Shaila Touchton Technical pages

Importance of Wireless Technologies

2021-12-13T18:27:00.004-08:00

Wireless connection to internet is very common these days. Often an external modem is connected to the Internet and other devices connect to it wirelessly. This Removed the need for last mile or first mile wiring. There are two ways of connecting to the Internet wirelessly – Wi-Fi and WiMAx. What are Basic Wireless Devices? 1. Wireless Access Points, 2. Wireless Network Interface Card (WNIC), 3. Wireless Antennas • Wireless Access Points In the wireless networks, you’ll find a central component such as a switch that’s there to connect hosts together and allow them to communicate with each other. Only that device is known as a wireless access point (AP) instead. • Wireless Network Interface Card (WNIC) Every host you want to connect to a wireless network needs a wireless network interface card (WNIC) to do so. Basically, a wireless NIC does the same job as a traditional Ethernet NIC, only instead of having a socket/port to plug a cable into; the wireless NIC has a radio antenna. It would be difficult to buy a laptop today without a wireless card already built in. Wireless Antennas Wireless antennas work with both transmitters and receivers. There are two broad classes of antennas on the market today: omnidirectional (or). Wireless access points have at least one antenna. Usually there’s two for better reception (referred to as diversity) and an Ethernet port to connect them to a wired network What do you mean by Wi-Fi? Wi-Fi is the acronym for wireless fidelity. Wi-Fi technology is used to achieve connection to the Internet without a direct cable between device and Internet Service Provider. Wi-Fi enabled device and wireless router are required for setting up a Wi-Fi connection. These are some characteristics of wireless Internet connection − • Range of 100 yards • Insecure connection • Throughput of 10-12 Mbps If a PC or laptop does not have Wi-Fi capacity, it can be added using a Wi-Fi card. Computer networks are an integral part of our personal and professional lives because we carry out lots of day-to-day activities through the Internet or local organizational network. The downside of this is that huge amount of data, from official documents to personal details, gets shared over the network. So it becomes necessary to ensure that the data is not accessed by unauthorized people. Practices adopted to monitor and prevent unauthorized access and misuse of network resources and data on them is called network security. A network has two components – hardware and software. Both these components have their own vulnerability to threats. Threat is a possible risk that might exploit a network weakness to breach security and cause harm. Examples of hardware threats include − • Improper installation • Use of unsecure components • Electromagnetic interference from external sources • Extreme weather conditions • Lack of disaster planning Hardware threats form only 10% of network security threats worldwide because the components need to be accessed physically. 90% threats are through software vulnerabilities. Here we discuss the major types of software security threats. Wireless Security • Open Access All Wi-Fi Certified wireless LAN products are shipped in “open-access” mode, with their security features turned off. While open access or no security may be appropriate and acceptable for public hot spots such as coffee shops, college campuses, and maybe airports, it’s definitely not an option for an enterprise organization, and likely not even adequate for your private home network. • SSIDs, WEP, and MAC Address Authentication SSID Authentication- Two types of authentication were specified by the IEEE 802.11 committee: open authentication and shared-key authentication. Open authentication involves little more than supplying the correct SSID—but it’s the most common method in use today. WEP Authentication- WEP is a type of shared-key authentication With shared-key authentication, the access point sends the client device a challenge-text packet that the client must then encrypt with the correct Wired Equivalency Privacy (WEP) key and return to the access point. Without the correct key, authentication will fail and the client won’t be allowed to associate with the access point. Without the correct key, authentication will fail and the client won’t be allowed to associate with the access point MAC Address Authentication- Last, client MAC addresses can be statically typed into each access point, and any of them that show up without that MAC addresses in the filter table would be denied access. Sounds good, but of course all MAC layer information must be sent in the clear—anyone equipped with a free wireless sniffer can just read the client packets sent to the access point and spoof their MAC address. Wireless technology offers speed, flexibility, and network efficiency. It has become a powerful tool for tech-savvy generation as it facilitates easy information sharing and boosts productivity. Benefits of Wireless networking. 1. Increased Mobility: Wireless networks allow mobile users to access real-time information so they can roam around your company’s space without getting disconnected from the network. This increases teamwork and productivity company-wide that is not possible with traditional networks. 2. Installation Speed and Simplicity: Installing a wireless network system reduces cables, which are cumbersome to setup and can impose a safety risk, should employees’ trip on them. It can also be installed quickly and easily, when compared to a traditional network. 3. Wider Reach of the Network: The Wireless network can be extended to places in your organization that are not accessible for wires and cables. 4. More Flexibility: Should your network change in the future, you can easily update the wireless network to meet new configurations. 5. Reduced Cost of Ownership over Time: Wireless networking may carry a slightly higher initial investment, but the overall expenses over time are lower. It also may have a longer lifecycle than a traditionally connected network. 6. Increased Scalability: Wireless systems can be specifically configured to meet the needs of specific applications. These can be easily changed and scaled depending on your organization’s needs.

Microsoft Excel Questions & Answers

2017-10-29T14:52:00.000-07:00

1) What is Microsoft Excel? Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet application that enables users to store, organize, calculate and manipulate the data with formulas using a spreadsheet system broken up by rows and columns. It also provides the flexibility to use an external database to do analysis, make reports, etc. thus saving lots of time. 2) What is ribbon? Ribbon refers to the topmost area of the application that contains menu items and toolbars available in MS-Excel. Ribbon can be shown/hidden using CTRL+F1. The ribbon runs on the top of the application and is the replacement for the toolbars and menus. The ribbons have various tabs on the top, and each tab has its own group of commands. 3) Explain Spreadsheet and its Basics. Spreadsheet can be compared to a paper ledger sheet. It consists or rows and columns and their intersection called cells. 4) How many data formats are available in Excel? Name some of them. Eleven data formats are available in Microsoft Excel for data Storage. Example: • Number – Stores data as a number • Currency – Stores data in the form of currency • Date – Data is stored as dates • Percentage – Stores numbers as a percentage • Text Formats – Stores data as string of texts 5) Specify the order of operations used for evaluating formulas in Excel. The order of operations in Microsoft Excel is same as in standard mathematics. It’s defined by the term “PEMDAS” or “BEDMAS”. • Parentheses or Brackets • Exponent • Multiplication • Division • Addition • Subtraction Excel Interview Questions 6) How can you wrap the text within a cell? You must select the text you want to wrap, and then click wrap text from the home tab and you can wrap the text within a cell. 7) Explain Macro in MS-Excel. Macros are used for iterating over a group of tasks. Users can create macros for their customized repetitive functions and instructions. Macros can be either written or recorded depending on the user. 8)Which are the two macro languages in MS-Excel? XLM and VBA (Visual Basic Applications). Earlier versions of Excel used XLM. VBA was introduced in Excel 5 and mostly used now. 9) Is it possible to prevent someone from copying the cell from your worksheet? Yes, it is possible. To protect your worksheet from getting copied, you need to go into Menu bar >Review > Protect Sheet > Password. By entering a password, you can secure your sheet from getting copied by others. 10) What are charts in MS-Excel? To enable graphical representation of the data in Excel, charts are provided. A user can use any chart type, including column, bar, line, pie, scatter, etc. by selecting an option from Insert tab’s Chart group. 11) How can you sum up the Rows and Column number quickly in the Excel sheet? By using SUM function, you can get the total sum of the rows and columns, in an Excel worksheet. 12) Explain few useful functions in Excel. Following are the functions available in Excel for manipulating the data: • Math and Financial Functions – SQRT, DEGREE, RAND(), GCD • Logical Functions – IF, AND, FALSE, TRUE • Date and Time functions – NOW(), DATEVALUE(), WEEKDAY(NOW()) • Index Match – VLOOKUP and INDEX MATCH • Pivot tables 13) What does a red triangle at the top right of a cell indicate? The red triangle indicates that some comment is associated with the cell. Hover the mouse over it, and you can read the full comment. 14) How can you add a new Excel worksheet? To add a new Excel worksheet, you should insert worksheet tab at the bottom of the screen. 15) What is the use of NameBox in MS-Excel? Name Box is used to return to a particular area of the worksheet by typing the range name or cell address in the name box. 16) How can you resize the column? To resize the column, you should change the width of one column and then drag the boundary on the right side of the column heading till the width you want. The other way of doing it is to select the Format from the home tab, and in Format you have to select AUTOFIT COLUMN WIDTH under cell section. On clicking on this, the cell size will get formatted. 17) Explain pivot tables and its uses. A pivot table is a tool that allows for quick summarization of large data. It automatically performs a sort, count, total or average of the data stored in the spreadsheet and displays result in another spreadsheet. It saves a lot of time. Allows to link external data sources to our Excel. 18) What are three report formats that are available in Excel? Following are the types of report formats • Compact • Report • Tabular 19) How would you provide a Dynamic range in “Data Source” of Pivot Tables? To provide a dynamic range in “Data Source” of Pivot tables, first, create a named range using offset function and base the pivot table using a named range created in the first step. 20) Is it possible to make Pivot table using multiple sources of data? If the multiple sources are different worksheets, from the same workbook, then it is possible to make Pivot table using multiple sources of data. 21) Which event do you use to check whether the Pivot Table is modified or not? To check whether the pivot table is modified or not we use “PivotTableUpdate” in worksheet containing the pivot table. 22) How can you disable automatic sorting in pivot tables? To disable automatic sorting in pivot tables: Go To > More Sort Options > Right Click ‘Pivot tables’ > Select ‘sort menu’ > select ‘More Options’ > deselect ‘Sort automatically’. 23) What is Freeze Panes in MS-Excel? To lock any row or column, freeze panes is used. The locked row or column will be visible on the screen even after we scroll the sheet vertically or horizontally. 24) What could you do to stop the pivot table from loosing the column width upon refreshing? Format loss in a pivot table can be stopped simply by changing the pivot table options. Under the “Pivot Table Options” turn on the “Enable Preserve Formatting” and disable “Auto Format” option. 25) Explain workbook protection types in Excel. Excel provides three ways to protect a workbook: • Password protection for opening a workbook • Protection for adding, deleting, hiding and unhiding sheets • Protection from changing size or position of windows. 26) Explain the difference between SUBSTITUTE and REPLACE function in MS-Excel? The SUBSTITUTE function substitutes one or more instances of old text with the new text in a string. Syntax: SUBSTITUTE(text, oldText, newText, [instanceNumber]) Example: Let text at A2 be Guru99,Guru99 SUBSTITUTE(A2,”9″,”8″,1) =>Guru89,Guru99 SUBSTITUTE(A2,”9″,”8″,2) =>Guru88,Guru99 SUBSTITUTE(A2,”9″,”9″) =>Guru88,Guru88 The REPLACE function swaps part of the text string with another set of text. Syntax: REPLACE(oldText, startNumber, NumberCharacters, newText) Example: Let text at A2 be Guru99 REPLACE(A2,5,1,”00″) =>Guru009 27) Difference between COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTIF and COUNTBLANK in Ms-Excel. COUNT is used to count cells containing numbers, dates, etc. any value stored as number excluding blanks. COUNTA or Count All is used to count any cell value containing numbers, text, logical values, etc. any type of value excluding blanks. COUNTBLANK count blank cells or cells with an empty string. COUNTIF and COUNTIFS count cells matching a certain criteria. 28) What is IF function in Excel? To perform the logic test IF function is performed. It checks whether certain conditions is true or false. If the condition is true, then it will give result accordingly if the condition is false then the result or out-put will be different. Example: For example, you select the cell, and you want to display that cell as “Greater than five,” when value is true (=5 or 5) and “less than five” when value is false (<5). For that by using IF condition you can display result. =IF (Logical test, value if true, value if false) =IF (A1>5, “Greater than five, “Less than five”) 29) Can we create shortcuts to Excel functions? Yes. ‘Quick Access Toolbar’ above the home button can be customized to display most frequently used shortcuts. 30) What is the use of LOOKUP function in Excel? In Microsoft Excel, the LOOKUP function returns a value from a range or an array. 31) How can you apply the same formatting to every sheet in a workbook in MS-Excel? Right Click ‘Worksheet tab’ > Choose ‘Select All Sheets’. Now any formatting done will be applied to the whole workbook. To apply to a particular group of sheets, select only those sheets that need formatting. 32) What are left, right, fill and distributed alignments? Left /Right alignment align the text to left and right most of the cell. Fill as the name suggests, fill the cell with same text repetitively. Distributed, spread the text across the width of the cell. LEFT FILL DISTRIBUTED Ab abababababababab a b A aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa A 33) To move to the previous worksheet and next sheet, what keys will you press? To move to the previous worksheet, you will use the keys Ctrl + PgUp, and to move to the next sheet you will use keys Ctrl + PgDown. 34) What filter will you use, if you want more than two conditions or if you want to analyze the list using database function? You will use Advanced Criteria Filter, to analyze the list or if more than two conditions should be tested. 35) What is the quick way to return to a particular area of a worksheet? The quick way to return to a specific area of the worksheet is by using name box. You can type the cell address or range name in name box to return to a specific area of a worksheet. 36) Which function is used to determine the day of the week for a date? WEEKDAY () returns the day of the week for a particular date counting from Sunday. Example: Let date at A1 be 12/30/2016 WEEKDAY(A1,1) =>6 37) What is the benefit of using formula in Excel sheet? Calculating the numbers in Excel sheet, not only help you to give the final ‘sum up’ of the number but, it also calculates automatically the number replaced by another number or digit. Through Excel sheet, the complex calculations become easy like payroll deduction or averaging the student’s result. 38) What is the “What If” condition in Excel formulas? The “What If” condition is used to change the data in Microsoft Excel formulas to give different answers. Example: You are buying a new car and want to calculate the exact amount of tax that will be levied on it then you can use the “What If” function. For instance, there are three cells A4,B4, and C4. First cell says about the amount, the second cell will tell about the percentage (7.5%) of tax and the final cell will calculate the exact amount of tax. 39) How can you disable the automating sorting in pivot tables? To disable the automating sorting in pivot tables, Go to > “More Sort Options”> Right Click “Pivot table” > Select “Sort” menu > Select “More Options” > Deselect the “Sort automatically when the report is created.” 40) What is the AND function does in Excel? Like IF function, AND function also does the logical function. To check whether the output will be true or false the AND function will evaluate at least one mathematical expression located in another cell in the spreadsheet. If you want to see the output of more than one cells in a single cell, it is possible by using AND function. Example: If you have two cells, A1 and A2, and the value you put in those two cells are >5 and you want result should display as ‘TRUE’ in cell B1 if value>5, and ‘False’ if any of those values<5. You can use AND function to do that. 41) How cell reference is useful in the calculation? In order to avoid writing the data again and again for calculating purpose, cell reference is used. When you write any formula, for specific function, you need to direct Excel the specific location of that data. This location is referred as, cell reference. So, every time a new value added to the cell, the cell will calculate according to the reference cell formula.

Basic Network Technical support questions and Answers

2017-10-29T14:49:00.005-07:00

1) What is a Link? A link refers to the connectivity between two devices. It includes the type of cables and protocols used in order for one device to be able to communicate with the other. 2) What are the layers of the OSI reference model? There are 7 OSI layers: Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer and Application Layer. 3) What is backbone network? A backbone network is a centralized infrastructure that is designed to distribute different routes and data to various networks. It also handles management of bandwidth and various channels. 4) What is a LAN? LAN is short for Local Area Network. It refers to the connection between computers and other network devices that are located within a small physical location. 5) What is a node? A node refers to a point or joint where a connection takes place. It can be computer or device that is part of a network. Two or more nodes are needed in order to form a network connection. 6) What are routers? Routers can connect two or more network segments. These are intelligent network devices that store information in its routing table such as paths, hops and bottlenecks. With this info, they are able to determine the best path for data transfer. Routers operate at the OSI Network Layer. 7) What is point to point link? It refers to a direct connection between two computers on a network. A point to point connection does not need any other network devices other than connecting a cable to the NIC cards of both computers. 8) What is anonymous FTP? Anonymous FTP is a way of granting user access to files in public servers. Users that are allowed access to data in these servers do not need to identify themselves, but instead log in as an anonymous guest. 9) What is subnet mask? A subnet mask is combined with an IP address in order to identify two parts: the extended network address and the host address. Like an IP address, a subnet mask is made up of 32 bits. 10) What is the maximum length allowed for a UTP cable? A single segment of UTP cable has an allowable length of 90 to 100 meters. This limitation can be overcome by using repeaters and switches. 11) What is data encapsulation? Data encapsulation is the process of breaking down information into smaller manageable chunks before it is transmitted across the network. It is also in this process that the source and destination addresses are attached into the headers, along with parity checks. 12) Describe Network Topology Network Topology refers to the layout of a computer network. It shows how devices and cables are physically laid out, as well as how they connect to one another. 13) What is VPN? VPN means Virtual Private Network, a technology that allows a secure tunnel to be created across a network such as the Internet. For example, VPNs allow you to establish a secure dial-up connection to a remote server. 14) Briefly describe NAT. NAT is Network Address Translation. This is a protocol that provides a way for multiple computers on a common network to share single connection to the Internet. 15) What is the job of the Network Layer under the OSI reference model? The Network layer is responsible for data routing, packet switching and control of network congestion. Routers operate under this layer. 16) How does a network topology affect your decision in setting up a network? Network topology dictates what media you must use to interconnect devices. It also serves as basis on what materials, connector and terminations that is applicable for the setup. 17) What is RIP? RIP, short for Routing Information Protocol is used by routers to send data from one network to another. It efficiently manages routing data by broadcasting its routing table to all other routers within the network. It determines the network distance in units of hops. 18) What are different ways of securing a computer network? There are several ways to do this. Install reliable and updated anti-virus program on all computers. Make sure firewalls are setup and configured properly. User authentication will also help a lot. All of these combined would make a highly secured network. 19) What is NIC? NIC is short for Network Interface Card. This is a peripheral card that is attached to a PC in order to connect to a network. Every NIC has its own MAC address that identifies the PC on the network. 20) What is WAN? WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is an interconnection of computers and devices that are geographically dispersed. It connects networks that are located in different regions and countries. 21) What is the importance of the OSI Physical Layer? The physical layer does the conversion from data bits to electrical signal, and vice versa. This is where network devices and cable types are considered and setup. 22) How many layers are there under TCP/IP? There are four layers: the Network Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer and Application Layer. 23) What are proxy servers and how do they protect computer networks? Proxy servers primarily prevent external users who identifying the IP addresses of an internal network. Without knowledge of the correct IP address, even the physical location of the network cannot be identified. Proxy servers can make a network virtually invisible to external users. 24) What is the function of the OSI Session Layer? This layer provides the protocols and means for two devices on the network to communicate with each other by holding a session. This includes setting up the session, managing information exchange during the session, and tear-down process upon termination of the session. 25) What is the importance of implementing a Fault Tolerance System? Are there limitations? A fault tolerance system ensures continuous data availability. This is done by eliminating a single point of failure. However, this type of system would not be able to protect data in some cases, such as in accidental deletions. 26) What does 10Base-T mean? The 10 refers to the data transfer rate, in this case is 10Mbps. The word Base refers to base band, as oppose to broad band. T means twisted pair, which is the cable used for that network. 27) What is a private IP address? Private IP addresses are assigned for use on intranets. These addresses are used for internal networks and are not routable on external public networks. These ensures that no conflicts are present among internal networks while at the same time the same range of private IP addresses are reusable for multiple intranets since they do not “see” each other. 28) What is NOS? NOS, or Network Operating System, is specialized software whose main task is to provide network connectivity to a computer in order for it to be able to communicate with other computers and connected devices. 29) What is DoS? DoS, or Denial-of-Service attack, is an attempt to prevent users from being able to access the internet or any other network services. Such attacks may come in different forms and are done by a group of perpetuators. One common method of doing this is to overload the system server so it cannot anymore process legitimate traffic and will be forced to reset. 30) What is OSI and what role does it play in computer networks? OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) serves as a reference model for data communication. It is made up of 7 layers, with each layer defining a particular aspect on how network devices connect and communicate with one another. One layer may deal with the physical media used, while another layer dictates how data is actually transmitted across the network. 31) What is the purpose of cables being shielded and having twisted pairs? The main purpose of this is to prevent crosstalk. Crosstalks are electromagnetic interferences or noise that can affect data being transmitted across cables. 32) What is the advantage of address sharing? By using address translation instead of routing, address sharing provides an inherent security benefit. That’s because host PCs on the Internet can only see the public IP address of the external interface on the computer that provides address translation and not the private IP addresses on the internal network. 33) What are MAC addresses? MAC, or Media Access Control, uniquely identifies a device on the network. It is also known as physical address or Ethernet address. A MAC address is made up of 6-byte parts. 34) What is the equivalent layer or layers of the TCP/IP Application layer in terms of OSI reference model? The TCP/IP Application layer actually has three counterparts on the OSI model: the Session layer, Presentation Layer and Application Layer. 35) How can you identify the IP class of a given IP address? By looking at the first octet of any given IP address, you can identify whether it’s Class A, B or C. If the first octet begins with a 0 bit, that address is Class A. If it begins with bits 10 then that address is a Class B address. If it begins with 110, then it’s a Class C network. 36) What is the main purpose of OSPF? OSPF, or Open Shortest Path First, is a link-state routing protocol that uses routing tables to determine the best possible path for data exchange. 37) What are firewalls? Firewalls serve to protect an internal network from external attacks. These external threats can be hackers who want to steal data or computer viruses that can wipe out data in an instant. It also prevents other users from external networks from gaining access to the private network. 38) Describe star topology Star topology consists of a central hub that connects to nodes. This is one of the easiest to setup and maintain. 39) What are gateways? Gateways provide connectivity between two or more network segments. It is usually a computer that runs the gateway software and provides translation services. This translation is a key in allowing different systems to communicate on the network. 40) What is the disadvantage of a star topology? One major disadvantage of star topology is that once the central hub or switch get damaged, the entire network becomes unusable. 41) What is SLIP? SLIP, or Serial Line Interface Protocol, is actually an old protocol developed during the early UNIX days. This is one of the protocols that are used for remote access. 42) Give some examples of private network addresses. 10.0.0.0 with a subnet mask of 255.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 with subnet mask of 255.240.0.0 192.168.0.0 with subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 43) What is tracert? Tracert is a Windows utility program that can used to trace the route taken by data from the router to the destination network. It also shows the number of hops taken during the entire transmission route. 44) What are the functions of a network administrator? A network administrator has many responsibilities that can be summarize into 3 key functions: installation of a network, configuration of network settings, and maintenance/troubleshooting of networks. 45) Describe at one disadvantage of a peer to peer network. When you are accessing the resources that are shared by one of the workstations on the network, that workstation takes a performance hit. 46) What is Hybrid Network? A hybrid network is a network setup that makes use of both client-server and peer-to-peer architecture. 47) What is DHCP? DHCP is short for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Its main task is to automatically assign an IP address to devices across the network. It first checks for the next available address not yet taken by any device, then assigns this to a network device. 48) What is the main job of the ARP? The main task of ARP or Address Resolution Protocol is to map a known IP address to a MAC layer address. 49) What is TCP/IP? TCP/IP is short for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. This is a set of protocol layers that is designed to make data exchange possible on different types of computer networks, also known as heterogeneous network. 50) How can you manage a network using a router? Routers have built in console that lets you configure different settings, like security and data logging. You can assign restrictions to computers, such as what resources it is allowed access, or what particular time of the day they can browse the internet. You can even put restrictions on what websites are not viewable across the entire network. 51) What protocol can be applied when you want to transfer files between different platforms, such between UNIX systems and Windows servers? Use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for file transfers between such different servers. This is possible because FTP is platform independent. 52) What is the use of a default gateway? Default gateways provide means for the local networks to connect to the external network. The default gateway for connecting to the external network is usually the address of the external router port. 53) One way of securing a network is through the use of passwords. What can be considered as good passwords? Good passwords are made up of not just letters, but by combining letters and numbers. A password that combines uppercase and lowercase letters is favorable than one that uses all upper case or all lower case letters. Passwords must be not words that can easily be guessed by hackers, such as dates, names, favorites, etc. Longer passwords are also better than short ones. 54) What is the proper termination rate for UTP cables? The proper termination for unshielded twisted pair network cable is 100 ohms. 55) What is netstat? Netstat is a command line utility program. It provides useful information about the current TCP/IP settings of a connection. 56) What is the number of network IDs in a Class C network? For a Class C network, the number of usable Network ID bits is 21. The number of possible network IDs is 2 raised to 21 or 2,097,152. The number of host IDs per network ID is 2 raised to 8 minus 2, or 254. 57) What happens when you use cables longer than the prescribed length? Cables that are too long would result in signal loss. This means that data transmission and reception would be affected, because the signal degrades over length. 58) What common software problems can lead to network defects? Software related problems can be any or a combination of the following: – client server problems – application conflicts – error in configuration – protocol mismatch – security issues – user policy and rights issues 59) What is ICMP? ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol. It provides messaging and communication for protocols within the TCP/IP stack. This is also the protocol that manages error messages that are used by network tools such as PING. 60) What is Ping? Ping is a utility program that allows you to check connectivity between network devices on the network. You can ping a device by using its IP address or device name, such as a computer name. 61) What is peer to peer? Peer to peer are networks that does not reply on a server. All PCs on this network act as individual workstations. 62) What is DNS? DNS is Domain Name System. The main function of this network service is to provide host names to TCP/IP address resolution. 63) What advantages does fiber optics have over other media? One major advantage of fiber optics is that is it less susceptible to electrical interference. It also supports higher bandwidth, meaning more data can be transmitted and received. Signal degrading is also very minimal over long distances. 64) What is the difference between a hub and a switch? A hub acts as a multiport repeater. However, as more and more devices connect to it, it would not be able to efficiently manage the volume of traffic that passes through it. A switch provides a better alternative that can improve the performance especially when high traffic volume is expected across all ports. 65) What are the different network protocols that are supported by Windows RRAS services? There are three main network protocols supported: NetBEUI, TCP/IP, and IPX. 66) What are the maximum networks and hosts in a class A, B and C network? For Class A, there are 126 possible networks and 16,777,214 hosts For Class B, there are 16,384 possible networks and 65,534 hosts For Class C, there are 2,097,152 possible networks and 254 hosts 67) What is the standard color sequence of a straight-through cable? orange/white, orange, green/white, blue, blue/white, green, brown/white, brown. 68) What protocols fall under the Application layer of the TCP/IP stack? The following are the protocols under TCP/IP Application layer: FTP, TFTP, Telnet and SMTP. 69) You need to connect two computers for file sharing. Is it possible to do this without using a hub or router? Yes, you can connect two computers together using only one cable. A crossover type cable can be use in this scenario. In this setup, the data transmit pin of one cable is connected to the data receive pin of the other cable, and vice versa. 70) What is ipconfig? Ipconfig is a utility program that is commonly used to identify the addresses information of a computer on a network. It can show the physical address as well as the IP address. 71) What is the difference between a straight-through and crossover cable? A straight-through cable is used to connect computers to a switch, hub or router. A crossover cable is used to connect two similar devices together, such as a PC to PC or Hub to hub. 72) What is client/server? Client/server is a type of network wherein one or more computers act as servers. Servers provide a centralized repository of resources such as printers and files. Clients refers to workstation that access the server. 73) Describe networking. Networking refers to the inter connection between computers and peripherals for data communication. Networking can be done using wired cabling or through wireless link. 74) When you move the NIC cards from one PC to another PC, does the MAC address gets transferred as well? Yes, that’s because MAC addresses are hard-wired into the NIC circuitry, not the PC. This also means that a PC can have a different MAC address when the NIC card was replace by another one. 75) Explain clustering support Clustering support refers to the ability of a network operating system to connect multiple servers in a fault-tolerant group. The main purpose of this is the in the event that one server fails, all processing will continue on with the next server in the cluster. 76) In a network that contains two servers and twenty workstations, where is the best place to install an Anti-virus program? An anti-virus program must be installed on all servers and workstations to ensure protection. That’s because individual users can access any workstation and introduce a computer virus when plugging in their removable hard drives or flash drives. 77) Describe Ethernet. Ethernet is one of the popular networking technologies used these days. It was developed during the early 1970s and is based on specifications as stated in the IEEE. Ethernet is used in local area networks. 78) What are some drawbacks of implementing a ring topology? In case one workstation on the network suffers a malfunction, it can bring down the entire network. Another drawback is that when there are adjustments and reconfigurations needed to be performed on a particular part of the network, the entire network has to be temporarily brought down as well. 79) What is the difference between CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA? CSMA/CD, or Collision Detect, retransmits data frames whenever a collision occurred. CSMA/CA, or Collision Avoidance, will first broadcast intent to send prior to data transmission. 80) What is SMTP? SMTP is short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This protocol deals with all Internal mail, and provides the necessary mail delivery services on the TCP/IP protocol stack. 81) What is multicast routing? Multicast routing is a targeted form of broadcasting that sends message to a selected group of user, instead of sending it to all users on a subnet. 82) What is the importance of Encryption on a network? Encryption is the process of translating information into a code that is unreadable by the user. It is then translated back or decrypted back to its normal readable format using a secret key or password. Encryption help ensure that information that is intercepted halfway would remain unreadable because the user has to have the correct password or key for it. 83) How are IP addresses arranged and displayed? IP addresses are displayed as a series of four decimal numbers that are separated by period or dots. Another term for this arrangement is the dotted decimal format. An example is 192.168.101.2 84) Explain the importance of authentication. Authentication is the process of verifying a user’s credentials before he can log into the network. It is normally performed using a username and password. This provides a secure means of limiting the access from unwanted intruders on the network. 85) What do mean by tunnel mode? This is a mode of data exchange wherein two communicating computers do not use IPSec themselves. Instead, the gateway that is connecting their LANs to the transit network creates a virtual tunnel that uses the IPSec protocol to secure all communication that passes through it. 86) What are the different technologies involved in establishing WAN links? Analog connections – using conventional telephone lines; Digital connections – using digital-grade telephone lines; switched connections – using multiple sets of links between sender and receiver to move data. 87) What is one advantage of mesh topology? In the event that one link fails, there will always be another available. Mesh topology is actually one of the most fault-tolerant network topology. 88) When troubleshooting computer network problems, what common hardware-related problems can occur? A large percentage of a network is made up of hardware. Problems in these areas can range from malfunctioning hard drives, broken NICs and even hardware startups. Incorrectly hardware configuration is also one of those culprits to look into. 89) What can be done to fix signal attenuation problems? A common way of dealing with such a problem is to use repeaters and hub, because it will help regenerate the signal and therefore prevent signal loss. Checking if cables are properly terminated is also a must. 90) How does dynamic host configuration protocol aid in network administration? Instead of having to visit each client computer to configure a static IP address, the network administrator can apply dynamic host configuration protocol to create a pool of IP addresses known as scopes that can be dynamically assigned to clients. 91) Explain profile in terms of networking concept? Profiles are the configuration settings made for each user. A profile may be created that puts a user in a group, for example. 92) What is sneakernet? Sneakernet is believed to be the earliest form of networking wherein data is physically transported using removable media, such as disk, tapes. 93) What is the role of IEEE in computer networking? IEEE, or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, is an organization composed of engineers that issues and manages standards for electrical and electronic devices. This includes networking devices, network interfaces, cablings and connectors. 94) What protocols fall under the TCP/IP Internet Layer? There are 4 protocols that are being managed by this layer. These are ICMP, IGMP, IP and ARP. 95) When it comes to networking, what are rights? Rights refer to the authorized permission to perform specific actions on the network. Each user on the network can be assigned individual rights, depending on what must be allowed for that user. 96) What is one basic requirement for establishing VLANs? A VLAN is required because at switch level there is only one broadcast domain, it means whenever new user is connected to switch this information is spread throughout the network. VLAN on switch helps to create separate broadcast domain at switch level. It is used for security purpose. 97) What is IPv6? IPv6 , or Internet Protocol version 6, was developed to replace IPv4. At present, IPv4 is being used to control internet traffic, butis expected to get saturated in the near future. IPv6 was designed to overcome this limitation. 98) What is RSA algorithm? RSA is short for Rivest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm. It is the most commonly used public key encryption algorithm in use today. 99) What is mesh topology? Mesh topology is a setup wherein each device is connected directly to every other device on the network. Consequently, it requires that each device have at least two network connections. 100) what is the maximum segment length of a 100Base-FX network? The maximum allowable length for a network segment using 100Base-FX is 412 meters. The maximum length for the entire network is 5 kilometers.

How to be To be a successful Technical Writer?

2017-10-29T14:39:00.002-07:00

The US Bureau of Labor Statistics defines technical writers as those who “…put technical information into easily understandable language. They work primarily in information-technology-related industries, coordinating the development and dissemination of technical content for a variety of users You need have Product knowledge, Technical knowledge and User knowledge. Knowing users helps us plan the right information architecture for the documentation and hence we can apply our technical and product knowledge accordingly. Most of the time the technical writers work together with editors, graphic designers and illustrators, document specialists, content managers, instructional designers, trainers, and analysts to produce an amazing variety of deliverables, including: Contracts Online and embedded help Requirements specifications Customer Service scripts Policy documents Simulations Demonstrations Process flows Training course materials Design documents Project documents User manuals FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) Product catalogs Warning labels How-to videos Product packaging Web-based Training Instructions Proposals Websites Knowledge base articles Release notes White papers Reference guides The tools required for technical writers are Adobe Acrobat, SnagIt from Techsmith, Microsoft Visio, Camtasia from Techsmith,Adobe Captivate, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Robohelp,Adobe Framemaker,capture from Madcap Software,Adobe Dreamweaver,Gimp from gimp.org,Presenter from Articulate,Abobe Flash professional, DITA Open Toolkit,Blaze from madcap software,Help studio from Innovasys,Help & Manual from EC software etc. Further knowledge of WordPress, Microsoft Office tools, HTML, Screenpresso, QuickBooks, POS systems is added advantage.

How to Recover deleted Facebook messages, photos and videos.

2017-10-29T14:37:00.003-07:00

Step1: open Facebook General account Settings. Step2: When you open your general settings, you will see Download a Copy of your Facebook Data, So click on that. Step3: On the Next page you will see a Download Archive Button, Click on that and you will be prompted to enter your Password to Continue, which is a Security Step by Facebook. Step4: After entering your Facebook Password >Click on Submit. On the next screen you will be shown that the download link for your data will be sent to your email id which you used to create your facebook account. Step5: Wait for Few Minutes to check your Email. You will see an email from facebook in your Inbox with Downloading link ready for you to download all your data. Step6: After downloading the file. Unzip it and open the folder where you will find your messages, photos, vidoes. Pokes, Friend list etc. The Files format will be in .html format so double click on the file and select your Favorite Browser to open the file. After the File opens up in your browser get access to all your data.

How to Connect Your Android Device to Wi-Fi.

2017-10-29T14:36:00.000-07:00

How to Connect Your Android Device to Wi-Fi. These following steps are for Android 7.0 Nougat. 1.If you are setting up or connecting to your home network, you can usually find the default SSID and password or network key printed on the bottom of the wireless router. If you are using a network other than your own, you will need to ask for the network name and password. 2.Scan for a Wi-Fi Network Go to menu bar of basic settings choose the down arrow to open additional settings, and tap on the Wi-Fi network icon Tap on the Settings icon which looks like a gear on your home page, and select Wi-Fi from the Wireless & Networks section. Either of these methods launches the Wi-Fi Settings dialog. This dialog may be called "WLAN" on some devices instead of "Wi-Fi." Turn Wi-Fi on if it is off, using the toggle switch to the right. Once on, the device automatically scans for available Wi-Fi networks within range and displays them as a list. Connect to a Network Scan the list of available networks for the one you want. If you see Networks with a key icon that means it requires passwords. If you know the password, these are preferred networks to use. These are secured networks. We can find Unsecured networks in coffee shops, libraries,some hotels or other public space which have no key icon. If you use one of these networks, your connection security could be breached, so be sure to avoid performing any private browsing or activities, such as logging into a bank account or other private account using public internet. The network signal strength is also displayed, as part of the Wi-Fi wedge icon: the more dark color the icon has ,the stronger the network signal. Tap the name of the Wi-Fi network you want. • If you have never connected to this network, a dialog opens in which you enter the password, then click Connect. • If you have connected to this network in the past, a pop-up dialog will displays in which you choose either Forget, Cancel, or Connect. If you choose "Forget," Android discards your login information from a previous session. If you entered the password correctly, the dialog closes and the SSID you chose displays "Obtaining IP Address" and then "Connected." Once connected, a small Wi-Fi icon appears in the status bar at the top right of the screen. Connect With WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) lets you join a secure WiFi network without entering the network name and password which is a very insecure connection and is primarily intended for device-to-device connections, such as connecting a network printer to your Android device. To set up WPS: 1. Configure your router for WPS Your router initially needs to be configured to support WPS, usually via a button on the router labeled WPS. For Apple AirPort base stations, set up WPS using the AirPort Utility on your computer. 2. Configure your Android device to use WPS Android devices can connect using either the WPS Push or WPS PIN method, depending on the requirements of your router. The PIN method requires that you enter an eight-digit PIN to connect two devices. The Push Button method requires that you press the button on your router when trying to connect which is a more secure option but requires you to be physically near your router. Note:Some security experts recommend disabling WPS on your router completely, or at least using the Push Button method. • Navigate to your Wi-Fi settings page. • Select the three-button options icon on the top right, and choose Advanced. • Choose either WPS Push Button or WPS Pin Entry, depending on your router's instructions. Check Your Wi-Fi Connection When your device has an open Wi-Fi connection, you can view details about the connection, including signal strength, link speed ,the frequency the connection is on, and the type of security. To view these details: 1. Open Wi-Fi settings. 2. Tap the SSID to which you are connected to display a dialog containing the connection's information. Open Network Notifications To be notified on your device when you are within range of an open network, turn on the network notification option in the Wi-Fi settings menu: 1. Open Wi-Fi settings. 2. Tap the settings (cog icon), and use the toggle on Network notification to turn this feature on or off. As long as Wi-Fi is turned on (even if not connected), you will now be notified each time your device detects the signal of an available open network.

Beware of Facebook Hackers!

2017-10-29T14:33:00.001-07:00

1)Application Permission Whenever on Facebook you answer a quiz , install a Facebook game, or add any application , you will be forced to go through an intermediate screen showing what the permissions the application needs . These permissions can include almost anything, which may also include full access to your Facebook account , even when you’re not connected.Becareful to read the permissions. 2) Spammy Video links: Many a times ,Spammers are targeting Facebook book videos to Spread links of Spammy videos, the moment you click on them , it redirects you and takes control of your fb account to Spam on other fb comments, you might not be even aware of whats going on your facebook. 3)Download Notification: Sometimes when you start a video , you receive a notification that you need to install or update a codec , which is necessary and essential to watch the clip. Even though its true sometimes codec can be a Trojan horse virus which gives a chance for hackers to hack your FB. 4) Message from Facebook: If you own Popular Facebook pages, then you may even recieve Messages with names like : Facebook team, Security team, Facebook Security, etc, etc. The Message would so legit that you will be Forced to click on Some link, Which are actually Cookie stealing apps .Beware of this and report to facebook team. Few steps to protect yourself from potential Hackers: Add your phone number and Change its privacy to Only me, So Even if there is any problem in your fb account you may easily get it back by making facebook send you Code to your Mobile. And Changing your Phone number Privacy to Only me Will make sure that other people will not be able to see your Phone number. Add Security Question as a Secondary option to get back your Facebook account. Choose a Question, Answer to which only you know. or add any other Unique answer which nobody knows but make sure you are able to remember it. Add People as Friends that you know personally, Many a times people on facebook adds many other people who they dont even know by thier face. Facebook Asks you to identify Friends in which they are Tagged in. Turn on Notification when you log in to your facebook account, so whenever you login, you get a mail from facebook with information about time, date, Operating system and Browser. Keep Changing your Password Frequently atleast once in 3 months.

Technical Support Basic knowledge

2017-10-29T14:28:00.000-07:00

1) What is active directory? Active directory authorizes and authenticates all users and computers in a window domain network, ensuring the security of the computer and software. Through active directory various functions can be managed like creating admin users, connecting to printers or external hard drives. 2) What is DHCP and what it is used for? DHCP stands for dynamic host configuration protocol. It is used to allocate IP addresses to a large number of the computer system in a network. It helps in managing the large number of IP’s very easily. 3) What is scope and super scope? Scope consists of an IP address like gateway IP, subnet mask, DNS server IP. It can be used to communicate with the other PCs in the network. The superscope becomes when you combine two or more scopes together. 4) What is DNS? DNS mean Domain Naming Service and it is used for resolving IP addresses to name and names to IP address. DNS is like a translator for computers, computers understand the number and not the alphabet. For example, if we type like hotmail.com, the computer don’t understand this so they use DNS which converts (hotmail.com) into (numbers) and then executes the command. 5) What is forward and reverse lookup in DNS? When we convert IP address into names is called Reverse lookup, while converting names into IP address is called Forward lookup. Desktop Support 6) What is ‘A’ record and what is ‘MX record’? ‘A’ record is also known as host record, and it has ability to map the IP address by name. It is with this record that DNS can find out the IP address of a name. While, ‘MX record’ also known as mail exchanger record, by the help of ‘MX’ record, location of the mail server is identified. The record is also found in DNS. 7) What is IPCONFIG command? IPCONFIG command is used to display the IP information of the computer assigned like DNS IP address and gateway IP address. 8) What would you use to connect two computers without using switches? Cross cables are used to connect two computers without using switches. 9) What is a domain? Domain is a set of computers which network recognizes by the internet. It can be used by centrally administer computers. It is created when you install active directory. 10) Tell me if your system is infected by a virus how you will recover the data? You need to re-install another system, latest anti-virus software and an O.S with latest patches. Before you start your system, connect the infected HDD as a secondary drive then scan and clean the infected hard drive. Once done, you can copy the files into the system. 11) What is the operating system? Operating system acts as an interpreter between computer application and hardware. It works as an user interface. 12) What are the types of operating system or O.S? The two types of operating systems are: • NOS : Network Operating System. Examples of NOS- Windows NT, 2000,2003 • SOS : Simple Operating System. Examples of SOS – Windows 95,98, ME 13) Explain about RAS server? RAS means Remote Access Server. It allows operating the tool or information that typically resides on a network or IT devices through combination of hardware and software, for example connecting to printer or file. It is usually used for mobile users who are in the network. It uses telephone line to provide connectivity to its users. It can also connect two or more than two offices in the network. 14) Explain about VPN server? VPN means Virtual Private Network. It is a private communications network often used by companies or organizations to communicate confidentially over a public network. This is used by the mobile users in the network. 15) What is the difference between RAS and VPN server? RAS is truly a local area connection between two connections whereas, VPN is a local connection spread over large area. 16) What is IAS server? IAS means Internet Authentication Service. For many types of network access like wireless, authenticating switch and remote access dial-up they perform accounting and auditing, centralized connection authentication and authorization. 17) What is Ping command? Between two or more devices, to check the physical IP connectivity Ping command is used. 18) What do you mean by clustering? What are the benefits? When one or more computers work together as a single system by sharing their resources is known as clustering. The benefits of clustering are that it reduces the load on one single system by sharing the load also it is used for redundancy of the services. 19) What is a group? Group is a collection of the user account. It provides the simplified administration in the network. 20) What is a child domain? A child domain is the member domain of Windows 2000 Active Directory. 21) What are the benefits of a child domain? Benefits of child domain are: • Low network traffic • Low administrative overhead • Security boundary 22) What is OU? OU means for Organizational Unit. It is a container within Active Directory which can hold users, groups and computers. It is the smallest unit on which administrator can assign group policy settings. 23) Explain group policy? Group policy provides the stream line access to all the users in the network, it can be used to define the users security and networking policies. By group policy you can keep control over certain function like not allowing the users to shut down the system or using the control panel or running the command. Group policy is applicable on active directory container like OU, site and Domain. 24) What is the difference between permission, rights and policy? “Policy” is assigned on active directory, like site, domain and OU. The “Rights” are assign to users and groups, whereas, the “Permission” is assigned for network resources like file, folders and printers. 25) What is DC and ADC stands for? DC stands for domain controller and ADC stands for additional domain controller. ADC is a backup of domain controller. Domain controller is a server that checks the security measures like user id, password. 26) What is the difference between DC (Domain controller) and ADC ( Additional Domain Controller)? There is one difference between domain controller and additional domain controller, on DC all five operational roles are available while in ADC only three operational role is available. 27) What are the operational roles for DC (Domain controller) and ADC ( Additional Domain Controller)? Operational roles for DC (Domain controller) are: • Domain Naming Master • Schema Master • RID Master • PDC Emulator • Infrastructure Master Operational roles for ADC (Additional Domain Controller) are: • PDC Emulator • RID Master • Infrastructure Master 28) What is a “Default Gateway”? Default gateway is the IP address of the router in the network. In any case, if the users wants to switch on to another network, or if they cannot locate their particular network than their query will be forwarded to default gateway. 29) How you can take backup of emails in ms outlook? To take a back-up in the ms outlook, you have to go in control panel. In control panel you have to go under mail option and then open the data file, select personal folder and click on open folder. After that, you have to copy .pst and have to paste it wherever you want the backup. 30) What is trusting domain and trusted domain? In trusting domain resources are available, while in trusted domain user’s account is available. 31) What is BUS speed? The rate of communication speed between microprocessor and RAM is known as BUS speed. 32) Name the Active Directory Partitions? There are three types of active directory partitions • Schema partition • Configuration partition • Domain partition 33) What is Fixboot? Fixboot write a new partition boot sector on to the system partition. 34) How many logical drive is it possible to fit on to a physical disk? The maximum number of the logical drive that can fit on a physical disk is 24, while the extended partition can only have 23 logical drives. 35) What is B Router? B router means Bridge router. To provide communication between two or more different network like computer to computer or computer to internet, B Router is used. 36) What is the major difference you can mention about Gateway and Router? Gateway works on different network architecture and router works on same network architecture. 37) What is packet? A packet is a logical grouping of information that comprises a header which contains user data and location information. 38) What is SCSI? SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface. It is a standard electronic interface that allows personal computers to communicate with peripheral hardware such as disk drives, tape drives, printers, CD-ROM drives. In “SCSI” the rate of data transmission is fast. 39) How many classes are there for “IP addresses” and what are the ranges? They are segregated into five classes 1. Class A === 0 -126 ( 127 is reserved for loop back) 2. Class B ==== 128- 191 3. Class C ==== 192-223 4. Class D ==== 224-239 5. Class E ==== 240-255 40) Explain the term FIXMBR? FIXMBR it is a repair tool. It repairs the Master boot record of the Partition Boot Sector. 41) Explain the term SID? SID stands for Security Identifier. Every computer object has a unique ID which is known as SID. 42) What is the difference between incremental backup and differential backup? Differential backups will select only files that are changed since the last backup. Incremental backups will select only the data that has changed since the last backup. Example, On Sunday you do a backup of a 5 text file each of 40 MB. Total backup size will be 200MB On Monday you change 2 lines in just ONE of the text file. Under Differential backup, only the changed text file will be backed up. Total backup size will be 40MB Under Incremental backup, only the data corresponding to the 2 lines will be backed up. Total backup size will be just in bytes. 43) What is the difference between server OS and desktop OS? Server OS gives centralized administration for users, shared resources and security while desktop OS gives access to only local administration. 44) What is the difference between the MSI file and .EXE file? MSI (Microsoft Installer) allows install, uninstall and repair the program with a single file, while .EXE file needs two files to install and uninstall the software. Also,.EXE file is able to detect the existing version of the software and give option to user to uninstall the program while MSI will instruct the users to use the add and remove program in control panel to remove the existing product first and then you can install the new program. 45) What is BSOD? How do you troubleshoot it? BSOD stands for blue screen of death. When there is some fault in OS or hardware then Windows can’t run the program and gives a blue screen with a code. To resolve this problem the best way is to reboot the system. If it doesn’t work than boot the system in the safe mode. 46) What is PTR (Program Troube Record) record? This program record is used to check if the server name is connected with the IP address, it is exactly opposite to the ‘A’ record. This record is basically created in reverse lookup zone, so it is also known as Reverse DNS records or pointer record. PTR record= Give me an IP address and I will give you the name ‘A’ record= Give me the name and I will give you the IP address 47) What is reservation? Basically the term “Reservation” is used in DHCP server. Some network equipment or computer system needs a specific IP address, in such case we make a reservation in DHCP server for that particular computer system. By creating reservation it gives access to that particular IP address and at the same time prevents other computer system to use that IP address. 48) What is SMTP server or POP server? SMTP stands for simple mail transfer protocol. It is basically used for sending and receiving the mail, whereas, POP stands for post office protocol it is used for mail receiving purpose in the network. 49) What is RIS and why you use RIS? RIS stands for remote installation services. It is used to install image from a Window server to a new hardware. We use RIS because installing OS every time using a CD would be more time consuming. 50) What is “Bootloader”? Bootloader facilitates the loading of operating system on the system. It enables the booting process and gives OS option to the users while starting the system.

How to troubleshoot when the server is down?

2017-10-29T14:26:00.000-07:00

How to troubleshoot when the server is down? The main step is we should continuously monitor our servers to catch the potential problems as early as possible. This can be done by performing routine maintenance such as disk defragging, performing hot fixes on operating systems and service packs, reviewing event logs for error messages. Server problems are usually could be because of hardware problems or because of operating system configuration problems or Application/service related problems. If there is Loss of connectivity: 1.Check all cable connections. 2.Check TCP/IP stack by pinging loopback address. 3.Check network connectivity by pinging another computer on the network. 4.Check internetwork connectivity by pinging a computer on another subnet. 5.Check IP address and default gateway settings. 6.Check DNS and WINS settings for name resolution problems. 7.Check proxy settings. 8.Check security policies and authentication settings. First determine what sorts of problems are: If the Operating problems such as STOP errors or unexpected reboots could be because of hardware problems because of fault memory or dying power supply. Some of the common operating problems are 1.When there is a BSOD (Blue screen of death): This is caused by hardware problems and issues with lowlevel software running in the Windows kernel. It occurs when Windows encounters a “STOP Error.” This critical failure causes Windows to crash and stop working. This can be fixed if you start in safe mode or carry out some System Restore. 2.When there is a Failure to boot: Failure of computer to boot can be as a result of a corrupt operating system or some new changes in systems boot order. This can be checked with the BIOS setup and try to look at the boot sequence. If that does not work, then reinstall the Windows operating system since the problem could be serious. 3. When there is Improper shutdown Sometimes computer may shutdown improperly due to instances of power loss or crushing. In such case ,restarting the computer might not take us directly to Windows and hence we should run Windows Error Recovery which automatically checks the file system and drives for any problems. So that all system files are placed in their right positions and Windows now starts without any problems. 4.When there is a Spontaneous shutdown/restart This problem occurs when computer keeps looping over the start-up process where it appears to be starting and then restarts. In such a case, the first step should be to try and establish the occurrence point of the problem either in the course of the BIOS check where the Power on Self test is undergoing among some other possible reasons. Once that is established, then it easily decide if the problem is hardware related or related to the Windows configuration. 5.When RAID not detected during installation This is an error message that tends to appear when installing an operating system and some of the files required are not found. In such a case, open the registry in safe mode to check for the files or restart the installation process with a new installation media. 6.When the Device fails to start Failure of device can results from a computer crash or some other hardware related problems. In such a case, try to carry out hardware diagnostics so as to try and establish the problem. Then boot the computer from a Windows installation media to try to restart the computer. 7. When there is Missing dll message The missing dll message mainly appears when the dynamic link libraries are missing because of using many third party applications. Dlls have many different versions and therefore a lack of update can lead to such a pop-up message. It’s dangerous to Overwrite older versions with new versions because of possible malfunction. 8. When Services fail to start Sometimes when we start the system we receive a Pop up message saying there is failure in starting one or more services .During that time we can manually start services at the windows services to see if any of the services will fail. 9. When there is Compatibility error The Windows operating system compatibility error mainly appears when some of the old application versions are not working properly after a windows upgrade. In such cases, Windows has an in-built capability which allows to change the compatibility of the applications. You can choose to run the program in its compatibility mode ,even the old and out-dated applications can also run in a new version of Windows as long as they are in their compatibility mode. 10.When there is a Slow system performance A slow system performance can be fixed by installing the latest versions of all items running in computer system such as the operating system, drivers and applications. All security patches should be up to date and all Windows updates should functional. Slow system performance could be as a result of some in-built configurations such as running the CPU slowly when on battery and not on power. Malicious software could also be a cause of slow system performance hence a computer scan can be very essential. 11. When Boots to safe mode The safe mode boot option is available prior to starting the operating system. When you presses F8, you receive a menu of advanced options from where one can choose to boot one's computer in safe mode. By using the safe mode boot for operating system, we can enable network drivers among other functions. Booting through the safe mode may not boot the desktop but takes us directly to the command prompt rather than graphics display. 12.When File fails to open In a Windows operating system, all files normally have distinct file extensions such as .docs and .ppt. A file with a specific file extension can only be opened by an application designed to open it. Trying to open a file whose file extension is not compatible with a certain program can result into an error message of the file failing to open.Installation of the specific application to open specific file extensions can be a solution. In other cases, some modifications can be made on the applications inside Windows. 13.When Missing NTLDR Missing NTLDR message is very common on older versions of Windows such as the Windows XP operating system. NTLDR files are very crucial and highly important boot files for computer and their deletion means that system will not start. Tofix this , start the computer with a boot disk so that one can copy back the deleted files onto the hard drive, then carry out a system restart and the Windows operating system begins to run. 14.Missing Boot.ini The missing operating system message appears when trying to access a drive that is configured as a boot device but with the absence of a boot loader in computer. With such an error message, go to the recovery console environment and run the check disk command to check if the OS is in computer. In other case, just carry out updates on the Master Boot Record . 15.Missing operating system When the operating system is not installed or it is corrupted, then this message appears and this message indicates that it is about the installation of new windows. 16.Missing Graphical Interface The missing graphical interface normally results into a dark screen where Windows does not start up. User interfaces and login screens are absent and therefore there could be a problem with the video system. We can fix this by updating the video driver or start the system in graphics mode for lower resolution graphics so as to get to a point of loading the new drivers. 17.Graphical Interface fails to load The graphical interface probably fails to load due to the absence of the necessary graphics drivers or a problem with the video hardware. In such a case, try updating the video drivers or install a new version of the drivers. 18.Invalid boot disk The invalid boot disk error message mainly appears when there is a problem with operating system's boot order. To fix this make sure that no USB device is plugged in since the BIOS might be configured to boot from external USB devices instead of the local drive. In addition, you can make modifications onto the BIOS configuration so as to modify the devices that should boot first on computer. 19. Troubleshooting physical layer problems: Troubleshooting server problems is to determine whether the physical layer is functioning properly. This includes the server computer hardware, any attached peripherals, and the cabling. Switching out network cards or cables will help you identify whether the hardware is at fault. For testing long runs of cable that can’t be easily switched, use a cable tester or multimeter. If you have recently added new hardware to the server, check it’s compatible with the operating system and also check the correct drivers installed for your new hardware. 20. Traffic control: Troubleshooting addressing and routing problems. After you eliminate the suspected hardware check the operating system configuration. The typical business network runs on TCP/IP, and incorrect TCP/IP settings can result in addressing and routing problems. If you have connectivity problem, always try pinging another system by both name and IP address. If your server is “out of touch” when attempting to communicate by host name but is able to connect to other computers by IP address, check its DNS settings, WINS settings, and/or HOSTS and LMHOSTS files. Check the server’s TCP/IP settings are correct. TCP/IP settings have been known to mysteriously change, for example, when you install an application. The most common situation is that the server’s TCP/IP configuration is reset to make the computer a DHCP client. In most cases, servers should have static IP addresses. You may not notice the problem with a file or print server, but if your DNS server or domain controller’s configuration is changed, your clients will experience problems. 21. Check for application logs:On a Windows server, check the application log (Start | Programs | Administrative Tools | Event Viewer) for application-related errors. 22. Check for printer server problems: Check whether the printing device attached to the print server computer,the configuration of the print server, the physical connections between printer and server or server and network and the configuration of the client. Check that the printing device is working and all connections are secure and correct printer drivers are installed. Check that the print spooler service is running and to find plenty of disk space on the server for spooling. Check the permissions set on the printer. If your network is a Windows 2000 or .NET domain, check group policy settings for printers. 23. Check for Terminal Services problems: In a Windows 2000/.NET domain, check group policy and individual users’ account properties in Active Directory if users are unable to connect to the terminal server or are unexpectedly disconnected. Check the Terminal Services configuration settings (Start | Programs | Administrative Tools | Terminal Services Configuration). Make sure that the terminal server is running in Application mode; otherwise, only administrators can connect, and you can only have two active sessions at a time. Make sure that you have set up a Terminal Services license server and that you have sufficient licenses. 24. Check for dial-up/remote access server problems: A remote access server allows clients to dial in to connect to your network or establish a connection through a VPN over the Internet. If clients are unable to connect to your remote access server, check the general connectivity issues · Check that remote access services are installed and configured on your server and the service is started. • Check dial-in, PPTP, and/or L2TP ports are enabled to accept inbound remote access calls. • Check that the remote access server is configured to allow connections on the protocols that are being used by the remote clients such as IP, IPX, AppleTalk, or NetBEUI.

How to trouble shoot Windows Network.

2017-10-29T14:15:00.000-07:00

How to trouble shoot Windows Network. First step is finding what is connected to what and how it is designed in Windows network by simply running IPCONFIG and the LAN details Windows GUI. Pic: Windows Network Connection Details Here in the Windows Network connection Details you can find Whether the network interface is up or down, obtaining an IP address either DHCP or static, Whether you have an IP address, no IP address, or an automatically obtained IP address, whether you have DNS servers configured if they are configured what are they etc along with this information you can find your default gateway. What to do If the Network Connection is down? Please Look at the OSI model, the physical layer (layer 1) is at the bottom. If layer 1 doesn’t work then NOTHING else is going to work. It is best to troubleshoot from the “bottom up” (from layer 1 up to the higher layers). Pic of Media state issue. In the pic above, you can see that the Media State is Enabled which is very normal and fully-functioning state. If the media state is disabled then you need to Check the network cable – is it unplugged? Disconnected? Cut? Also Check the network switch whether the network cable connected there? Is the port enabled? Make sure to find out this information first. What to do When you don’t find IP address? Whether you have no IP address (0.0.0.0) or an automatic private IP address (APIPA, starting with 169.254.x.x), it doesn’t matter. You’ll have to obtain an IP address before you can use the network. If you are set to use DHCP (likely the default) and your DHCP server is down then that is the reason that you don’t have an IP address. You can solve the problem either by Resolving the issue with the DHCP server Or Statically assign an IP address that isn’t in conflict, is on the right subnet, etc What to do when No DNS Servers are there? When you see that no DNS servers are not configured then you’ll be able to communicate on the network with IP addresses only. You should be able to ping your default gateway, your DHCP server, and other servers on the network. However, you won’t be able to do any of that by name. That time you can solve this problem either Determining why the DHCP server isn’t providing DNS server IPs or Manualy configure the DNS server IPs if you know them or Configure public Internet DNS servers like the Google public DNS servers (like 8.8.4.4). Incase if you have DNS servers configured but you can’t ping them then you need to check the DNS servers whether they are hung or packets are being restricted through a firewall. What to do if there is No Default Gateway? If you have no default gateway IP address configured, it will prevent you from communicating on another IP subnet (like the Internet) but not from communicating on your local LAN. Even though with no IP default gateway configured, you should be able to work as normal with local servers. Configuring a default gateway is optional, you don’t need to reach an external network but you could manually configure a default gateway or determine why the DHCP server didn’t provide one for you. Incase, if you have a default gateway defined but you can’t communicate with it even with a ping then you need to check your local router. What to do if there is a problem with Misconfigured Subnet Mask? If you have an incorrectly configured IP subnet mask then you’ll get some unpredictable results. You either need to manually configure it ,if you are using static IP addresses or check the DHCP server to see why it gave you the wrong subnet mask.

Active Directory Questions And Answers.

2017-10-29T14:10:00.002-07:00

1) Mention what is Active Directory? An active directory is a directory structure used on Microsoft Windows based servers and computers to store data and information about networks and domains. 2) Mention what are the new features in Active Directory (AD) of Windows server 2012? • dcpromo (Domain Controller Promoter) with improved wizard: It allows you to view all the steps and review the detailed results during the installation process • Enhanced Administrative Center: Compared to the earlier version of active directory, the administrative center is well designed in Windows 2012. The exchange management console is well designed • Recycle bin goes GUI: In windows server 12, there are now many ways to enable the active directory recycle bin through the GUI in the Active Directory Administrative Center, which was not possible with the earlier version • Fine grained password policies (FGPP): In windows server 12 implementing FGPP is much easier compared to an earlier It allows you to create different password policies in the same domain • Windows Power Shell History Viewer: You can view the Windows PowerShell commands that relates to the actions you execute in the Active Directory Administrative Center UI 3) Mention which is the default protocol used in directory services? The default protocol used in directory services is LDAP ( Lightweight Directory Access Protocol). 4) Explain the term FOREST in AD? Forest is used to define an assembly of AD domains that share a single schema for the AD. All DC’s in the forest share this schema and is replicated in a hierarchical fashion among them. 5) Explain what is SYSVOL? The SysVOL folder keeps the server’s copy of the domain’s public files. The contents such as users, group policy, etc. of the sysvol folders are replicated to all domain controllers in the domain. 6) Mention what is the difference between domain admin groups and enterprise admins group in AD? Enterprise Admin Group Domain Admin Group • Members of this group have complete control of all domains in the forest • By default, this group belongs to the administrators group on all domain controllers in the forest • As such this group has full control of the forest, add users with caution • Members of this group have complete control of the domain • By default, this group is a member of the administrators group on all domain controllers, workstations and member servers at the time they are linked to the domain • As such the group has full control in the domain, add users with caution 7) Mention what system state data contains? System state data contains • Contains startup files • Registry • Com + Registration Database • Memory page file • System files • AD information • SYSVOL Folder • Cluster service information 8) Mention what is Kerberos? Kerberos is an authentication protocol for network. It is built to offer strong authentication for server/client applications by using secret-key cryptography. 9) Explain where does the AD database is held? What other folders are related to AD? AD database is saved in %systemroot%/ntds. In the same folder, you can also see other files; these are the main files controlling the AD structures they are • dit • log • res 1.log • log • chk 10) Mention what is PDC emulator and how would one know whether PDC emulator is working or not? PDC Emulators: There is one PDC emulator per domain, and when there is a failed authentication attempt, it is forwarded to PDC emulator. It acts as a “tie-breaker” and it controls the time sync across the domain. These are the parameters through which we can know whether PDC emulator is working or not. • Time is not syncing • User’s accounts are not locked out • Windows NT BDCs are not getting updates • If pre-windows 2000 computers are unable to change their passwords 11) Mention what are lingering objects? Lingering objects can exists if a domain controller does not replicate for an interval of time that is longer than the tombstone lifetime (TSL). 12) Mention what is TOMBSTONE lifetime? Tombstone lifetime in an Active Directory determines how long a deleted object is retained in Active Directory. The deleted objects in Active Directory is stored in a special object referred as TOMBSTONE. Usually, windows will use a 60- day tombstone lifetime if time is not set in the forest configuration. 13) Explain what is Active Directory Schema? Schema is an active directory component describes all the attributes and objects that the directory service uses to store data. 14) Explain what is a child DC? CDC or child DC is a sub domain controller under root domain controller which share name space 15) Explain what is RID Master? RID master stands for Relative Identifier for assigning unique IDs to the object created in AD. 16) Mention what are the components of AD? Components of AD includes • Logical Structure: Trees, Forest, Domains and OU • Physical Structures: Domain controller and Sites 17) Explain what is Infrastructure Master? Infrastructure Master is accountable for updating information about the user and group and global catalogue.

How to be a successful Technical Writer!

2017-09-29T13:26:00.002-07:00

The US Bureau of Labor Statistics defines technical writers as those who “…put technical information into easily understandable language. They work primarily in information-technology-related industries, coordinating the development and dissemination of technical content for a variety of users. You need have Product knowledge, Technical knowledge and User knowledge. Knowing users helps us plan the right information architecture for the documentation and hence we can apply our technical and product knowledge accordingly. Most of the time the technical writers work together with editors, graphic designers and illustrators, document specialists, content managers, instructional designers, trainers, and analysts to produce an amazing variety of deliverables, including: Contracts,Online and embedded help,Requirements specifications Customer Service scripts,Policy documents, Simulations, Demonstrations,Process flows,Training course materials,Design documents Project documents,User manuals, FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions),Product catalogs,Warning labels,How-to videos Product packaging,Web-based Training, Instructions,Proposals,Websites Knowledge base articles,Release notes,White papers,Reference guides etc The tools required for technical writers are Adobe Acrobat, SnagIt from Techsmith, Microsoft Visio, Camtasia from Techsmith,Adobe Captivate, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Robohelp,Adobe Framemaker,capture from Madcap Software,Adobe Dreamweaver,Gimp from gimp.org,Presenter from Articulate,Abobe Flash professional, DITA Open Toolkit,Blaze from madcap software,Help studio from Innovasys,Help & Manual from EC software etc. Further knowledge of WordPress, Microsoft Office tools, HTML, Screenpresso, QuickBooks, POS systems is added advantage.

Photoshop Tips - Lesson 1

2015-04-01T19:34:00.001-07:00

1. How to have Rotating patterns? Steps: 1.Make an initial rotation by pressing Cmd/Ctrl+T and turning slightly 2. hit Enter to apply. 3. Next, press Cmd/Ctrl+Shift+Alt+T repeatedly to create a pattern. 2. How to Combine images with text? Steps:1.Drop an image layer over a type layer 2.Hold down Alt and click the line between the two layers in the Layers Panel to clip the image to the text. 3. How to see Bird's Eye View? When zoomed in close, hold down H and drag in the image to instantly dart out to full screen then jump back to another area. This helps for viewing work! 4.How to Quick full Layer Masks You can Alt-click on the Layer Mask icon to add a full mask that hides everything on the layer. 5.How to Easier marquee selections Hold down Alt to start a selection at the centre point with any Marquee tool, and then hold Space to temporarily move the selection around.

Do you have registry errors?

2010-08-06T09:02:00.000-07:00

PCs slow down because registry errors resulted from day to day PC use. Over time these errors not only reduce system performance but become the source of unrelated error messages. Systerac Windows Fix detects these errors and fixes them! Get rid of: A computer slowed to a crawl, Hardware & Driver Malfunctions, System Crashes, Computer Freezes, A PC that takes forever to boot, Indecipherable Error Messages, etc...

Award-winning program to fix Windows errors and optimize software performance. Systerac Windows Fix is an advanced product for Windows that can safely clean and repair problems with your Windows in a few simple mouse clicks!

http://www.freedownloadscenter.com/Utilities/System_Maintenance_and_Repair_Utilities/Systerac_Windows_Fix.html

Some important software’s for your PC.

2010-06-03T10:14:00.001-07:00

Some important software’s for your PC.

1. Protect yourself and others from accidental or intentional exposure to pornography on the Internet by downloading free software called PicBlock.

It’s available for download on http://www.cinchworks.com/

2. K9 Web Protection is our free Internet filtering and control solution for the home. K9 puts YOU in control of the Internet so you can protect your kids.
http://www1.k9webprotection.com/

3. Open Dns is Web content filtering Easy to use for families, schools, and businesses of all sizes for free. You can download it at www.opendns.org
4. Eusing Free Registry Cleaner is a free registry repair software that allows you to safely clean and repair registry problems with a few simple mouse clicks.
You can download them at http://www.eusing.com/free_registry_cleaner/registry_cleaner.htm
5.Ultimate Boot CD Full is a useful application that compiles a series of tools for diagnosing hardware, file system management and antiviruses.
You can download for free at
http://downloads.phpnuke.org/en/download-item-view-x-g-z-n-z/ULTIMATE%2BBOOT%2BCD%2BFULL.htm
6. Download free Windows Vista Recovery Disc here
http://neosmart.net/blog/2008/download-windows-vista-x64-recovery-disc/
7. Free Parental Control Detects and removes explicit adult material Removes Cookies, Cache and URLs of explicit websites visited.
http://www.dirfile.com/free_parental_control.htm
8.The Belarc Advisor builds a detailed profile of your installed software and hardware, missing Microsoft hotfixes, anti-virus status, CIS (Center for Internet Security) benchmarks, and displays the results in your Web browser.
http://www.belarc.com/free_download.html
9. The Magical Jelly Bean Keyfinder is a freeware utility that retrieves your Product Key (cd key) used to install windows from your registry. It also has a community-updated configuration file that retrieves product keys for many other applications. Another feature is the ability to retrieve product keys from unbootable Windows installations.
http://www.magicaljellybean.com/keyfinder/
10. Clean up disk & registry with the Safe, Powerful and Easy to use freeware FCleaner
http://www.fcleaner.com/

11. Device Doctor is a freeware Windows application that scans your computer hardware and checks to see if there are new driver updates available for your devices. It also locates drivers for "unidentified devices" in the Windows Device Manager.

http://www.devicedoctor.com/

Is your computer infected with Trojan virus?

2010-06-02T19:05:00.001-07:00

The most important difference between a trojan virus/trojan horse and a virus is that trojans don’t spread themselves. Trojan horses disguise themselves as valuable and useful software available for download on the internet. Most people are fooled by this ploy and end up dowloading the virus disguised as some other application. The name comes from the mythical "Trojan Horse" that the Ancient Greeks set upon the city of Troy.

A trojan horse is typically separated into two parts – a server and a client. It’s the client that is cleverly disguised as significant software and positioned in peer-to-peer file sharing networks, or unauthorized download websites. Once the client Trojan executes on your computer, the attacker, i.e. the person running the server, has a high level of control over your computer, which can lead to destructive effects depending on the attacker’s purpose.
A trojan horse virus can spread in a number of ways. The most common means of infection is through email attachments. The developer of the virus usually uses various spamming techniques in order to distribute the virus to unsuspecting users. Another method used by malware developers to spread their trojan horse viruses is via chat software such as Yahoo Messenger and Skype. Another method used by this virus in order to infect other machines is through sending copies of itself to the people in the address book of a user whose computer has already been infected by the virus.

Types of Trojan Horse Viruses
Trojan Horses have developed to a remarkable level of cleverness, which makes each one radically different from each other. For an inclusive understanding, we have classified them into the following:
Remote Access Trojans
Remote Access Trojans are the most frequently available trojans. These give an attacker absolute control over the victim’s computers. The attacker can go through the files and access any personal information about the user that may be stored in the files, such as credit card numbers, passwords, and vital financial documents.
Password Sending Trojans
The intention of a Password Sending Trojan is to copy all the cached passwords and look for other passwords as you key them into your computer, and send them to particular email addresses. These actions are performed without the awareness of the users. Passwords for restricted websites, messaging services, FTP services and email services come under direct threat with this kind of trojan.
Key Loggers
Key Loggers type of Trojans logs victims’ keystrokes and then send the log files to the attacker. It then searches for passwords or other sensitive data in the log files. Most of the Key Loggers come with two functions, such as online and offline recording. Of course, they can be configured to send the log file to a specific email address on a daily basis.
Destructive Trojans
The only purpose of Destructive Trojans is to destroy and delete files from the victims’ computers. They can automatically delete all the core system files of the computer. The destructive trojan could be controlled by the attacker or could be programmed to strike like a logic bomb, starting on a particular day or at specific time.
Denial of Service (DoS) Attack Trojans
The core design intention behind Denial of Service (DoS) Attack Trojan is to produce a lot of internet traffic on the victim’s computer or server, to the point that the Internet connection becomes too congested to let anyone visit a website or download something. An additional variation of DoS Trojan is the Mail-Bomb Trojan, whose key plan is to infect as many computers as possible, concurrently attacking numerous email addresses with haphazard subjects and contents that cannot be filtered.
Proxy/Wingate Trojans
Proxy/Wingate Trojans convert the victim’s computer into a Proxy/Wingate server. That way, the infected computer is accessible to the entire globe to be used for anonymous access to a variety of unsafe Internet services. The attacker can register domains or access pornographic websites with stolen credit cards or do related illegal activities without being traced.
FTP Trojans
FTP Trojans are possibly the most simple, and are outdated. The only action they perform is, open a port numbered 21 – the port for FTP transfers – and let anyone connect to your computer via FTP protocol. Advance versions are password-protected, so only the attacker can connect to your computer.
Software Detection Killers
Software Detection Killers kill popular antivirus/firewall programs that guard your computer to give the attacker access to the victim’s machine.
Note: A Trojan could have any one or a combination of the above mentioned functionalities.
The best way to prevent a Trojan Horse Virus from entering and infecting your computer is to never open email attachments or files that have been sent by unknown senders. However, not all files we can receive are guaranteed to be virus-free. With this, a good way of protecting your PC against malicious programs such as this harmful application is to install and update an antivirus program.
There are best free software’s available to remove Trojan virus:

1.Norman Malware Cleaner:Norman Malware Cleaner is a Norman program utility that may be used to detect and remove specific malicious software (malware).
2. NoVirusThanks Malware Remover: NoVirusThanks Malware Remover is an application designed to detect and remove specific malware, trojans, worms and other malicious threats that can damage your computer. It includes also the ability to remove rogue software, spyware and adware.
3.Multi Virus Cleaner: Multi Virus Cleaner is a free, stand-alone utility used to detect and remove major viruses. It is not a substitute for full anti-virus protection, but rather a tool to assist administrators and users when cleaning infected systems.
Multi Virus Cleaner is regularly updated and can detect over 6,000 common viruses, worms, trojans and dialers. The program boasts a fast, user-friendly scanner that requires minimal processing power and is an excellent choice for repairing a compromised system.

You can download them from www.freewarefiles.com

Source:http://www.topbits.com/trojan-virus.html

How to install Microsoft Streets & Trips 2009

2010-05-03T07:53:00.001-07:00

Microsoft Streets & Trips2009 gives precise instructions to reach virtually anywhere in the United States and Canada without having to connect to the Internet.Take theinstructions and street names help you find your destination with easy, and with the automatic redirection is very easy to return if accidentally passed a turn.Find the road almost anywhere in the United States and Canada with updated maps of streets, including information can be obtained from more than 1.5 million points of interest such as hotels, restaurants, national parks and ATMs, which means users have at their fingertips all the information necessary to make a memorable and fun trip. The software’s Find Nearby Places feature allows travelers to search a radius up to 50 miles to find select points of interest and then gives users detailed directions and contact information so they are ready to hit the road in no time without the need for internet connection.

Microsoft Streets & Trips is an easy way to get customized, highly detailed driving directions that will help consumers plan for the unexpected so they can relax and enjoy the time spent on the road. Road construction updates, available online at no additional charge, inform users on important local, state, national (U.S.) and international (Canada) construction updates and road closures. Microsoft Streets & Trips 2009 will then create routes that bypass such hang-ups to minimize frustrating delays and unexpected stops. No matter where a trip takes you, planning ahead of time and building in stops for meals, bathroom breaks, fuel and sightseeing using the customization tools available in Microsoft Streets & Trips 2009 is a surefire way to reduce stress and gives travelers the freedom to relax behind the wheel.

Microsoft Streets & Trips 2009 helps consumers find the most efficient route and gives them the easy-to-use tools to calculate traveling expenses before they even walk out the front door. Using the car’s tank size and mileage per gallon, along with the current price for fuel, users can use the Microsoft Streets & Trips fuel consumption manager to calculate a cost estimate for each trip. Automatic re-routing in the GPS version also helps to keep consumers on track after a wrong turn, which can decrease wasted gas and save consumers valuable time.

Now we are ready to go to install this software.

The steps to install this software are:

The First step you do is by Downloading the Microsoft Streets & Trips 2009 installation file from the download page on the Microsoft website and save it to your desktop.

Now Double click the Streets & Trips icon on your desktop to begin the installation.

Confirm you want to install the software . Click "Run" in the prompt box in Windows XP or "Allow" in the "User Account Control" prompt window in Windows Vista. This opens the installation progress bar window.

Wait while the installation files are being extracted. It might take few minutes.

Confirm you want to install additional components. Click "OK" in the confirmation prompt box. The installer will display a series of notification boxes as each needed component is installed, then start the setup wizard

Follow the prompts in the wizard and click the "Finish" button when the wizard is complete. Microsoft Streets & Trips 2009 will be installed. And now installation is complete.

The best web Browsers!

2010-05-03T06:13:00.000-07:00

There are many types of browsers are available for free today.Every web browser will have a specific feature set that appeals to some while not appealing to others.
1)MozillaFirefox is a fast, full-featured browser for Windows that makes browsing more efficient than ever before. Firefox includes pop-up blocking; a tab-browsing mode that lets you open several pages in a single window; integrated Google searching; simplified privacy controls that let you cover your tracks more effectively; a streamlined browser window that shows you more of the page than any other browser; and a number of additional features that work with you to help you get the most out of your time online.
2)Opera offers free and easy to download Web browsers for computers, mobile phones and devices.It has its own rendering engine and offers great feature such as tabbed browsing,popup blocking,fastforward,skins,email ,chat,security and antiphishing features etc.
3)Microsoft Internet Explorer8 is the latestversion of the familiar web browser you are most comfortable using, helping you get everything you want from the web faster, easier, more privately and securely than ever before.
4.GreenBrowser is a multiple windowsbrowser based on IE with other powerful features. Such as Quick Key, Collector, Mouse Gesture, Mouse Drag, Ad Filter, Search Engine, Page Back color , Toolbar Skin, Proxy, Tab Bar, Auto Scroll, Auto Save, Auto Fill Form, Start Mode, Auto Hide Bar, Mouse Drag Drop etc. 5.Google Chrome is a browser that combines a minimal design with sophisticated technology to make the web faster, safer, and easier.
6.Netscape Navigator and Netscape are the names for the proprietary web browser popular in the 1990s.Netscape Browser is available as a standalone installation for Windows, Mac, and Linux.
7.Avant Browser's user-friendly interface brings a new level of clarity and efficiency to your browsing experience, and frequent upgrades have steadily improved its reliability.Avant Browser can save users' bookmarks, RSS Feeds, configurations or web passwords etc, in Avant Online Storage. In this way, users can access their personal data from anywhere, office, home or an Internet cafe, and don't need to worry about losing those data when re-installing Windows.
8.Safari offers you a superior Web experience with outstanding performance. Even the most complex of pages load at breakneck speed. In fact, it loads pages more quickly than any other Mac Web browser. But that´s not all. Safari uses the advanced interface technologies underlying Mac OS X to offer you an all-new view of the Web, one that´s much easier to use.
Source: internet

uninstall software and remove unwanted programs !

2010-04-19T19:13:00.000-07:00

Revo Uninstaller Pro helps you to uninstall software and remove unwanted programs installed on your computer easily! Even if you have problems uninstalling and cannot uninstall them from "Windows Add or Remove Programs" control panel applet.

Revo Uninstaller is a much faster and more powerful alternative to "Windows Add or Remove Programs" applet! It has very powerful features to uninstall and remove programs.
To remove a program completely and without leaving a trace you can monitor all system changes made during its installation, and its very easy.

You can download for free from http://www.revouninstaller.com/revo_uninstaller_free_download.html

Fix your Registry problems!

2010-04-19T19:10:00.000-07:00

Registry errors accumulate in your PC and cause Windows errors. Free Registry Fix will optimize your system registry by finding and removing errors and invalid entries. After fixing the invalid entries, your system will be more stable and run faster. For maximum safety, Free Registry Fix will make a backup of the repaired entries. You will be able to restore any changes made using the software by choosing Restore registry backup.
For free download.
http://www.cleanersoft.com/registry_fix/free_registry_fix.htm

Registry Techniques!

2010-02-25T19:05:00.000-08:00

1.To add Items to the Start Button using Registry
The best way to edit the windows registry keys, always export or backup the whole windows registry keys on backup drive before editing.

First click on Start button then type Regedit in Run option.

In Registry Editor go to left hand panel, and find HKey_Classes_Root / Directory / Shell

Here Right click on Shell folder option and add any new key with descriptive name and Press Enter.

Now Right click on that key and give the full path of that program you are interested to add in start button. For example if you want to add MS word, then full path may be C:\program file\msoffice\msword.EXE.

Now close all open programs and check the changes in your computer Start button

2.Automatic Screen Refresh

To refresh your screen automatically you should edit your system Registry

First click on Start button then type Regedit in Run option.

In Registry Editor panel go to the path:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE / System / CurrentControlSet /

Control / UpdateMode

Here in right hand side panel edit the DWORD value to be between 1 and 5.

Now restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.

3.Set the status of NUM LOCK key enabled automatically.

NUM LOCK status is disable by default and if you want your NUM LOCK key is enable automatically before a user presses CTRL+ALT+DEL to log on. You need to edit the registry of your computer to change this status enabled.

Click Start button then type regedit in Run option then press Enter for next.

Here locate the location to:

HKEY_USERS\.Default\Control Panel\Keyboard

Here in right side panel, double click on the value InitialKeyboardIndicators then change its value data from 0 to 2.

Now close the registry editor and restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.

4.To close non-responsive programs automatically

You usually end tasks the non-responsive programs manually using windows task manager with (CTRL + ALT +DELETE) keys.

First click on Start button then type Regedit in Run option. Here locate the location to:

Go to Hkey_Current_User\Control Panel\Desktop

Here in right side panel, double click on AutoEndTasks and here its default value is 0. Now change it to 1. Now windows will close your all non-responsive programs automatically.

Now close the registry editor and restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.

Why install anti-virus software?

2009-12-08T09:04:00.000-08:00

Antivirus software is a class of program that searches your hard drive and floppy disks for any known or potential viruses.Anti-virus is the name given to software that detects and removes viruses from messages. By removing viruses at the email server, all internal mail clients are protected AND all customers are protected from receiving viruses too.

Computer Viruses are written by people who wish to gain control of your system resources and are continually updated to try and break through any barriers you may have installed.

There are several Antivirus available for free to download.

Some of the Antivirus are:

1)avast! 4 Home Edition 4.8.1368 -Free antivirus for home noncommercial use - scans for viruses, worms and Trojans.
2)AVG AntiVirus Free 9.0.707a1765 -Use the AVG Anti-Virus System to reliably protect your computer.
3)Comodo Antivirus 2.0.17.58 Beta -Eliminates all known Viruses, Trojans, Worms.
4)Kaspersky Anti-Virus Update 12-08-2009-This is the latest virus definitions for Kaspersky Anti-Virus Personal and Lite.
5)Avira AntiVir Personal - Free Antivirus 9.0.0.418- Detect and eliminate viruses, get free protection for home users.

You can download free antivirus here http://www.freewarefiles.com/

Protect your Computer security through Firewall

2009-12-08T08:49:00.000-08:00

The main purpose of a firewall is to control access to or from a computer for security purposes. A Firewall is a barrier between you and the internet. There are two main types of firewall: these are software or hardware firewalls. They filter the traffic from your home network and the internet. You need to use a firewall whenever you access the internet because it provides you with invaluable protection.The normal use for firewalls is to protect your computer from public networks such as the internet.

Some of the Freefirewalls available for download are :
1.Online Armor FREE - A powerful free Firewall for Windows.
2.PC Tools Firewall Plus 6.0.0.86-A free firewall to protect your computer from intruders.
3.ZoneAlarm Free Firewall 9.1.007.002- Keep hackers and data thieves out of your computer with this free firewall.
4.R-Firewall 1.0 Build 53 -R-Firewall is free and effective solution to secure your on-line activity.
5.PrivateFirewall 6.1 - Personal Firewall and Intrusion Prevention Software for Windows Desktops and Servers.
6.Agnitum Outpost Firewall Free v2009- Free firewall that takes care of your most basic security needs.

You can download free Firewals from http://www.freewarefiles.com/

Turning Off the Firewall

2009-12-08T08:17:00.003-08:00

Go to Start / Settings / Network Connections
Right click on the network connection you want to change
Select Properties
Click on the Advanced tab
Uncheck the box in Internet Connection Firewall

Turning Off the Firewall

2009-12-08T08:17:00.001-08:00