English Grammar

RIGHT FORM OF VERB

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RIGHT FORM OF VERB

VERB:

FINITE VERB

NON FINITE VERB

FINITE VERB

· Finite verb is called the main verb.

· Finite verb is changed according to the tense.

· Example: we went to visit the zoo yesterday.

Here: went -- Finite verb and to visit – non finite verb.

FINITE VERB

PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE:

· Structure: subject + base form of verb + extension.

· If subject is third person and singular number, s/es will be added after main verb.

USE OF PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE:

· To express universal truth.

· To express habitual work.

· To express morality.

· If any sentence not mentioning time contains with regularly, often. Properly, sometimes, occasionally, normally, everyday, daily, always.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

· Structure: subject + am/is/are + ing form of verb+ extension.

USE OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

· Used when an action is continued.

· An action is going to be continued in near future.

· Any sentence contains with now, at the moment or still.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:

· structure: subject + have/ has + past participle of verb+ extension.

USE OF PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:

· IF any sentence contains with just, just now, already, yet [in negatives and questions], ever, recently. Lately, immediately.

· To express duration of events.

· To indicate a completed action in the immediate past.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

· Structure: subject + have/ has + been + ing of verb+ extension.

USE OF PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

· For an action which began sometime in the past and is still continuing.

· For, since, from [both since and from denote a point of time and for denotes a period of time.]

PAST INDEFINITE TENSE:

· Structure: subject + past form of verb + extension.

USE OF PAST INDEFINITE TENSE:

· To express about a past event as a simple fact of time.

· If any sentence contains with long, long ago, ago, once, yesterday, last, long since.

· Past indefinite is also used with used to for past habits.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE:

· Structure: subject + was/were + ing form of verb+ extension.

USE OF past COTINUOUS TENSE:

· To talk about any continuing process of doing something in the past.

· To describe a background action.

Past perfect tense:

PAST PERFECT TENSE:

· Structure: subject + had + past participle of verb+ extension.

USE OF PAST PERFECT TENSE:

· past perfect + before + past indefinite.

· past indefinite + after + past perfect.

· no sooner had + past perfect + than + past indefinite.

· hardly/ scarcely had+ past perfect + when + past indefinite.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

· structure: subject + had + been + ing of verb+ extension.

USE OF PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

· to express an action that continued in the past for a given period of time.

FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE:

· Structure: subject + SHALL/ WILL + base form of verb + extension.

USE OF FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE:

· to express future event.

· if any sentence contains with tomorrow.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE:

· structure: subject + shall/ will + be + ing of verb + extension.

USE OF FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE:

· to talk about near future.

· to express an activity going on at a particular time in future.

NARRATION/SPEECH:

Direct [ tense of reported clause ]	Indirect [ tense of reported speech ]
Present indefinite	Past indefinite
Am, is, are	Was, were
Have, has	Had
Past indefinite	Past perfect [sub + had + past participle of verb]
Was, were	Had been
Shall, will, can, may,	Would, could, might

To remember:

·If the reporting verb is present/ future, the tense of reported clause will not be changed.

·If the reported clause expresses universal truth or habitual fact, the tense of reported clause will not be changed.

VOICE

Sub + auxiliary verb + past participle of main verb + by / at/with/to + ob

Active	Passive [auxiliary verb]
Present indefinite	Am ,is, are
Am ,is, are, was, were	[Am ,is, are, was, were] + being
Have, has, had	[Have, has, had ] + been
[Have, has, had ] + been	[Have, has, had ] + been being
Past indefinite	Was, were
Modal verb	Modal verb + be

NON FINITE VERB

USE OF BASE FORM OF VERB:

RULES	EXAMPLE
· To + base form of verb.	· She likes to dance with me. · It is not easy to learn English.
· Modal verbs [shall, should, will would, can could, may, might, must, ought to, use to need, dare] + base form of verb.	· He can run fast. · You must give up smoking. · You should help the blind.
· [Had better, had rather, would rather, would sooner.] + base form of verb.	· I had better die than live in disgrace.
· Bare infinitive [ bid, behold, feel, find, hear,, know, let, make, notice, see, watch, help.] + base form of verb.	· She made us laugh. · I saw him cross the road. · We watched the ship sink.
· Imperative sentence starts with base form of verb.	· Hold your tongue. · Stop writing.

USE OF PAST FORM OF VERB:

RULES	EXAMPLE
· Wish, fancy, it is time, it is high time + subject + past form of verb.	· It is high time you studied hard. · It is time we went to college. · I wish I were a child again. · I fancy I turned a trifle pale.

USE OF PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF VERB:

RULES	EXAMPLE
· Have, has, had, get, got. + Past participle of verb.	· He has stolen my watch. · I got admitted to Dhaka College.
· Having, being + Past participle of verb.	· Having finished my home work, I went to watch TV.
· Modal verbs [shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, use to, need, dare] / to + be + Past participle of verb.	· Necessary steps should be taken to control adulteration.
· Past participle of verb will be used as an adjective.	· He is a retired teacher.
· Passive voice [ sub + auxiliary verb+ past participle form of verb ]	· The book is written by Munir Chowdhury.
· A past participle can function as an adjective phrase to describe a noun placed before it. [If the sentence is passive voice.]	· The eggs bought yesterday are rotten.

USE OF ING FORM OF VERB:

RULES	EXAMPLE
· Verb + ing, the beginning of the sentence.	· Sleeping is necessary to life.
· Stop, finish, prefer, avoid, like + ing of verb.	· Stop writing.
· Look forward to, addicted to, with a view to, get used to, be used to, dedicated to, accustomed to, objection to + ing of verb.	· I came here with a view to meeting with your father.
· Cannot help, would you mind, mind	· Would you mind having a cup of tea?
· Preposition [ on, in, at, of, for, from, into, within, after, before, without, by, etc.] + ing of verb.	· Without working hard, you will not shine in life. · He is fond of eating sweets.
· Ing of verb will be used as an adjective.	· Don’t try to get down from a running bus.
· If two verbs are used in a simple sentence, the second one will be ing of verb.	· He lay on the bed smiling. · She came here dancing.
· Verb+ing can function as an adjective phrase to describe a noun placed before it.	· The girl dancing on the stage is my sister.
· Verb+ing can be used as a substitute for an adverb clause in a simple sentence.	· Opening the door, she went out.
· While + ing of verb	· Don’t gossip while reading.
· While + sub + past continuous tense.	· I met him while I was walking

CONJUNCTION:

RULES	EXAMPLE
· Hardly/scarcely had + past participle of verb +when + past ind.	· Scarcely had she fallen asleep than she had a dream.
· No sooner had + past participle of verb +than + past ind.	· No sooner had the police reached than the burglars fled.
· Though/although/as soon as/ and/	· As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
· Present ind/present perfect + since/as/as though/as if + past ind.	· Ten years have passed since I met him last.
· Past ind + since/as/as though/as if + past perfect.	· Ten years passed since I had met him last.
· To denote cause both sentences will be same tense conjuncted with since /as/when.	· Since they played well, they won the match.
· As though/as if / wish + sub + were [be verb]	· He talks as if he were mad. · I wish I were a child again.
· Lest + sub + should/could +base form of verb.	· Walk fast lest you should miss the train.
· If / unless / provided + present ind + future ind	· If you read more, you will learn more.
· If / unless / provided + past ind + sub + would + base form of verb.	· If he studied well, he would pass in the examination.
· If / unless / provided + past perfect + sub + would have + past participle of verb.	· If you had walked faster, you would have not missed the train.

VOICE

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VOICE

ACTIVE VOICE:

The subject and the doer are the same person or thing.

PASSIVE VOICE:

The subject and the doer are different.

ASSERTIVE SENTENCE

RULES		EXAMPLE
ACTIVE	PASSIVE	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
· Sub · Verb · Extra words · obj	· ob [active] · auxiliary verb · p.p. form of verb. · Extra words · By · Sub [active]	· Columbus discovered America. · He bought her a ring. · We elected him chairman. · He made me laugh.	· America is discovered by Columbus. · She was bought a ring by him. · He was elected chairman by us. · I was made to laugh by him.
· Sub · Verb · Reflexive pronoun	· Sub[active] · auxiliary verb · p.p form of verb · by · Reflexive pronoun	· She killed herself · He hurt himself.	· She was killed by herself. · He was hurt by himself.
· There is /are/was/were · Sub · To · Verb.	· There is /are/were/was · Sub · To · be · p.p. form of Verb.	· There is no time to lose. · There is no money to waste.	· There is no time to be lost. · There is no money to be wasted.
· Sub · Agree/anxious/arrange/determine/decide/demand · Infinitive[to+ verb] · ob	· sub · agree/….. · that · ob [direct] · should be · p.p of verb.	· I agreed to visit the zoo. · I decided to buy a car.	· I agreed that the zoo should be visited. · I decided that a car should be bought.

TO REMEMBER:

· Bare infinitive of the active voice becomes full infinitive in the passive voice.

· Let does not take a full infinitive even in the passive voice.

· Both clauses of complex sentence will be changed but second clause will not be changed denoting universal truth.

· By will not be used after the following words:

WORD	INSTEAD OF BY	WORD	INSTEAD OF BY
annoy	with	interest	in
marvel	at	please	with
surprise	at	know	to
seize	with	fill	with
satisfy	with	shock	at
contain	in

· Auxiliary verb:

ACTIVE	PASSIVE [auxiliary verb]
· Present indefinite	· Am, is, are
· Am, is, are, was, were	· Am, is, are, was, were +being.
· Have, has, had	· Have, has, had + been.
· Have been, has been, had been	· Have been, has been, had been + being
· Past indefinite	· Was, were.
· Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must	· Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must + be
· Have/has/had to, to, used/ought/going to	· Have/has/had to, to, used/ought/going to + be

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

RULES		EXAMPLE
ACTIVE	PASSIVE	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
· Auxiliary verb · Sub · Main Verb · Extra words · Obj +?	· auxiliary verb · ob [active] · p.p. form of verb. · Extra words · By · Sub [active] +?	· Did they solve the problem?	· Was the problem solved by them?
· Who · Verb · Ob · Extra words +?	· By whom · auxiliary verb · ob [active] · p.p form of verb · extra words + ?	· Who wrote this poem? · Who taught you the formula?	· By whom was this poem written? · By whom were you taught the formula?
· Whom · Auxiliary Verb · Sub · verb · Extra words+?	· who · auxiliary verb · p.p form of verb · extra words. · By · Sub[active] + ?	· Whom did you call?	· Who was called by you?
· What/why/how/where/when/which + noun · Auxiliary Verb · Sub · Main Verb · obj · Extra words+?	· What/why/how/where/when/which + noun · auxiliary verb · obj [active] · p.p form of verb · extra words. · By · Sub [active] + ?	· Which actor did the police arrest in the murder case? · What will satisfy you?	· Which actor was arrested in the murder case by the police? · What will you be satisfied with/

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

RULES		EXAMPLE
ACTIVE	PASSIVE	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
· Base form of verb · Obj · Extra words.	· Let · Obj [ active] · Be · P.p form of verb · Extra words.	· Tell her to wait here.	· Let her be told to wait here.
· Do + not /never · Base form of verb · Obj · Extra words./ever	· Let · not · Obj [ active] · Be · P.p form of verb · Extra words.	· Don’t open the door. · Never tell a lie.	· Let not the door be opened. · Let not a lie be told ever.
· Let · Objective form of subject · Verb · Obj · Extra words	· Let · Obj [ active] · Be · P.p form of verb · Extra words. · By · Sub [active]	· Let him buy a car.	· Let a car be bought by him.
· Please/ kindly, · sentence	· you are requested to · sentence	· Please give me some more time.	· You are requested to give me some more time.

QUASI PASSIVE VOICE

RULES		EXAMPLE
ACTIVE	PASSIVE	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
· sub · verb · Extra words.	· Sub [active] · Auxiliary verb · P.p form of verb · Extra words.	· Honey tastes sweet.	· Honey is tasted sweet. Or, · Hone is sweet when it is tasted.

PRACTICE

1. One finds horses everywhere.

2. Watt invented the steam engine.

3. They grow wheat once a year.

4. He gave us a cheque.

5. He bought me a ring.

6. They left us some food.

7. They kept me waiting.

8. They made me laugh.

9. He saw a mango fall.

10. We saw the camel cross the road.

11. We let him go.

12. The teacher is teaching the students.

13. I saw him opening the door.

14. A soft wind blew the ship gently back to harbor.

15. He ran a race.

16. He dreamt a dream.

17. The patient slept a sound sleep.

18. I have fought a good fight.

19. Mr. Alim teaches us English.

20. Anupoma gave me a book

21. My friend sent me a gift.

22. They handed him a gun.

23. Rakesh offered me a seat.

24. We should not laugh at a disabled man.

25. We must listen to our parents.

26. We talked of them.

27. There are lots of things to do.

28. There is no time to lose.

29. I have lost my book.

30. Honey tastes sweet.

31. The rose smells sweet.

32. The stone feels rough.

33. One should keep one’s promise.

34. Someone has stolen my purse.

35. Circumstances obliged me to do.

36. People consider me honest.

37. I know the fact.

38. His behavior shocked me.

39. Light lifted the room.

40. Her manners pleased us very much.

41. The novels of Tolstoy interest me.

42. He killed himself.

43.She hurt herself.

44. Tell her to wait here.

45. Give the order to open fire.

46. Close all the gates at once.

47. Help the poor.

48. Never tell a lie.

49. Pluck me a flower.

50. Buy me a Panjabi.

51. Let him buy a car.

52. Let us forget the past.

53. Kindly grant me a week’s leave.

54. Please give me some more time.

55. Did they solve the problem?

56. Have they done the work?

57. Who wrote this poem?

58. Who gave you the shirt?

59. Whom did you call?

60. Which actor did the police arrest in the murder case?

61. Which book do you want?

62. What will satisfy you?

63. What do you want?

64. Where did they find the purse?

65. When will they finish the work?

66. Why do people speak English everywhere?

67. Why did the teacher punish you?

68. How did you do it?

69. They considered that he is honest.

70. They know that extremists blew up the bridge.

PASSIVE/ACTIVE:

1. This admixture may corrupt the nature of the original commodity.

2. The value or the effectiveness of the finished product is destroyed by adulteration.

3. Almost everyone enjoys the day in his own way.

4. Tourists from home and abroad visit its shore.

5. It stores honey in the hive.

6. People all over the world enjoy this game very much.

7. The farmers use water in time of cultivation largely.

8. Once a cook roasted a duck for his master.

9. It is called pleasure seeker’s paradise.

10. They help us in many ways.

11. Nowadays jut gunny bags are not used widely.

12. Many believe that English helps people to get good jobs and better salaries.

13. English is spoken all over the world.

14. Dowry hampers the harmony of the society.

15. This barbarous tradition of the society should be stopped anyhow.

16. It is considered as a symbol of love.

SIMPLE/COMPLEX/COMPOUND

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SIMPLE/COMPLEX/COMPOUND

NOUN CLAUSE:

· A noun clause is a group of words that works as a noun in the sentence.

POSITION OF NOUN CLAUSE	EXAMPLE
· Subject	· What he says is false.
· Object	· I know where he lives.
· Complement	· She says what he intends to be.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE:

· An adjective clause is a group of words that works as an adjective to qualify a noun or pronoun.

· The noun or pronoun with which the adjective clause is related is called its antecedent.

· An adjective clause is placed after its antecedent.

· Linkers of adjective clause – who[sub], whom[obj], whose[posse], which/that[non living], that [living]

FUNCTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE	EXAMPLE
· Subject	· The man who came here is my brother.
· object	· The man whom you saw yesterday is my brother.
· possessive	· The girl whose father is a police warned him.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE:

· An adverbial clause is a group of words that works as an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb.

FUNCTION OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSE	LINKERS	EXAMPLE
· Time	When, while, before, after, till, until, since, whenever.	I started journey when I got the news.
· Place	Where, wherever.	You may go where you want.
· Cause	As, since, because, that.	He could not attend the class because he was ill.
· Result	That, so….that.	He was so tired that he could not walk.
· Extent	As far as, so far as.	As far as I know, he is a cheater.
· Manner	As, as if, as though.	He pretended as if he were mad.
· Comparison	As….as, so….as, such….as, than.	The man is as tall as I.
· Contrast	Though, although.	Though he studied hard, he failed.
· condition	If, unless, in case, provided.	If you want, I can give you the book.
· purpose	That, in order that, so that, lest.	He works hard so that he can shine in life.

SIMPLE/COMPLEX/COMPOUND

SIMPLE	COMPLEX	COMPOUND
1. Same subject of the two clauses.
Ing form of verb of adv clause + principal clause.	When/as/since + adv clause + principal clause.	C. clause + and/and so/so + p.clause.
2. Same subject of the two clauses but if first clause expresses the cause of second clause.
Because of + possessive form of sub + ing form of verb of adv clause + principal clause	When/as/since + adv clause + principal clause.	C. clause + and/so + p.clause.
3. Different subject of the two clauses.
Sub + ing form of verb of adv clause + principal clause	When/as/since + adv clause + principal clause.	C. clause + and/and so/so + p.clause.
In spite of ---------------- · In spite of + possessive form of sub + ing form of verb of adv clause + principal clause	Though/although…….. · Though/although + adv clause + principal clause. [ same tense]	---------But ---------- · C. clause + but + p.clause.
-----too-----to-------- · -----too-----to + base form of verb.	-----so ---- that------- · -----so -----that+ sub + can/could +not + verb + ex.	----very-----and so-------- · ----very-----and so + second sentence.
------- to -------- · ---to +base form of verb	------- so that ------------------ · ----so that + sub+ can/could/ +verb +ex	--------- and ----------------
Without ----------- · Without + ing form of verb of adv clause + principal clause	If + negative ------- · If+ negative adv clause + principal clause.	------- or + negative sentence · Base form of verb of adv clause + or + principal clause.
By ----------- · By + ing form of verb of adv clause + principal clause	If + affirmative ------- · If + affirmative adv clause + principal clause..	- and + affirmative sentence · Base form of verb of adv clause + and + principal clause..
Both ------- and		Not only ---- but also
RELATIVE PRONOUN
1. Principal clause+ sub[possessive form]+ noun	· Principal clause + Noun clause	and
2. Antecedent of adjective clause + withdraw R.P + ing of verb	· Adjective clause[active]	and
3. Antecedent of adjective clause + withdraw R.P + p.p of verb	· Adjective clause[passive]	and
4. Sub + verb + adv + adj + noun.	· Sub + verb + noun + R.P + verb + adv + adj	and
5. Sub + verb + ex.[universal truth]	· It is + sub + R.P + verb + ex.	and
6. Adverb [ adj + ly ]	· It is adj form of adverb + ex.	and

TO REMEMBER

If ‘when’ expresses time, to convert simple write at the time of/ during / in

PRACTICE:

1. Since they played well, they won the match.

2. As he saw the police, he ran away.

3. When the lunch was over, she went away.

4. As the writer was poor, he could not entertain her properly.

5. He is so weak that he cannot move an inch.

6. We eat so that we may live.

7. Though the weather was very cold, we went outside without warm cloths.

8. When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.

9. If you do not practice, you will not speak English fluently.

10. If you work hard, you will shine ion life.

11. He went to Bagerhat so that he could visit the Shat Gombuj Mosque.

12. Lord knew what they cost.

13. Tell me what the truth is.

14. I know what her name is.

15. I know where he was born.

16. I prayed that he might recovery.

17. They admitted that they were guilty.

18. A man who is drowning catches at a straw.

19. The woman who is reported is a spy.

20. I still remember the advice which was given by my father.

21. The man saw the RAB and ran away.

22. Their throats were very dry and they could not speak.

23. Follow my example and you will shine in life.

24. He ran fast but he could not catch the thief.

25. Work hard or you will not pass in the examination.

26. He studied hard but failed.

27. Completing his study, he went to play.

28. The weather being very hot, we could not go to play.

29. He is too honest to take bribe.

30. He lent some money from the bank to buy a car.

31. In spite of his being healthy, he is lazy.

32. I saw bird flying.

33. Health is wealth.

34. He is a good student.

35. Knowledge is power.

36. Unity is strength.

37. He bought some valuable gifts.

38. They arrived in cold grey seas.

39. He is a meritorious boy.

40. I lost this ball yesterday.

41. Unfortunately she lost he purse.

42. Suddenly the rain started.

43. The thief took the money and ran away.

44. The sun had set and we returned home.

45. As he had much experience, he got the job.

46. If you don’t work hard, you will not shine in life.

47. If you work hard, you will shine in life.

48. He is weak but he can speak loudly.

49. He is too weak to work.

50. She went to market to buy a sari.

51. When it was winter, I was in London.

52. The man who works hard can shine in life.

53. Faiaz is a boy who is very intelligent.

54. The Tajmahal that was built many years ago still looks very charming.

COMPLEX/ COMPOUND / SIMPLE:

1. We have laws and law-enforcing agencies to stop the dishonest businessmen.[complex]

2. Their effort has been proved ineffective since adulteration of foods and other commodities is on increase.[ compound]

3. It is strong public awareness which is essential for the fight against adulteration.[simple]

4. Pohela Baishakh is undoubtedly the most celebrated festival in Bangladesh.[complex]

5. It is the day of the year when the roads get so jam packed. [simple]

6. Although I hate gathering, I enjoy activities of the flood of masses this day. [compound]

7. Health is wealth.[complex]

8. When a healthy man is an asset to his family, an unhealthy man is a liability. [compound]

9. When it is summer, it becomes emaciated. Simple]

10. During the rainy season, it assumes a terrible shape. Complex]

11. It flies from flower to flower and collects honey.[ simple]

12. In winter, it remains idle but it works hard in spring.[complex]

13. Water, an important vital element of environment, is polluted by various ways. [complex]

14. The water which is pure is necessary for us. [simple]

15. Men pollute water by throwing waste into it. [compound]

16. The roast looked so delicious that the cook could not resist the temptation. [simple]

17. Those who become tired may go to relax there. [simple]

18. The visitors go there for enjoying natural beauties. [compound]

19. Cox’s Bazar sea-beach is the longest sea-beach in the world.[simple]

20. Though he is poor, he is honest.[simple]

21. People living below the poverty line leads a miserable life.[complex]

22. Organizations frequently need employees who have a good command over English.[simple]

23. There are many companies and they provide English language training for their staff. [complex]

24. Tough punishment should be given out to the greedy criminals.[complex]

25. Bangladesh govt. has already made some laws to root out this vice.[compound]

26. A good teacher discovers the treasure hidden inside each students.[complex]

27. He keeps his students busy so that he can make them happy.[simple]

28. Education being one of the basic needs of a human being is essential for any kind of development.[complex]

29. The heart is formed for love and cannot be happy without the opportunity of giving and receiving lover.[complex]

30. You cannot receive affection unless you give it also.[simple]

31. As love is divine everybody wants it.[compound]

32. You need flowers to greet your honorable guests.[complex]

33. Truthfulness may lead the world to peace and happiness.[complex]

34. It has a large population, but the educational facility for this huge population is very limited.[complex]

35. Do or die. [simple]

36. Though Bangladesh is not a big country, too many people live here.[simple]

37. The cuckoo is a bird of very shy nature.(complex]

38. He wants to be doctor to serve the poor people.[complex]

39. He sits to read when it is time for reading.[simple]

40. Traffic jam is a common affair in big cities and towns. [complex]

41. There are many vehicles running in the street.[complex]

42. Jamir is a farmer living in a village.[complex]

43. Since there was no rain, he was worried.[simple]

44. One night he woke up hearing the sound of rain.[complex]

45. You cannot receive affection unless you give it also.[simple]

46. Friendship may brings happiness and peace in the world.[complex]

47. A man, who leads in idle life, brings misery for his life.[complex]

48. His honesty is known to all.[complex]

49. The man who works hard can prosper in life.[simple]

50. The fox is a very cunning animal.[complex]

DEGREE

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DEGREE

POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
1. No other+ sub (next part of super/ comp) + verb(s) +as +adj (pos) +as + subject. · No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.	1. Sub + verb+ adj(com) + than any other / than all other (if object plural) +obj. · Dhaka is bigger than any other city in Bangladesh.	1. Sub + verb + the + adj (sup) + of all (if the obj. is plural) + obj. · Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.
2. Very few+ sub (next part of super/ comp) + verb (p) +as +adj (pos) +as + subject. · Very few rivers in Bangladesh are as big as the Jamuna.	2. Sub + verb+ adj(com) + than most other / than few +obj. · The Jamuna is bigger than most other rivers in Bangladesh.	2. Sub + verb + one of the + adj (sup) + obj. · The Jamuna is one of the biggest rivers in Bangladesh.
3. Sub (next part of comp) + verb +not/x + as/so +adj (pos) +as + subject. · A sick moneyed man is not as happy as a healthy poor man.	3. Sub + verb+ x / not +adj(com) + than +obj. · A healthy poor man is happier than a sick moneyed man.
4. Sub + verb +not / x + as/so +adj (pos) +as + subject. · Rupa is as Strong as Rana	4. Sub + verb+ less/ no less / not less + adj(com) + than +obj. · Rupa is no less Stronger than Rana

TO REMEMBER:

· To transfer from superlative or comparative to positive, object of comparative or superlative will be the subject of positive.

· To transfer from positive to superlative or comparative, object of positive will be the subject of comparative or superlative.

· In Rule 4, subject or object will not be changed.

PRACTICE:

1. A healthy poor man is happier than a sick moneyed man.

2. The Jamuna is one of the biggest rivers in Bangladesh.

3. Toronto is one of the most expensive cities of the world.

4. Actually, at that time he was the wisest of all.

5. Very few insects are as busy as a bee.

6. It seemed to the fox that it was the happiest animal in the world.

7. At present cricket is one of the most popular games in our country.

8. It is one of the most important elements of all living beings.

9. Cox’s Bazar sea beach is one of the most beautiful sea beaches in the world.

10. Price hike is one of the biggest problems for them.

11. June and July are the most suitable time of tree plantation.

12. Polythene bag is the most popular carrying container.

13. English is more used than any other language.

14. He was greater than most other poets in Bengali Literature.

15. Jerry was one of the smallest boys at the orphanage.

16. Foyot’s is one of the most famous restaurants in Paris.

17. Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries of the world.

18. The elephant is larger than all other land animals.

19. No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.

20. Very few Moghal emperors were as pious as Aurangazeb.

21. It is as famous as any other schools in Dhaka.

22. Child labour is one of the biggest curses of the 21^st century.

23. Very few countries of the world are as green as Bangladesh.

24. Jim is more intelligent than Suan.

25. Tia is not as tall as Ria.

ASSERTIVE TO EXCLAMATORY

2012-04-19T10:21:00.000+06:00

ASSERTIVE TO EXCLAMATORY

ASSERTIVE	EXCLAMATORY
1. Sub+ verb + a/an + very / great +ad	What + a/an+ ad + sub + verb +!
2. Sub + verb + very/great + ad	How + ad + sub + verb +!
3. Sub + wish+ Sub+ Were + ___	If / had/would that+ sentence+!
4. It is matter of joy/it is rejoice	Hurrah +! + sentence
5. It is matter of sorrow/it is sad	Alas +! + sentence

TO REMEMBER:

· Very +adjective

· Great +noun

ASSERTIVE TO EXCLAMATORY

1. You are a great fool.

2. The night is very beautiful.

3. The moonlight sleeps very sweetly upon this bank.

4. I wish that I were young again.

5. I wish I had a friend to support me.

6. I rejoice that my friend is coming.

7. It is sad that our beloved leader is dead.

8. It was a very lucky day.

9. A little learning is a dangerous thing.

10. I wish I had been a king.

11. I wish I could get GPA-5.

12. The scenery of the place is very charming.

13. The next few days were very difficult.

14. The poor leads a very humble life.

15. Her hair grows very fast.

MORE PRACTICE:

1. How enthusiastic the people look on this day!

2. It is a matter of sorrow that the performance of our team is not up to the mark.

3. What a simple life he leads!

4. The use of polythene bag is very harmful.

5. Taking dowry is a very heinous crime.

6. What a clever girl she is!

7. Flower cultivation is very interesting.

8. What a great fool his!

9. I rejoice that I got the first prize.

10. I wish I were a king.

TRANSFORMATION(ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE)

2012-04-18T20:02:00.003+06:00

ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE

ASSERTIVE		INTERROGATIVE
1. Sub + verb + ext		· Auxiliary verb + n’t + sub + verb +ext +?
2. Sub + auxiliary verb + not + verb + ext		· Auxiliary verb + sub + verb +ext +?
3. Everybody/everyone/all		· Who + auxiliary verb + not + verb + ext+?
4. Every / all + noun		· Is there any + noun + who + auxiliary verb + not + verb + ext+?
5. Nobody/none/no one		· Who + verb + ext+?
SOME IMPORTANT WORDS
ASSERTIVE	INTERROGATIVE		ASSERTIVE	INTERROGATIVE
never	ever		nobody	anybody
no	any		no one	anyone
nothing	anything		always	not ever

ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE

1. We shall for get these happy moments.

2. She likes white dress.

3. They drank salty water.

4. We bleed if you prick us.

5. He was not a meritorious boy.

6. Everybody loves his motherland.

7. Everyone wants to flee from a state of bondage.

8. Every Muslim desires to go Makah.

9. No one can bear an unprovoked insult,

10. Nobody can trust such a liar.

11. Everybody wishes to be happy.

12. His glory can never fade.

13. She had nothing to say.

14. There is no hope for me if you do not come.

15. There is no use of this statue.

16. He always speaks the truth.

17. I can never forget you.

18. She did the work of her own accord.

19. I bought nothing in the fair.

20. Every student wants to make a good result.

21. I must go here.

22. She acted foolishly.

23. None should deny the truth.

24. She is never inattentive.

25. Nobody believes a liar.

TRANSFORMATION [ AFFIRMATIVE TO NEGATIVE]

2012-04-15T21:47:00.001+06:00

AFFIRMATIVE TO NEGATIVE

AFFIRMATIVE		NEGATIVE
1. Only / alone [ person/ Allah]		· None but (beginning of the sentence)
2. Only [things]		· Nothing but
3. Only [number]		· Not more than/ not less than
4. Must / have to /had to		· Cannot but/could not but · Cannot /could not help + verb + ing + ext.
5. Both------and		· Not only -----but also
6. ---- too ---- to + base form of verb		· ---- so ---- that + sub + can/could / not + verb
7. As soon as		· No sooner had ……….. than + past ind.
8. A, all, every + noun		· There is no + noun+ but + verb+---- · There is no + noun + who + to be +not + verb ------- · No + noun + opposite of verb/ adj /noun/adv.
9. If the sentence expresses universal truth		· Auxiliary verb + not + sub + ex +? ( negative interrogative)
10. A few		· Not many
11. Many		· Not a few
12. A little		· Not much
13. Much		· Not a little
14. sometimes		· not always
15. Exceptional [ sub + verb + ex ]		· Sub+ to be verb + not + opposite of verb / adj / adv/ noun.
16. ---- as ------as-----		· ------less not/less -------than-----
SOME OPPOSITION WORDS
Affirmative	Negative		Affirmative	Negative
always	never		dependent	independent
sometimes	not always		liable	free
very	at all		quickly	slowly
mortal	immortal		kind	unkind
lazy	active		regular	irregular
new	old		favorable	unfavorable
wise	unwise		remember	forget
rich	poor		early	late
clean	dirty		correctly	incorrectly
polite	impolite		good	bad
worst	best		love	hate

PRACTICE [AFFIRMATIVE TO NEGATIVE]

1. Only the meritorious will get the job.

2. Rishad was alone alive in the accident.

3. I bought only a few chocolates for my son.

4. He has only two handsets.

5. We must obey our elders.

6. All men must die.

7. He is too weak to walk.

8. The freedom fighters are both honorable and remembered.

9. As soon as I got the job, I informed my friends.

10. Every man wants to be crowned of success.

11. A patriot is respected by all.

12. Honesty is the best policy.

13. Knowledge is power.

14. I have a few friends.

15. He had many friends but they did not come to assist him at his rainy day.

16. There is a little water in the glass.

17. Mr. Susan has much popularity in the society.

18. Man is mortal.

19. Dhaka is an old city.

20. Anupoma is strong in English.

21. Mutton chop was the cheapest dish in the menu.

22. He is respected by all.

23. The Titanic was regarded unsinkable.

24. The case is favored to me.

25. I wrote the answers correctly.

26. Health is wealth.

27. He can succeed in life.

28. Everybody knows it.

29. It lives together.

30. But the cook told him that this duck had only one leg.

31. He is the best player.

32. Day-to-day life in Dhaka is expensive.

33. Only Faiaz can do this.

34. The widow has only two goats of her own.

35. Every man wishes to be happy.

36. Every patriot loves his country.

37. I shall remember you.

38. He is kind to me.

39. I must go here.

40. She acted foolishly.

41. None should deny the truth.

42. She is never inattentive.

43. Nobody believes a liar.

44. Never tell a lie.

45. Faiaz is as tall as Arpi