<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713</id><updated>2021-12-03T07:48:01.204-08:00</updated><category term="The JEWISH ENEMY Jeffrey Herf.  The Anti-Semitic Campaigns of the Nazi Regime"/><category term="Hubble"/><category term="Use of Cinema by Nazis German 1939-1945"/><category term="World war 2 and Cinema"/><category term="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQj2cDzgqI/AAAAAAAAAOw/BV4Nbwp2h6M/s400/fig+8.jpg"/><title type='text'>shakoo</title><subtitle type='html'>This is the land of shakooism</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>63</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><blogger:adultContent>true</blogger:adultContent><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-2401007087921395234</id><published>2020-08-18T02:55:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2020-08-18T03:03:51.774-07:00</updated><title type='text'>PINK Indian Romantic Short Film (LGBT)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;https://youtu.be/E-nYiUgqbDM&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;No one knows , when he or she can fell in love with a guy or a girl, definitely love is beyond borders of genderism.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This films highlights the core of love. Do watch and comment how do you feel about love.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Watch this romantic short film on Moviestore Officials Channel @YouTube.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/2401007087921395234/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2020/08/pink-indian-romantic-short-film-lgbt.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2401007087921395234'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2401007087921395234'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2020/08/pink-indian-romantic-short-film-lgbt.html' title='PINK Indian Romantic Short Film (LGBT)'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-1537692011740443965</id><published>2020-03-22T03:44:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2020-03-22T03:44:21.441-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Corona Virus </title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;However this COVD 19 spreading around the globe but it has some positive impacts too. As the human settled down in their homes and not spending much time in the factories roads and seas, the carbon dioxide emission has been down instantly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Which allows nature to flourish once again. Climate is changing , more oxygen in the air, Wild life is much safe some how its a blessing from GOD.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/1537692011740443965/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2020/03/corona-virus.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/1537692011740443965'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/1537692011740443965'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2020/03/corona-virus.html' title='Corona Virus '/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-4770590597193619225</id><published>2018-10-29T07:26:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-29T07:26:50.353-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;html&gt;&lt;head&gt; &lt;title&gt; My title &lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;  &lt;body&gt;page contents &lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/4770590597193619225/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2018/10/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/4770590597193619225'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/4770590597193619225'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2018/10/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-2764890334288875352</id><published>2018-10-29T07:19:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2018-10-29T07:19:52.481-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;google-site-verification: google91f42c470bb0c2fc.html&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/2764890334288875352/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2018/10/google-site-verification.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2764890334288875352'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2764890334288875352'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2018/10/google-site-verification.html' title=''/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-315544926444951960</id><published>2013-02-17T08:14:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2013-02-17T08:15:21.298-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Ankahee by Alp Arslan</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;267&quot; src=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/embed/video/xxcgp3&quot; width=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xxcgp3_ankahee-song-of-valentine-2013_music&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Ankahee Song of Valentine 2013&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dailymotion.com/f676128713&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;f676128713&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/315544926444951960/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2013/02/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/315544926444951960'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/315544926444951960'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2013/02/blog-post.html' title='Ankahee by Alp Arslan'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-5110016638977076114</id><published>2013-02-07T03:52:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2013-02-07T03:52:39.410-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Ankahi Song of Valentine 2013 by Alp Arslan</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxP_1gWUYjal-_qbiMfqDTFrPtBO-Asa21PQAW9Bkiri_Yeiv_e5T2SSndNzMSGOwsIgjqfQNSzvZefkuGxQg&#39; class=&#39;b-hbp-video b-uploaded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/5110016638977076114/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2013/02/ankahi-song-of-valentine-2013-by-alp.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/5110016638977076114'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/5110016638977076114'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2013/02/ankahi-song-of-valentine-2013-by-alp.html' title='Ankahi Song of Valentine 2013 by Alp Arslan'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-4245146270741392529</id><published>2013-02-07T03:46:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2013-02-07T03:46:29.123-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Ankahee Song of valentine 2013 lyrics</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Ankahee aj ki raat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Ansunee&amp;nbsp; Dil ki yeh Baat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Ankahee aj ki raat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Ansunee&amp;nbsp; Dil ki yeh Baat &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Kyun lagay mujh ko yeh Chanda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Tanha &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Tanha ....&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Bat kehni bhi hai &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;per zuban Sath nahi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Bat kehni bhi hai &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;per zuban Sath nahi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;phir bhi tu samjhay &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;iss dil ko &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Dharkan hai Zuban &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Mie tere pas nahi tu &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;mere sath nahi ......&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;hai judai per &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Gham ki koi bat nahi &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;yeh faslay tou &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;mitnay hain &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;lamha &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;lamha &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;yeh faslay tou &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;mitnay hain &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;lamha &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;lamha &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;kia sabab hai &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;yad teri ati nahi......&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Shayad mien tujh ko kisi lamha &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Bhoola hi nahi ..&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by AlpArslan&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/4245146270741392529/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2013/02/ankahee-song-of-valentine-2013-lyrics.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/4245146270741392529'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/4245146270741392529'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2013/02/ankahee-song-of-valentine-2013-lyrics.html' title='Ankahee Song of valentine 2013 lyrics'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-2441983009767902923</id><published>2011-12-27T04:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-02-17T08:21:10.070-08:00</updated><title type='text'>some new facts about lady gaga (video)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aTOdVHOY0Ug/Tvm4uFaU61I/AAAAAAAAATA/4e-hROPrE_g/s1600/lady%2Bgaga%2B4.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5690782706025425746&quot; src=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aTOdVHOY0Ug/Tvm4uFaU61I/AAAAAAAAATA/4e-hROPrE_g/s400/lady%2Bgaga%2B4.jpg&quot; style=&quot;cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 399px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 314px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/2441983009767902923/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/some-new-facts-about-lady-gaga-video.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2441983009767902923'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2441983009767902923'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/some-new-facts-about-lady-gaga-video.html' title='some new facts about lady gaga (video)'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aTOdVHOY0Ug/Tvm4uFaU61I/AAAAAAAAATA/4e-hROPrE_g/s72-c/lady%2Bgaga%2B4.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-4338032365929213218</id><published>2011-12-27T04:08:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-27T04:12:25.826-08:00</updated><title type='text'>cool but warm  leather jackets .... with reasonable price</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e5LuHg6Yr58/Tvm2A30A6nI/AAAAAAAAASw/AoTK2lD0I68/s1600/RKM-1040BLKD.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 70px; height: 70px;&quot; src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e5LuHg6Yr58/Tvm2A30A6nI/AAAAAAAAASw/AoTK2lD0I68/s400/RKM-1040BLKD.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5690779730257701490&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FIx8bJEvunM/Tvm2A-aYA9I/AAAAAAAAASk/LYbMY5zGNUw/s1600/41riLl39XuL._SS400_.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px 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href=&quot;http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150565465243714.447358.676128713&amp;amp;type=3&quot;&gt;http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150565465243714.447358.676128713&amp;amp;type=3&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/4338032365929213218/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/cool-but-warm-leather-jackets-with_27.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/4338032365929213218'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/4338032365929213218'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/cool-but-warm-leather-jackets-with_27.html' title='cool but warm  leather jackets .... with reasonable price'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e5LuHg6Yr58/Tvm2A30A6nI/AAAAAAAAASw/AoTK2lD0I68/s72-c/RKM-1040BLKD.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-8875700278571522878</id><published>2011-12-27T04:08:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-27T04:09:43.436-08:00</updated><title type='text'>cool but warm  leather jackets .... with reasonable price</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150565465243714.447358.676128713&amp;amp;type=3&quot;&gt;http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150565465243714.447358.676128713&amp;amp;type=3&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/8875700278571522878/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/cool-but-warm-leather-jackets-with.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/8875700278571522878'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/8875700278571522878'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/cool-but-warm-leather-jackets-with.html' title='cool but warm  leather jackets .... with reasonable price'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-989466742993890162</id><published>2011-12-05T15:24:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-05T15:28:36.421-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="The JEWISH ENEMY Jeffrey Herf.  The Anti-Semitic Campaigns of the Nazi Regime"/><title type='text'>The Jews, the War, and the Holocaust from the book The Jewish Enemy</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;propaganda during World War II was integral to Nazi motivation and to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the launching of the war and perpetration of the Final Solution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What does “the war against the Jews” mean? For Lucy Dawidowicz,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;who made the phrase famous in her pioneering work, it meant the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Holocaust, the Final Solution of the Jewish question in Europe.29With&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the ensuing explosion of scholarship about the Holocaust, two scholarly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;communities emerged. One, composed of military historians, continued&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to focus on the conventional battlefield narratives of World War II,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;while the second examined the history of the Holocaust in more detail.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;While the military historians wrote about Stalingrad and D-day, the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;others examined the Wannsee Conference and Auschwitz-Birkenau&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and other extermination camps. Although this dichotomy gave way to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an attempt to connect World War II and the Holocaust in time, space,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and ideological inspiration, Dawidowicz’s phrase “the war against the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jews” still evokes in our minds specifically the mass murder of European&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jewry.30 The time has come to reach a more inclusive understanding&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of “the war against the Jews,” one in which World War II plays a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;critical role.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When the Nazi leaders, in private conversations, office memos, or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;public statements, drew a connection between the Jews and World War&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;II, they were referring to World War II and the Holocaust taken together&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as one apocalyptic battle. They did not limit the meaning of their&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;war against what they called international Jewry to the Final Solution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Instead, they viewed the Final Solution, the details of which they never&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;discussed in public, as a necessary campaign of retaliation in the context&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of a broader war of defense waged by Nazi Germany against international&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jewry, world Jewry, and less frequently “the Jews.” In the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;minds and public assertions of the Nazi leaders, they were fighting a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;single war that pitted Germany and its allies against a colossal international&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conspiracy of nonequals driven by Jewish figures working behind&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the scenes, while their non-Jewish accomplices, primarily the Allies,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;were the enemy’s public facade. The Nazi narrative attributed enormous&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;autonomy and power to the Jews, while denying those attributes to the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;propaganda during World War II was integral to Nazi motivation and to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the launching of the war and perpetration of the Final Solution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What does “the war against the Jews” mean? For Lucy Dawidowicz,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;who made the phrase famous in her pioneering work, it meant the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Holocaust, the Final Solution of the Jewish question in Europe.29With&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the ensuing explosion of scholarship about the Holocaust, two scholarly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;communities emerged. One, composed of military historians, continued&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to focus on the conventional battlefield narratives of World War II,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;while the second examined the history of the Holocaust in more detail.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;While the military historians wrote about Stalingrad and D-day, the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;others examined the Wannsee Conference and Auschwitz-Birkenau&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and other extermination camps. Although this dichotomy gave way to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an attempt to connect World War II and the Holocaust in time, space,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and ideological inspiration, Dawidowicz’s phrase “the war against the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jews” still evokes in our minds specifically the mass murder of European&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jewry.30 The time has come to reach a more inclusive understanding&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of “the war against the Jews,” one in which World War II plays a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;critical role.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;When the Nazi leaders, in private conversations, office memos, or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;public statements, drew a connection between the Jews and World War&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;II, they were referring to World War II and the Holocaust taken together&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as one apocalyptic battle. They did not limit the meaning of their&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;war against what they called international Jewry to the Final Solution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Instead, they viewed the Final Solution, the details of which they never&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;discussed in public, as a necessary campaign of retaliation in the context&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of a broader war of defense waged by Nazi Germany against international&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jewry, world Jewry, and less frequently “the Jews.” In the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;minds and public assertions of the Nazi leaders, they were fighting a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;single war that pitted Germany and its allies against a colossal international&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conspiracy of nonequals driven by Jewish figures working behind&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the scenes, while their non-Jewish accomplices, primarily the Allies,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;were the enemy’s public facade. The Nazi narrative attributed enormous&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;autonomy and power to the Jews, while denying those attributes to the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Jews, the War, and the Holocaust&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;9&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;nominal leaders of the most powerful nations in the world, Franklin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, whom it identified&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as the Jews’ puppets, accomplices, stooges, and servants.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nazi Germany saw its enemy as a conspiracy of nonequals. International&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jewry stood at its center, pulling the wires that controlled their&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;stooges, the leaders of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;States. From the months preceding the beginning of the war in September&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1939 up until Hitler’s last days in the bunker in Berlin, the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nazi narrative presented World War II and the intent to exterminate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;European Jewry as components of a war of defense against an act of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;aggression launched, escalated, and then carried to a victorious conclusion&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by an immensely powerful international Jewish conspiracy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The radicalism and extremism of Nazi anti-Semitism did not lie only&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the familiar and disgusting racist caricatures of the Jews’ physical&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;appearance or of their alleged sexual proclivities. These prejudices and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;phobias had been commonplaces of European anti-Semitism long before&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the Third Reich. Indeed, it was because Nazi leaders were so worried&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;about what they regarded as the ability of Jews to camouflage&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;themselves as non-Jews that they restored the medieval custom of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;forcing Jews into the open through the compulsory wearing of the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;identifying yellow Star of David. It was the conspiratorial aspects of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;modern anti-Semitism that were most important in fostering its radical,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;genocidal implications. The desire for a Final Solution to the Jewish&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;question was inseparable from the Nazis’ view of the Jews as an&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;internationally organized political power that was playing a decisive&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;role in the events of World War II.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;With too few exceptions, Hitler’s bitterest opponents found it difficult&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to believe that he actually meant what he said concerning the extermination&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and annihilation of the Jews. Here I shall stress the similarity&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;between publicly declared intentions and actual policy.31 We need to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;revise conventional wisdom regarding the role of euphemism and clarity&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in the public language of the Nazi regime. In fact, when its leaders&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;spoke publicly after 1938 about what they intended to do to Europe’s&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Jewish Enemy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;10&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jews, they were remarkably blunt and unambiguous about their intention&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to exterminate or annihilate—that is, to murder—all the Jews of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Europe. George Orwell famously wrote that the language and propaganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of totalitarian dictatorship is that of “euphemism, question&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;begging and sheer cloudy vagueness.” In efforts to “defend the indefensible,”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;he argued that totalitarian regimes substitute clinical abstractions&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for straightforward proper nouns and visceral verbs that refer&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;directly to the violent and criminal acts committed.32 Orwell’s argument&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;applies well to the internal office memos of the Reich Security&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Main Office, the agency of the Nazi regime that carried out the genocide&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of European Jewry, to its famous name for the Holocaust itself, the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Final Solution, and of course to the vicious deceptions that the officials&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;engaged in the mass murder used to obscure from their intended victims&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;their awful fate.33 Yet public language in Nazi Germany was not&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;limited to these now infamous euphemisms. As Hannah Arendt noted&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in her classic work The Origins of Totalitarianism, “in order not to overestimate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the importance of the propaganda lies one should recall the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;much more numerous instances in which Hitler was completely sincere&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and brutally unequivocal in the definition of the movement’s true&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;aims, but they were simply not acknowledged by a public unprepared&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for such consistency.”34 In fact, the public language of the Nazi regime&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;combined complete suppression of any facts about the Final Solution&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with a brutal, sometimes crude declaration of murderous intent. Two&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;key verbs and nouns in the German language were at the core of this&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;language of mass murder: vernichten and ausrotten. These translate as&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“annihilate,” “exterminate,” “totally destroy,” and “kill,” and the nouns&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Vernichtung and Ausrottung as “annihilation,” “extermination,” “total&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;destruction,” and “killing.”35 Whether taken on their own from the dictionary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;meaning or placed in the context of the speeches, paragraphs,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and sentences in which they were uttered, their meaning was clear. When&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hitler and other Nazi leaders and propagandists uttered them to describe&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;what they intended to do to the Jews, they almost always did so&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;after claiming that it was the Jews who were intending to exterminate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/989466742993890162/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/jews-war-and-holocaust-from-book-jewish.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/989466742993890162'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/989466742993890162'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/jews-war-and-holocaust-from-book-jewish.html' title='The Jews, the War, and the Holocaust from the book The Jewish Enemy'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-7528035470766145078</id><published>2011-12-05T15:21:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-05T15:28:52.193-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="The JEWISH ENEMY Jeffrey Herf.  The Anti-Semitic Campaigns of the Nazi Regime"/><title type='text'>The Jews, the War, and the Holocaust Chapter 1</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The texts and images of wartime ideology and propaganda of Nazism&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;are a rich and revelatory means of understanding why European, and in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;particular German, anti-Semitism, the source of centuries of persecution,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;led between 1941 and 1945 to the Holocaust. From 1919 to January&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;30, 1939, Hitler hurled terrible abuse and threats of violence at&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;the Jews. In a speech to the Reichstag when he was making plans to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;begin a second European war, he publicly threatened to “exterminate”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;all the Jews of Europe if they provoked such a war.1 In their public&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;statements, the Nazis repeatedly asserted that the connection between&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;World War II and the Jews was causal and necessary and thus by implication&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;not an accident of timing and geography. Though Hitler had long&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;planned to launch the war at a time and place of his choosing, he and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;his propagandists insisted that the “extermination” of the Jews was a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;justified response to a war launched against Germany by “international&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Jewry.” A blend of hatred, self-righteous indignation, and paranoia was&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;at the core of the Nazi justification of genocide. Nazi propaganda presented&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Germany’s war against the Allies and its intention to “exterminate”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;the Jews of Europe as part of one overarching war of retaliation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;and defense. This escalation of Nazi policy from persecution to extermination&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;was accompanied and prefigured by a radicalization of Nazi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Germany’s public language about the Jews There was, of course, an abyss between Nazi propaganda that presented&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;the Third Reich as the innocent victim of others’ malice and the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;reality of Hitler’s long-planned policy of expansion and aggression. This&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;gap tempted contemporaries to assume that the propaganda was merely&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;a manipulative means used by cynics who were fully aware that it reversed&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;the chronology of events that their own aggressive plans had set&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;in motion. Yet some contemporary observers concluded that the Nazis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;believed their own paranoid logic. The literary scholar and diarist Viktor&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Klemperer wrote in his diary in 1944, soon after D-day: “However much&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;I resisted it, the Jew is in every respect the center of the language of the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Third Reich, indeed of its whole view of the epoch.”2 Klemperer recognized&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;that anti-Semitism was not only a set of prejudices and hatreds&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;but also an explanatory framework for historical events. The young E. H.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Gombrich, who subsequently gained fame as an art historian, worked at&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) translating and analyzing&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;German wartime propaganda. A quarter century later, Gombrich wrote&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;that Nazi propaganda had created a mythic world by “transforming the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;political universe into a conflict of persons and personifications” in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;which a virtuous young Germany fought manfully against evil schemers,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;above all the Jews. The Jews were the cement for this myth, first in the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;political battles within Germany and then on the international plane. It&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;was “this gigantic persecution mania, this paranoiac myth that [held]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;the various strands of German propaganda together.” Gombrich concluded&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;that what characterized Nazi propaganda was “less the lie than&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;the imposition of a paranoiac pattern on world events.”3 During World&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;War II, the propaganda of the Nazi regime repeatedly asserted that an&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;actual political subject, an actor called Jewry or international Jewry, was&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;“guilty” of starting and prolonging the war and that a Jewish international&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;conspiracy was intent on exterminating Germany and the Germans.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;These statements rested on a paranoia inherent in the Nazis’ radical&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;anti-Semitism. In the context of World War II, these beliefs transformed&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;the centuries-old European anti-Semitism from a justification for traditional&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;forms of persecution into what the historian Norman Cohn called&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;a “warrant for genocide.”4&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Jewish Enemy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Faced with expressions of such views by Nazi Germany’s national&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;political leaders, most contemporary Marxists, liberals, and conservatives&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the time, as well as a good number of postwar scholars, were&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;skeptical that the Nazis truly believed their own propaganda. And yet an&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;examination of modern political culture draws attention to the causal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;significance of many irrational and illusory ideological perspectives. In&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the case of Nazi Germany, historians have amply documented what&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Saul Friedlander has called Hitler’s early “redemptive anti-Semitism,”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which combined paranoid fantasy about an all-powerful international&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jewry with promises of redeeming and saving Germany from that pernicious&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;influence.5 Ian Kershaw notes “the all-devouring manic obsession&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;with the Jews” that Hitler displayed in his beer hall tirades in Munich&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;just after World War I.6 This obsession is evident in a speech to a Nazi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;party meeting of April 6, 1920, when Hitler said, “We don’t want to be&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;emotional anti-Semites who seek to create a mood for pogroms. Rather,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;we are driven by a pitiless and fierce determination to attack the evil at&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;its roots and to exterminate it root and branch. Every means is justified&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to reach our goal, even if it means we must make a pact with the devil.”7&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the early years, Hitler denounced the Jews as an element alien to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the German nation, and the cause of Germany’s problems, from military&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;defeat to the Depression. Not until January 30, 1939, however, did&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;he publicly threaten to exterminate the Jews. Between 1920 and 1939,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;often in the most vicious terms, he called for the “removal of the Jews&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;from the midst of our people.” 8 Toward the end of Mein Kampf, he&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;wrote, “If at the beginning of the war and during the war twelve or fifteen&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thousand of these Hebrew corrupters of the people had been held&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;under poison gas, as happened to hundreds of thousands of our very&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;best German soldiers in the field, the sacrifice of millions would not&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;have been in vain.”9 Yet however vicious his language or profound his&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;hatred, between April 1920 and January 1939 he did not repeat the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;threat to kill all the Jews in Germany or in the rest of Europe. Rather,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;he spoke of “world” or “international Jewry” as an actually existing political&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;subject with vast power that was hostile to Germany.10 This subject&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;had played a role in Germany’s defeat in World War I, he claimed,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and had helped bring about the Bolshevik Revolution, Germanyfs postwar&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;inflation, and the economic crisis of 1929. Between 1933 and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1939, international Jewry had been responsible for the criticism leveled&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by the European powers and the United States at Nazi Germanyfs domestic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;policies, including but not limited to its anti-Semitism. Before&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1939 Hitler made no secret of his violent hatred of the Jews and of his&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;determination to drive them out of public life, the professions, and the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;economy, deprive them of German citizenship, and then, by force if&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;need be, drive them out of Germany. Indeed, during the era of anti-&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jewish persecution between 1933 and 1939, the Nazi regime through&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;its Transfer (Haavarah) Agreement with some Jewish organizations, encouraged&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and allowed the movement of sixty thousand German Jews&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and about a hundred million marks from Germany to Palestine.11 Hitler&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;justified every escalation of persecution against the Jews as a response&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to what he alleged was a prior act of aggression by international Jewry.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Yet from January 1933 to January 1939, through six years of escalating&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;anti-Semitic persecution, boycotts, arbitrary arrests, theft, purges, and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the pogrom of November 1938, Hitler, without declaring war against&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the Jews, repeated his assertion about the threat international Jewry&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;posed to Germany.12 In January 1939, however, he struck a distinctly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;more radical and murderous tone.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;While proclaiming Jewryfs threat to Nazi Germany, Hitler prepared&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to launch a war for Lebensraum in the East. Such a military action&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;would provide Germany with raw materials and food supplies safe from&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;an Anglo-American blockade and would lay the groundwork for a subsequent&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bid for world domination and an attack on the United States.13&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hitler presented himself publicly as a man of peace and as a provincial,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;albeit radical, German nationalist who sought merely to apply to the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;German-speaking peoples of Central Europe the League of Nations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;principle of the right of national self-determination.14 In fact, his strategy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for victory entailed preparation for a series of short wars against isolated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;enemies, in which victory would offer resources that would facilitate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;further expansion, on the path to world domination. Waging war sooner&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Jewish Enemy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rather than later would exploit Nazi Germanyfs head start in armaments.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Delay would undermine its initial advantage.15&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hitler was the central, decisive historical actor driving events toward&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the war and the Holocaust. Yet the propaganda of the Nazi party&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and Nazi regime presented Hitler and Germany as merely responding&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the initiatives, injustices, and threats of others. It was a propaganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that trumpeted innocence and self-righteous indignation and turned&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the power relations between Germany and the Jews upside down: Germany&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;was the innocent victim; Jewry was all powerful. From 1933 to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1939, the translation of anti-Semitic ideology into a policy of persecution&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;was presented as a justified response to what the Jews had done to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Germany and the Germans. On January 30, 1939, a distinct shift occurred,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as Hitler depicted the war that he was preparing to launch as&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the last in a long series of acts of aggression by international Jewry&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;against Germany. According to Hitlerfs paranoid logic, the Jews had&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;launched the war so that the Nazis would be compelled to wage a war&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of retaliation against the Jews of Europe. In his speech to the Reichstag&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on January 30, Hitler made his first unequivocal public threat to exterminate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(that is, murder).not merely to remove, deport, or defeat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gthe Jewish race in Europeh in the event that ginternational finance&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jewry inside and outside Europeh brought about a new world war. He&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;publicly repeated the genocidal prophecy on at least six subsequent occasions&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;between January 30, 1939, and February 24, 1943.16 In contrast&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to his public practice between 1919 and 1939, in the ensuing years&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hitler spoke and wrote with unprecedented clarity, bluntness, and frequency&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;about acting on his threats to exterminate the Jews of Europe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;He cast himself in the role of the prophet: the outbreak of World War&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;II was further proof that international Jewry had indeed been out to destroy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Germany and the Germans.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hitler and his leading propagandists were able to entertain completely&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;contradictory versions of events simultaneously, one rooted in the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;grandiose idea of a master race and world domination, the other in the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;self-pitying paranoia of the innocent, beleaguered victim.17 Grandiosity&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Jews, the War, and the Holocaust&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;5&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and paranoia were two poles of one fanatical ideology.18 The Nazis projected&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;their own aggressive and murderous intentions and policies onto&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;their victims, the Jews most of all. Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;captured this aspect of Nazism when they wrote in 1944 that the gblind&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;murderer has always seen his victim as a persecutor against whom he&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;must defend himself.h19 From beginning to end, the narrative of paranoia&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;displayed in the propaganda accompanied and justified the Nazi regimefs&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;grandiose war of aggression and its genocidal policies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The radical anti-Semitism of Nazi Germanyfs wartime propaganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;also constituted an interpretive prism through which Nazi leaders viewed&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and misconstrued events as they unfolded. Indeed, the misperceptions&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of reality deriving from the anti-Semitic agenda contributed to major&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;blunders and eventually to the Alliesf ability to defeat the Nazis, albeit&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at horrendous cost. In The Jewish Enemy, I examine the process of translating&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;anti-Semitic ideology into a narrative and tailoring the weekly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and daily news to fit that narrative.20 Like other practitioners of paranoid&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;politics before and after, the Nazis believed they had uncovered&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;deep secrets of modern history and politics, secrets that the great mass&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of humanity, mired in events, failed to grasp. At the same time that they&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;entered an utterly mythic world, they convinced themselves and millions&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of others that their Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Reichsministerium fur Volksaufklarung und Propaganda) was&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;educating the masses about the people behind the scenes and the realities&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that were the driving force behind events.21 Within the gdelirious&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;discourseh of radical anti-Semitism, all riddles were solved, all historical&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;contingency was eliminated, and everything became explicable.22&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;¡&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Historians of anti-Semitism and the origins of the Holocaust have fully&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;documented its extent and depth in European, and especially German&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and Austrian, society and culture. With particular insight, they have&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;explained the roots of gthe era of persecution.h23 This impressive body&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of scholarship explains the path to an anti-Semitic gconsensus,h which&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Jewish Enemy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;led by the mid- and late 1930s to the Nuremberg race laws, denial of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;citizenship, economic impoverishment, and imprisonment of Jews.24&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;George Mosse, the pioneering historian of fascism and racism, boldly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;claimed that the racism of bodily stereotypes and countertypes gwas&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the catalyst which pushed German nationalism over the edge, from discrimination&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to mass extermination.h25 Yet however despicable this consensus&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;was or however odious the familiar caricatures of supposed Aryan&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and Jewish bodies, neither had led to a policy of mass murder. Reference&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to the long-term history of anti-Semitism leaves unanswered the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;question of why mass murder took place between 1941 and 1945 and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;not earlier.26 The answer to this question lies in the efforts by the radical&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;anti-Semites at the head of the Nazi regime to make sense and nonsense&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the role of international Jewry in the outbreak and unfolding&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of World War II. The Nazi leaders believed that the unfolding events of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the war confirmed the truth of their radical anti-Semitic ideology and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reinforced the need to eliminate Jews from the face of the earth.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Radical anti-Semitism rested on the belief that the Jews were a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;cohesive, politically active subject.that is, a group united on a global&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;scale by racial bonds that transcended any allegiance to nation-states.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the Nazi view, this powerful and autonomous entity, international&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jewry, controlled assorted stooges and accomplices who served its evil&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;interests. One way in which this view of a Jewish global conspiracy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;was distinct from less radical, and nongenocidal, forms of Jew hatred&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;was the relative lack of importance it attached to Jewsf presumed physical&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;appearance. Indeed, the Nazis claimed that the Jews were experts&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;at camouflage and that as a result a massive effort at gpublic enlightenmenth&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;was needed to expose them and their aim of world domination.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;If not identified and destroyed, the Nazi propagandists feared, Jewry&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;would annihilate the German people. As a result, Hitler and his associates&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;publicly declared on numerous occasions that they would gexterminateh&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Jews before the Jews could exterminate the Germans. The idea&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of a Jewish a conspiracy was popularized by the mass publication of The&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Protocols of the Elders of Zion in the decades preceding the Nazisf arrival&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Jews, the War, and the Holocaust&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;7&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in power. The accomplishment of the Nazi propagandists was to bring&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the idea of this conspiracy up to date and to flesh it out with the names&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and faces of recognizable prominent figures in mid-twentieth-century&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Europe and the United States. The theory of an international Jewish&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;conspiracy supplied answers to such seemingly difficult questions as,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why did Britain fight on in 1940 rather than negotiate? Why was it&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;likely that the Soviet regime would collapse like a house of cards following&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the German invasion of June 1941? Why did Franklin Roosevelt oppose&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hitler? Why did the anti-Hitler coalition remain intact as the Red&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Army continued to push toward Central Europe after spring 1943? In&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the idea of a vastly powerful international Jewish conspiracy operating&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;behind the scenes Nazi leaders believed they had found the answer to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;these and many other riddles of modern history.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Though there exists an excellent group of works on Nazi propaganda,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;none has focused on the translation of radical anti-Semitism into the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;texts and visual images of wartime propaganda.27 The Jewish Enemy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;draws on numerous sources to trace that translation process: relevant&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;speeches by Adolf Hitler; speeches, essays, and the multivolume diary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of Joseph Goebbels, head of the Ministry for Public Enlightenment&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and Propaganda; selections from the thousands of daily and weekly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;press directives that Reich press chief Otto Dietrich and his staff gave&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to newspaper and periodical editors at press conferences in Berlin;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;front-page articles and headlines in government-controlled newspapers;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and the relevant anti-Semitic wall newspapers and posters, black&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and white or in color, which intruded on the everyday visual experience&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of millions of Germans during the Third Reich. Some of these texts and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;images are well known. Others were familiar at the time but have been&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;given short shrift even in the scholarship on Nazi propaganda. The vitally&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;important press directives, Word of the Day (Die Parole des Tages),&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;came to light in Otto Dietrichfs postwar trial in Nuremberg but have&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;been oddly underutilized. The brightly colored anti-Semitic political&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;wall newspapers have also attracted little scrutiny.28 Drawing on this&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;wealth of material, I will argue that Nazi Germanyfs radical anti-Semitic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/7528035470766145078/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/jews-war-and-holocaust-chapter-1.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/7528035470766145078'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/7528035470766145078'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/jews-war-and-holocaust-chapter-1.html' title='The Jews, the War, and the Holocaust Chapter 1'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-7734956983189064528</id><published>2011-12-05T15:14:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-05T15:28:57.598-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="The JEWISH ENEMY Jeffrey Herf.  The Anti-Semitic Campaigns of the Nazi Regime"/><title type='text'>The JEWISH ENEMY Jeffrey Herf</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;NAZI PROPAGANDA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;DURING WORLD WAR II&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;AND THE HOLOCAUST&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Belknap Press of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Harvard University Press&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cambridge, Massachusetts&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;London, England&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2006&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In memory of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;George L. Mosse (1918–1999)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for Walter Laqueur&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Copyright © 2006 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;All rights reserved&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Printed in the United States of America&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Herf, Jeffrey, 1947–&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Jewish enemy : Nazi propaganda during World War II and the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Holocaust / Jeffrey Herf.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;p. cm.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Includes bibliographical references and index.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;ISBN 0-674-02175-4&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1. World War, 1939–1945—Propaganda. 2. Nazi propaganda—Germany—&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;History—20th century. 3. Antisemitism—Germany—History—&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;20th century. 4. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945). 5. Germany—Politics&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and government—1933–1945. I. Title.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;D810.P7G337 2006&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;940.53&#39;181—dc22——2005056279&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Contents&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Preface vii&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1. The Jews, the War, and the Holocaust 1&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2. Building the Anti-Semitic Consensus 17&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3. “International Jewry” and the Origins of World War II 50&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4. At War against the Alliance of Bolshevism and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Plutocracy 92&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;5. Propaganda in the Shadow of the Death Camps 138&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;6. “The Jews Are Guilty of Everything” 183&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;7. “Victory or Extermination” 231&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Conclusion 264&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Appendix: The Anti-Semitic Campaigns of the Nazi Regime,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;as Reflected in Lead Front-Page Stories in Der Völkische&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Beobachter 281&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;List of Abbreviations 289&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Preface&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Why did European, especially German, anti-Semitism, which had never&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;led to an effort to murder all of Europe’s Jews before, do so between&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1941 and 1945 in the midst of World War II? What changed to make&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;anti-Semitism a rationale for mass murder rather than for a continuation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of centuries-old patterns of persecution? The answer lies in what&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hitler and his leading propagandists and ideologists had to say about&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the “Jewish question” in the midst of the war and the Holocaust and in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;their efforts to shape the narrative of events through propaganda in the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;controlled press. Rather surprisingly, in view of the vast literature on&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the subject, The Jewish Enemy is the first book to examine in depth the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nazis’ paranoid anti-Semitic account of the world war. Their story of an&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;innocent Germany besieged by international Jewry intent on its “extermination”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;served as both the public announcement of and the justification&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for the Final Solution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the jargon of historians, this is a work of modified intentionalism.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;That is, it examines the ideological intentions of key political actors in the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;historical conjuncture that was World War II. The Holocaust, however,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;was not the inevitable outcome of the continuities of German, or of European,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;history. The long tradition of elite and popular anti-Semitism.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;created a climate of indifference in which the murderers could operate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but did not per se inspire a policy of mass murder. The historians’ search&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;for ideological origins has taken us toward but not to the Final Solution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For it was only in the historically specific circumstances of the war&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;that the most radical and paranoid current of European and especially&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;German anti-Semitism, which Hitler had adopted from the beginning&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of his political activities, became the key to the German dictatorship’s&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;explanation of ongoing events and thus a causal factor in the evolution&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of the Holocaust. Hitler and his associates had long believed that anti-&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Semitism offered the explanatory framework for world history. First in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1939, then still more in 1941, and on up through the last days of the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nazi regime, he and his leading propagandists argued that it was necessary&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to “exterminate” the Jews before they were able to exterminate Germany&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and the Germans.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Historians of a previous generation enlightened and inspired me and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;many others with their work and personal encouragement. Karl Bracher’s&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;analysis of the Nazi regime and of Europe’s century of ideologies has&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;been an exemplar of historical explanation and moral clarity. François&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Furet’s examination of the intersection of ideas, events, and circumstances&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;surrounding the Terror in the French Revolution served as a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;model for integrating radical ideological currents into the narrative of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;political history and as an antidote to historical determinism. Thomas&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Nipperdey examined anti-Semitism as one of the “multiple continuities”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of German, and European, history. The deaths of Furet and Nipperdey&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;leave an intellectual and personal void.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Bracher, Furet, and Nipperdey are part of a rich scholarly tradition&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;of examining the intersection of ideas and politics. George Mosse and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Walter Laqueur also worked in this tradition. Together they founded&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and edited the Journal of Contemporary History, in which much important&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;work on Nazism and Fascism has been published. Laqueur made&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;essential contributions to the history of the Holocaust, stimulated my&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;interest in the mixture of secrecy and blunt talk in Nazi anti-Semiticpropaganda, and encouraged me over the years. Mosse led the historical&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;search for the Holocaust’s ideological origins and illuminated in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;many ways how various components of European culture contributed&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to a climate in which the Holocaust became possible. He was an inspiring&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;teacher, example, and friend for three decades.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;However much I resisted it, the Jew is in every&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;respect the center of the language of the Third&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Reich, indeed of its whole view of the epoch.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;—Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Witness, 1942–1945,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;July 20, 1944, Dresden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What is characteristic of Nazi propaganda is less&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the lie than the imposition of a paranoiac pattern&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on world events.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;—E.H. Gombrich, Myth and Reality&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in German Wartime Broadcasts,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;London, 1969&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/7734956983189064528/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/jewish-enemy-jeffrey-herf.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/7734956983189064528'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/7734956983189064528'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/jewish-enemy-jeffrey-herf.html' title='The JEWISH ENEMY Jeffrey Herf'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-237361249856065154</id><published>2011-12-05T14:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-05T15:07:56.528-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Use of Cinema by Nazis German 1939-1945"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="World war 2 and Cinema"/><title type='text'>Nazi German Film (cinema) Propaganda and Hitler Youth Quex world war 2</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;From Berlin to Neubabelsberg: Nazi Film Propaganda and Hitler Youth QuexAuthor(s):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; Jay W. BairdReviewed work(s):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Source: Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 18, No. 3, Historians and Movies: The State ofthe Art: Part 1 (Jul., 1983), pp. 495-515Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/260548 .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Accessed: 14/11/2011 02:14Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms &amp;amp; Conditions of Use, available at .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jspJSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sage Publications, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal ofContemporary History.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;http://www.jstor.org&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Jay W. Baird &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;From Berlin to Neubabelsberg: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Nazi Film Propaganda and Hitler Youth Quex &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&#39;Mit kummerergrauten Haaren &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;tragen-wir-Norkus zum Hugel hinaus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;ein Kind noch... von sechzehn Jahren! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Sein traum war das Sehnen, die deutsche Nacht, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;das Schicksal der Heimat zu wenden... &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Drum-wurde-er-viehisch- - umgebracht &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;von ruchlosen Morderhanden! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Du deutscher Knabe! Du tapferes Kind! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Du fielst wie ein Held in tosender Schlacht, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Vom Geiste der Freiheit besessen! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Und wenn lange vergessen die deutsche Nacht- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;dich werden wir nie vergessen!&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Pidder Liing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Seldom have film, myth, and history been so integrated as they &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;were in Hitler Youth Quex, one of the most important films pro- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;duced during the early years of the Third Reich. This work, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;celebrating the life and death of a symbolic Hitler Youth, became &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;an integral part of Nazi ideology and played a role in influencing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;millions of young Germans to be prepared to sacrifice their lives for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Fuhrer, Volk, and Fatherland. The apotheosis of Herbert Norkus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;(Hitlerjunge Quex) was the counterpoint to the death, resurrection &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and return of the Brown Shirt hero, Horst Wessel. But unlike the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;case of Wessel, the popularization of the saga of Norkus was fun- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;damentally a creation of the film. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler Youth Quex lent currency to Goebbels&#39;s affirmation that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&#39;film is one of the most modern and far-reaching means of influen- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;cing the masses&#39;.&#39; It set the standard for subsequent Nazi film pro- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;paganda and its effect was enormous. Hitler Youth Quex appealed &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;to Goebbels because it was produced in the heroic key of National &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Socialism, was to the Nazis a felicitous union of political realism &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Journal of Contemporary History (SAGE, London, Beverly Hills and New Delhi), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Vol. 18 (1983), 495-515 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and art, and most importantly because it channelled idealism into &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;action in support of the state. In a letter to Ernst H. Correll, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;director of production of Ufa, he praised the film, noting that &#39;Ufa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;as well as all those involved have not only contributed significantly &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;to the development of the film art, but also to the aesthetic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;configuration of National Socialist ideology&#39;.2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler Youth Quex could serve as a textbook example of the use &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of poetic license in the mythical interpretation of historical reality. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Although grounded in fact, reality gave way to symbol both in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;film and in the novel on which it was based. The epic of Herbert &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Norkus celebrated the exploits of a model Hitler Youth in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;heroic era of Weimar Germany. His behaviour was an exemplary &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;fulfilment of the central tenet of the Hitler Youth - that life is but &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;a preparation for a noble warrior&#39;s death. Long-suffering, loyal, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and devoted to their Fuhrer, the organized Hitler Youth sacrificed &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;twenty-one lives for Germany&#39;s future during the Kampfzeit, and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Herbert Norkus became the flagbearer of the youthful &#39;Immor- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;tals&#39;.3 The appalling death of Norkus - butchered by communists &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;as he was distributing handbills for a Party rally in January 1932 in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Beusselkietz, which lay in his home district of Berlin-Moabit - lent &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;credibility to Goebbels&#39;s demagogic claim that &#39;Bolshevik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;subhumanity&#39; was loose on the German land. &#39;Jewish-Bolshevik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;beastliness&#39; would not waver even at the murder of a proletarian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;boy from drab, industrial north Berlin. A child of the Volk, he saw &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the star of deliverance shining out of the long night of Weimar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;agony and he followed it across the abyss to greatness. This &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;fighting, dying hero, worthy son and heir of the tradition of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Langemarck, became the twentieth-century embodiment of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;classic aphorism: &#39;Whom the gods love, they call home at a tender &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;age&#39;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The child-martyr Norkus became the lodestar of Hitler Youth &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;propaganda. In the words of Reich Youth Leader Baldur von &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Schirach: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;This little comrade has become a myth of the young nation, the symbol of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;self-sacrificial spirit of all the young who bear Hitler&#39;s name. Many died in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;battle of the young for the Reich; the name &#39;Norkus&#39; embraces all of them in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;eternal comradeship of the Hitler Youth. Nothing binds us Hitler Youths &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;together more closely than the knowledge of our brotherly link to this dead boy, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;nothing is more alive than this murdered one, nothing is more immortal than he &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;who has passed away. I&#39;m more proud of this than anything else in my life: that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Herbert Norkus belongs to us.4 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;496 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Baird: Nazi Film Propaganda &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;There was little in the background of the historical Herbert &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Norkus to presage his call to fame. Born in 1916, he was the elder &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;son of the Grenadier Ludwig Norkus, veteran of the Great War &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;who joined Storm 6 of the Berlin SA in 1929. Ludwig had lost what &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;little savings he had to a confidence man, and was employed as an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;oiler in the Chemisch-Technischen Reichsanstalt factory in Berlin- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Plotzensee. His mother had died in a sanitarium in 1931 following &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;repeated communist assaults on the milk store she ran on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Wiclefstrasse to help the Norkus family eke out a living in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;unstable postwar economy. Herbert lived with his younger brother &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and father in modest quarters on the factory grounds which offered &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;them security in a hostile environment. The son of a worker, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;nevertheless he attended the Luisengymnasium on the Zwingli- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;strasse, the street on which he would be murdered.5 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;To live in Beusselkietz was to know the meaning of poverty and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;suffering; life there - just as in its sister districts of Wedding, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Prenzlauer Berg, and Friedrichshain - was anything but bearable. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;It was said that the sun never shone in much of this tenement &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;complex, which was as depressing as any slum to be found in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Europe. Hunger stalked the district, so sensitively reflected in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Slatan Dudow&#39;s documentary production Problems of Our Day: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;How the Worker Lives (1930). One scene of this film shows an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;emaciated little girl gazing up at her mother and asking: &#39;Mama, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;are there people who have warm meals every day?&#39;6 Unemploy- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;ment, depression, and hopelessness were the daily fare there, a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;situation which led to drunkenness as well as physical and sexual &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;abuse of wives and children. The celebrated Berlin milieu poet and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;artist Heinrich Zille, commenting on these conditions, noted that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&#39;You can kill a human being with miserable living conditions just as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;easily as with an axe&#39;.7 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Such was the world of Herbert Norkus. He, like the other youths &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;in the area, never tasted the delights of childhood. For him concrete &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and dirt fashioned a world of despair, punctuated only by the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;melancholy tunes of the proverbial organ-grinder making his &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;rounds through the treeless courtyards of the neighbourhood. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;polluted Spree River snaked its way through the district, oily and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;disheartening. The Hohenzollern Canal, where commercial barge &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;traffic worked the quais, seemed not to be composed of water at &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;all, but instead of a fetid brew of unsightly industrial sludge, lethal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;both to man and fish. Young Norkus knew such despair at first &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;hand, despair which often gave way to suicide. Phil Jutzi&#39;s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;497 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;tragic film Mother Krausen&#39;s Journey to Happiness - featuring &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Alexandra Schmitt as the stooped and prematurely aged pro- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;tagonist who found a way out in a joint suicide with her child - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Norkus knew to be an authentic reflection of daily life in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;proletarian Berlin.8 Youth sensed that radical times called for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;radical solutions, and the road to salvation seemed deceptively &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;simple. Their choice lay between the Soviet star and Ernst &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Thalmann, or the black-white-red swastika flag of Adolf Hitler. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Whereas the great majority of Moabit youth supported the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;communists, who ruled the district from the Karl Liebknecht &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;House, Herbert Norkus joined the Hitler Youth in 1931. Initially &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the political Weltanschauung of the NSDAP was of less importance &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;to this child of fourteen than the comradeship and adventure which &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the Party offered. Charges of &#39;Jewish-Bolshevik&#39; betrayal of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Fatherland and attacks against the materialist decadence of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;bourgeois Weimar system would have meant little to him. It was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the intense group life which drew him to the Hitler Youth as well as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the sports, hiking, singing, and call of the great outdoors. But the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler Youth&#39;s political message was inseparable from this ordered &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;life of comradeship, and his later identification as a political soldier &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;flowed from this source. The organization had the added attraction &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of being led by youth, composed of youth, and promising salvation &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;through youth. In the words of von Schirach: &#39;Holy Flame of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;youth, you are the light in the darkness! You will show us the path &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;which leads to the morning&#39;s dawning, the way of loyalty, the way &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of Adolf Hitler.&#39;9 The Fuhrer guaranteed deliverance from the dark &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;tenement world of Depression Berlin and a grand future for the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;entire nation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;According to all accounts, Herbert was a devoted Hitler Youth. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;He delighted in the rhythm of daily activities of the organization, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;which afforded a structure to his life now that his mother was gone. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Pack meetings, rallies, propaganda work, music and weekends in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the country all provided a welcome relief from the tedium of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;school. His activities in the Naval HJ offered boating in Teltow &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Park waters, and Zeppelinfuhrer Eisenreich&#39;s tales of air battles &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;over France captured his imagination as well.&#39;1 These were days of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;fulfilment for the lad. According to the chronicle of his unit leader &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Kameradschaftsfuhrer Peter Mondt: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;498 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Baird: Nazi Film Propaganda &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Life was so rich and colourful, now that he was in the group... In the afternoon &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;when he had the Bahnhof Beusselstrasse behind him and...when he smelled &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;smoke from the ships and breathed in the air of spring, and when he wound his &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;way along the canal under the old trees, then he began to see images before him. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;He saw the group grow to a whole column, and he saw the misguided boys from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the commune fall in step and join in the singing, then he saw a huge, brown army &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of youth with a sea of flags and pennants, he saw the Fuhrer, and he saw how his &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;eyes danced and glowed in the knowledge that the nation&#39;s youth were united &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and marching in unison toward but one goal. &quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The joy of comradeship came at a high price. Violence, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;intimidation and danger were a way of life for the Hitler Youth in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Beusselkietz, where a mere fifteen or twenty boys stood against &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;what their commander called &#39;a pack of hundreds of hoods from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the commune, criminals, pimps and the assorted collected trash of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;subhumanity&#39;.&#39;2 Norkus knew the meaning of fear, but he took &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;seriously the plea of the Reich Youth Leader for a spirit of self- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;sacrifice among the corps during the decisive phase of Germany&#39;s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;political crisis.&#39;3 On many occasions his survival was due to luck &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and a pair of fast-running legs. Pursued by young communists, he &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;would dash across the Jungfern Bridge and take cover in the forest &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;around Johannes Cemetery. At one point he was cornered and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;given the choice of joining the Red Front within a week or of being &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;killed. In fact, his days were numbered. Ironically, the words of a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;song in the repertoire of his unit were strangely prophetic: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;There&#39;s no retreat for us, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;We&#39;ll stand man for man &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;As firm as German oaks... &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;And should out of our hot wounds &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Red blood come flowing forth, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;We&#39;ll die like Hitler Youths &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;From Beusselkietz Berlin.&#39;4 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;At dawn on the morning of Sunday, 24 January 1932, Norkus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;fell victim to a stakeout of communists acting on a tip from a bitter &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;adherent of the pro-Stennes faction of Berlin Nazis.&#39;5 Thirty to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;forty communists of varying ages lurked in the darkness awaiting &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;their foes in alarm readiness. They cornered Norkus as he was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;racing from door to door with a comrade in Beusselkietz, dropping &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;leaflets advertising Goebbels&#39;s Sport Palace rally later that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;morning. Stabbed repeatedly, the boy desperately pulled himself up &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and dripped a trail of blood across dingy Zwinglistrasse in search &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;499 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of a safe haven. Instead of a chance deliverance, he was stabbed again &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and trampled mercilessly, finally collapsing in the vestibule of a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;laundry establishment. He was rushed to the emergency room of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;nearby Moabit Municipal Hospital, where he died shortly thereafter. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Evidence soon pointed to the communists Klingbeil, Simon and Tack &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;as the perpetrators, desperadoes who had been promised ten mugs of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;beer for the life of every murdered Hitler Youth.&#39;6 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The shocking news of the murder was received in the Sport Palace &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;with bitter cries of &#39;Revenge!&#39; Goebbels - always a timely &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;improviser - swung immediately into a denunciation of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;communists, and in the coming days launched a vicious assault &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;against his adversaries. He struck the leitmotiv of the Norkus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;propaganda in a tawdry, yet moving lead story in DerAngriff, which &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;was a study in poetic imagery. Focusing on the body of Herbert &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Norkus, he wrote: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;There in the bleak, gray twilight, yellowed, tortured eyes stare into the emptiness. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;His tender head has been trampled into a bloody pulp. Long, deep wounds extend &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;down the slender body and a deadly laceraton tears through his lungs and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;heart... Yet it is as if life stirs anew out of pale death. And look: the slender, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;elegant body begins to move. Slowly, slowly he rises as if conjured up by magic, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;until he stands tall in all his youthful glory right before my trembling eyes. And &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;without moving his lips, a frail child&#39;s voice is heard as if speaking from all &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;eternity: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&#39;They killed me. They plunged the murderer&#39;s dagger into my breast and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;mangled my head... Warm blood poured out of me and I lost my breath. 1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;didn&#39;t know what was happening. Horrified, I ran for my life... I fell one last &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;time and knew that it was all over. Again and again they cruelly trampled my &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;face, streaming in blood. I lost consciousness and then sank into a merciful &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;death. This happened in Germany. In a nation that claims to belong to Western &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;civilization. And only because I - still a child - wanted to serve my &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;country... Iamn Germany... one of you millions. I am spirit of your spirit, flesh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of your flesh... I know that from the millions who stand behind me, the troops &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;will form which will bring Germany to her senses again. You comrades will lay &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;my young body to rest in the bosom of mother earth, in pain, grief, anger, and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;fury. What is mortal in me will perish. But my spirit, which is immortal, will &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;remain with you. And it... will show you the way. Until the Reich comes.&#39;17 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The elaborately staged funeral for Herbert Norkus offered a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;vehicle for Goebbels to elaborate on the heroic death theme. For &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;twenty-four hours the body had been attended by a guard of honour &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of Moabit Hitler Youths at the &#39;Leichen-Schauhaus&#39; of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Dorotheenstadtische Gemeinde on the Hannoversche Strasse. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Remarkably, Norkus lay in an open casket, a cruel if very effective &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;dramatization of the singular brutality of his death. On the afternoon &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;500 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Baird: Nazi Film Propaganda &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of 29 January 1932 the coffin, draped with the flags of the Hitler &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Youth and the Marine Jungschar, was moved with all honours to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the Neue Johannes Cemetery in Plotzensee for burial.&#39;8 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Tears of mourning alternated with declarations of triumph, as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the Party elite joined units of Hitler Youth, SA, and SS in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;cortege which wound its way through the cemetery. There Goebbels &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;engaged in rhetoric of pathos, calling for revenge and atonement &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;while promising that the child&#39;s cross on the road to freedom would &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;be redemptive. The life and death of Herbert Norkus had lent new &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;credence to the ethos of the Hitler Youth.&#39;9 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;It was a source of irritation for the KPD that the ground had &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;hardly settled over the grave of Herbert Norkus before it became a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Nazi shrine. Within two weeks Hitler spoke to the Hitler Youth of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Berlin and personally greeted the hero&#39;s Moabit comrades at a rally &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;featuring the combined units of HJ, SS, and National Socialist &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;students.20 Baldur von Schirach placed the name of Herbert Norkus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;at the top of the list of &#39;Immortals&#39;, declaring January 24 as the day &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of memorial for all fallen Hitler Youths. Thereafter it became an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;important anniversary in the annual ritual of the Third Reich.21 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Within weeks of assuming power, the Party elite, with massive &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;police protection, staged a memorial march through Moabit to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;martyr&#39;s grave. A commemorative tablet was later consecrated &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;where Norkus died, bearing the simple inscription, &#39;He Gave His &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Life for Germany&#39;s Freedom&#39;.22 Thereafter, memorial plaques were &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;erected throughout the country. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The death of Norkus lent credence to the myth of reawakened &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;German youth which Hitler proclaimed at the storied Potsdam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Reich Youth Rally in October 1932. Conjuring up the spirits of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Norkus and his bloodied comrades, he called their sacrifice a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&#39;symphony of Germany&#39;s life source&#39;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;What evil can befall a people whose youth sacrifices everything to serve the great &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;ideal of National Socialism. . .German youth is truest to its people when it finds &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;itself in the greatest danger. German youth, what you glorify in your epic tales &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and songs, you yourselves must strive to become, so that one day your people &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;will be worthy of a song of heroism... It will be the happiest memory of your &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;youth that as young boys you looked danger square in the face... and that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;through your loyalty and readiness to go the limit you created the new &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Germany.23 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The popularization of the Norkus myth came with its inter- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;pretation in literature and cinema. Karl Aloys Schenziner&#39;s novel, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;501 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Der Hitlerjunge Quex, was a considerable success; it sold 190,000 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;copies in less than two years and provided the basis for the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;screenplay.24 Far more than a tedious chronicle, the novel rendered &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;historical reality into a sensitive morality play. The suffering of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Norkus family, the desperation of the unemployed father, and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;suicide of Herbert&#39;s mother were credible themes, and Schenzinger &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;skillfully wove a symbolic volkisch tapestry out of rather &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;commonplace - if tragic - raw material. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The author treats Herbert Norkus (Heini Volker) as a modern &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Child-Redeemer.25 His description of Heini&#39;s first attraction to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler Youth is at once lyrical and visionary. Forced by his father to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;attend a weekend outing with the Moabit communist youth, Heini &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;was shattered by their distasteful and disorderly behaviour. Their &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;motley attire was but an outward sign of inner degeneration, and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;stood in marked contrast to the orderly, colourful uniforms of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler Youth. As Schenzinger portrayed it, among the communists, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;alcohol, smoking, and sex were the order of the day, and Heini felt &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;out of place with the ragtag clique which called itself &#39;North Star&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Moabit. What he longed for was the purity of sunshine, forest, and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;water. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Heini escaped from the communist encampment the first night, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and creeping through the woods, he saw a great light. From afar he &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;heard the gentle songs of nation and glory - and his heart was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;pounding. Suddenly he could see boys and girls in uniforms, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;picture of contentment and harmony. Their eyes were riveted on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;their leader, and Heini could hear the words &#39;Ftihrer&#39; and &#39;the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Movement&#39; and of &#39;each giving his life to the other&#39;. He was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;ecstatic as what seemed to be a thousand voices struck up the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;passionate chords of &#39;Deutschland iiber Alles&#39;. German youth on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;German soil, singing the most German of songs in a German &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;forest! Henceforth he knew where his true home must always be - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;with the brave comrades of the Movement. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Schenzinger loses no opportunity in his novel to emphasize the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;theme of social justice in the Hitler Youth, which he characterizes &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;as a bearer of the Volksgemeinschaft, transcending caste and class. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The &#39;young nation&#39; was symbolized by the uniform of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;organization. The day on which Heini Volker received his new &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;uniform, he was happier than ever before in his life. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Bannfuhrer - a model of &#39;Aryan&#39; purity and uprightness - spoke &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;to him in nearly religious terms about its true meaning: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;502 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Baird: Nazi Film Propaganda &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Heini, you have hundreds of thousands of comrades throughout the country. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;They all wear the same shirt you have on, the same insignia, the same stripes on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the arm, the same cap. The uniform isn&#39;t some decoration or parade ground &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;attire, my boy. It is the clothing of the community, of comradeship, of our &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;ideology, of the unified organization! Do you understand? It makes us all equal, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and gives the same to all and demands the same from all. He who wears such a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;uniform doesn&#39;t have desires of his own any more, he has only to obey.. 26 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;And obey he did. Heini was conscientious and industrious, ever &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;ready and swift as Hermes. He was given the nickname &#39;Quex&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;because he carried out orders faster than quicksilver. Heini was a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;good comrade and knew no fear. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Heini learned at first hand the joy of class unity when he visited &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the home of Fritz Dorries, a fellow Hitler Youth. The Dorries villa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;on the Altonaer Strasse in the Tiergarten represented another world &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;when compared to Heini&#39;s crowded proletarian quarters. He was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;anxious, knowing that the Spree River which he crossed at the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Gotzkowsky Bridge stood like a moat separating the rich and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;poor. Instead of being patronized by this upper-bourgeois family, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Heini was received openly and as an equal. Not only did Frau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Dorries&#39;s attitude signal the dawn of a new era, but Ulla, Fritz&#39;s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;blond teenage sister, a member of the Bund deutscher Madel, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;radiated a nearly divine, virginal glow on the young guest. But it &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;was Fritz who won Heini over with his attack on wealth, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;capitalist spirit, and elitist traditional education. Learning, to be &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;sure, but for a nobler purpose - for swift action: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;I want to train myself, outwardly and inwardly, to become a model of courage. I &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;want to feel my blood flowing, and that of others who are of the same blood. We &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;have to develop an organic community again. Today we just have bastards. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;word &#39;Volk&#39; has become a joke. We should be ashamed to show ourselves to a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;herd of deer or even elephants. They&#39;ve got the sense to breed only with their &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;own... the zoo is the best university of all... With us Hitler Youth there are no &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;classes. There are only those who get the job done and parasites, and those we&#39;ll &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;throw out.27 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Heini was warmed by the comradeship of the Hitler Youth, and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;he became a paragon of good humour, courage, and devotion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&#39;Castle Beusselkietz&#39;, the HJ lair, was his milieu, and he joyfully &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;played piano accompaniment for the spirited songs of the Move- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;ment which proclaimed the light of the dawn in the east. Music had &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the effect of a tonic on Heini, encouraging him to serve the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;cause heroically. The song of the Hitler Youth, which called for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;503 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;self-sacrifice, had a special attraction for him: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Our flag waves before us, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Our flag is the new era, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Our flag leads us to eternity, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Yes, the flag means more than death!28 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Schenzinger reserves his most passionate description for the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;death of Heini, a thinly veiled parallel with Christian Resurrection. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;His Beusselkietz comrades have gathered around the bed of their &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;dying friend, when: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Finally they see the little face in the pillow, flushed, now and then wincing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;around his mouth and nose, sighing and groaning occasionally. So this is Quex, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the Bengal .. His friends are overcome with sympathy, and anger gives way to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the call for revenge. There they stand.. .helpless before the incomp- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;rehensible... has he already passed away?... No, he&#39;s moving... Suddenly there &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;is a scream... Heini is sitting up in bed, his eyes wide open... He is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;singing... They don&#39;t recognize the words, but they know the melody. .. It&#39;s the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;song they sing every day, every evening together, on every march... Everyone &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;knows what it all means - death is singing here.29 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Not a soldier fallen in France, yet a soldier nonetheless. Heini &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Volker - a good comrade - had passed away. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The ennoblement of Herbert Norkus awaited the film devoted to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;his life. The Ufa production Hitlerjunge Quex, based on the novel &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;by Schenzinger, was filmed in Neubabelsberg in the summer of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;1933 and was released in September of the same year. Directed by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hans Steinhoff and employing Karl Ritter as production director, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;it enjoyed legendary success in the annals of film propaganda.30 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler Youth Quex was under the honorary direction of Baldur &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;von Schirach, who put great store on the effect it would have as a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;symbol of the heroism of the postwar generation.31 A stellar cast &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;joined Jurgen Ohlsen as Quex and units of the Berlin Hitler Youth &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;in the film. Heini&#39;s father was played by the massive figure of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Heinrich George, and his mother was sensitively portrayed by Berta &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Drews. Claus Clausen was a convincing HJ Bannfuhrer and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hermann Speelmans took the role of the sympathetic Beusselkietz &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;leader Stoppel. Karl Meixner, cast as the shadowy figure Wilde, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;was the incarnation of the &#39;Jewish-Bolshevik&#39; will to destruction.32 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler Youth Quex, a blend of historial fact and myth, contains &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;all the elements of a passion play: an innocent blond child; a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;desperate mother figure who attempts a joint suicide with her son; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;504 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Baird: Nazi Film Propaganda &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;a drunken father drawn to communism for reasons beyond his &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;control; the dark slums of starving Beusselkietz; German &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;communists as tools of a foreign power; idealistic and heroic Hitler &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Youth; the redemptive death of a lamb of the Volk; and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;promise of regeneration of the nation through Adolf Hitler. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Schirach found it a noble chapter in German history celebrating &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&#39;eternal youth which knows neither darkness nor dawning&#39;, thus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;joining Goethe&#39;s Faust, the Ninth Symphony, and the will of Adolf &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler at the interface of gods and men.33 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler Youth Quex reflects the theme of universal suffering and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the desperation of Weimar in a gripping manner and its message is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;compelling - both heartless capitalism and criminal Bolshevism &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;are found wanting. The troubled Volker family is symbolic of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;German nation as a whole. Father Volker has been out of work for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;several years and is beside himself with woe. The left-leaning actor &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Heinrich George gave vent to his true political instincts in this role, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and he is at once a titanic and elemental force. Volker&#39;s brutal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;treatment of his long-suffering wife and son clearly are not due to a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;faulty character; instead they are caused by the miseries of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;economic and social system. He has become fat, decadent, and a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;drunkard because the inequities of the capitalist system have made &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;him a forgotten man, fated to stand in endless lines awaiting a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;minimal welfare payment. There never was a joyful Christmas at &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;his apartment, seldom a happy moment for Mother Volker and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;lovable Heini. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Volker was a man conscious of his class identity - a proletarian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;to the core. In a singularly touching scene, he acknowledges Heini&#39;s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;manhood and makes an emotional declaration of his political &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;creed. The time has come for Heini to declare for the Party and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;join the Communist Youth International. Father Volker turns to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;his son, saying: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Look, there&#39;s a lot going on today that you can&#39;t understand, but we &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;proletarians have to save our skin - that&#39;s what it&#39;s all about! Look how we live &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;here, your mother and you and I - it wasn&#39;t always like this, there were better &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;days - before. But my God, we&#39;ve been derailed. I wanted to do more for you, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and many was the night my head was spinning as I tried to find a way out for us &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;[his voice breaking], but no work, no income for years, that wears you &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;down.. .And now you young ones must help. You must sign on with us, with us &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the old! Otherwise we&#39;ll all be destroyed!34 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Finally he gives Heini the keys to the apartment, signalling the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;505 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;father&#39;s acceptance of the son as an adult and a fellow communist. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Heini, caught in a dilemma, appreciates his father&#39;s love; yet he &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;feels that his political solution is completely wrong. True to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;himself, he declares for the Hitler Youth. According to the Nazis, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;loyalty to parents must give way to political truth in the case of a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;conflict. One night his father overhears him singing the words of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the Hitler Youth anthem to his mother, who has clung in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;desperation to the chimera that Heini would take the line of least &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;resistance and join the communist youth. Fatherly love turns to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;rage, and he beats Heini, forcing him to sing the Internationale. In &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;a pitiful scene, Heini - the battered victim of the battle of two &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;world views - chokes out the hated refrain. His troubles are only &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;beginning. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Heini&#39;s mother suffers even more than he does, being constantly &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;subjected to brutal beatings and harassment by Father Volker. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Undernourished, pale, and old beyond her years, she carries the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;weight of the world on her shoulders. Berta Drews creates a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;cinematic tour de force in her role as a bearer of grief, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;quintessence of eternal motherly love. A victim of the political and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;economic system, her life is in shambles; she seems to live only to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;sacrifice for her beloved son. Sensing that young Heini might well &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;be killed by the communists for his role in aborting a terrorist plot, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;she makes a decision in despair to commit suicide and kill Heini as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;an act of mercy. The orchestra strikes up a discordant, throbbing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;cacophony skillfully interwoven with the mother&#39;s love motif, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;preparing the audience for the haunting spectre to follow. In an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;unforgettable scene, with the silver lights of the city reflecting an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;eerie cast over their faces, Frau Volker kisses her son goodbye and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;whispers, &#39;Now everything will be all right&#39;. She turns on the gas, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;never to awaken. Heini, on the other hand, was rescued from the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;jaws of death only to meet a more terrifying end. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler Youth Quex is striking in its focus on international &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;communism. More than any other film made in the Third Reich - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;including Hans Westmar and SA Mann Brand - the stereotype of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the &#39;Jewish-Bolshevik&#39; is shattering. The Communist Party is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;viewed as a pack of marauding wolves with but one goal in mind &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;to destroy what they cannot control. Traitors and agents of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Soviet Union, they sing of human rights while deploying their &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;notorious Rollkommandos to carry out their evil deeds. They work &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;only for the welfare of the Soviet Union, never for the German &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;nation and the Volk. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;506 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Baird: Nazi Film Propaganda &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;When the devil took human form, he came as Wilde and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;clique of gangsters and shadowy figures who composed the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;neighbourhood KPD. His physiognomy alone betrays an inner &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;nature of decomposition; here, indeed, was a &#39;subhuman&#39;, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;product of miscegenation, venereal disease, and criminality. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Unshaven, squint-eyed, and repulsive, he was the incarnation of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Bolshevism. The gutter was his milieu. To see him gathered with his &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;comrades in a smoky pub beneath posters of Lenin and Stalin was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;to know a twentieth-century Judas. He led the red guards who set &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;out to destroy the Beusselkietz Hitler Youth, the noble vanguard in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the cause of Germany&#39;s regeneration. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Promiscuous sex was also a tool of the enemy, and the loose &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;virtue of the communist street girl Gerda (Rotraut Richter) is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;boldly portrayed. Her raw sexuality is devoid of Germanic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;refinement, not to mention soul. Gerda seduces Hitler Youth &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Gundler, utterly ruining him for future work in the service of Adolf &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler. She plies her erotic wares on the protagonist as well, but the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;purity of the future martyr remains unsullied. In young Volker&#39;s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;estimation the girls in the ranks of the Bund deutscher Mddel are much &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;more desirable. Above all he is attracted to Ulla, whose close-cropped &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;blond hair, gentle features, shining eyes, and enthusiasm for the cause &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;stand in marked contrast to Gerda, the painted street-girl, a walking &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;catalogue of Berlin vice. On the other hand, what glory it was to behold &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;sunny Ulla in command of her BdM unit. How proudly she took part in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the pagan incantations over the crackling summer solstice fire! With &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;such leadership the German nation was assured a heroic future. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler Youth Quex presented the directors Steinhoff and Ritter with a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;rare opportunity to romanticize the role of youth in the &#39;rebirth&#39; of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Germany. Quex is the son any mother and father would have cherished. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;He unites in his person all the best qualities of idealistic youth: courage, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;vision, unselfishness, and love. He is at once bold, ingratiating and ever &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;ready to serve. It was these qualities which endeared him to his &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;comrades, and they demonstrated their love for him. After Heini&#39;s first &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;brush with death, Fritz and Ulla lead a group of comrades to the hospital &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;to visit their young friend. There they presented him with a new Hitler &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Youth uniform. Star-struck by this show of acceptance, Heini thanks &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;them, affirming that this was the happiest day of his life. Thereafter the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler Youth organization assumed the role of his surrogate family. He &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;was to have need of the support of his fellows. For not only had he lost &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;his mother, but his father had sold the family&#39;s furniture to a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;secondhand dealer for a few marks and closed the apartment. The Party &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;507 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;was now the boy&#39;s only home. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Variations on this theme follow in a remarkable scene in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;garden of the hospital, a study in contrast of the communist and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Nazi world views as portrayed in the film. Both the Hitler Youth &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;commander and Father Volker visit Heini simultaneously. Claus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Clausen, who plays Bannfuhrer Cass, is a model Aryan - blond &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and upright, pure of heart and soul. Reflecting on the eternal spirit &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of youth, with its wanderlust and love of adventure, he fascinates &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Heini with his enthusiasm. The question he asks is in fact directed &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;to all German youth: &#39;Where does a boy belong today?&#39; &#39;Two &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;million boys volunteered in the Great War!&#39;, he continued. &#39;They &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;were all sons of a father and above all of a mother! And where did &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;they belong?&#39; Father Volker turned the question around and asked, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&#39;Where do I belong then? With my class brothers, that&#39;s where. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;And where I belong, the boy belongs too!&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The next verbal exchange between the two laid the seed for the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;conversion of Father Volker from communism to National &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Socialism: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Bannfuhrer: &#39;With your class brothers...with the &#39;Internationale&#39; you mean?&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Volker: &#39;Of course, with the Internationale!&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Bannfuhrer: &#39;Where were you born?&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Volker: &#39;In Berlin of course!&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Bannfuhrer: &#39;Well, where is that anyway!&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Volker: &#39;On the Spree!&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Bannftihrer: &#39;On the Spree, right! But where? In what country?&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Volker: &#39;For heaven&#39;s sake, man. In Germany naturally.&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Bannfiihrer: &#39;In Germany, yes! In our Germany! Think about that.&#39;35 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Viewers of the film are left with the indelible impression that the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;boy&#39;s only sensible alternative was to follow Hitler; to serve the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;cause of the red star was to be a traitor to the nation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The struggle for the Fatherland led to Heini Volker&#39;s tragic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;death; yet at the same time it guaranteed him immortality. In the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;coming months he was more active than ever in the cause of Adolf &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler. The Bannfuhrer withdrew him from the Beusselkietz sector &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;because he was on the communists&#39; murder list. Yet Heini longs to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;return to the neighbourhood where he knows every store and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;apartment, every street and alley. He confronts the Bannfuhrer, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;playing on his sense of honour and duty: &#39;You&#39;ve always said that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;to be a Hitler Youth is to be a soldier... and you were an officer in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the war... Did you forbid your soldiers going into the front lines &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;508 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Baird: Nazi Film Propaganda &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;because there would be some shooting?&#39; Cass relents, and Heini &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;beams at the prospect of participating in the battle for the final &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;victory. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The scenes in connection with Heini&#39;s murder evoked an intense &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;response on the part of great numbers of viewers who saw the film &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;during the Third Reich. Not sensing that his end was near, Heini &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;saves the day for the Nazi propaganda effort in Beusselkietz &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;through quick-witted improvisation. He spends his few remaining &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;marks for flyers to replace those the communists have cast into the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Spree. Racing through the district on his propaganda mission, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Heini&#39;s smile of confidence and his joyous enthusiasm is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;juxtaposed to the dark and ugly world of sooty tenements which &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;conceal the murderers who are stalking him. Precisely at this point &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the music of Herbert Windt and Hans-Otto Borgmann proves most &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;compelling. The persecution motif gives way to the drums and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;trumpets of the Hitler Youth anthem, thus signalling the hero&#39;s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;imminent death. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The recurrent shrill double whistle - the communists&#39; crude yet &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;effective alarm system in the ghetto - rings out, and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Rollkommando swarms into the darkened streets prepared for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;action. A horrifying expression of fear crosses Heini&#39;s face, and he &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;runs for his life. Finding all escape routes blocked, he dashes for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the carnival field and takes cover in an amusement tent. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;inhuman Wilde and his bellowing followers join in hot pursuit, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;finally discovering him there. An ungodly shriek pierces the ugly &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Berlin dawn, as the drunken, unsightly Moscow hit-men carry out &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;their nefarious deed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;In a final scene, Fritz and other Hitler Youth rush to the side of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the dying boy, whose eyes are fixed on heaven. As if already in a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;transfigured state, Heini strikes up the words of the song of the flag &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;- &#39;Unsere Fahne flattert uns voran!&#39; - and perishes. A heavenly &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;scene of Resurrection opens up and several converging columns of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;marchers - the &#39;Immortals&#39; - take up the chorus of the song &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;which Heini began. This baroque display is bathed in sunshine and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;gorgeous billowing clouds, a resplendent martial demonstration. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Their spirits return to earth, and the martyrs join the columns &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;marching toward victory below, fading out with the words, &#39;Our &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;flag is the new era&#39;.36 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The premiere of Hitler Youth Quex on 11 September 1933 at the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Ufa Phoebus Palace in Munich took on all the aspects of a Nazi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;festival. Long columns of Hitler Youth formed a ceremonial guard &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;509 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;outside the theatre, blowing trumpet fanfares to the delight of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;crowd gathered to catch a glimpse of the Ftihrer. The guests in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;attendance included many of the elite of Third Reich officialdom: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Goring, Hess, Ley, Rohm, and von Papen, as well as von Blomberg &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and other high-ranking generals.37 Searchlights outside the theatre &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;added a dramatic touch, and the hall was aflame with red, white, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and black flags of Party and nation. Flowers were banked in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;national colours before the stage, featuring a floral raised swastika. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Franz Adam and the Reich Symphony Orchestra played Anton &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Bruckner&#39;s Fourth Symphony. No touch had been overlooked for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the celebration of the living dead. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Turning to Hitler and guests of honour, Baldur von Schirach &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;offered a brief testimonial: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;I want briefly to direct your thought to that young comrade, whose fate is the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;subject of this film. To this little comrade, who can&#39;t be with us anymore, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;because he has laid buried for a year and half. It was in the time of the worst &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;terror, when I stood before 2000 Berlin Hitler Youths.. .and spoke to them of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;sacrifice, of Fuhrer, and of heroism. An oppressive atmosphere lay over our &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;meeting, and it was as if we expected something horrible to happen. I spoke of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the bravery that everyone must show, and that there might be one of us out there &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;who I would never see again. And I said to him: thank you that you take this fate &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;on your shoulders, that you have the honour among the millions to bear the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;name of Hitler Youth, to become a leader in the community which you embody. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;On the next morning, the Hitler Youth Herbert Norkus was butchered by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Marxist murder bandits. As I stood at his casket, communists threw stones &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;against the wall of the mortuary. Today a youth movement of a million and a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;half fighters stands where that little Hitler Youth fell. Every single one of them is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;wedded to this spirit of sacrifice, this comradeship . . We want to fight on in his &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;unbending spirit. Heil Hitler!38 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;After the playing of the Hitler Youth March, the director of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Bavarian State Theatre, Hans Schlenk, read the prologue from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Kurt Klawitter&#39;s work &#39;Ours the Victory - Ours the Power&#39;. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;film itself was greeted with grand approval and boisterous shouts &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of &#39;Heil!&#39;. At its conclusion Jirgen Ohlsen, who had played Quex, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;appeared on the stage in the company of the directors Hans &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Steinhoff and Karl Ritter. Looking like the wandering Parzifal, he &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;saluted Hitler who was standing with his entourage. Deeply moved, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitler smiled approvingly, and lost in memories of the Kampfzeit, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;he slowly returned the salute.39 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The reporter for Kinematograph, Germany&#39;s oldest film &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;magazine, gave a breathless description of the conclusion of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;510 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Baird: Nazi Film Propaganda &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;ceremonies: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The shouts and Heils! were heard throughout the neighbourhood and they &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;carried out into the dark blue fall evening. Blood, tears, and victory - the story &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of our times - were relived that night in the presence of those who gained the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Endsieg...As the Fuhrer left the theatre, the Hitler Youth band played the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Badenweiler March. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitlerjunge Quex is a German film, produced not with the aim of making &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;money, but with the goal of recreating the genuine atmosphere and deeply-felt &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;experiences of those days, a film which is a fanfare of German youth and of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;German future.40 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;There is little question that during the Third Reich Hitler Youth &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Quex fulfilled the mission assigned to it. It was at once a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;propaganda and aesthetic success, an ornament to Goebbels&#39;s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;dream of utilizing the best of modern technique in the service of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;mythical National Socialist ideal. Above all, it appealed to youth in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;a remarkable way. Through both Party and Ufa commercial &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;channels, its audience numbered well over 20,000,000 viewers.4&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Curt Belling, a senior official in the Goebbels film apparatus, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;referred to it as &#39;the film of National Socialist youth&#39;.42 As late as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;1942 it was being shown in the Jugendfilmstunden of the Hitler &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Youth, an important propaganda activity of the organization.43 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;The reasons for its success are many. Above all, it was a film of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;youth, by youth, and for youth. As such, it both fascinated and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;inspired the young and met the requirements of the Party elite. It &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;paved the way for the other major films of the genre which &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;followed, setting a standard for them: Ich fur dich-Du fur mich &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;(Carl Froelich, 1934), Kopf hoch, Johannes! (Viktor de Kowa, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;1941), Jakko (Fritz Peter Buch, 1941), Himmelhunde (Roger von &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Norman, 1942), Hdnde hoch! (Alfred Weidenmann, 1942) and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Junge Adler (Alfred Weidenmann, 1944). From the point of view &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of the Party, Hitler Youth Quex had the great merit of laying the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;foundation for the central motif of Hitler Youth martyrology. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Further, it schooled a generation to prepare for a sacrificial death &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;for Grossdeutschland. False myths and false Fuhrers ultimately &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;took a terrible toll in the second world war.44 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Both Herbert Norkus and Horst Wessel had taken up the banner &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;of the Feldherrnhalle martyrs of 1923, whose blood had originally &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;drenched the Blutfahne. Thus they had joined the corps of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&#39;Eternal Guard&#39;, and in Hitler&#39;s words, &#39;have not died, but have &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;been resurrected in us and live in us, as long as we ourselves shall &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;511 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;live and they live in our youth, as long as a German youth shall &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;exist&#39;.45 Blood of his blood, flesh of his flesh, they had answered &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;the call to immortality. As Hitler said of them, &#39;The blood that they &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;have shed has become Holy Water for the Third Reich&#39;.46 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Notes &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;1. Goebbels, address to &#39;Fachschaft Film&#39;, Kroll Opera, 9 February 1934. Der &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Kinematograph, 13 February 1934, cited in Gert Albrecht, Film im Dritten Reich &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;(Karlsruhe 1979), 267-68. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;2. Oskar Kalbus, Vom Werden deutscher Filmkunst, II, Der Tonfilm (Altona &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;1935), 123. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;3. See &#39;Baldur von Schirach&#39; in Joachim C. Fest, The Face of the Third Reich &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;(New York 1970), 229-231; Michael H. Kater, Biirgerliche Jugendbewegung und &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitlerjugend in Deutschland von 1926 bis 1939, Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte, Band &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;XVII, 1977, 151-152; George L. Mosse, Nazi Culture (New York 1966), 266. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;4. Schirach, introduction to Arnold Littmann, Herbert Norkus und die &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Hitlerjungen vom Beusselkietz (Berlin 1934), 6. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;5. Ludwig Norkus was interviewed by the Angriff staff shortly after the murder. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;See Der Angriff, 26 January 1932, no pagination. Compare Littmann, op. cit., 9-15, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;and Rudolf Ramlow, Herbert Norkus?-Hier! Opfer und Sieg der Hitler Jugend &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;(Stuttgart 1933), 46-52. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;6. Zeitprobleme: Wie der Arbeiter Wohnt, produced by the communist- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;controlled Weltfilm Kartell in 1930, Nr. 394, Budesarchiv. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;7. Ibid. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;8. Mutter Krausens Fahrt ins Gluck (Prometheus 1929). See Helmut Korte, Film &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;und Realitdt in der Weimarer Republik (Frankfurt am Main 1980), 103-168. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;9. May Day, 1934, NSDAP/Hauptarchiv, Roll 18, Folder 366. See Peter D. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Stachura, &#39;The Ideology of the Hitler Youth in the Kampfzeit&#39;, Journal of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Contempory History, 7, 3 (1973), 155-167. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;10. Ramlow, op. cit., 55-59; Littmann, op. cit., 77-81. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;11. Ibid., 72-73. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;12. Ibid., 49-52, 81-82; Ramlow, op. cit., 52-54. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;13. Reichsfuhrer HJ Kurt Gruber, &#39;Verfiigung Nr. 2: Die Septemberaktion,&#39; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Kommandobrucke, 20 July 1931, NSDAP/Hauptarchiv, Roll 18, Folder 342. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;14. Littmann, op. cit., 112. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;15. Ibid., 134-140. Six months later a trial of the perpetrators took place in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;Schwurgericht am Landgericht I, Moabit, but a few blocks from the scene of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;murder. For the Nazi reaction to the proceedings, see the Volkischer Beobachter &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;(Munich), 14 July 1932. For obvious reasons, the Stennes connection with the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;murder was meticulously avoided by the NSDAP in the florid hagiography devoted &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;512 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Baird: Nazi Film Propaganda &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;to their young hero. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;16. Kriminal-Polizeirat Reinhold Heller of the Berlin Police was responsible for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the case which resulted in prison sentences of up to three years for the defendants. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;See Hsi-huey Liang, The Berlin Police Force in the Weimar Republic (Berkeley &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1970), 140-141. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;17. Der Angriff, 26 January 1932, 1-2. Compare the memorial tribute to Norkus &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;in Der Junge Sturmtrupp (February 1932). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;18. See Der Angriff, 28 January 1932, 1, and 30 January 1932, 9. The Norkus &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;murder paralleled that of Horst Wessel; both resulted in firming up Nazi resolve to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;gain the final victory. Prinz Schaumburg-Lippe described the effect of the funeral &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;on that cold January day, noting that it &#39;was in harmony with the desperation of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;times and the danger of the moment... The torches at the casket shone far beyond &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;the borders of Berlin and burned in our hearts forever and ever... I myself became a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;National Socialist by and through the death of Herbert Norkus. Such a death was &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;far less a national than a socialist deed. Such a sacrifice meant that thousands and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;thousands came over to our flag, people who before were repressed by the chains of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;class and caste.&#39; Friedrich Christian Prinz zu Schaumburg-Lippe, Als die Goldne &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Abendsonne: Aus meinen Tagebuchern der Jahre 1933-1937 (Wiesbaden 1971), &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;65-66. For examples of Norkus hagiography see Herbert Norkus, der Hitlerjunge in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Die Fahne hoch! (Die braune Reihe), 20, 1934, 1-25; Will Decker, Kreuze am Wege &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;zur Freiheit (Leipzig 1935), 145-146, 150-151, and Kurt Langner, Gedenkhalle fur &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;die Gefallenen des Dritten Reiches (Munich 1935), 134-135. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;19. See &#39;Abschied von Herbert Norkus: Die letzte Fahrt des Hitlerjungen&#39;, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;VB/M, 31 January 1932, 3. The bourgeois press reacted with condemnation of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;murder and consternation about Weimar&#39;s continuing political crisis. With their &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;own fallen to mourn, the KPD responded with contempt. While Die Rote Fahne &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;relegated coverage to the back pages, the Munzenberg press trust was innovative in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;its reaction to the situation. It seems that a group of workers &#39;happened to be &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;passing by&#39; when they were accosted by some twenty-five Nazi hoodlums who &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;assaulted them, firing their revolvers in all directions. &#39;Apparently the knife which &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;struck Norkus was really meant for a worker.&#39; See Die Welt am Abend, 25 January &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1932. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;20. Max Domarus, Hitler. Reden und Proklamationen 1932-1945, 1 (Munich &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1965), 90; Littmann, op. cit., 141-142. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;21. See von Schirach&#39;s message to the HJ celebrating their bravery in &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&#39;Verordnungsblatt der Reichsjugendfuhrung&#39;, Munich, 22 January 1933, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;NSDAP/Hauptarchiv, Roll 18, Folder 337. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;22. See photograph with caption &#39;Die Gedenktafel am Mordhause Zwinglistrasse &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;4 nach der Enthiillung am 26.7.33, davor drei Kameraden mit der Herbert Norkus- &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fahne&#39;, Ramlow, op. cit., 1. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;23. Domarus, op.cit., 137. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;24. Karl Aloys Schenzinger, Der Hitlerjunge Quex (Berlin 1932), was written &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;between May and September 1932 and was published in December of the same year &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;by the Steuben Verlag. In 1934 Schenzinger published another novel in the heroic &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;genre with the Zeitgeschichte Verlag of Berlin entitled Der Herrgottsbacher &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Schulermarsch. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;25. This has long been a theme in Teutonic culture. The German historian &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gerhard Reinhard Ritter (not to be confused with the Freiburg historian Gerhard &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ritter) wrote in 1936 that &#39;The nature of the German is not without reason also a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;513 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;symbol of eternal growth. It is represented most beautifully and significantly in the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;type of the German youth. Why otherwise would so many great masters of our &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;history have been able to choose as the incarnation of the German people a youth as &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;symbol-Siegfried, Parsifal, Horst Wessel! All of these representations involve the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Faustian thought of the eternal seeker in a significant way.&#39; See Gerhard Ritter, Die &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;geschlechtliche Frage in der deutschen Volkserziehung (Berlin/Cologne 1936), 207. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;26. Schenzinger, Der Hitlerjunge Quex, 164. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;27. Ibid., 60-61. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;28. Georg Walther Heyer, Die Fahne ist mehr als der Tod (Munich 1981), 22-23. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;29. Schenzinger, op. cit., 254-256. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;30. For an example of what Goebbels expected from the film industry, see his &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;speeches of 28 March and 19 May 1933 in Gerd Albrecht, NS Filmpolitik (Stuttgart &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1969), 439-447. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;31. Both von Schirach and the ardent Nazi director Karl Ritter did not want the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;boys of the Hitler Youth to be confused with actors. As a result, the young man who &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;played Quex, Jiirgen Ohlsen, culled from the ranks of the corps, did not receive &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;credits in the billing of the film. See &#39;Wie der Hitlerjunge Quex gefunden wurde&#39;, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Die Filmwoche, 37 (13 Sepember 1933). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;32. Alfred Bauer, Deutscher Spielfilm Almanach 1929-1950 (Munich 1976), 191. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For a discussion of the film, see Manfred Dammeyer (ed.), Der Spielfilm im Dritten &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Reich, XII. Westdeutsche Kurzfilmtage, Oberhausen, 13-19 February 1966, 34, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;51-62, 165-168; Erwin Leiser, Nazi Cinema (New York 1975), 34-39; David Stewart &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hull, Film in the Third Reich (Berkeley 1969), 21, 25, 32-34, 222. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;33. Schirach made no secret of his mystical concept of nationalist aesthetics, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;which was grounded in racism and the exaltation of the spirit of eternal youth. See &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Baldur von Schirach, Die Hitler-Jugend. Idee und Gestalt (Berlin/Leipzig 1934), &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;18-19. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;34. Thomas Arnold, et. al., Hitlerjunge Quex: Einstellungsprotokoll (Munich &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1980), 99-101. In a parallel scene in Schenzinger&#39;s novel, the communist &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;neighbourhood leader Stoppel berates Heini, saying: &#39;The proletarian fights for his &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;rights, for human rights if you know what that means. He fights for something to &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;eat and drink, for a little air and light for the stinking hole he calls home . . for a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;warm bed under his ass. Now it&#39;s all on the line. The battle is reaching a showdown. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Everyone&#39;s got to be at his battle station, and that&#39;s where you belong.&#39; Schenzinger, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;op. cit., 198-199. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;35. Hitlerjunge Quex. Einstellungsprotokoll, 169-175; Leiser, op. cit., 36-38. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;36. Hitlerjunge Quex: Einstellungsprotokoll, 208-237. See also notes of Friedrich &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;P. Kahlenberg in Bundesarchiv, Kulturamt der Stadt Koblenz, Ausstellung zur &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Filmreihe &#39;Jugend im NS-Staat&#39;: Katalog (Koblenz 1978), 8-12, and Pierre Cadars &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and Francis Courtade, Le Cinema Nazi (Paris 1972), 34-41. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;37. See &#39;Platzeinteilung der Ehrengaste im Einvernehmen mit der &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Reichsjugendfuhrung Berlin fur Welturauffuhrung . &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hitlerjunge Quex, File Hitlerjunge Quex, Deutsches Institut fur Filmkunde, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Wiesbaden-Biebrich. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;38. Kalbus, op. cit., 121-123. Compare Volkischer Beobachter, 13 September &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1933, 7. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;39. Kinematograph, 176, 12 September 1933. The Berlin premiere followed the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Munich world premiere on 19 September 1933. Walter Redmann, film critic of the &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Berliner Morgenpost, offered a graphic description of Jiirgen Ohlsen in the role of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;514 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Baird: Nazi Film Propaganda &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Quex: &#39;This boy is simply fascinating, especially when one realizes that he is no actor &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;but simply a boy playing himself with a freshness and a spirit which is natural and &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;reflects his idealism. He is the incarnation of the idealism of many thousands of &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;German boys today.&#39; Berliner Morgenpost, 20 September 1933. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;40. Kinematograph, 176, 12 September 1933. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;41. The Abteilung Film of the Reichspropagandaleitung der NSDAP was &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;extraordinarily efficient in turning out audiences for their sponsored films. In 1935 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;alone, for example, they sponsored 48,615 film assemblies for school children &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;totalling 10,234,815, as well as 72,730 showings for 11,532,969 adults. Reaching &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;some 21,767,784 people in one year must set a record in film propaganda annals. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Curt Belling, Der Film in Staat und Partei (Berlin 1936), 74-75. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;42. Curt Belling and Alfred Schtitze, Der Film in der Hitler-Jugend (Berlin 1937), &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;69. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;43. Dammeyer, op. cit., 52. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;44. According to one song of the Hitler Youth during wartime: &#39;Fasst an, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kameraden, fasst an! Wenn am Ende dieses Krieges, einst am Tag des grossen &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sieges, unser Fuhrer um sich schaut, soll er leuchtend neben den Armeen, auch die &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Banner seiner Jugend sehen.&#39; From the youth propaganda film series Junges Europa &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Filmschau II, 1942), cited in A.U. Sander, Jugend und Film (Berlin 1944), 36. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;45. Volkischer Beobachter (Berlin), 9 November 1935, 2. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;46. Hitler address, Btirgerbraukeller, Munich, 8 November 1934, in Domarus, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;op. cit., 1, 458. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Joy W. Baird &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;is Professor of History at Miami University &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;(Ohio). He is the author of The Mythical &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;World of Nazi War Propaganda 1939-1945 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;and edited the Nuremberg papers of Julius &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Streicher (Munich 1978). He is currently &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;working on a book entitled To Die for &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Germany, a study of the heroic right from &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Langemarck through the second world &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;war. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;515 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/237361249856065154/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/nazi-german-film-cinema-propaganda-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/237361249856065154'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/237361249856065154'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/nazi-german-film-cinema-propaganda-and.html' title='Nazi German Film (cinema) Propaganda and Hitler Youth Quex world war 2'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-619622539005189600</id><published>2011-12-05T14:10:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-05T14:19:32.703-08:00</updated><title type='text'>What is Cinema and its history . Very Brief. Thomas Edison</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.radford.edu/wkovarik/class/history/treasury/mh.cinemahistory.html&quot;&gt;http://www.radford.edu/wkovarik/class/history/treasury/mh.cinemahistory.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;From the Lumiere brothers to the Cohn brothers, and from Hollywood to Bollywood, from the Oscars to the Cannes Film Festival, the story of cinema is at the heart of the media revolution.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;background:white&quot;&gt;It was more than just a new technology. The first glimpse of a movie astonished people in the early 1890s in the US and Europe, when short clips in Nickelodeon parlors were all the rage. Within a decade, the &quot;movie&quot; industry quickly became the most popular art form of the 20th century -- and the most controversial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; &quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; &quot;&gt;One man who did try using glass plates to sequence images was Eadweard Muybridge, a San Francisco photographer. Muybridge was hired by California governor Leland Stanford in 1877 to settle a bet. Stanford had bet that there is a moment when a horse, at a full gallop, completely leaves the ground. Muybridge set up an experiment involving a series of cameras with shutters hooked to trip wires, and helped the governor win the bet.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; &quot;&gt;This was the closest anyone could come to motion pictures at the time, but this soon changed as chemical manufacturers began making celluloid in sheets. George Eastman and other photographers realized that celluloid film could make a small personal cameras possible, and Eastman set up the Kodak company in 1889. Within a few years, inventors in the US and Europe were working on cameras that could quickly advance celluloid film through a shutter, opening and closing 16 times a second, to take a sequence of images. Two major developments were:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;  &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;      mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;Thomas Edison &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:      &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;patented the Kinetoscope system in the United States,      and introduced it at the Chicago World&#39;s Fair in 1893. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;  &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;      mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;At the same time, the &lt;b&gt;Lumière      brothers&lt;/b&gt;, Auguste and Louis, patented the cinématographe system in      France.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://books.google.com/books?id=4SMM3dcHbwYC&amp;amp;pg=PA202&amp;amp;dq=Film+as+a+Weapon+Dr.+Fritz+Hippler&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ei=1jvVTryNAcXrOY6E6E4&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=book_result&amp;amp;ct=result&amp;amp;resnum=2&amp;amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Film%20as%20a%20Weapon%20Dr.%20Fritz%20Hippler&amp;amp;f=false&quot;&gt;http://books.google.com/books?id=4SMM3dcHbwYC&amp;amp;pg=PA202&amp;amp;dq=Film+as+a+Weapon+Dr.+Fritz+Hippler&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ei=1jvVTryNAcXrOY6E6E4&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=book_result&amp;amp;ct=result&amp;amp;resnum=2&amp;amp;ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Film%20as%20a%20Weapon%20Dr.%20Fritz%20Hippler&amp;amp;f=false&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/619622539005189600/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/what-is-cinema-and-its-history-very.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/619622539005189600'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/619622539005189600'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/what-is-cinema-and-its-history-very.html' title='What is Cinema and its history . Very Brief. Thomas Edison'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-4423886488063340149</id><published>2011-12-05T13:53:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-05T13:57:55.908-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Bus ya Hussain lyrics by Nadeem sarwar</title><content type='html'>&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; text-align: -webkit-auto; font-size: medium; &quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span &gt;&lt;p&gt;Bas ya hussain&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; text-align: -webkit-auto; font-size: medium; &quot;&gt;&lt;span &gt;(Hussain ya hussain) x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; text-align: -webkit-auto; &quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ay hur kise mili ye shahadat ki zebo zain, baadi pe tere aayi he khud maadare hussain, is martabe ke baad sab kuch to milgaya, ay hur hussain milgaye, rab tujhko milgaya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;(Kuchh nahin mila) x2 use tu nahin mila jise&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Tu jisko milgaya rab usko milgaya) x3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Bas ya Hussain) x4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;Ye bas hussain ki ata (ye bas hussain ka jigar) x2&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jo kehdiya who motabar (jo dediya to sara ghar) x2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Karam hussain ka karam kisi pe hogaya agar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mile kisi ko bale par kisi ko milgaye pisar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Hur banadiya) x2 use jo ek baar milgaya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tu jisko milgaya rab usko milgaya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Bas ya Hussain) x4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;(Wa tu izzu man tasha wa tuzzilu man tasha) x2&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adam ki puri nasl pe ehsan kon tha&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jis par khuda ko naaz who insane kon tha&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kunbe ke saath deen pe qurban kon tha&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Noke sina pe qariye quran kon tha&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ay karbala bata tera mehman kon tha&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Bas ya Hussain) x4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;(Bas hussain ka) x2 jise ye ikhtiyaar milgaya&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ye ikhtiyaar kitna waseelo buland he&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sara jahaan Hussain ki mutthi mein band he&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Badla he karbala mein taqazae inqilab&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Neze pe ab jo sar he wohi sar buland he&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ewane imbisaat mein jannat na kar talab&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ye who ghame hussain ke aansu mein band he&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Bas ya Hussain) x2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tu jisko milgaya rab usko milgaya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;Dastaan Hussain ki samajh mein aagayi agar&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;To hur ki rehguzaar par karega ishq ka safar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tarap tarap uthega tu kahega raat raat bhar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hussain bas hussain he sina pe ya zameen par&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Shahe Karbala) x2 se jis ke bal ka taar mitgaya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Tu jisko milgaya rab usko milgaya) x2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;Ik do pahar mein jisne bhara ghar luta diya&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nagaah khuda he jispe who sajda ada kiya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apne lahu se khaak ko khaake shifa kiya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ashur ek roz tha sadiyon pe chha gaya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Karbobala ko arshe muwalla bana diya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Bas ya Hussain) x4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Salam ya Hussain) x2 rab ka itebaar milgaya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tu jisko milgaya rab usko milgaya&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;Jab ran mein zulfiqar e ali nadahaan chali&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bhich bhich gayin safon pe safeen who jahaan chali&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chamki to is tarah udhar ayi wahaan chali&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dene ko daad arsh se pyaase ki maa chali&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Muddat ka taal mel tha barson ka saath tha&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jaisi who zulfiqar thi waisa hi haath tha&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Khaak aagayi safon ko jidhar aayi zulfiqar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Geh chupgayi to gaah nazar aayi zulfiqar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sar par chamak ke taba qamar aayi zulfiqar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Zi kat kar zameen pe utar aayi zulfiqar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Phir to ye ghul huwa ke duhaayi hussain ki&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Allah ka ghazab he laraayi hussain ki&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Hussain ya hussain) x4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ayi nidae ghaib ke shabbir marhaba&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is khaak ke liye thi ye shamsheer marhaba&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ye aab ru ye jang ye tauqeer marhaba&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bas bas hussain bas mere dilgeer marhaba&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Waqte namaaze asr he takbeer marhaba&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Bas ya Hussain) x4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Labbaik keh ke tegh rakhi sheh ne myaan mein&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Palti sipaah aayi qayamat jahaan mein&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Lo khanjaron mein teghon mein bhagon mein ghir gaye&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tanha Hussain barchiyon waalon mein ghir gaye&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Hussain ya hussain) x4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;&quot;Rehan-o-sarware&quot; hazeen suno ye aisa raaz he&lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hussain keh rahe the bas khuda pe mujhko naaz he&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Na bhai na pisar raha na koi chara saath he&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Azaan he Hussain he khudaaye beniyaz he&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Na seen na zameen par ye aakhri namaaz he&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Hussain ya hussain) x4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;Jiske dil mein Hussain rehta he&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;Farsh majlis ka jo bichhata he&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jo bhi nawha kahin sunata he&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Leke name Hussain rota he&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Usko zehra salam karti he) x6&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Hussain ya Hussain) x4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/4423886488063340149/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/bus-ya-hussain-lyrics-by-nadeem-sarwar.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/4423886488063340149'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/4423886488063340149'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/bus-ya-hussain-lyrics-by-nadeem-sarwar.html' title='Bus ya Hussain lyrics by Nadeem sarwar'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-6823221820758983646</id><published>2011-12-05T13:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-05T13:53:17.697-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Hussain Zindabad noha (lyrics) by Nadeem sarwar</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;Hussain zindabad  Noha Write-up / Lyrics / Wordings&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;Hussain Zindabad&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: &#39;Comic Sans MS&#39;; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Suno husseinio) x2 (Hussain-e wo jo zehre tegh has ke sogaya) x2 (Yazid-e wo jo zillatio ka naam-e hogaya) x2 Hussain wo jo marziye khuda kharid-e le, yazid-e wo he jiska koi nam-e bhi ne le (Yazid-e zinda re ke murdabaad hogaya) x2 Hussain-e sar kata ke zindabad-e zindab-e zindabad hogaya. (Zindabad) x5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;Ye kal bhi zindabad-e tha wo ab bhi zindabad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 30px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: upper-alpha; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Quran-e me hadis-e me yazid-e ka bayaa nahi) x2 (Yazid-e ki to kabr-e ka kahi bhi koi nishaa nahi) x3 Ajaa bajaa hai dehre me, hussain-e ki awlaad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;Ye kal bhi zindabad-e tha wo ab bhi zindabad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 30px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: upper-alpha; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Burayi-o ke dehr-e me yazid-e aam-e kargaya) x2 (Hussain-e se laraa to apni mot-e aap-e margaya) x3 Ye kal bhi murdabaad-e tha wo abh bhi murdabad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;Ye kal bhi zindabad-e tha wo ab bhi zindabad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 30px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: upper-alpha; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Har ik-e sharif-e zehne se, yazid-e itna gir gaya) x2 (Kisi ne apni laal-e ka yazid-e naam-e na rakha) x3 Ye kal bhi naam murad tha wo ab bhi naam murad-e hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;Ye kal bhi zindabad-e tha wo ab bhi zindabad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 30px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: upper-alpha; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Yazid-e wale takht-e par, nasib-e ke kharab-e hai) x2 (Hussain-e wala kayd-e me bhi reh ke kamiyaab-e hai) x3 Hussainyat ki thokare yazid aur ibne ziyaad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;Ye kal bhi zindabad-e tha wo ab bhi zindabad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 30px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: upper-alpha; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Jahaa me sab se zyadaa ashk-e jiske naam-e par baha) x2 (Zamaana laa ghame hussain-e ka koi jawaab-e la) x3 Gineez-e buk ko bus mere hussain-e se anaad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;Ye kal bhi zindabad-e tha wo ab bhi zindabad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 30px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: upper-alpha; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Yazid-e ek lakh-e ho mukaable pe gham nahi) x2 (Hussain-e wale ek ho to lash karo se kam nahi) x3 Hussain-e ko ki apne matami pe etimaad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;Ye kal bhi zindabad-e tha wo ab bhi zindabad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 30px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: upper-alpha; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Ali ki beti zainab-e hazi hussain-e ban gayi) x2 (Sharikatul hussain-e thi, yazidiyat pe cha gayi) x3 Hussain-e se parha huwa, sabak jo isko yaad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;Ye kal bhi zindabad-e tha wo ab bhi zindabad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 2.5em; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 30px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Tara na hai hussain-e hai, ha sath-e do hussainiyo) x2 (Hussain-e se murad-e lo murad-e lo hussainiyo) x3 Hussain-e jisko dete uski nasle va muraad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;Ye kal bhi zindabad-e tha wo ab bhi zindabad hai&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 25px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;(Hussain zindabad) x4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/6823221820758983646/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/hussain-zindabad-noha-lyrics-by-nadeem.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/6823221820758983646'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/6823221820758983646'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/12/hussain-zindabad-noha-lyrics-by-nadeem.html' title='Hussain Zindabad noha (lyrics) by Nadeem sarwar'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-2284191260531936931</id><published>2011-11-08T00:12:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-08T00:14:43.983-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Vietnam war , Cold war : Communism(USSR) vs Capitalism (USA)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); &quot;&gt;The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit, serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); &quot;&gt;Vietnam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); &quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit, serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); &quot;&gt;War&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); &quot;&gt; - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit, serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); &quot;&gt;Presentation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt; Transcript&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;The Vietnam War (Early Years 1960) By Shakeel Ahmed&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;What is the Vietnam War?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, is a military struggle fought in Vietnam from 1959 to 1975. It involves the North Vietnamese and the National Liberation Front in conflict with the United States forces and the South Vietnamese army.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 8.4pt; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;Where It Took Place&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;The Vietnam War was fought mainly in North and South Vietnam from 1957 to 1975. Troops also battled in Laos and Cambodia, and U.S pilots flew missions from basses in Thailand.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 8.4pt; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;President Lyndon B. Johnson&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;He was the thirty-sixth president of the United States of America from 1963 to 1969. He began the American involvement in the Vietnam War that escalated from 16,000 American soldiers in 1963 to to 550,000 in early 1968.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;President of Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;He was a Vietnamese revolutionary and the President of North Vietnam from 1946 to 1969. He led the North Vietnamese in the Vietnam War until his death in 1969.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;Important people of the Vietnam War (Ngo Dinh Diem)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;He was the first President of South Vietnam from 1955 to 1963. He established the new government called the Republic of Vietnam. In the Vietnam War, he was helped the United States.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;Vietnam War Timeline&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;1957- The Viet Cong began to rebel against the South Vietnamese government headed by President Ngo Dinh Ngo Diem.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;1963- (November 1) South Vietnamese generals overthrew the Diem government, and Diem was killed the next day.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-bottom: 8.4pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica; color:#222222&quot;&gt;1964- (August 7) Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which gave the President power to take “all necessary measures” and “to prevent further aggression&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;1965- (March 6) President Lyndon B. Johnson sent U.S. troops would begin to withdraw from Vietnam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;1968- (January 30) North Vietnam and Viet Cong launched a major campaign against South Vietnamese cities.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;1969- (June 8) President Richard M. Nixon announced that U.S troops would begin to withdraw fromVietnam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;1973- (January 27) The United States, North and South Vietnam, and the Viet Cong signed a cease-fire agreement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;1973- (March 29) The last U.S ground troops left Vietnam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;1975- (April 30) South Vietnam surrendered.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;8.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;The Beginnings of the Vietnam War&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;The Vietnam War first began in 1959, five years after the division of the country by the Geneva Accords.Vietnam, a country in South Asia, had been split into two, with a communist government in the north under Ho Chi Minh and a democratic government in the south under Ngo Dinh Diem. Ho launched a guerilla campaign in South Vietnam, led by Viet Cong units, with the goal of uniting the country under communist rule. The United States, seeking to stop the spread of communism, trained the Army of the Republic ofVietnam (ARVN) and provided military advisors to help combat the guerillas .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;9.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;What happened during the Vietnam War?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 24pt; margin-left: 24pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:#222222&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;A communist guerilla force known as the Vietcong were trying to spread communism throughout the world. They decided that they should invade to spread their form of government. The United States entered and then it became known as a war. In August 1964, North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked the U.S. destroyer Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin. U.S. Navy planes striked back by bombing targets in North Vietnam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 24pt; margin-left: 24pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:#222222&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;10.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;The Causes of the Vietnam War&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;The causes of the Vietnam War trace their roots back to the end of World War II. A French colony, Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, &amp;amp; Cambodia) had been occupied by the Japanese during the war. In 1941, aVietnamese nationalist movement, the Viet Minh, was formed by Ho Chi Minh to resist the occupiers. A communist, Ho Chi Minh waged a guerilla war against the Japanese with the support of the United States. Near the end of the war, the Japanese began to promote Vietnamese nationalism and ultimately granted the country nominal independence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;11.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;Vietnam War Visual&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;This is a picture of the U.S. paratroopers carrying a wounded soldier to an ambulance helicopter during the Vietnam War, 1965 .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 8.4pt; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;12.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;Why did the US get involved?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;The reasons for the United States to get involved in the Vietnam War was to prevent a Communist takeover in the south. The U.S supported President Diem with money, military guidance, and advice. TheVietnam War is known longest and most unpopular war that Americans had ever fought.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;13.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;The Ending of the War&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;In December 1974, the North Vietnamese began their final campaign which led to the surrender of the South Vietnamese government, under President Duong van Minh. In 1976 the country was united under Communist rule. The Vietnam War concluded with the withdrawal of the American troops and the failure of its foreign policy in Vietnam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 8.4pt; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;mso-bidi-font-family:inherit;color:#222222&quot;&gt;14.&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;The Lasting Effects&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 12pt; margin-left: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;color:#222222&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;inherit&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica;color:#222222&quot;&gt;Over 1.4 million military troops were killed and it cost the lives of 58,000 Americans. On April 30, 1975 the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, fell to the communist forces of North Vietnam effectively ending the warin 1975.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/2284191260531936931/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/11/vietnam-war-cold-war-communismussr-vs.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2284191260531936931'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2284191260531936931'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/11/vietnam-war-cold-war-communismussr-vs.html' title='Vietnam war , Cold war : Communism(USSR) vs Capitalism (USA)'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-2373267023501294154</id><published>2011-06-06T08:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-06T09:49:23.048-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Shakoo talented</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i2v5UUZcImM/Tez5HFoyB4I/AAAAAAAAAQY/gqByIJrLCN8/s1600/8217_178639328713_676128713_3828236_1800498_n.jpg&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 217px; height: 400px;&quot; src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i2v5UUZcImM/Tez5HFoyB4I/AAAAAAAAAQY/gqByIJrLCN8/s400/8217_178639328713_676128713_3828236_1800498_n.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5615136735591794562&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z4MNzM5g6ik/Tez5G4_tnNI/AAAAAAAAAQQ/LiPUciaVDI0/s1600/7426_170290273713_676128713_3749614_8055715_n.jpg&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 267px; height: 400px;&quot; src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z4MNzM5g6ik/Tez5G4_tnNI/AAAAAAAAAQQ/LiPUciaVDI0/s400/7426_170290273713_676128713_3749614_8055715_n.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5615136732198313170&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Qj-8ViDIKuY/Tez5Gq2WvmI/AAAAAAAAAQI/ONDIFqKjSuk/s1600/7426_168704513713_676128713_3738251_8173615_n.jpg&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 267px; height: 400px;&quot; src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Qj-8ViDIKuY/Tez5Gq2WvmI/AAAAAAAAAQI/ONDIFqKjSuk/s400/7426_168704513713_676128713_3738251_8173615_n.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5615136728400969314&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fTSxGf8VDYs/Tez5GQGWSWI/AAAAAAAAAQA/dJssQYLOyk4/s1600/7426_168704498713_676128713_3738248_686958_n.jpg&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 267px; height: 400px;&quot; src=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fTSxGf8VDYs/Tez5GQGWSWI/AAAAAAAAAQA/dJssQYLOyk4/s400/7426_168704498713_676128713_3738248_686958_n.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5615136721220290914&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cld_VbIgxK8/Tez5GOKzCHI/AAAAAAAAAP4/BAXxL1SSKmw/s1600/7326_177051428713_676128713_3811888_6029424_n.jpg&quot; onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 283px; height: 400px;&quot; src=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cld_VbIgxK8/Tez5GOKzCHI/AAAAAAAAAP4/BAXxL1SSKmw/s400/7326_177051428713_676128713_3811888_6029424_n.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5615136720702081138&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/2373267023501294154/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/06/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2373267023501294154'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2373267023501294154'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2011/06/blog-post.html' title='Shakoo talented'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i2v5UUZcImM/Tez5HFoyB4I/AAAAAAAAAQY/gqByIJrLCN8/s72-c/8217_178639328713_676128713_3828236_1800498_n.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-7070466442448069925</id><published>2009-10-03T11:25:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-03T11:36:56.626-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Use Of Dissociated Ammonia ....</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SseX3XkgsmI/AAAAAAAAAO4/W4D7DHXGEq8/s1600-h/pdf-preview.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 400px;&quot; src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SseX3XkgsmI/AAAAAAAAAO4/W4D7DHXGEq8/s400/pdf-preview.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5388442456647840354&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/7070466442448069925/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/10/use-of-dissociated-ammonia.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/7070466442448069925'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/7070466442448069925'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/10/use-of-dissociated-ammonia.html' title='Use Of Dissociated Ammonia ....'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SseX3XkgsmI/AAAAAAAAAO4/W4D7DHXGEq8/s72-c/pdf-preview.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-3066478069215971790</id><published>2009-08-01T03:36:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-08-01T04:32:16.552-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQj2cDzgqI/AAAAAAAAAOw/BV4Nbwp2h6M/s400/fig+8.jpg"/><title type='text'>Portrait lighting</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQbEeCP_rI/AAAAAAAAANw/T-cTxdkxZb0/s1600-h/1208197523_350x350_fig12.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 350px; height: 350px;&quot; src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQbEeCP_rI/AAAAAAAAANw/T-cTxdkxZb0/s400/1208197523_350x350_fig12.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5364942819701030578&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;ne of the most enjoyable challenges any portrait photographer faces is finding the right lighting approach to best suit their clients. Although it&#39;s hard to go wrong using umbrellas or soft boxes in portraiture, as they produce soft, diffused lighting that is flattering for most people, the positioning of your lighting tools is key to getting the look you&#39;re after.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This lesson examines a variety of lighting strategies using only a single light source and a reflector.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;   style=&quot;  ;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 7mm; margin-right: 3mm; margin-bottom: 1mm; margin-left: 5mm; &quot;&gt;&lt;h3  style=&quot;font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3  style=&quot;font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 7mm; margin-right: 3mm; margin-bottom: 1mm; margin-left: 5mm; &quot;&gt;&lt;h4 face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);  &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Camera/Media:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Olympus E-3 .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Lighting Equipment: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Photoflex Casters,Photoflex MultiDisc Kit, Photoflex StarFlash 300 Gemini Umbrella Kit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;table width=&quot;710&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;710&quot;&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;The Before Shot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prior to setting up our lights for this studio shoot, we first took a shot of our model on the set with just the built-in flash of the camera activated. As you&#39;ll see, these types of &quot;before&quot; shots work well to compare against our results as we develop the lighting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In figure 2, notice how we&#39;ve captured the moment that the photographer&#39;s built-in flash went off. You can see how severe the quality of light is from the sharp shadow cast on the background (figures 1 &amp;amp; 2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQblrFzdZI/AAAAAAAAAN4/Gwk15Rh00ac/s400/fig+1.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQbmA5EQUI/AAAAAAAAAOA/I1qhJsZ6NKM/s400/fig+2.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQc22m9sOI/AAAAAAAAAOI/Z4zUiIGANO4/s400/fig+3.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;(Fig. 3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Altho&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;ugh this first result shot i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;s fairly well exposed, t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;he qual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;ity of light from the flash cr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;eates an unnatural look. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;Additionally, notice the highlights o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;n the forehead, nose and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;chin. As yo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;u can see, this type of light can really exaggerate &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;e presence of oil on the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;skin, resulting in an unflattering look (figure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;  font-weight: bold; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;The Main/Rim Light&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;Next, we decided to use a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;n of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;f-camera strobe to light the model f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;rom behind for a more nat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;ural and somewhat dramatic loo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;k. After deactivating the built-in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt; flash, w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;e assembled a Ph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;otoflex StarFlash 300/Umbrella kit a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;nd placed it to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;right of the model, slightly behind her, so that it would serve as our main/rim lig&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;ht (figure 4).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Once the light was p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;ositi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;on&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;ed where we wanted it, we took a shot (figure 5).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQd8kao3OI/AAAAAAAAAOQ/z4hjdYsRwY8/s400/fig+4.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQgHjd0DSI/AAAAAAAAAOY/wq4jpXkDK9Y/s400/fig+5.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;fig 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;         &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;fig 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;  -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;table width=&quot;710&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;710&quot;&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;While the light from the umbrella kit provided a nice backlit look, it did leave the majority of the model&#39;s face in shadow. This isn&#39;t necessarily a bad thing, depending upon the look you&#39;re after, but in this case, we wanted to create a somewhat brighter look for our model. Subsequently, we decided to use a reflector to bounce some of this main/rim light into the shadow areas of the face.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We set up a Photoflex 42&quot; MultiDisc kit and positioned it to the left of the model and took another shot (figures 6 &amp;amp; 7).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQhk9ARuDI/AAAAAAAAAOg/BA5Y8MkwprY/s400/fig+6.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;710&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;  &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;fig 6&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table width=&quot;710&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;710&quot;&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;fig 7.&lt;img src=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQj2LRz3TI/AAAAAAAAAOo/unOp_keXrDE/s400/fig7.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;In the result, we see that the MultiDisc has provided a bright, soft fill f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;or the left side of the face and that we&#39;ve gained a nice catch-light in the eye. Due to the model&#39;s positioning, however, the right side of her face is still fairly dark in shadow. Also notice how the main/rim light has illuminated the edges of the nose and chin. Overall, the range of tones in the face here were a little too severe for the look we were going for.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;710&quot;&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;To even out the tones a little, we asked the model to turn more toward the reflector so that we could increase the amount of soft fill light in the face, as well as eliminate the main/rim light on the nose and chin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;  font-family:Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The result shows a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;  &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;significant improvement wi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;th respect to tone, but we still have a fairly dark shadow cast on the right side of the nose (figure 8).&lt;img src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQj2cDzgqI/AAAAAAAAAOw/BV4Nbwp2h6M/s400/fig+8.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;Syncing Your Subject with your Lighting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When you&#39;re developing the lighting for a shot, you may find yourself at a point where you just don&#39;t like the way it looks for your particular subject. When this happens, it&#39;s usually best to start over with the positionings of your main light and your model, rather than simply rearranging the lights you alrea&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;dy have set up.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here, we took away the MultiDisc kit and had the model pose away from the main/rim light. When we found a pose we liked (figure 10), we showed the model the result on the LCD of the camera and asked her to stay within that range for the shots to follow.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;Next, we brought the MultiDisc fill in again, but this time bro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;ught it a little closer toward the camera so that the light it bounced wou&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;ld not cast a long shadow ac&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-size:medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;ross the nose (figures 11 &amp;amp; 12).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p   style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;The result shows that the minor repositioning of the model and lights made a tremendous improvement to the overall look. The main/rim light has provided great&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt; texture for the hair, as well as separation from the background. The MultiDisc provides a soft, even fill light for the skin and adds nice catch-lights in the eyes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With just one light and a reflector, we&#39;ve created a very dynamic lighting set-up.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; 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size=&quot;12px&quot; style=&quot;  margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; white-space: pre; font-family:Tahoma;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:small;&quot;&gt;%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D40%26um%3D1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;webphotoschool.com&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/3066478069215971790/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/08/portrait-lighting.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/3066478069215971790'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/3066478069215971790'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/08/portrait-lighting.html' title='Portrait lighting'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnQbEeCP_rI/AAAAAAAAANw/T-cTxdkxZb0/s72-c/1208197523_350x350_fig12.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-4939060510823707126</id><published>2009-07-31T04:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-31T04:21:34.964-07:00</updated><title type='text'>portrait light setup</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnLTaw_6oVI/AAAAAAAAANo/X1FQxe71m_s/s1600-h/TreeLightSetUp.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 379px; height: 387px;&quot; src=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnLTaw_6oVI/AAAAAAAAANo/X1FQxe71m_s/s400/TreeLightSetUp.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5364582562934726994&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnLTPYvqJwI/AAAAAAAAANg/pzhENSeLK2M/s1600-h/TwoLightSetUp.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 379px; height: 387px;&quot; src=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnLTPYvqJwI/AAAAAAAAANg/pzhENSeLK2M/s400/TwoLightSetUp.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5364582367445526274&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;   style=&quot;  -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;font-size:medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 class=&quot;style16&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0); &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-us&quot;&gt;Basic Portrait Lighting Set-UP Guide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;   style=&quot;  ;font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;font-size:medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a two-light set up the key light is generally placed above the camera and at about 45° angle to the subject. For flatter, less directional lighting, you might want to place it above and directly behind you camera, with a diffusing filter in front of the light.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The fill light is placed opposite the key light to soften the shadows. Either the positioning of the light or the relative wattage of the two lights can be used to make the intensity of your fill light less than that of your key light.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For portraiture, you may want to use one or both of your lights &quot;bouncing&quot; from an umbrella. This creates a soft, diffused light which cast fewer unflattering shadows than direct lighting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium; &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-us&quot; lang=&quot;en-us&quot;&gt;Your third light can be uses in a number of ways.  In portraiture, it can be directed at the subjects hair to add sparkle.  Make the intensity of the hair light slightly grater than that of your key light.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-us&quot; lang=&quot;en-us&quot;&gt;It can also be uses as a background light, to separate subject from the background.  Try this effect when shooting on a small set, to add the illusion of more space.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-us&quot; lang=&quot;en-us&quot;&gt;Aimed directly on the background, you can brighten your shot, add separation between the subject and the background, or use color effects gels on your background light to create any color background you like.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); &quot;&gt;www.warehousephoto.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/4939060510823707126/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/07/portrait-light-setup.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/4939060510823707126'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/4939060510823707126'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/07/portrait-light-setup.html' title='portrait light setup'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/SnLTaw_6oVI/AAAAAAAAANo/X1FQxe71m_s/s72-c/TreeLightSetUp.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-2557089905849523666</id><published>2009-07-04T10:38:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-04T10:43:38.606-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Sk-T1_mo2BI/AAAAAAAAANY/IimwQpYayuE/s1600-h/Desisti-2.5k-HMI-Fresnel-410.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 350px; height: 400px;&quot; src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Sk-T1_mo2BI/AAAAAAAAANY/IimwQpYayuE/s400/Desisti-2.5k-HMI-Fresnel-410.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5354661037782652946&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Sk-T1q_8sbI/AAAAAAAAANQ/_EWBjGWSbRU/s1600-h/180-1191920969039-big.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 368px;&quot; src=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Sk-T1q_8sbI/AAAAAAAAANQ/_EWBjGWSbRU/s400/180-1191920969039-big.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5354661032251666866&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Sk-T1SjWPdI/AAAAAAAAANI/ElWSBN_Fz8k/s1600-h/HMI+JB.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 386px; height: 400px;&quot; src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Sk-T1SjWPdI/AAAAAAAAANI/ElWSBN_Fz8k/s400/HMI+JB.JPG&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5354661025689255378&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Sk-TqMtNN0I/AAAAAAAAANA/54BTriiZ6B8/s1600-h/notredamefb82.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 264px;&quot; src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Sk-TqMtNN0I/AAAAAAAAANA/54BTriiZ6B8/s400/notredamefb82.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5354660835141433154&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/2557089905849523666/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/07/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2557089905849523666'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2557089905849523666'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/07/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Sk-T1_mo2BI/AAAAAAAAANY/IimwQpYayuE/s72-c/Desisti-2.5k-HMI-Fresnel-410.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-8502965871160376148</id><published>2009-07-04T10:04:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-04T10:32:19.424-07:00</updated><title type='text'>HMI (Hydrargyrum Medium-Arc Iodide</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; &quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 14px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 0px; &quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;HMI (Hydrargyrum Medium-Arc Iodide)&lt;/i&gt; is a type of &lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;light&lt;/span&gt; which uses an arc lamp instead of an incandescent bulb to produce light.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 14px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 0px; &quot;&gt;HMI lights are high-quality and correspondingly expensive. They are popular with film and television production companies but their price puts them out of reach of those with modest budgets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 14px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 0px; &quot;&gt;HMI lights require a &lt;i&gt;ballast&lt;/i&gt;, an electronic (or magnetic) device which provides the ignition pulse and regulates the arc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: right; &quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 14px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 0px; &quot;&gt;Advantages of HMI lights include:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 14px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1.4em; text-indent: 2px; list-style-position: outside; &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; &quot;&gt;Efficiency: 2 to 5 times as efficient as incandescents. This means they use less power and run cooler.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; &quot;&gt;Colour temperature: HMIs run at around 5600K, daylight temperature. This makes daylight shooting easier, as well as eliminating loss of light from gels (which are necessary with incandescents).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; &quot;&gt;Light Quality: Directors of photography speak highly of the light produced by HMIs.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-indent: 2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; line-height: 19px; &quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;In the late 1960s &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&quot; title=&quot;Germany&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;German&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television&quot; title=&quot;Television&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;television&lt;/a&gt; producers sought out lamp developer &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osram&quot; title=&quot;Osram&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;OSRAM&lt;/a&gt; to create a less expensive replacement for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_lamp&quot; title=&quot;Incandescent lamp&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;incandescent lights&lt;/a&gt; for the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_industry&quot; title=&quot;Film industry&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;film industry&lt;/a&gt;. Osram developed and began producing HMI(R) bulbs at their request.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips&quot; title=&quot;Philips&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Philips&lt;/a&gt; produced a variation on the HMI(R), a single-ended version called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSR&quot; title=&quot;MSR&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;MSR&lt;/a&gt; (Medium Source Rare-Earth). It uses a standard two-prong lampbase. In order to avoid the colour shift during use they added a secondary envelope around the gas-chamber. Several other bulb variations exist, including GEMI (General Electric Metal Iodide), CID (Compact Indium Discharge; Thorne, UK), CSI (Compact Source Iodine; Thorne, UK), DAYMAX (made by ILC), and BRITE ARC (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvania&quot; title=&quot;Sylvania&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Sylvania&lt;/a&gt;). All are variations and different names for essentially the same concept.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Flicker &amp;amp; Color Temperature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Similar to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lights&quot; title=&quot;Fluorescent lights&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;fluorescent lights&lt;/a&gt;, HMI(R)s present problems with color temperature when used for film or video lighting applications. Unlike tungsten units, HMI(R) units do not emit a continuous spectrum of wavelengths with a gradual peak at 3200 K, but rather emit various lines, or peaks, of wavelengths that combined appear to be a color temperature closely resembling &lt;b&gt;5600 K&lt;/b&gt; on the traditional color temperature scale. This spectrum of wavelengths is inherent in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_discharge&quot; title=&quot;Gas discharge&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;gas discharge&lt;/a&gt; sources and does not occur in blackbody radiator sources, such as a tungsten lamp or the sun.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;With HMI(R) bulbs, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature&quot; title=&quot;Color temperature&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;color temperature&lt;/a&gt; varies significantly with lamp age. A brand new bulb generally will output at a color temperature close to 15,000 K during its first few hours burnt. As the bulb burns in, the color temperature reaches its nominal value of around 5600 K or 6000 K. With age, the arc length becomes larger and larger as more of the electrodes burn away. This results in more voltage being needed to sustain the arc, and as voltage increases, color temperature decreases proportionately at a rate of approximately 0.5–1 kelvin for every hour burnt. For this reason, and other safety reasons, HMI bulbs are not recommended to be used past half their lifetime.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;HMI(R) bulbs (like all arc bulbs) need a current limiting unit for its function to prevent short circuit disfunction. Two possibilities to do that are described in the ballast section below. The problem of &lt;i&gt;flickering&lt;/i&gt; exists only when using the bulb in combination with magnetic ballast (electronic ballasts produce flickerfree light). HMI(R) bulbs (running with magnetic ballast) present an inherent problem of possibly producing light on film or video with a noticeable pulse or &lt;b&gt;flicker&lt;/b&gt;. This is caused by the method by which the unit produces light. An HMI(R), like a tungsten-based lighting unit, runs on 60 Hz 120V line voltage (in North America), which means that the lamp cycles on and off 120 times in a second (twice for every line cycle). Although not visible to the human eye, a film or video camera must be properly synchronized to this cycle, or else each frame recorded will show different light output. Tungsten-based lights do not have this problem due to the nature of their operation. Tungsten is a natural &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbody&quot; title=&quot;Blackbody&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;blackbody radiator&lt;/a&gt; that emits lights in increasing wavelengths proportionate to its temperature. As the filament heats up as electrons pass through it, it emits the correct wavelength of light that it is calibrated for, and although the line voltage is still cycling at the same 60 Hz, the filament does not have enough time to significantly cool in between cycles to cause a shift in light output. Therefore the light appears consistent on film and to the human eye. HMI units are more complicated, unfortunately, since they employ an arc that cycles the intensity like a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wave&quot; title=&quot;Sine wave&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Sine wave&lt;/a&gt; with the line. Only the electronic ballasts may solve this problem by producing &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_wave&quot; title=&quot;Square wave&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Square wave&lt;/a&gt; voltage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/8502965871160376148/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/07/hmi-hydrargyrum-medium-arc-iodide.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/8502965871160376148'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/8502965871160376148'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/07/hmi-hydrargyrum-medium-arc-iodide.html' title='HMI (Hydrargyrum Medium-Arc Iodide'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1031655336042176713.post-2382680215694270252</id><published>2009-04-21T14:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-04-21T14:20:08.126-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Most expensive</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Se44cEOKrwI/AAAAAAAAAM4/Uxf0EMfbi8I/s1600-h/most-expensive-necklace.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 252px; height: 400px;&quot; src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Se44cEOKrwI/AAAAAAAAAM4/Uxf0EMfbi8I/s400/most-expensive-necklace.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327257464046530306&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;  line-height: 17px; font-family:Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;One of the most expensive necklaces in the world has a very rare 14k dark blue brilliant, pear-shaped and framed by white diamonds. Black pearls are thought to be some of the rarest gems on Earth being gathered in the French Polynesia lagoons from the Pinctada Margaratifera oyster, one of the largest pearl-producing oysters in the world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/feeds/2382680215694270252/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/04/most-expensive.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2382680215694270252'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1031655336042176713/posts/default/2382680215694270252'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://shakoorules.blogspot.com/2009/04/most-expensive.html' title='Most expensive'/><author><name>alp Arslan </name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/08985457980066388037</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//2.bp.blogspot.com/-vVGzypbGIz4/Tez30dc2_0I/AAAAAAAAAPY/q3_SI-3tSzM/s62/16758_202934233713_676128713_4077818_2917787_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_dV2YaAQTXgw/Se44cEOKrwI/AAAAAAAAAM4/Uxf0EMfbi8I/s72-c/most-expensive-necklace.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>