydrates, proteins,vitamins and citric acid. The high content of the citric acid makes the amla taste very sour at first but as you chew it some of the the enzyme salivary amylase which is present in the saliva converts the starch in the gooseberry to maltose (sugar). This is the reason for the sweet of gooseberries after its mastication in the mouth.

Benefits of Eating Amla

There are several benefits of taking amla or Indian gooseberry's. In which some of them are:

○Anti-aging Agent
○improves Liver Health
○Improves Eye Sight
○Reduces Menstrual Discomfort
○Boosts Immunity and Increases RBC
○Reduces Hair fall
○Controls Diabetes
○Prevents Heart problems
○Aids in Digestion
○Enhance Metabolic Activity

Anti-aging Agent

Amla prevents health-related lipoidemia by reducing the amount of free radicals within the body through its inhibitor qualities. Vitamin C and antioxidants help scavenge free radicals, free radicals are associated with signs of aging like wrinkles and age spots. Amla powder is employed as a mask to get rid of age spots.

Improves Liver Health

Drinking amla juice, as per written material (Ayurveda), boosts vitality and vigor, and therefore the underlying reason for it's in all probability connected to its ability to re-energize the liver. Liver health is not paid much attention to, even though it affects a large part of the population.

Improves Eye Sight

Drinking gooseberry juice – that is wealthy in fat-soluble vitamin – with a touch of honey, is nice for rising sightedness. It helps improve near-sightedness and cataracts while reducing intra-ocular tension. Due to its spectacular carotene content, that has long been proverbial for its powerful result on vision-related conditions, as well as people who stem from the atom or Eye radical injury. Vitamin A and carotene improves vision, while also lowering the risk of macular degeneration and night blindness.

Reduces Menstrual Discomfort

It is thought that the minerals and vitamins in the Indian gooseberry combine to make it veryuseful in the treatment of menstrual cramps. Consume amla on a regular basis so that its nutrients are always in the system and menstrual cramps can be prevented or reduced.

Boosts Immunity and Increases RBC

As written in Ayurveda, Amla juice is often used to increase the white blood cells in the body, which are the main line of defense for the immune system. White blood cells attack and eliminate foreign toxins and substances into the bloodstream throughout the body.

Reduces Hair fall

Amla powder is employed in several hair tonics because it enriches hair growth andhair pigmentation. It strengthens the roots, maintains color, and improves luster. Applying amla oil to the roots of your hair improves hair growth and color. Amla oil is incredibly widespread in Bharat as a result of it's been shown to scale back the probabilities of hair loss and phalacrosis. This quality is due to the carotene content of amla, as well as its iron and antioxidant content that prevents free radical damage to hair follicles and hormones.

Controls Diabetes

Gooseberry contains chromium, which has a therapeutic value for diabetics. It stimulates the isolated group of cells that secrete insulin, thus reducing blood sugar in diabetic patients. When blood sugar is reduced, glucose is used by the cells as functional energy. Thus, the metabolism is stronger and you have got additional energy, without the plunges and spikes in blood sugar that are dangerous for diabetics.

Prevents Heart problems

Berries –like blueberries and gooseberries–have been proven to improve heart health. Amla powder strengthens the heart muscles, so the blood circulation is more effective throughout the body. By reducing excess sterol buildup, chromium in amla powder can reduce the chances of Atherosclerosis or plaque buildup in the vessels and arteries. This may reduce the chances of stroke and heart attack. The iron content in amla conjointly promotes the creation of recent red blood cells, thereby increasing circulation and the oxygenation of organs and cells to maximize growth and regeneration of tissues.

Aids in Digestion

Amla is incredibly high in fiber, like most fruits. Fiber adds bulk to the stool and helps move food through the bowels and keeps bowel movements regular. This reduces the chances of constipation. Soluble fiber (found in several fruits) may bulk up loose stools and scale back diarrhoea. Amla conjointly stimulates the secretion of stomachic and organic process juices, so food is digested efficiently, nutrients are absorbed in an optimal way, and you feel lighter and healthier.

Enhance Metabolic Activity

Eating foods that area unit high in macromolecule, like amla, is one of the most important ways to stay healthy. Protein is necessary for cellular growth, muscle development, organ health, and a wide range of metabolic activities that we need to remain healthy. Our enzymes will break down plant proteins into amino acids and piece them into usable proteins for our body.

Is It Raining Diamonds On Uranus and Neptune?

2019-08-16T13:46:00.000+05:30

Is It Raining Diamonds On Uranus and Neptune?

Diamond

Have you ever imagined that if something else raining from the sky other than water? Let's an example diamonds. But word rain has always been associated with water droplets and sometimes as snow(i.e snow fall).

On Earth Diamonds may be very rare, but astronomers believe that they are very common in the universe. In meteorites a number of Molecular-sized diamonds have been found.

Scientists forecast solid Diamonds rain storms On planet Neptune and Uranus

Scientists forecast solid Diamonds rain storms On planet Neptune and Uranus.

The weather of Uranus/Neptune defined as terribly dynamic storm systems, where winds speeds reaches nearly 2160 km/h(600 m/s). The abundance of methane, ethane, and ethyne at Neptune’s equator is 10–100 times greater than at the poles.

According to some theory's it theorized that Uranus and Neptune actually crush methane into diamonds and the lab experiments seemed to confirm that this is possible.

However, for that you need significant pressures to do that, and you need to go to 7000 km inside the planet – but remember, the planet is made out of gas which is mixture of 80% hydrogen, 19% helium and 1% methane.

In fact, in recent study found that a planet named 55 Cancri E has a mantle that may be mostly diamond. That’s because of the composition of planet containing high levels of carbons, which, at expected temperatures and pressures, would be compressed into diamonds.

According Laura Robin Benedetti (a graduate student in physics at UC Berkeley) statement:
“Once these diamonds (Raw Diamonds) forms, fall like raindrops or hailstones toward the middle of the planet”.

From the recent experiments it has been shown that the large amounts of diamonds are formed from methane on the ice giant planets such as Uranus and Neptune. Some planets in different star systems could encompass nearly pure diamond.

As for the Diamond rain, it’s estimated that at a depth of 7000 km, the conditions may be such state that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that reaches downwards like hailstones*.

Hailstorm (ओले) : Any thunderstorm which produces hail that reaches downward to ground is known as a hailstorm.

Neptune and Uranus aren’t unique in this case. There are many other gas giants planet in our galaxy have similar atmospheres. Like in our solar system Saturn and Jupiter.

At the End we concluded that It likely rains diamonds on Neptune, but not on the surface, But 7000 km deep into the depths of the gas planet( i.e Neptune and Uranus).

Hope you enjoy the information And you got to learn something new. Please comment how you liked the article by commenting in the comment box.

And of course, tell us which topic or articles you would like to read further, And we will definitely work on that topic and share with you.

Have nice day

Scientists created their own mini sun Inside small vacuum chamber

2019-08-04T17:46:00.000+05:30

Scientists created their own mini sun Inside small vacuum chamber

Sun

Sun is mostly made up of hot plasma And has a strong magnetic field. Sometimes this flux weakens And hot plasma gets free into area. Which is called a solar storm.

We can also said A solar storm could be a disturbance on the Sun, which may emanate outward across the part, touching the whole scheme, including Earth and its magnetosphere, and is the cause of space weather in the short-term with long-term patterns comprising space climate.

Just a few weak ago. Sun release huge solar storm. That was full of charge particles. On 12th July, that storm hits earth. But due to small size, we didn't notice.

So, In order to get a closer look at the sun and study the solar wind, a team of researchers created their own miniature sun in the lab — complete with its own electromagnetic field and ultrahot plasma.

At the University of Wisconsin-Madison Scientists constructed the 10 feet( 3-meter-wide) aluminum vacuum chamber, which they dubbed "The Big Red Ball," to re-create some of the solar physics that take place in and around the sun.

Concept Behind Making Artificial mini Sun

The "plasma burps" were similar to plasma ejections from the real sun that have been observed by satellites. The source of those real-life ejections remains unknown. By observing their mini-sun, the researchers mapped a region where the magnetic field was weaker, and the plasma was moving faster, causing this material to break off and eject radially.

The solar model had a magnet at its center to mimic the sun's magnetic field, and the researchers would pump helium inside the little sun to ionize the gas and turn it to plasma. They would then apply an electric current, which, along with the magnetic field, would cause the plasma to spin.

The sun and its atmosphere area unit created of plasma, a combination of absolutely and charged particles at extraordinarily high temperatures. Solar wind carries this plasma in a stream away from the sun and out onto space.

Solar Storms and Their Effects on human Body

Animals and humans have a magnetic field that surrounds them, in the same way as Earth's magnetic field protects the planet.
Each peak corresponds to a higher incidence of anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and other emotional disorders.

Purpose of Artificial Sun

The team will use the mini-sun to further study how the solar wind is accelerated away from the sun, as well as the fundamental properties of collisionless plasmas or Solar storm.

Venus - Solar System First Habitable Planet

2019-08-01T17:01:00.000+05:30

Venus - Solar System First Habitable Planet

Venus and Earth image

Have you ever ask yourself if there are some planet or place like earth in universe. Scientist might say - probably yes they are. but, it still not proven at this time. so you keep dreaming fantasists. but today, I am gonna tell you about by scientists study, the first habitable planet in the solar system. so, may be after watching this video some of you think that the Earth is the only one plant with life, could start dreaming again.

My name is Ujjawal today we are moving through out the time I hope you do not miss anything cause we going to start right now. so you may ask there so what special about this Venus. we are Earth people so we do not need to think about anybody else except on planet Earth and I say such people go to bed looser it's time to sleep for you or it's time for science.

For starters, I say what venus is and why this planet is so special for us. The scientist were discovering this planet a long time ago. but the essential information was revealed some year ago in 2017. to be sure in terms of this information Venus was the solar system first habitable planet.

Planet Venus is one of the four terrestrial planets in the solar system. so, it is a rocky body like a Earth. the size and mass of Venus is quite similar to earth. scientist like to describe it as earth sister or even twin. The diameter of Venus is about 12103 .6km thats only 638km less than earth. Earth is more massive then Venus by its Mass. Venus is 81.5% of earth.

let's try to imagine like we have got the chance to travel the solar system. what planet would you choose. I don't want to pretend like you have to write to choose. so well, of course you choose venus. if you are able to get on the Surface of Venus you die in a second you stepped foot on it. you know it could be hard to be on every Planet with average temperature about 462 degree Celsius. so, your journey probably will end up by choking or burning to death. well I must admit this planet is hot if I was scientists. I would say about the Venus atmosphere that mostly compress of carbon dioxide with its thick clouds that consists of sulphuric acid and Sulphur Dioxide.

Venus Atmosphere

The venus atmospheric pressure is 92 times bigger than that of earth. it's like you dive into the ocean at the depth of 1 km. but, there are some rumours that theoretically Venus might once have looked like the earth. Now it is a terrible future of our planet but we won't live to that so we are free out of responsibilities.but don't think it will happen in a far future. it can be tomorrow morning just at the moment.

The guy from NASA think that surface temperature on Venus was similar to those on earth. But frankly they also say it was 3 billion years ago. so we didn't see it at all.
the guy who might see it only could be our first ancestors like a microorganism.but they did not have this this things( like telescope). but it is possible to say that Venus had number of shallow Ocean eventually due to it proxmity to the sun Venus was stripped of its water through evaportion. the resulting hydrogen ended up in space in terms of this hydrogen trapped carbon dioxide to the greenhouse effect.

Greenhouse effectwhen the amount of gases in the atmosphere start to increase and they cause the gradually warming of the surface of the earth. such transformation are really toxic and a hellish atmosphere that Venus was today.

This all long speech means that Venus might have easily supported by any existence of biological organism.Now, it's certainly more likely that life once existed on Venus rather than Mars. Mars was lifeless code for a majority of time despite the early Venus is leaving which life was really habitable. I know that some of you cannot live with the fact that they were originally from earth. So, they just want to be believe their ancestors living in other planet's a long-long time ago.

Also Read : Scientists created their own mini sun Inside small vacuum chamber.

Why do you hate earth so much that what is wrong with you guys. the thing is that people relate to venus with our first home. because, how it's already said venus probably was quite good place for being habitable. because of that scientists prefer to think that such organisms like nimotodes or Tardigrades could have been inheritors of very small multicellular organisms. If they really inhabited venus they could have probably hitched a ride over to another planet and what do you think was the planet so welcoming to accept such organisms and evolved their into people. I think the answer is well know the problem of proving that. the theory is that we can't be close there and investigate the ancestors of venus life. because as was said the moment we step foot on venus we will be death. it's bad for population. so, don't do it even if you can. but you must admit that having this dreams that we are originated from other planets can warm or imagination the following many years.

but one day scientists could open that mystery box and get all answer. so, while we can do is just wait for the answer but have to well versed.

Physics of Sound | Properties, types, Applications and fact's

2019-07-28T17:17:00.000+05:30

Physics of Sound | Properties, types, Applications and fact's

Everyone familiar with word 'Sound'. After listening the word the things which come's in our mind is music, party, noise etc. But, the question is are really familiar with the meaning of Sound.

So today, I am going to Cover all the topics related to term Sound with their properties and with their examples from real world.

Highlights of Article:

○ Sound and its properties.

○ Frequency or pitch

○ Loudness
○ Speed of sound

○ ECHO

○ SONAR

○ Resonance

○ Doppler effect

Sound:

Sound is a form of energy which required a medium ( solid, liquid or gas ) for a travelling one place to another.
Sound waves cannot travel through vacuum.
Sound is a longitudinal wave which form congiqutive compression and rare fraction.
The speed of sound in a dry air at 0°C is 331m/s (or 750 miles/hour).
The speed of sound is fastest in solid like steel, slower in liquid and poor in air.
Speed of sound is directly proportional to elasticity of medium.
The presence of water vapour in the air increase the speed of sound
The speed of sound in air increases at the rate of 0.61m/s for each degree Celsius rise in temperature above 0°Celsius.
Human ear is a sensitive to the sound wave of frequency between 20Hz to 20,000Hz (Audible range).
Sound wave having frequency less than 20Hz are called Infrasonic wave and greater than 20,000Hz are called Ultrasonic wave.
The Animals and whale's can hear Infrasonic wave. The geological phenomena like Earth-quick or volcanic eruptions produces Infrasonic wave.
The animal like cat, bat and mosquito can produce and as well as hear Ultrasonic wave.

Frequency (Pitch)

The pitch or shrilness of sound depends upon frequency of sound. A sound wave having higher frequency having higher pitch, and as pitch increases the shrilness of sound increases.
The pitch of women is higher than man voice.

Loudness

Loudness of sound wave depends upon amplitude and its related to energy of the wave.
Loudness is a measure is Decible(db).
The sound wave having a loudness of 85db or more is considered as a noise pollution and can damage Ear-Drum or can cause hearing impairment.
All strings instrument (guitar) have sound box attached to it to increase the loudness of sound.
Example Playing guitar.
A string of guitar is plugged a small amount of air vibrate which is not aduable, but the sound box attached to the string instrument causing forced vibration, and sets a large amount of air column (air mass) into the vibration. Thus the sound become a audible and the loudness of sound increases.
A loud speaker has a large vibrating cone with the large surface area to increase the loudness of sound
The Speed of sound is a slower than the speed of light due to the these thunder is a hurt much after the flash of lightning seen.
The sound of jet plane or Supersonic plane is a heard much after then seen.

Speed of sound

The speed of sound varies with material to material. List of materials having various speed.

Factors affecting the speed of Sound

There some physical factors that can affect the sound propagation.

Wind Gradient:

Sound propagating against the wind would bend upwards. while, Sound propagating along the wind would bend downwards.

Atmospheric Turbulence:

While sound wave traveling in atmosphere(turbulent), it may be scatter due to velocity fluctuation of the medium.

Temperature Gradient:

Sound waves travel faster near the surface of the earth due to warm atmosphere.

Question: which property of sound changes with respect to temperature?The wavelength of the sound changes with respect to change in temperature.

Reflection of Sound (ECHO):

Reflection of sound wave from any object placed at minimum distance 17m and heard after 0.1sec (1/10 of sec) after the original sound is called ECHO.

if the distance between the source and the object is less than 17 the deflection produce is called reverberation. It cannot be clearly here and it produce when the time is taken is less than 0.1 seconds.

SONAR (Sound navigation and ranging)

it is a technique which use's ECHO of ultrasonic wave. because it have a high frequency.

Use's:- for a measuring depth of sea bed or locating Submerged object in a sea water.

Ultrasonic waves are also used for making underground structure for oil, Minerals and natural gas as well as dectating flows in the interior of solid and destroying micro-organism.

Ultrasonic waves are also used in the ultrasonography also known as ultrasound.

Ultrasound is a basically used for abdomen diagnosis.

Resonance

Two object moving with the same natural frequency are said to be resonance.
Resonance result in Increase in amplitude or Increases in loudness.
Example

By crossing a Suspension Bridge Soldier are order to break step to avoid the phenomenon of resonance. If it do not take place it may cause damage to the bridge.
In a vehicle vibration of a rear view mirror at a particular Engine speed is due to the phenomenon of resonance.

Doppler Effect

it is a change in the frequency of the sound wave due to the motion of the source of the observer.

Frequency of a sound appears to the higher, When the source and observer come closer to each other (or distance between the source and observer decreases). Frequency decreases, When the source or observer move away from each other (Distance increasing).

Due to the Doppler effect visual of train appear to be sriller when its approaches the listeners then when the train move away from the listener.

Doppler Effect used as astronomy. by the help of Doppler Effect the rotation of star can be determined.

Sonic Bomb

A Supersonic plane (faster than sound) produces a cone of sound call Shock wave. this shock-wave reaches to listener and create a Short of loud Explosion is known as Sonic bomb.

Radioactivity | Definition, types, Equation, Application

2019-07-22T00:13:00.000+05:30

Radioactivity | Definition, types, Equation, Application

Radioactivity

The phenomenon of spontaneous disintegration of Unstable nucleus with emission of Alpha, Beta and Gamma ray's is known as Radioactivity.

What are the Radioactive Elements

The Element or Substance Containing Unstable atomic nuclei is Consider to be a Radioactive Substance.

In Periodic table, all the element having atomic number 83 or more are generally unstable in order to achieve stability. This heavy element are radioactive elements.

Example: Uranium (U), Radium (Ra), Thorium (Th) etc.

What is Radioactivity

Radioactivity is the phenomenon of spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of an atom with the emission of one or more radiation like Alpha particle, Beta particle and Gamma Rays.

Unit :

S.I Unit of Radioactivity is Becquerel(Bq)
1Bequerel (Bq) = 1 Disintegration/second

Currie
The activity of Radioactivity sample is said to be one Curie.

1Curie(Ci)=3.7×10¹⁰decays/second

Rutherford
The activity of a radioactive sample is said to be a one Rutherford.

1Rutherford(Rd)=10⁶decays/second

Radioactive Decay

it is the transformation process in which radioactive rays are emitted from the nucleus of the atom cannot be accelerated and Slow Down by any physical or chemical process.

It is also known as Nuclear decay, nuclear disintegration, or radioactive disintegration.

Radioactive decay is a spontaneous or random process that occurs at Microscopic level (or individual atoms). Since, it is impossible to predict exactly when a single unstable nucleus will decay, the rate of decay of a group of atoms may be predicted based on decay constants or half-lives

Radioactive decay law

According to this law, the rate of decay of Radioactive Atom at any instant is proportional to the number of Atom present at that instant.

Radioactivity decay law equation

Where, Lambda is decay constant and N is number of undisintegrated nucleus present in the sample at any instant t.

Term’s Related to Radioactivity

Half-life Cycle

Half-life cycle Equation

The life of the half- life of a radioactive element is defined as the time taken for half number of atoms of the element to disintegrate (or decay) or to become stable.

Or we can also say that Half-life of radioactive element is defined as the time during which half the number of Atom present initially in the sample of the element decay

Mean Life/ Average Life

It is represented by (Tau)

Average life of radioactive element can be obtained by calculating the total life time of all the atoms of the radioactive element and dividing it by the total number of Atom present initially in the sample of the element.
Equation.

Mean life of Radioactive Elements

Time Required to Decay

it is denoted by 't'
Equation.

Time Required to Decay

Decay Constant

Its is represented by lambda
Radioactive decay constant may be defined as the reciprocal of the time during which the number of Atom in radioactive substance reduces to 36.8% of their initial number.
Equation

Decay constant equation

Radioactive displacement law

The law of radioactive displacement is also known as Fajan’s and Soddy law.
This law describes which chemical element and isotopes created during the particular type of Radioactive Decay.

Types of Radioactive Decay

1. Alpha rays

It is denoted by Alpha (α).
Also Known as Double positively charged Helium atom.
There are positively charged Helium nuclei.
In Alpha Decay the mass number of the product Nucleus is four less than that of decaying during the Particular type of Radioactive decay.

^AX_Z = ^A-4Y_Z-2 + ⁴He₂ + q

2. Beta rays:

It is denoted by Beta (β).
They are negatively charged particle which have a similar feature like electron.
They have only charge but no mass.
In Beta Decay, the mass number of product nucleus remains same but atomic number Increases or Decreases by One.
It can further Classified in to two Categories.

1. Beta-minus decay

In beta-minus decay, an Electron and an Antineutrino are created and emitted from the nucleus via the reaction given below:

n = p + e^- + q

^AX_Z = ^AY_Z+1 + ⁰e_-1 + q

³²P_{15 =} ³²S₁₆ + ⁰e_-1 + q

2. Beta-Plus Decay

In beta-plus decay, a positron and a neutrino are created and emitted from the nucleus via the reaction given below:

p = n + e^- + q

^AX_Z = ^AY_Z-1 + ⁰e₊₁ + q

²²Na_{11 =} ²²Na₁₀ + ⁰e₊₁ + q

3. Gama ray's:

It is denoted by Gama (γ).
They are charge less Proton which are highly energetic they travel in the form of electromagnetic wave and has a speed equal to the light or due to high frequency.
They are highly energetic and have highest penetrating power.
A gamma ray is emitted when alpha or beta decays results in a daughter nucleus in an excited state. Atom then return to ground state by a single photon transition or successive transitions involving more than one photon.

^AX_Z = ^AX_Z + γ

**The emission of alpha, and beta is from the Nucleus result in the form of a difference element (Atomic number goes on decreasing) but, the emission of Gama Ray's doesn't have any role in the formation of different elements.

Application Of Radioactivity

1. GH-Counter:

The Geiger Muller counter (or GH-Counter) is a device which can detect the presence of radioactive substance and can also measure is radioactivity.

2. Carbon Dating

Carbon-14 is made in the Upper atmosphere.
The half-life of C-14 is 5730.
As an age signature levels of C-14 in carbon-based artifacts are compared to modern levels.
It is a technique of estimating the age of remains of plants living organisms. such as plant or animal by measuring radioactivity by Carbon-14.

Carbon dating formula

where,
t = the age of the rock or minerals specimen
lambda is the appropriate decay constant
D is the number of atoms of a daughter product today
P is the number of atoms of the Parent isotope today.

Nuclear Energy (Or Atomic energy)

Mass defect Equation

The energy produced by nuclear fission or fusion is known as a nuclear.

Energy in a nuclear reaction there is a loss of mass. This mass is converted into energy and is given by mass defect Equation.

E=mc²

Where, 'E' is Energy and 'm' is mass loss.

It is a formula of atom bomb.

Transmutation of less stable nuclei into more tightly bound nuclei provides an excellent possibility of releasing nuclear energy.

Two distinct ways of obtaining energy from nucleus are given as below:

Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Fission Reaction

It's the Breaking large atom into smaller atom.
It is the phenomenon of splitting of a heavy nucleus into two (or more) smaller nuclei with the release of nuclear energy.
For Nuclear Fission enriched Uranium (U²³⁵)and Plutonium (P²³⁹) are used.

Types of Nuclear Fission

There are types of nuclear fission

1. Control Nuclear Fission

2. Uncontrolled Nuclear Fission

1. Control Nuclear Fission

This type of fission takes place in a nuclear reactor. Where Fission reaction is reduced and the energy produce can be used for producing electricity. In a nuclear reactor in which Uranium U²³⁵ isotope is used as a nuclear fuel.

Future of Nuclear Reactor

Fission reaction takes place at a control rate.
A moderator is used to slow down the speed of fast moving neutron Graphite or Heavy Water (D₂O) is used as a moderator.
A Control device is known as a control road are used to control the flow of neutron by observing them ( Boron and Cadmium roads are used as Control road).
Control roads become a saturated with a neutron after definite period of time and hence need to be replaced after a certain period of time.
Ordinary Water or Heavy water are used as a coolant.

2. Uncontrolled Nuclear Fission

Atomic Bomb
(Uncontrolled Fusion Reaction)

These are the fission reaction which takes place in atom a large amount of heat energy is produced and the Process continuous until entire amount of fissionable material get exhausted. In Atom Bomb both enriched Uranium U²³⁵ and P²³⁹ are used.

Enriched Uranium U²³⁵

Natural Uranium occur as U²³⁸ and 0.7% of U²³⁵.
In which U²³⁸ is not fissionable. Therefore, U²³⁵ has to separated and concentrated for Nuclear Fission in uranium with large quantity or love u 235 and Concentrated for Nuclear Fission.
Uranium with large Quantity U²³⁵ Isotopes is Called as enriched Uranium.

Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear Fusion reaction

Combining of smallest substance to form a bigger one is called Nuclear Fission.

It’s the process of fusing of two (or more) lighter Nuclear to form a single heavy nucleus. In this reaction also large amount of heat energy is produced.

**Nuclear Fission takes place in a sun and star and it is one of the main source of their light and heat energy.

In hydrogen bomb Nuclear Fission reaction takes place (for starting a fusion reaction a small amount of propane energy required. Which can also be obtained by fission reaction fission reaction) act as a trigger for starting a fission reaction.

List of Nuclear Power Plant In India

Nuclear Power plant

1. NPCIL - Tarapur (Maharashtra)

Type: Boiling water reactor (BWR)

& Pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR)

Total capacity: 1,400 MW

2. NPCIL - Rawatbhata (Rajasthan)