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Laser communication

2011-12-01T06:56:00.000-08:00

Description
This is a simple Laser communication system. It can transmit and receive
signal from any audio device.Communication distance is few meters. All
components are not critical. Transistor 2N2222 may be on the coolrib. Laser
diode is from laser pointer.

Laser based intruder alarm

2011-12-01T06:50:00.000-08:00

You can use this laser-based
intruder alarm conveniently
at the entrance of a hall or any
other similar location to protect the
same from unauthorised access as and
when desired. Its range can be extended
further to protect the perimeter of a
building from unauthorised intrusion
by using a cascade arrangement of
multiple alarms.
The circuit consists of a transmitter
and a receiver.
The transmitter circuit (shown in
Fig. 1) is nothing but a laser diode
(LD1) driven by a 9V PP3 battery. The
output of IC1 is regulated 5V as long as
its input remains equal to or more than
7.5V, thus ensuring a constant drive
current for the laser diode. The battery
(Batt1) is connected to the circuit
through switch S1.
The laser diode (LD1) can be
replaced with a laser pointer (torch)
emitting red laser beam. The laser
pointer itself can be used as a transmitter.
The pointer has in-built series
resistance, on/off switch and battery.

Laser door alarm circuit

2011-11-30T07:02:00.000-08:00

This laser door alarm is based on the inturreption of laser beam.a low cost laser beam is used as the
light beam
when somebody breaks the laser path the alarm will be generated for afew seconds

laser sound circuit

2011-11-30T06:50:00.000-08:00

This circuit produces a weird "Laser Ray" sound and flashes a white LED at approx 5Hz:

Inverter for soldering iron

2011-11-30T06:47:00.000-08:00

Here is a simple but inexpensive
inverter for using a small
soldering iron (25W, 35W,
etc) in the absence of mains supply. It
uses eight transistors and a few resistors
and capacitors.
Transistors T1 and T2 (each BC547)
form an astable multivibrator that produces
50Hz signal. The complementary
outputs from the collectors of transistors
T1 and T2 are fed to pnp Darlington
driver stages formed by transistor
 Lovely T.P.
Inverter for Soldering Iron
s.c. dwivedi
pairs T3-T5 and T4-T6 (utilising BC558
and BD140). The outputs from the
drivers are fed to transistors T7 and T8
(each 2N3055) connected for push-pull
operation. Use suitable heat-sinks for
transistors T5 through T8.
A 230V AC primary to 12V-0-12V,
4.5A secondary transformer (X1) is
used. The centre-tapped terminal of
the secondary of the transformer is
connected to the battery (12V, 7Ah),
while the other two terminals of the
secondary are connected to the collectors
of power transistors T7 and T8,
respectively.
When you power the circuit using
switch S1, transformer X1 produces
230V AC at its primary terminal. This
voltage can be used to heat your soldering
iron.
Assemble the circuit on a generalpurpose
PCB and house in a suitable
cabinet. Connect the
battery and transformer
with suitable
current-carrying
wires. On the front
panel of the box, fit
power switch S1 and
a 3-pin socket for connecting
the soldering
iron.
Note that the ratings
of the battery,
transistors T7 and
T8, and transformer
may vary as these all
depend on the load
(soldering iron). 

inter communication using lm 741

2011-11-30T06:42:00.000-08:00

two this circuit like this uses as inter communication

HOUSE SECURITY SYSTEM LASER USED

2011-11-29T12:47:00.000-08:00

Here is a low-cost, invisible laser
circuit to protect your house
from thieves or trespassers. A
laser pointer torch, which is easily available
in the market, can be used to operate
this device.
The block diagram of the unit shown
in Fig. 1 depicts the overall arrangement
for providing security to a house.
A laser torch powered by 3V powersupply
is used for generating a laser
beam. A combination of plain mirrors
M1 through M6 is used to direct the
laser beam around the house to form a
net. The laser beam is directed to finally
fall on an LDR that forms part of
the receiver unit as shown in Fig. 2.
Any interruption of the beam by a thief/
trespasser will result into energisation
of the alarm. The 3V power-supply circuit
is a conventional full-wave rectifier-
filter circuit. Any alarm unit that
operates on 230V AC can be connected
at the output.
The receiver
unit comprises
two identical
step-down transformers (X1 and X2), two
6V relays (RL1 and RL2), an LDR, a
transistor, and a few other passive components.
When switches S1 and S2 are
activated, transformer X1, followed by a
full-wave rectifier and smoothing capacitor
C1, drives relay RL1 through the
laser switch.
The laser beam should be aimed continuously
on LDR. As long as the laser
beam falls on LDR, transistor T1 remains
forward biased and relay RL1 is
thus in de-energised condition. When a
person crosses the line of laser beam,
relay RL1 turns on and transformer X2
gets power supply and RL2
energises. In this condition,
the laser beam will have no
effect on LDR and the alarm
will continue to operate as long
as switch S2 is on.
When the torch is switched
on, the pointed laser beam is
reflected from a definite point/
place on the periphery of the
house. Making use of a set of
properly oriented mirrors
one can form an invisible net
of laser rays as shown in the
block diagram. The final ray
should fall on LDR of the
circuit.
Note. LDR should be kept
in a long pipe to protect it from
other sources of light, and
its total distance from the
source may be kept limited to
500 metres.

FROST ALARMM

2011-11-29T12:41:00.000-08:00

Description
A simple thermistor triggered switch with adjustable threshold. It triggers
with cold temperatures so may be used as a frost alarm or cold temperature
switch.
Circuit
Circuit Notes
The thermistor used has a resistance of 15k at 25°C and 45k at 0° Celsius. A
suitable bead type thermistor can be found in the Maplin catalogue. The
100k pot allows this circuit to trigger over a wide range of temperatures.
If using a different thermistor then the control should match the new
thermistor at its highest resistance, or be higher in value. The op-amp in this
circuit is the ubiquitous 741. It may be catalogued as LM741, CA741 etc, all
types will work. In this circuit it is used as a comparator. The non-inverting
input (pin 3) is biased to half the supply voltage. The non-inverting input is
connected to the junction of the thermistor and potentiometer. The control is
adjusted so that the circuit is on when the thermistor is at the required
temperature range. Once the thermistor is outside the temperature range its
resistance alters and the op-amp output changes from near full supply to
around 1 or 2 volts dc. There is insufficient voltage to turn on the transistor
and the relay will not energise.
A slight amount of hysteresis is provided by inclusion of the 270k resistor.
This prevents rapid switching of the circuit when the temperature is near to
the switching threshold.

FACTORY&POLICE SIREN

2011-11-29T12:32:00.000-08:00

ENTRY ALARM

2011-11-29T12:24:00.000-08:00

This is an infrared based broken beam alarm to protect doors and entry passages

it gives a loud alarm when somebody crosses the invissible infrared barrier

ELECTRONIC THERMOMETER

2011-11-29T12:12:00.000-08:00

This digital thermometer can
measure temperatures up to
150°C with an accuracy of ±1°C.
The temperature is read on a 1V full
scale-deflection (FSD) moving-coil
voltmeter or digital voltmeter.
Operational amplifier IC 741 (IC3)
provides a constant flow of current
through the base-emitter junction of
npn transistor BC108 (T1). The voltage
across the base-emitter junction
of the transistor is proportional to its
temperature. The transistor used this
way makes a low-cost sensor. You can
use silicon diode instead of transistor.
The small variation in voltage across
the base-emitter junction is amplified
by second operational amplifier (IC4),
before the temperature is displayed
on the meter. Preset VR1 is used to
set the zero-reading on the meter and
preset VR2 is used to set the range of
temperature measurement.
Operational amplifiers IC3 and IC4
operate off regulated ±5V power supply,
which is derived from 3-terminal
positive voltage regulator
IC 7805 (IC1) and
negative low-dropout
regulator IC 7660 (IC2).
The entire circuit works
off a 9V battery.
Assemble the circuit
on a general-purpose
PCB and enclose
in a small plastic box.
Calibrate the thermometer
using presets VR1
and VR2. After calibration,
keep the box in
the vicinity of the object
whose temperature is
to be measured. 

ELECTRICAL EQIPMENT CONTROLLING BY PC

2011-11-29T12:09:00.000-08:00

Here is a novel idea
for using the printer
port of a PC, for control
application using software
and some interface
hardware. The interface circuit
along with the given
software can be used with
the printer port of any PC for
controlling up to eight equipment.
The interface circuit
shown in the figure is drawn

for only one device, being controlled by
D0 bit at pin 2 of the 25-pin parallel port.
Identical circuits for the remaining data

DOOR ALARM WITH COUNTER

2011-11-29T12:05:00.000-08:00

Description
This circuit uses a synthesized sound chip from Holtek, the HT-2811.
This reproduces the sound of a "ding-dong" chiming doorbell.
Additionally, the circuit includes a CMOS 4026 counter display
driver IC to count your visitors.
Circuit Notes:
The Holtek HT-2811 is available from Maplin electronics in the UK, order code BH69A.
The operating voltage must remain within 2.4 to 3.3 Vdc and standby current is minimal.
The reset switch zeroes the count,and the 7 segment display is a common cathode type.
To save power consumption the display can be enabled or disabled with a switch as
shown in the above diagram. The count will still be held in memory. The IC pin out for
the 4026 is shown in pin order below:
Pin 1 is the clock input
Pin 2 is the clock enable
Pin 3 is display enable
Pin 4 enables the carry output
Pin 5 is the carry output
Pin 6 is display segment f Pin 7 is display segment g
Pin 8 is 0 V.
Pin 9 is display segment d Pin 10 is display segment a
Pin 11 is display segment e Pin 12 is display segment b

DIGITAL SECURITY CODE LOCK

2011-11-29T12:01:00.000-08:00

Many digital code lock circuits
have been published in this
magazine. In those circuits a
set of switches (conforming to code) are
pressed one by one within the specified
time to open the lock. In some other
circuits, custom-built ICs are used and
positive and negative logic pulses are
keyed in sequence as per the code by
two switches to open the lock.
A low-cost digital code lock circuit
is presented in this article. Here the
keying-in code is rather unique. Six
switches are to be pressed to open the
lock, but only two switches at a time.
Thus a total of three sets of switches
have to be pressed in a particular sequence.
(Of these three sets, one set is
repeated.) The salient features of this
circuit are:
1. Use of 16 switches, which suggests
that there is a microprocessor inside.
2. Elimination of power amplifier
transistor to energise the relay.
3. Low cost and small PCB size.
A. JEYABAL
Simple Low-Cost
Digital Code Lock
An essential property of this electronic
code lock is that it works in
monostable mode, i.e. once triggered,
the output becomes high and remains
so for a period of time, governed by the
timing components, before returing to
the quiescent low state. In this circuit,
timer IC 555 with 8 pins is used. The
IC is inexpensive and easily available.
Its pin 2 is the triggering input pin
which, when held below 1/3 of the supply
voltage, drives the output to high
state. The threshold pin 6, when held
higher than 2/3 of the supply voltage,
drives the output to low state. By applying
a low-going pulse to the reset
pin 4, the output at pin 3 can be
brought to the quiescent low level. Thus
the reset pin 4 should be held high for
normal operation of the IC.
Three sets of switches SA-SC, S1-
S8 and S3-S4 are pressed, in that order,
to open the lock. On pressing the
switches SA and SC simultaneously, capacitor
C3 charges through the potential
divider comprising resistors R3 and
R4, and on releasing these two switches,
capacitor C3 starts discharging through
resistor R4. Capacitor C3 and resistor
R4 are so selected that it takes about
five seconds to fully discharge C3.
Depressing switches S1 and S8 in
unison, within five seconds of releasing
the switches SA and SC, pulls pin 2 to
ground and IC 555 is triggered. The capacitor
C1 starts charging through resistor
R1. As a result, the output (pin
3) goes high for five seconds (i.e. the
charging time T of the capacitor C1 to
the threshold voltage, which is calculated
by the relation T=1.1 R1 x C1 seconds).
Within these five seconds, switches
SA and SC are to be pressed momentarily
once again, followed by the depression
of last code-switch pair S3-S4.
These switches connect the relay to output
pin 3 and the relay is energised.
The contacts of the relay close and the
solenoid pulls in the latch (forming part
of a lock) and the lock opens. The remaining
switches are connected between
reset pin 4 and ground. If any one of
these switches is pressed, the IC is reset
and the output goes to its quiescent
low state. Possibilities of pressing these
reset switches are more when a code
breaker tries to open the lock.
LED D5 indicates the presence of
power supply while resistor R5 is a current
limiting resistor.
The given circuit can be recoded easily
by rearranging connections to the
switches as desired by the user.

AC MAINS BI STABLE SWITCH

2011-11-29T11:54:00.000-08:00

This AC mains-operated bistable
switch turns on or turns off a
device using a miniature neon
lamp and a few discrete components.
This switch can be used for control panels,
appliances and lighting controls.
A push-to-on switch is used to
light up the neon lamp. The light emitted
by the neon lamp, in turn, enables
the switching action of the circuit. Use
of a 555 timer wired for bistable operation
makes the circuit act as a bistable
switch.
The neon lamp (NL1) and the
push-to-on switch (S1) are directly connected
to 230V AC mains. The 12V DC
supply for timer 555 (IC1) is derived
from 230V AC mains through capacitive
dropper C1, resistor R1 and a 12V
zener diode. IC1 works as a flip-flop
circuit, with the signal at its output
pin 3 toggling every time it receives a
pulse at its pins 2 and 6.
The operation of the circuit is simple.
When you press switch S1 momentarily,
the neon lamp glows, making
phototransistor T1 conduct to provide
a pulse at pins 2 and 6 of IC1. when
 T.A. Babu
AC Mains Bistab le Switc h
s.c. dwivedi
switch S1 is pressed, the output of IC1
goes high and LED1 glows. Pressing S1
again makes the output of IC1 low and
LED1 stops glowing.
In place of LED1, you can use an
opto-diac or suitable relay (not shown
in the circuit) along with a suitable
driver circuit to drive AC loads.
Assemble the circuit on a generalpurpose
PCB with the neon lamp and
the phototransistor housed in a small
black tube isolated from the external
light source, and enclose in a suitable
cabinet. Fix switch S1 on the
front panel of the cabinet,
and mains power cord at
the rear. At the rear, also fix
a 3-pin socket to connect the
AC load.
Caution. Take care
when operating this circuit
as it is directly connected to
230V AC mains. Better still,
don’t attempt this circuit
if you have no experience
in handling high-voltage
circuits. 

5-30 minute timer circuit

2011-11-29T11:50:00.000-08:00

Notes:
Simple to build, simple to make, nothing too complicated here. However you must use
the CMOS type 555 timer designated the 7555, a normal 555 timer will not work here
due to the resistor values. Also a low leakage type capacitor must be used for C1, and I
would strongly suggest a Tantalum Bead type. Switch 3 adds an extra resistor in series to
the timing chain with each rotation, the timing period is defined as :-
Timing = 1.1 C1 x R1
Note that R1 has a value of 8.2M with S3 at position "a" and 49.2M at position "f". This
equates to just short of 300 seconds for each position of S3. C1 and R1 through R6 may be
changed for different timing periods. The output current from Pin 3 of the timer, is
amplified by Q1 and used to drive a relay. The relay contacts give physical and electrical
separation and may be used to switch circuits using higher current or voltage.
Alternatively if an audible or visual output is desired then the relay may be substituted for
a buzzer or LED.
Breadboard Layout:
As a first realisation I made a layout on breadboard. The rotary switch, relay and driver
transistor were omitted, the parts being replaced by a single red LED and 2.7k resistor
(see below).

INFRARED TOY CAR MOTOR CONTROLLER

2011-11-29T11:47:00.000-08:00

This add-on circuit enables remote
switching on/off of battery-operated
toy cars with the help of a TV/
video remote control handset operating at
30–40 kHz.
When the circuit is energised
from a 6V battery, the decade
counter CD4017 (IC2), which is
configured as a toggle flip-flop, is
immediately reset by the power-onreset
combination of capacitor C3
and resistor R6. LED1 connected
to pin 3 (Q0) of IC2 via resistor R5
glows to indicate the standby condition.
In standby condition, data
output pin of the integrated infrared
receiver/demodulator
(SFH505A or TSOP1738) is at a
high level (about 5 volts) and transistor
T1 is ‘off’ (reverse biased).
The monostable wired around IC1
is inactive in this condition.
When any key on the remote
control handset is depressed, the
output of the IR receiver momentarily
transits through low state and
transistor T1 conducts. As a result,
the monostable is triggered and a
short pulse is applied to the clock
input (pin 14) of IC2, which takes Q1 output
(pin 2) of IC2 high to switch on motor
driver transistor T2 via base bias resistor
R7 and the motor starts rotating
continously (car starts running). Resistor
R8 limits the starting current.
When any key on the handset is

1 TRANSISTER LED FLASH AND LM 3909 LED FLASHER

2011-11-29T11:16:00.000-08:00

Here is a one transistor LED flasher circuitwhich will flash a super bright LED. The
circuit is using single transistor as driver which is taking flash rate from the LED 2 which
is a self flashing LED. The flash rate can be adjusted by changing the value of 1k resistor
used in the circuit. The circuit is using 2N3904transistor but you can use any NPN
transistor available with you. The input power can be from any 6V DC battery or

LM 3909 LED FLASHER

PARTS LIST
C1=100nf electrolytic capacitor
IC1=LM3909 led flasher IC
led 1=red led
1.5 v battery

BASIC RF OSCILLATOR

2011-11-29T10:46:00.000-08:00

This basic circuit is easy to build and the components are not critical.most of them are found in your junk box
the L1 antena coil can be made by close winding8 to 10 turns of 22 gauges insulated hookup wire around a1/4 inch form such as a pencil.you can expiriment with size the coil and the no of turns to see how it affects the frequency and signal output of the oscillator you should be able to pick up its signal with a standard FM radio reciever.The signal in should be coupled by a disk capasitor of about 0.1nf to the stage in front of it

ALTERNATING ON-OFF SWITCH

2011-11-29T10:28:00.000-08:00

ERROR FIX: The LED (Led1) was drawn up-side-down. Fixed.
Parts List
Resistors are carbon, 1/4 Watt, 5% tolerance.
R1 = 10K
R2 = 100K
R3 = 10K
R4 = 220 Ohm (optional)
C1 = 0.1μF, Ceramic (100nF)
C2 = 1μF/16V, Electrolytic
D1 = 1N4001 (see text)
Led1 = Led, 3mm, red (optional)
Q1 = 2N4401 (see text)
IC1 = 4069, CMOS, Hex Inverter (MC14069UB), or equivalent
S1 = Momentary on-switch
Ry1 = Relay (see text)
Use this circuit instead of a standard on-off switch. Switching is very gentle. Connect unused input pins to an appropriate
logic level (I used ground). Unused output pins *MUST* be left open!
First 'push' activates the relay, another 'push' de-activates the relay.
IC1, the MC14069 (or 4069) is a regular Hex-inverter type and is constructed with MOS P-channel and N-channel
enhancement mode devices in a single monolithic structure. It will operate on voltages from 3 to 18 volts, but most
applications are in the 5 to 15 volts. Although the 4069 contains protection circuitry agains damage from ESD (Electro
Static Discharge), use common sense when handling this device. Depending on your application you may want to use an
IC-socket with IC1. It makes replacement easy if the IC ever fails.
You can use any type of 1/4 watt resistors including the metal-film type.
The type for D1 in not critical, even a 1N4148 will work. But, depending on your application I would suggest a 1N4001
(or similar) as a minimum.
Any proper replacement for Q1 will work, including the european TUN's. Since Q1 is just a driver to switch the relay coil,
almost any type for the transistor will do. PN100, NTE123A, 2N3904, 2N2222, 2N4013, etc. will all work.
For C2, if you find the relay acts not fast enough, you can change it to a lower value or use a ceramic cap of around 0.1μF.
It is there as a spark-arrestor together with the diode (D1).
For the relay I used a 6 volt type with the above circuit and 9 volt battery. The circuit will work fine with 12 Volt, the only
thing to watch for is the working voltage of C2; increase that to 25V if you use a 12V supply.
I added the Led to have a visual indication of being 'on'. For use with 12V supply make R4 390 ohms. The LED and R4
are of course optional and can be left out. Your application may already have some sort of indicator and so the LED and
R4 are not needed.

welcome to muhammed shanif's electronics circuits blog

2011-11-29T10:12:00.000-08:00

HERE IS THE LOTS OF ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS