<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222</id><updated>2026-07-22T14:54:00.040-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Sociologia e Antropologia</title><subtitle type='html'>Um blog com resenhas das principais obras das Ciências Sociais.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>28</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-3797849949691152522</id><published>2013-08-31T21:43:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2013-10-04T11:09:57.867-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de A Ética Protestante e o “Espírito” do Capitalismo.</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSOBlGU65ytRj2HG3sSxaUgNGtUbRVXAk9q_Tddwo3K7xiJlmfXbPAD2GDUSP_RAV2RrODgh5oPuuiKccaS9nki8R6zRiayTv-rMcFg1OP5adP5MTJ1CwkHqxcshrLVECfjoeLs2UhlHBX/s1600/Etica.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSOBlGU65ytRj2HG3sSxaUgNGtUbRVXAk9q_Tddwo3K7xiJlmfXbPAD2GDUSP_RAV2RrODgh5oPuuiKccaS9nki8R6zRiayTv-rMcFg1OP5adP5MTJ1CwkHqxcshrLVECfjoeLs2UhlHBX/s1600/Etica.jpg&quot; width=&quot;132&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Entenda como medo e racionalização deram início ao Capitalismo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Quando Weber publica a primeira versão
desta obra em 1904, ele dá destaque gráfico à palavra Espírito, colocando-a entre
aspas. Assim, ele deixa claro que sua abordagem, que tangenciava a religiosidade, pretendia
na verdade buscar uma análise sociológica sobre o capitalismo. Analisando o
capitalismo não como um sistema econômico, mas sim como uma conduta de vida!
Uma cultura, vivenciada no dia a dia das pessoas. Partindo desta premissa, fica
muito mais fácil o entendimento desta magnífica obra das Ciências Sociais!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Max Weber sempre destacou que os indivíduos
dão sentido as suas ações. Ele diz que eventualmente as ações dos indivíduos são emocionais, mas
frequentemente elas são ações metódicas, calculadas,
premeditadas – Racionalizadas. A modernidade para Weber consiste em uma
sociedade que através dos seus indivíduos, age de forma racionalizada,
penetrando em todos os campos desta sociedade, promovendo uma sensação espiritual
de que os fins, inevitavelmente justificam os meios. Ainda que esta frase
jamais tenha sido dita por Weber, ela é absolutamente possível de ser formulada
a partir das suas premissas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Weber percebe que tanto os empresários
quanto os pequenos empreendedores são participantes de uma uma religiosidade
Protestante. A grande Reforma Protestante, partia do princípio que o
Cristianismo tinha pouco controle sobre a vida dos fies. A Reforma tenta
estabelecer esse controle de forma dura, a começar pelo peso atribuído ao pecado. Para o
Cristianismo o pecado é ruim, mas o pecador é sempre bem vindo. De certa forma,
esta prática dá uma elasticidade na relação do pecador com o pecado, pois no
fundo ele sabe que Deus o acolherá de braços abertos, conforme a Parábola do
Filho Pródigo. Uma das primeiras iniciativas dos Calvinistas foi barbarizar o
pecado e também o pecador! Para a nova doutrina, não bastava ser protestante e ir à
igreja aos domingos. Os fies tinham que dar sinais diários de sua retidão
perante a Deus e para isto tinham que ser muito rigorosos com seus costumes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O que segundo Weber consiste em levar uma
vida essencialmente racionalizada. Cumprindo os deveres de indivíduo religioso também na
sua vida cotidiana moral! A partir desta premissa, a Reforma introduz um novo
paradigma, onde o trabalho ganha um peso diante das responsabilidades dos fies.
Para o protestantismo o trabalho serve para realizar a vontade divina que seria
a única forma de salvação. A Teoria da Predestinação Calvinista dizia que Deus já
havia definido aqueles que seriam salvos e só restava aos fies levar uma vida
correta, agindo como se fosse um dos escolhidos, pois um passo fora desta linha
lhes renderiam a condenação!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para Weber, este novo paradigma oriundo
da retidão religiosa, faz com que os indivíduos se dediquem muito mais ao
trabalho e além disso, reduzam cada vez mais o desperdício e os gastos com extravagâncias. Tudo isto em prol de uma salvação. Diferentemente do capitalismo moderno, onde a
doutrina é o lucro pelo lucro e cada vez mais para o lucro, nos primórdios do
capitalismo, foi a atitude racional introjetada pelos indivíduos através do
protestantismo que fez com que aqueles indivíduos agissem de forma racional e controlada
no seu dia a dia, criando uma nova cultura capitalista que com o passar dos
séculos acabou se tornando o capitalismo financeiro moderno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ler a Ética Protestante e o “Espírito”
do Capitalismo é uma forma incrível de aprender sobre os primórdios da
Alemanha, sobre as transformação sofridas pelas religiões e sobre a formação da
sociedade moderna de uma maneira relativamente simples, mas inexplicavelmente instigante e
prazerosa!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Espero que vocês tenham a oportunidade
de degustar este livro que é uma das mais belas e importantes obras da
Literatura Mundial!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Aguardo pelos comentários de vocês!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Um forte abraço.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Rodrigo Dias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/3797849949691152522/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/08/resenha-de-etica-protestante-e-o.html#comment-form' title='5 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/3797849949691152522'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/3797849949691152522'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/08/resenha-de-etica-protestante-e-o.html' title='Resenha de A Ética Protestante e o “Espírito” do Capitalismo.'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSOBlGU65ytRj2HG3sSxaUgNGtUbRVXAk9q_Tddwo3K7xiJlmfXbPAD2GDUSP_RAV2RrODgh5oPuuiKccaS9nki8R6zRiayTv-rMcFg1OP5adP5MTJ1CwkHqxcshrLVECfjoeLs2UhlHBX/s72-c/Etica.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-2375578348058544899</id><published>2013-07-15T15:02:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2013-07-15T15:10:37.918-03:00</updated><title type='text'>A Influência do Ambiente Acadêmico Sobre os Trabalhadores do IFCS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
COMPARTILHANDO ALEGRIAS E AGRADECENDO
PELA AJUDA!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
Este texto é dedicado a todos aqueles
que me ajudaram até aqui!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
Em especial, a minha querida Gi e aos
meus estimados colegas de turma!&lt;/div&gt;
*************************************************************************************************&lt;br /&gt;
É com muita alegria que eu compartilho com vocês mais esta vitória no decorrer
da nossa faculdade!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acabo de ter um artigo publicado em uma revista de graduação que possui uma boa
classificação na Capes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Espero que esta minha alegria possa incentivá-los a enfrentar todos os
obstáculos que surgem durante a faculdade!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Torço para que vocês se animem a publicar seus respectivos trabalhos!!!!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
DEIXO AQUI MEUS SINCEROS AGRADECIMENTOS POR TODA A AJUDA DURANTE ESTA NOSSA
JORNADA!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nosso convívio, nossas discussões, nossos trabalhos em grupo, etc, foram &lt;u&gt;essenciais&lt;/u&gt;
para esta minha evolução!!!!!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Serei eternamente grato pela ajuda de vocês! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Espero que a nossa amizade se fortaleça fazendo com que venhamos a manter um
convívio posterior ao término da faculdade, que tenhamos a sorte de nos
encontrarmos como colegas de trabalho.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Que façamos inúmeras mesas redondas, participemos de congressos, palestras,
sala de aula, bar, buteco, etc!!!!!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;MUITO OBRIGADO POR TUDO!!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Muitos bjs e abraços para todos!!!!&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Revista Habitus Vol. 11 – N.1 – Ano 2013&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.habitus.ifcs.ufrj.br/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;www.habitus.ifcs.ufrj.br&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;A INFLUÊNCIA DO AMBIENTE ACADÊMICO SOBRE OS TRABALHADORES DO IFCS.[1]&lt;br /&gt;THE ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCE OVER IFCS&#39;S WORKERS&lt;br /&gt;Rodrigo Dias*&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Cite este artigo: DIAS, Rodrigo. A influência do ambiente acadêmico sobre os trabalhadores do IFCS. Revista Habitus: revista eletrônica dos alunos de graduação em Ciências Sociais - IFCS/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 11, n. 1, p.36-48, Junho. 2013. Semestral. Disponível em: &amp;lt;www.habitus.ifcs.ufrj.br&amp;gt;. Acesso em: 30 de Junho. 2013.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O presente trabalho é um estudo preliminar que pretende analisar se uma instituição de ensino pode ter influência sobre os hábitos culturais e sobre a escolaridade dos profissionais que não desempenham atividades diretamente relacionadas com a sala de aula, porém fazem parte deste ambiente acadêmico.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta investigação parte da premissa de que o Brasil pretendendo se inserir no cenário mundial como uma “potência”, não só econômica, mas também intelectual, deve incentivar o aumento dos níveis de escolaridade dos seus habitantes. Diante deste cenário seria natural pensar que o sistema educacional poderia ser um excelente agente, capaz de elevar o nível intelectual e cultural do maior número de brasileiros possíveis, não restringindo sua influência apenas aos alunos oficialmente matriculados.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em outras palavras, espera-se que as instituições educacionais possam contribuir para que todos aqueles que compartilham do ambiente escolar possam incrementar seus bens culturais, que segundo Bourdieu, também possuem um valor significativo, assim como os bens materiais. (BOURDIEU, 2006, p.9) Além disso, no caso brasileiro, essa contribuição educacional mais abrangente, advinda de forma indireta das instituições de ensino, poderia reduzir ainda mais os índices de analfabetismo funcional do país. [2] Ainda que o total de analfabetos funcionais tenha reduzido nos últimos anos, o número de pessoas nestas condições ainda é muito significativo no Brasil. (INAF, 2011) Enriquecer o país através da educação e da cultura é mais do que desejável para o bom desenvolvimento de uma nação.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para aferir esta possível influência que as instituições educacionais podem ter sobre a escolaridade e sobre os hábitos culturais dos profissionais que trabalham no ambiente acadêmico, procurei analisar a expectativa educacional e o nível de consumo cultural de alguns profissionais que trabalham no Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFCS/UFRJ), entretanto, me detive na análise dos profissionais que não desempenham a atividade de professor.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Para continuar lendo este artigo acesse o site da Revista Habitus!&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.habitus.ifcs.ufrj.br/ojs/index.php/revistahabitus/article/view/189/194&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.habitus.ifcs.ufrj.&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;br/ojs/index.php/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;revistahabitus/article/view/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;189/194&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Forte abraço.&lt;br /&gt;
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Rodrigo Dias </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/2375578348058544899/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/07/a-influencia-do-ambiente-academico_2955.html#comment-form' title='3 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/2375578348058544899'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/2375578348058544899'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/07/a-influencia-do-ambiente-academico_2955.html' title='A Influência do Ambiente Acadêmico Sobre os Trabalhadores do IFCS'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-9197873452856404089</id><published>2013-06-19T19:26:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2013-06-20T00:45:26.301-03:00</updated><title type='text'>O Impacto do Conceito de Cultura Sobre o Conceito de Homem de Clifford Geertz</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;A Interpretação das Culturas - Capítulo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #274e13;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #274e13;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O Que a Antropologia Moderna Diria?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;No
que concerne ao estudo do homem, poderíamos dizer que a explicação científica
consiste em substituir quadros simples por outros complexos, enquanto se tenta
conservar a clareza persuasiva que acompanha os quadros simples.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Para
as ciências sociais a máxima parece ser &quot;Procure a complexidade e
ordene-a&quot;. No estudo da cultura, sem dúvida, esta máxima tem se
desenvolvido. A ascensão de uma concepção científica da cultura significava a
derrubada da visão da natureza humana dominante no iluminismo. No iluminismo, a
visão de cultura era clara e simples, mas a ascensão da cultura a substituiu
por uma visão mais complicada e nada clara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A
visão iluminista era simples pois seguia leis imutáveis, como no universo de
Isaac Newton. Mas o descaso iluminista com a variedade e com as diferenças foi
um erro. Para esta corrente de pensamento, qualquer coisa que não seja
facilmente entendido, que não possa ser verificado ou esteja limitada a homens
de determinado período, não contém uma verdade.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;O
que para Geertz é um absurdo, pois o homem é algo que está envolvido com o
local em que ele se encontra, depende de quem ele é, e naquilo que ele
acredita! E acreditar nisto é que permite se desenvolver um conceito sobre cultura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A
Antropologia Moderna acredita que não há homens que não tenham sido modificados
pelos respectivos costumes dos locais por onde viveram. O homem está carregado
de significado que ele próprio se encarrega de expor a todo o momento, como se
fosse um artista. Por isso, Geertz afirma que é impossível separar o que é
natural e universal daquilo que é local e variável no homem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Segundo
Geertz, o que se pode aprender da natureza humana é que os homens são, pura e
simplesmente o que a sua cultura faz deles.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;E
para ele, acreditar nesta diversidade cultural é abandonar o paraíso linear e
se aventurar em uma jornada em águas perigosas!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Não
é que não possa haver generalizações, mas a melho forma de tentar reunir os níveis da
cultura é através dos pontos invariantes de referência. Esses pontos são
encontrados na natureza dos sistemas sociais, biológicos e psicológicos dos
indivíduos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Os
universos culturais são respostas a realidades universais e é preciso olhar as
exigências humanas que não se manifestam claramente para então, tentar mostrar
que estes aspectos da cultura são modelados por essas exigências.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Não
basta identificar uma universalidade, uma generalização ou uma congruência. É
preciso verificar se estas características são superiores às congruências
frouxas e indeterminadas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Neste
sentido, a Antropologia pode contribuir para a construção ou reconstrução de um
conceito de homem. Se dedicando na tarefa de nos mostrar como encontrar este
conceito de homem!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Segundo
Geertz, é preciso procurar por relações sistemáticas entre fenômenos diversos e
não por identidades concretas entre fenômenos similares. E para isso, fatores
biológicos, psicológicos e sociais devem ser tratados como variáveis dentro do
sistema em análise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Para
Geertz, a cultura é melhor vista como um conjunto de mecanismos de controle.
Planos, receitas, regras, instituições que servem para governar o comportamento.
E vai além, ele afirma que o homem é o animal que mais depende destes
mecanismos de controle para ordenar o seu comportamento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A
partir de tais formulações, primeiro sobre o conceito de cultura e segundo
sobre o papel da cultura na vida humana, Geertz complementa dizendo que o homem
demonstra total estreiteza em suas realizações. Isto porque apesar de ter
equipamentos naturais para viver muitas vidas distintas, termina por viver
apenas uma vida restrita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A
perspectiva da cultura como mecanismo de controle se baseia na afirmação de que
se o homem não fosse dirigido por padrões culturais, o mundo seria um caos de
atos sem sentido e de explosão de emoções. Assim, a cultura é uma condição
essencial para a existência do homem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Segundo
Geertz, os homens sem cultura seriam monstruosidades incontroláveis, com muito
pouco instinto útil, menos sentimentos reconhecíveis e nenhum intelecto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Espero
que a resenha ajude no entendimento do texto original de Geertz e sugiro aos
interessados em aprofundar os conhecimentos na modalidade de antropologia
interpretativa apresentada por Geertz a acessar a resenha intitulada &lt;a href=&quot;http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com.br/2013_01_01_archive.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Atrás Dos Fatos&lt;/a&gt; presente no blog.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Até
a próxima!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Boa
leitura e boas indagações!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/9197873452856404089/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/06/resenha-de-o-impacto-do-conceito-de.html#comment-form' title='3 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/9197873452856404089'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/9197873452856404089'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/06/resenha-de-o-impacto-do-conceito-de.html' title='O Impacto do Conceito de Cultura Sobre o Conceito de Homem de Clifford Geertz'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdrbm6dsA9TIhWPO93g6f8eTAYGiocCVz3l0Hm6hHT_ASqCWHxnTAJeB76iaaNshFLMdzmrl-axpKk7udm9rA4dm8pJHk6z0T33velOaCvymjGk0HrNI9U0EtHNc3ZQY063CFg0ZRFBOao/s72-c/%C3%8Dndice.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-7914733284967772227</id><published>2013-04-28T22:09:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2013-04-28T22:11:40.644-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Bruxaria, Oráculos e Magia entre os Azande </title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ONuvI1M448RcKpdKeAM9HQumxEre4Zee-IjbHc1nMnJjFk-EoIweX7qLtSz8QemnjkdptWAAxovBqOt10YQpk1pJgZl_i7Tat9RF2eYHx_E-gP9Z8ECMuC4gmapzLIKdo5-wgAkdh7zB/s1600/Azande.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ONuvI1M448RcKpdKeAM9HQumxEre4Zee-IjbHc1nMnJjFk-EoIweX7qLtSz8QemnjkdptWAAxovBqOt10YQpk1pJgZl_i7Tat9RF2eYHx_E-gP9Z8ECMuC4gmapzLIKdo5-wgAkdh7zB/s1600/Azande.jpg&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;133&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Apêndice IV – Algumas reminiscências e reflexões sobre o
trabalho de campo &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;É claro que a intenção de Evans-Pritchard não é fornecer um
manual rígido sobre como fazer um trabalho de campo! Ainda que os alunos,
principalmente os iniciantes, busquem incessantemente e erroneamente uma forma “correta”
de se fazer antropologia! Como diria Roberto Da Matta, é preciso relativizar.
Além disso, comparar, agrupar, e acima de tudo, aproveitar todas as
experiências antropológicas de outros pesquisadores para enriquecer seus
conhecimentos sobre o que é um trabalho de campo, mas não se esqueça de uma
coisa: dificilmente o seu trabalho de campo será exatamente como foi o de outro
pesquisador. As situações serão únicas e você irá precisar se adaptar. O que
você pode fazer é se preparar para enfrentar estes problemas que irão surgir.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;E segundo Evans-Pritchard, ter uma boa formação teórica em
antropologia social é muito mais do que desejável. É imprescindível! Ele
argumenta que na ciência, como na vida, só se acha aquilo que se procura. Não
se pode estudar alguma coisa sem se ter uma teoria a seu respeito. É muito
importante fazer um estudo prévio sobre a região que se pretende explorar,
buscar relatos de outros pesquisadores, etc. Todo saber é relevante para seu
trabalho de campo! Mas ele deixa claro que é preciso saber o que se procura,
mas também é preciso seguir as pistas que surgem durante sua atividade. Se os
nativos se interessam por religião, é imperioso que se estude essa relação!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Durante todo o texto, o que Evans-Pritchard faz é dar alguns
exemplos da sua experiência como antropólogo, citando algumas situações que
podem se repetir durante qualquer trabalho de campo. E algumas vezes ele
arrisca dar dicas teóricas que também devem ser levadas em consideração. Uma
delas é sobre a importância de se estudar mais de uma sociedade, sempre que
possível. Segundo ele, além do antropólogo ter outro parâmetro que não seja a
comparação direta com a sua sociedade de origem, o próprio antropólogo já é
mais experiente e pode encontrar mais facilmente aquilo que realmente importa.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Outra questão teórica que ele discute é sobre a condição do
antropólogo enquanto observador participante. Para ele, o antropólogo torna-se,
ao menos temporariamente, um indivíduo duplamente marginal, alienado de dois
mundos, do seu e do mundo dos nativos. Ao mesmo tempo em que o observador participante
busca entrar intensamente na cultura estudada, ele também procura manter
guardar alguma distância de segurança que lhe permita analisar externamente a
cultura. Deixando claro que o antropólogo é uma pessoa e pode ser afetado e
transformado pela cultura que está estudando.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A posição do antropólogo também é discutida no texto.
Segundo Evans-Pritchard, o pesquisador não se encaixa nas categorias nativas,
pois ele não precisa se comportar como homem ou como mulher em determinadas
situações. O antropólogo está fora das categorias, pois está fora da esfera social
do grupo.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Outra dica dada pelo antropólogo inglês é sobre a
presença de pessoas não nativas nas regiões estudadas. Sejam missionário,
autoridades, médicos, biólogos, etc. Nessa situação, é preciso ser
condescendente. Pois embora o antropólogo saiba mais sobre teoria antropológica
que estes habitantes, eles sabem muito mais sobre os fatos etnográficos da
região, pelo menos no início do trabalho de campo. Cautela aos assuntos
religiosos e com a interpretação que os missionários podem dar aos assuntos do
grupo. Algumas aproximações com termos do cristianismos são frequentes e podem
não representar o verdadeiro significado para o povo estudado.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ele ressalta que infelizmente a antropologia tornou-se uma
noção repugnante para alguns povos dos estados novos e independentes,
especialmente na áfrica. Para estes povos, a antropologia lhes cheira a
colonialismo, que significa superioridade de uma classe ou raça sobre outras.
Por este motivo, para Evans-Pritchard, é mais conveniente que os antropólogos
se passem por historiadores ou linguistas para não ofenderem ninguém.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Por fim, ele volta a afirmar o que já havia feito em
diversas partes do texto que é extremamente importante que o antropólogo tenha
domínio sobre a língua dos nativos. Assim ele poderia fugir de interpretações
errôneas realizadas pelos intérpretes e até poderia voltar a verificar e
verificar uma informação que não esteja sendo coerente.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Volto a afirmar que a intenção de Evans-Pritchard não é
fornecer um manual para o trabalho de campo. Assim, como aporte teórico, é um
material muito relevante para a formação de novos antropólogos. Além disso, a
leitura é extremamente fácil e suas inserções práticas são bem explicativas,
enriquecendo o conhecimento e a curiosidade.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Espero que leiam não só o apêndice em questão como também o
livro todo que é referente ao povo Azande!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Um grande abraço e boas indagações!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/7914733284967772227/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/04/bruxaria-oraculos-e-magia-entre-os.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/7914733284967772227'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/7914733284967772227'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/04/bruxaria-oraculos-e-magia-entre-os.html' title='Bruxaria, Oráculos e Magia entre os Azande '/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ONuvI1M448RcKpdKeAM9HQumxEre4Zee-IjbHc1nMnJjFk-EoIweX7qLtSz8QemnjkdptWAAxovBqOt10YQpk1pJgZl_i7Tat9RF2eYHx_E-gP9Z8ECMuC4gmapzLIKdo5-wgAkdh7zB/s72-c/Azande.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-6353690183589545707</id><published>2013-03-31T21:04:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2013-03-31T21:37:24.923-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de Casa Grande &amp; Senzala</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisz6uqM9VF7y2HW_ISpoULQMIZ13cuCHMatUj-QwHgztk38OfyUYvUk9VlhQbOkw4Pe74atnqmDG0FsaVBIAPnLXZI9Vz2eQnQUFUyq19zy6Vd5k4OvfRjGTIPbMg-nkV6HCTJI0xuF-cA/s1600/casa+grande.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisz6uqM9VF7y2HW_ISpoULQMIZ13cuCHMatUj-QwHgztk38OfyUYvUk9VlhQbOkw4Pe74atnqmDG0FsaVBIAPnLXZI9Vz2eQnQUFUyq19zy6Vd5k4OvfRjGTIPbMg-nkV6HCTJI0xuF-cA/s1600/casa+grande.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
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   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
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   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Gilberto Freyre &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
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  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
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  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
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   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
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   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
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  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
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  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
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  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
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   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
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   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
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   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
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  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
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   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
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  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
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  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
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   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
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   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
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   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
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  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
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  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Formação da Família Brasileira&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sob o Regime Patriarcal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;PT-BR&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;É
importante ressaltar que Gilberto Freyre fazia parte de uma família abastada de
Pernambuco. Além disso, que teve uma formação em Ciências Sociais iniciada no
Brasil que foi completada nos Estados Unidos. Freyre chegou a ser aluno de
Frans Boas e demonstra neste ensaio que foi muito influenciado pela escola
americana de antropologia cultural. Não só por Boas, como também por outros
alunos que foram seus contemporâneos como Margaret Mead e Ruth Benedict. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Do
ponto de vista literal, Casa Grande &amp;amp; Senzala está dividido em 5 capítulos
que tratam na sua essência da colonização portuguesa no Brasil, da sociedade
agrária e escravocrata que se formou, de como o índio, o negro e português contribuíram
para este Brasil que conhecemos. Ainda que a teoria de Freyre apresente muitas
lacunas e tenha (e ainda tem) provocado grande controvérsia no debate acadêmico,
é impossível negar a grandiosidade de Casa Grande &amp;amp; Senzala para a
literatura brasileira. Poucos ensaios foram capazes de apresentar o cotidiano
do Brasil Rural do início do século XIX.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Casa
Grande e Senzala foi lançado em 1933, período em que o Brasil passava por
transformações significativas que tiveram seu início em 1930. A sociedade presenciava
uma centralização administrativa que alterava o lugar dos grupos de poder local
e regional, acompanhados da urbanização e da reestruturação da família e de
suas moradias. E Freyre demonstra todo seu conservadorismo em relação à essa
situação. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;É
preciso notar que Gilberto Freyre desenvolve Casa Grande &amp;amp; Senzala com uma perspectiva
a partir da sua posição de homem branco e senhor. Ainda que ele tenha
enaltecido a presença do Negro, sua nostalgia pela cultura patriarcal transparece
sua posição social, pois este tempo foi muito difícil para a maioria dos
brasileiros, principalmente para o Negro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ele
defende que a Casa Grande foi o centro de coesão da sociedade. Que a Casa
Grande, completada pela Senzala, representava todo um sistema econômico,
social, político, religioso e sexual. E que a miscigenação existente corrigiu a
distância social entre negros e brancos no Brasil. Enfatizando que o regime de
trabalho imposto após a abolição foi muito mais cruel com os proletários do que
o regime escravocrata.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;É
interessante notar que Freyre parte do argumento econômico para explicar a
estrutura social. Segundo ele, a estrutura social que se concretizou foi fruto
do sistema de produção da época. A monocultura latifundiária mantinha senhor,
escravos e agregados unidos, garantia a moradia e a alimentação de brancos e
negros e realimentava a hierarquização que para ele garantia a unidade e a
força da sociedade brasileira que não se reproduziu em outros países que foram
colonizados também.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A tese
central de Gilberto Freyre pode ser compreendida pela que ele mesmo chamou de
equilíbrio dos antagonismos. A Casa Grande seria o símbolo da inexistência do
conflito entre senhor e escravo. Além de dividirem o mesmo espaço entre a Casa
Grande e a Senzala, senhor e escravos tinham suas distâncias sociais reduzidas
com as constantes relações sexuais que mantinham.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Para
ele, a formação coesa da sociedade se deu fundamentalmente pelo patriarcado e
pela interpenetração das culturas. Por isso ele escreve na tentativa de
retornar às tradições como forma de reabilitar valores que foram sendo perdidos
com o passar do tempo. Para ele, a dinâmica que se processava entre as relações
da Casa Grande e da Senzala agiam de forma a equilibrar os antagonismos da
sociedade e era exatamente neste equilíbrio que se pautava a coesão da
sociedade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Casa
Grande &amp;amp; Senzala é, como afirmou Darcy Ribeiro, uma façanha da cultura
brasileira. Um livro denso, mas que flui muito bem devido ao jeito amolengado e
brasileiríssimo de Gilberto Freyre escrever. Por mais que tenhamos tido contato
com a obra original e com as várias críticas sobre o trabalho de Freyre, sempre
será muito útil retornarmos a este livro para fortalecer nossa formação,
principalmente nas questões nacionais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Espero que depois de ler este resumo se sinta motivado a degustar as mais de 500 páginas de Casa Grande &amp;amp; Senzala.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Boa leitura e boas indagações.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Um grande abraço.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Rodrigo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/6353690183589545707/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/03/resenha-de-casa-grande-senzala.html#comment-form' title='19 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/6353690183589545707'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/6353690183589545707'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/03/resenha-de-casa-grande-senzala.html' title='Resenha de Casa Grande &amp; Senzala'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisz6uqM9VF7y2HW_ISpoULQMIZ13cuCHMatUj-QwHgztk38OfyUYvUk9VlhQbOkw4Pe74atnqmDG0FsaVBIAPnLXZI9Vz2eQnQUFUyq19zy6Vd5k4OvfRjGTIPbMg-nkV6HCTJI0xuF-cA/s72-c/casa+grande.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>19</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-1217500677103117527</id><published>2013-02-28T19:53:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2013-03-01T09:37:04.642-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de Raízes do Brasil</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhndmOlgqA1dk9j8chFx32eW8O5nBohUJOp7OhewC3nc4MG3YiBLcgAOU7j-tNc0nPBgC6lZXTR6Rbl8fVNbjfMZrvpEwvq3_5uwkJUe_LxgHWVQygEwEO_wT8rGdLjNkl0m8hBwKLeNe1C/s1600/raizes-do-brasil2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhndmOlgqA1dk9j8chFx32eW8O5nBohUJOp7OhewC3nc4MG3YiBLcgAOU7j-tNc0nPBgC6lZXTR6Rbl8fVNbjfMZrvpEwvq3_5uwkJUe_LxgHWVQygEwEO_wT8rGdLjNkl0m8hBwKLeNe1C/s1600/raizes-do-brasil2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;133&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Sergio Buarque de Holanda em um ensaio &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;agistral!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Raízes do Brasil trata, essencialmente,
da transição do modo rural para o urbano que se delineava nas primeiras décadas
do século XX na sociedade brasileira. É muito importante perceber que o livro
foi escrito diante de um cenário de centralização administrativa que alterou o
lugar dos grupos de poder local e regional, principalmente depois da Revolta de
1930. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fazendo uma análise mais global do
livro, é possível notar que Sergio Buarque de Holanda desenvolve um raciocínio
partindo de uma visão macro e sucessivamente vai destrinchando cada tema mais
restrito, até chegar às verdadeiras “Raízes do Brasil”. Partindo da análise do
que seriam Portugal e Espanha – Fronteiras da Europa, passando pela cultura da
personalidade e a virtude da aventura, depois dissertando sobre a herança que o
brasileiro traz desse contato, os desdobramentos da “Cordialidade” e por fim a chegada
dos novos tempos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em tese, poderíamos intuir que Sergio
Buarque está se perguntando “que tipo de urbano será possível em uma sociedade
que ainda demonstra muitos aspectos e condutas do antigo meio rural?” Segundo sua
análise mais complexa, seria necessário buscar uma explicação bem longe daqui.
Para ele, Portugal e Espanha não faziam parte do bloco econômico-cultural da
Europa. Por esse motivo ele intitula o primeiro capítulo como “Fronteiras da
Europa”, pois para ele a Ibéria apresentava uma cultura muito miscigenada,
influenciada por diversas religiões e invasões de outros povos que não faziam
parte do bloco dos países centrais do continente europeu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Na sociedade ibérica, não só era
possível, como também era desejável que houvesse uma ascensão social. Em outras
palavras, a mobilidade social era permitida e até incentivada. Característica
muito distinta da que se apresentava na Europa, pois o Feudalismo europeu se
mostrou tão fortemente presente que fora preciso que a burguesia se organizasse
através de uma Revolução para ter condições de penetrar nas classes mais
abastadas daquela estrutura social. Já na Ibéria, até mesmo aqueles indivíduos
que ocupavam a posição de escravo, podiam ascender socialmente, chegando estes
a possuir outros escravos. No livro As Metamorfoses do Escravo de Octavio
Ianni, esta ascensão social fica bem cristalina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Na verdade, na concepção Ibérica da
natureza humana, há de se valorizar o indivíduo que cresce e se desenvolve ao
longo da vida. É o que Sergio Buarque chama de “Cultura da Personalidade”, um
sentimento de autonomia e independência de um indivíduo que se sobressai em
relação aos demais. Isto é tido como um “valor”, sendo desejável e admirável.
Este sentimento, muito perene no descobridor desbravador, representa além de
outras coisas, uma característica que confere ao indivíduo a possibilidade da
mover socialmente na estrutura da sociedade Ibérica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Tanto em Portugal quanto na Espanha, o
regime feudal nunca foi tão rígido, exatamente por isso, não foi necessário
promover uma revolução como as que ocorreram na França e na Inglaterra. O
Brasil como herdeiro dessa cultura, apresenta uma acomodação desses regimes,
promovendo uma transição suave, sem ruptura. A característica mais marcante
dessa acomodação pode ser exemplificada pela figura do “Homem Cordial”. Lembrando
que a cordialidade não tem relação com modo cortês e sim se cristaliza pelo
trato maleável que o brasileiro costuma se relacionar no seu dia-a-dia. Podendo
ser compreendido pelo famoso “jeitinho brasileiro”, pela situação corriqueira
de uma pessoa que vendo uma gigantesca fila bancária, logo se apressa em
procurar um conhecido que esteja mais próximo do caixa, com o objetivo de agilizar
sua vida, não sendo capaz de perceber que acaba por prejudicar outras pessoas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta anedota serva para mostrar o que
Sergio Buarque chama de conflito entre público/privado. Para ele, a presença da
“cordialidade” faz com que os indivíduos tenham dificuldade para discernir o
público daquilo que é privado. Desta maneira, as pessoas acabam usando de suas
preferências particulares que deveriam ficar restritas aos relacionamentos e
aos assuntos privados, acabem sendo empregadas no âmbito público.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Segundo ele, estas relações sociais
predominantemente patriarcais, interferem na transição dessa sociedade causando
um desequilíbrio social. Sergio Buarque aponta as tensões da cidade como
herança do sistema patriarcal, colocando o patrimonialismo e o personalismo
como obstáculos a uma sociedade impessoal, moderna e livre que são
características imperativas para esses novos tempos de urbanização. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;“Raízes do Brasil” é um dos livros mais
importantes para o entendimento da formação social do Brasil. Ao lado de “Evolução
Política do Brasil” de Caio Prado Jr e da dobradinha “Casa Grande &amp;amp;
Senzala/Sobrados e Mucambos” de Gilberto Freyre, é essencial para a boa formação
de um cientista social. Além disso, é uma excelente oportunidade para
acompanhar os pontos de divergência entre estes três autores que na maioria das
vezes foi feita de forma velada, entretanto a crítica as vezes foi aberta,
estando presente nessas três obras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Espero que gostem deste resumo e que se
sintam motivados a incrementar seus estudos sobre a formação do pensamento
social do nosso país.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Boa leitura e boas indagações!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Um grande abraço.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Rodrigo Dias &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/1217500677103117527/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/02/resenha-de-raizes-do-brasil.html#comment-form' title='15 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/1217500677103117527'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/1217500677103117527'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/02/resenha-de-raizes-do-brasil.html' title='Resenha de Raízes do Brasil'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhndmOlgqA1dk9j8chFx32eW8O5nBohUJOp7OhewC3nc4MG3YiBLcgAOU7j-tNc0nPBgC6lZXTR6Rbl8fVNbjfMZrvpEwvq3_5uwkJUe_LxgHWVQygEwEO_wT8rGdLjNkl0m8hBwKLeNe1C/s72-c/raizes-do-brasil2.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>15</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-2980731568919701817</id><published>2013-02-04T14:17:00.005-02:00</published><updated>2013-02-04T14:19:51.585-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de &quot;Atitudes Raciais de Pretos e Mulatos em São Paulo&quot; de Virgínia Leone Bicudo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-size: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;Virgínia Bicudo é um ícone na História das Ciências Sociais do
país.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #274e13; font-size: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;Acompanhe a&amp;nbsp; 1ª pesquisa de mestrado do Brasil. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Antes
de iniciar o desenvolvimento deste texto, é muito salutar que ressaltemos a
importância desta obra prima da Literatura Brasileira. É de suma importância
frisar a relevância do trabalho de Virgínia Bicudo para as Ciências Humanas do
Brasil, em especial para a USP. Atitudes Raciais de Pretos e Mulatos em São
Paulo, publicada em 2010 pela Editora Sociologia e Política, é uma contribuição
notável para as ciências humanas do país que além da qualidade textual do
material, o fato de Virgínia Bicudo ter pertencido à primeira turma de mestres
formados no Brasil, juntamente com &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com.br/2012/05/resenha-de-preconceito-racial-de-marca.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Oracy
Nogueira&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; e Gioconda Mussolini, na Divisão de Estudos de
Pós-Graduados da Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo, deixa a
leitura ainda mais estimulante. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Virgínia
Bicudo era filha de uma mulher branca e pobre que descendia de italianos e que
se casou com um negro afilhado de fazendeiro de café. Filha mais velha de um
total de seis irmãos, Bicudo morava em um bairro popular da Luz na Cidade de
São Paulo e entrou para o curso de Ciências Sociais para vencer o preconceito
racial que sofria desde criança. Bicudo trazia os traços marcantes de seu pai
que era negro e por muitas vezes falou no sofrimento como um importante motivo
para sua opção pelo curso de Sociologia da Escola Livre de Sociologia e
Política – ELSP da USP.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Virgínia
trabalhou na pesquisa entre os anos de 1941 e 1944, apresentando sua
dissertação de mestrado em 1945, tendo como orientador acadêmico o Norte
Americano Donald Pierson, personalidade integrante da reconhecida Escola de
Chicago que pode ser mais facilmente compreendida através da conferência
proferida por Howard Becker no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social
do Museu Nacional/UFRJ, durante sua última visita ao Brasil. (Becker, 1996).
Bicudo introduziu a interdisciplinaridade ao trabalhar simultaneamente com
Sociologia, Antropologia e Psicologia Social. O desenvolvimento do seu trabalho
demonstrou um universo dividido em classes devidamente representadas pelos
negros, pelos mulatos e pelos brancos e juntamente com o trabalho de Oracy
Nogueira, (Nogueira, 1942) apresentou fatos que levavam a crer que mesmo com a
redução das diferenças sociais, o preconceito de cor ainda persistia no Brasil,
ou pelo menos em São Paulo, local onde realizou sua pesquisa.&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Um fato importante de se ressaltar é que nesse ponto,
sua pesquisa se distanciou dos resultados apresentados por seu orientador,
Donald Pierson, pois segundo ela, os processos de ascensão social não cancelam
as marcas raciais, posição destoante apresentada por seu orientador estadunidense
(Piersons, 1942). O fato da pesquisa de Pierson ter sido realizada na Bahia,
enquanto a de Virgínia fora feita em São Paulo, contribuiu para a distinção
entre os resultados, entretanto, ambos representam as realidades locais que não
podem ser desconsideradas para a compreensão global do tema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Ainda
há outro aspecto que torna o trabalho de Bicudo ainda mais relevante, pois
durante as décadas de 40 e 50, o Brasil era visto como um território livre do preconceito
racial, onde as relações inter-raciais fluíam naturalmente e a miscigenação
prevalecia sobre o etnocentrismo. (Maio, 1999). Pelo menos essa era a visão que
havia sido consideravelmente influenciada pelo trabalho de Gilberto Freyre,
realizado em Pernambuco, publicado em “Casa Grande &amp;amp; Senzala” no ano de 1933
sendo considerada a maior contribuição de Freyre para o entendimento da
formação social do Brasil patriarcal, escravocrata e miscigenado. (Freyre,
2006) Esse contexto de “paraíso racial” motivou a UNESCO a patrocinar um grande
projeto tendo como ponto central o este país miscigenado explicitado por
Gilberto Freyre. Entretanto, de acordo com os estudos de Bicudo, o preconceito
racial era uma realidade no país e se diferenciava do preconceito de raça ou do
preconceito de classe, constatação esta que foi distinta do contexto
motivacional do &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com.br/2012_07_01_archive.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Projeto
UNESCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Segundo Marcos Maio, que escreve a introdução da edição de
Atitudes Raciais de Pretos e Mulatos em São Paulo lançada em 2010, Bicudo
apresentou reflexão inovadora, ao considerar a cor como importante variável na
produção de desigualdades sociais. Sua arguta análise sociológica antevê
interpretações realizadas apenas na década de 50, depois da influência dos
estudos incentivados pelo Projeto UNESCO.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;O
livro é fruto de sua dissertação de mestrado que consiste num trabalho muito
denso, mas que é apresentado de forma muito clara por Virgínia e está dividido
em cinco etapas, onde a autora coletou depoimentos de pretos e mulatos oriundos
de classes sociais distintas. Bicudo expõe inicialmente os depoimentos
coletados de indivíduos pretos de classe social inferior e de classe social
intermediária. Logo depois, descreve os relatos de indivíduos mulatos de classe
social inferior e intermediária e por último apresenta os depoimentos obtidos de
integrantes de uma associação de negros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Livre de todos os ajustes e acomodações que
imperam nos tempos atuais, procurarei manter as descrições fidedignas com o
linguajar apresentado por Bicudo. Por esse motivo, o leitor encontrará palavras
como preto, brancos, mulatos, elementos de cor, etc, no decorrer deste ensaio.
Acredito ser necessário preservar o contexto histórico, além disso, compartilho
da ideia que, demonstra-se mais intensamente uma atitude racista se referir a
alguém pela designação “moreno” utilizando entonação desdenhosa do que quando
se refere respeitosamente aos descendentes africanos por pretos ou negros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;A
partir dos depoimentos obtidos dos indivíduos pretos de classe inferior, Bicudo
concluiu que há uma distância social entre os entrevistados dessa classe. Isso
porque ela identificou uma atitude de rivalidade entre os negros de classe
inferior. Por haver essa antipatia e até o sentimento de inveja entre os indivíduos
pretos de classe inferior, o que se notou, foi uma maior afinidade na relação
entre pretos e brancos. Além disso, os pretos dessa classe demonstraram se
sentir mais feridos pelo desprezo demonstrado pelos próprios pretos do que
pelos possíveis embates com os elementos brancos. A atitude de antagonismo do
preto para com o preto resultaria em falta de solidariedade, segundo Bicudo, enquanto
que a simpatia para com os brancos não somente torna os pretos mais tolerantes,
como também reduz as hostilidades entre pretos e brancos, fato que não elimina
o sentimento de superioridade por parte dos brancos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Já
para os entrevistados pretos de classe intermediária, Bicudo observou que as
atitudes ligadas à cor eram mais pronunciadas em relação aos pretos de classe
inferior. Bicudo concluiu que os pretos de classe intermediária tem sentimento
de mágoa e revolta em relação ao branco, entretanto esses sentimentos são
conscientemente reprimidos pelo medo de provocar atitudes de rejeição mais
acentuada entre eles. Outro fato que contribui para essa repressão está no
mecanismo psíquico que os pretos introjetam depois de um longo convívio com os
brancos. Esses pretos acabam tendo um ponto de vista deturpado onde prevalece a
visão do branco, &lt;/span&gt;os indivíduos engendram seus pensamentos, suas
percepções e suas ações a partir de um sistema de esquemas interiorizado ou
profundamente internalizado definido por Bourdieu como &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;habitus&lt;/i&gt;. (Bourdieu apud Miceli, 2007) Em outras palavras &lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;significaria
dizer que os pretos adquirem &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;habitus&lt;/i&gt;
de brancos, vendo-se a si próprio como branco e desenvolvendo suas relações a
partir desse ponto de vista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Ainda
em relação aos pretos de classe intermediária, percebe-se que a conquista de um
diploma de nível superior ou de um cargo de responsabilidade, não garante ao
preto a satisfação de ser aceito socialmente sem restrições. Este indivíduo,
estando frustrado, mesmo depois de sua ascensão, se isola do branco a fim de
evitar o sofrimento de ser rejeitado. Nesse tipo de classe social percebe-se um
desejo latente por organização racial semelhante a que se tem nos EUA. Onde há
uma esperança de que essa segregação poderia construir uma armadura coletiva em
favor das minorias, dentro da qual os grupos poderiam satisfazer seus desejos
vitais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Para
os mulatos de classe social inferior, Bicudo concluiu que demonstram
consciência de cor através de atitudes orientadas no sentido de evitar a ofensa
de ser chamado de &quot;Preto&quot;. Em um dos relatos, uma mulher descarta a
possibilidade de se casar com alguém de cor de pele mais clara que a sua
justamente para não correr o risco de ser chamada ofensivamente de “preta”
diante de uma discussão familiar. Segundo Bicudo, a consciência de cor
apresenta-se mais acentuada no mulato do que no preto, talvez devido à situação
biológica de estar ligado aos dois grupos raciais. Para Bicudo, o mulato,
sentindo-se com mais direito de ser branco, têm mais consciência das atitudes
de restrição empregadas pelos brancos em relação aos não brancos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Já
mediante aos depoimentos de indivíduos mulatos pertencentes à classe social
intermediária, Bicudo percebe forte presença do “preconceito de marca”, para
usar o termo descrito por Oracy Nogueira. (Nogueira, 1998), onde as
características físicas dos indivíduos são mais preponderantes do que a sua
ancestralidade no tocante à descriminação. Em um dos depoimentos, uma mulher
diz não ser capaz de amar um preto ou um mulato, contudo, desde que não se
percebam os traços físicos de preto, ela se casaria com tal pessoa. Neste caso,
se um ascendente de preto apresentar traços de branco, ele se passa por branco.
Para Bicudo, os mestiços de classe social intermediária manifestam atitudes que
revelam sentimento de inferioridade, vergonha de sua origem. Possuem um desejo de
passar por branco, chegando a se verem como brancos e dando ênfase ao fato de
que o povo brasileiro é essencialmente mestiço. Essas atitudes revelam que o
mulato é discriminado na medida em que lembre sua origem africana,
principalmente pela cor. Para Bicudo, a cor representa o mesmo característico
das classes sociais, no sentido de poder ser superada, constituindo, portanto,
um dos fatores a se levar em conta na determinação do status social. As
atitudes de consciência de cor do mulato, apesar de integrado ao grupo branco,
seriam manifestações do fenômeno semelhante àquele apresentado pelos indivíduos
que subiram de uma classe para outra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Além
dos depoimentos dessas quatro “classes”, pretos de classe inferior, pretos de
classe intermediária, mulatos de classe inferior e mulatos de classe
intermediária, Bicudo apresentou resultado de coleta de dados entre indivíduos
pretos que pertenciam ao movimento social dos negros, chamado por Bicudo pelo
pseudônimo de “Associação de Negros Brasileiros”, uma organização que se
desenvolveu em São Paulo entre 1931 e 1937 que tinha como um dos principais
objetivos promover melhores condições econômicas para os pretos que
comprovadamente ocupavam em sua grande maioria as camadas mais baixas do
trabalho, além da luta pela valorização social como um todo para os pretos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Bicudo
reuniu o material da “Associação dos Negros Brasileiros” a partir de
depoimentos dados por integrantes do movimento e por opiniões emitidas por
estes através da publicação de um jornal mensal editado pela Associação.
Segundo Bicudo, os indivíduos mulatos que pertenciam à classe social
intermediária e elevada não faziam parte da associação. Assim sendo, como os
integrantes mulatos participantes pertenciam a camada inferior, foram
considerados pretos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Para
Bicudo, aquele isolamento cultural deixou de existir e muitos nativos receberam
educação das duas culturas. Esses indivíduos culturalmente híbridos se tornam
marginalizados em ambas as culturas, sentindo-se estranhos nas duas. Diante
desse fato, surgem líderes que se incumbem de reunir estes seres marginalizados
culturalmente aumentando a consciência de grupo, enchendo-os de sonhos e
aspirações.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Assim,
a “Associação de Negros Brasileiros”, apresenta-se como um ensaio de um
movimento coletivo, liderados por indivíduos negros conscientes de seu status
ligados à barreira da cor. Conclusão que corrobora o fato de indivíduos negros
pertencentes a classes superiores não terem se interessado pela questão da
Associação. Eles não sentiram a necessidade de se agremiar a associação exatamente
pelo fato de serem mais bem aceitos no grupo dominante devido ao seu status
social.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Atitudes Raciais de Pretos
e Mulatos em São Paulo é literatura obrigatória para interessados em
História, Relações Raciais, Psicologia, etc. Além disso, é uma excelente
oportunidade de conhecer os contornos racistas a partir da opinião dos próprios
indivíduos negros do país, outrossim, a publicação de uma das primeiras
dissertações de pós-graduação realizadas no Brasil já é um grande motivo para
se debruçar sobre a obra de Bicudo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Boa leitura e boas indagações!!! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/2980731568919701817/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/02/resenha-de-atitudes-raciais-de-pretos-e.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/2980731568919701817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/2980731568919701817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/02/resenha-de-atitudes-raciais-de-pretos-e.html' title='Resenha de &quot;Atitudes Raciais de Pretos e Mulatos em São Paulo&quot; de Virgínia Leone Bicudo'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6dfe-aCwGkieZ0OLZGeKD485XYizTbNTxMcKEqel8LnXOpL_owGHVP1_oapHkWhNEwlta6mpTeaPRSpObhm3jvNEJ8vzBnKDCc-DHMG2ClzQf_CLihhKzqWxM0NLE5hgfz4G_LnVN5DCE/s72-c/Bicudo.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-4991422361500804239</id><published>2013-01-16T11:26:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2013-06-24T23:19:15.857-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Feliz 2013!!!! Resenha sobre Geertz publicada!</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Mas&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;começo o ano com uma última boa notícia de 2012 ainda!!!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A iniciativa das resenhas atingiu um novo patamar e tenho o prazer de dizer que temos uma contribuição em uma das revistas mais conceituadas destinadas aos graduandos do Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;provamos uma resenha para a &lt;/span&gt;Revista Habitus&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;revista &lt;/span&gt;que&lt;/span&gt; obteve &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;índice &lt;/span&gt;B5 Qualis-Capes, fato que é muito honroso para revistas de graduação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Vejam abaixo um pequeno trecho da resenha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Revista Habitus Vol. 10 – N.2 – Ano 2012&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
www.habitus.ifcs.ufrj.br&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RESENHA DO LIVRO ATRÁS DOS FATOS: DOIS PAÍSES, QUATRO DÉCADAS, UM ANTROPÓLOGO&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
BOOK REVIEW AFTER THE FACTS: TWO COUNTRIES, FOUR DECADES, ONE ANTHROPOLOGIST&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rodrigo Dias*&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Referência completa da obra resenhada: GEERTZ, Clifford. Atrás dos Fatos: Dois Países, Quatro Décadas, Um Antropólogo. Petrópolis: Editora Vozes, 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;É muito importante que o leitor perceba o contexto de produção de After the Facts: Two Coutries, Four Decades, One Anthropologist diante da obra de Clifford Geertz como um todo. Publicado originalmente em 1995, vinte e dois anos depois do precursor e imprescindível The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, de 1973, o livro aqui resenhado mantém uma conexão viva com o que foi uma das mais importantes obras de Geertz. Apesar da distância temporal entre essas obras, os ecos conceituais produzidos na década de 1970 se farão efetivos ainda nos escritos de Geertz na década de 1990.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Diante disso, procurarei demonstrar alguns de seus argumentos que foram retomados em After the Facts, traduzido para a língua portuguesa neste ano de 2012 sob o título de Atrás dos Fatos: Dois Países, Quatro Décadas, Um Antropólogo. Apontando algumas passagens do livro que, no meu entendimento, parecem relevantes, tentarei explicitar um pouco melhor a concepção de Antropologia Interpretativa moldada pelos escritos de Clifford Geertz.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;O livro tem como pano de fundo parte da trajetória profissional de Geertz como antropólogo atuando em dois países não ocidentais e expõe alguns aspectos que deixam dúvida sobre a soberania do conhecimento alcançada a partir de algumas formas rígidas de atuação antropológica, principalmente aquelas práticas obcecadas por descrever metodicamente todos os rituais de uma sociedade, ainda que não se saiba o significado daquilo. Destarte, o ponto central não é se há ou não a presença de uma faca ou de uma lança em determinada sociedade, como afirma Edward Tylor (TYLOR, 2005). O ponto de Geertz é: qual o sentido da existência de uma faca ou de uma lança em determinada localidade? O que essa lança representa dentro de um contexto local ou mundial?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Siga o link e acesse a resenha completa no site da Revista Habitus.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.habitus.ifcs.ufrj.br/ojs/index.php/revistahabitus/article/view/159/184&quot;&gt;http://www.habitus.ifcs.ufrj.br/ojs/index.php/revistahabitus/article/view/159/184&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Um forte abraço.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Boas indagações!!!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/4991422361500804239/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/01/feliz-2013-mas-comeco-o-ano-com-uma.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/4991422361500804239'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/4991422361500804239'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2013/01/feliz-2013-mas-comeco-o-ano-com-uma.html' title='Feliz 2013!!!! Resenha sobre Geertz publicada!'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-273073120612609706</id><published>2012-11-24T18:47:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-11-24T18:59:08.386-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Microfísica do Poder - Michel Foucault</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Novidades no Blog!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Com pouco mais de 6&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt; meses no ar, o &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Blog Sociologia e Antropologia&lt;/span&gt; despertou o interesse de algu&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;mas pessoas,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt; haja vista o número de visitantes que está disponível no ro&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;dapé do site.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Uma das consequências dessa exposição foi o recebimento de &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;resenhas escritas por outras pessoas&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt; que estavam interessadas em colaborar&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;com o blog.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pois aí está&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt; a primeira contribuição escolhida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A autora é &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Panmila Provietti, aluna do curso de Ciências Sociais da UFRJ&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt; e ela disserta sobre um dos principais trabalhos de Foucault.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Boa leitura a todos!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O livro &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;“Microfísica do Poder”&lt;/span&gt; de Foucault aborda o relacionamento entre &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“Soberania,
Disciplina”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; e &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“Governamentalidade”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nesta obra, Foucault avalia a
teoria do pensamento jurídico que na idade média girava em torno do poder do
rei e o direito como um instrumento da dominação do rei sobre os súditos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ao abordar a questão do poder e
como este se aplica na sociedade, Foucault afirma que o poder está em todo
lugar e este se baseia em saberes e discursos. Esses discursos tem como funções
legitimar os direitos da soberania e legitimar a obrigação de obediência.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O autor quer analisar o direito
como instrumento da dominação, não nas esferas filosóficas, mas nos níveis
elementares da sociedade, como instituições locais e regionais. Também se
pretende analisar de forma objetiva, visando seus objetos, seus alvos e campo
de aplicação. Foucault não pretende analisar a alma central – o Estado, mas os corpos
– na idade média os súditos, que sofrem o efeito do poder.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O poder não é homogêneo, segundo
Foucault, e não pode ser apropriado como um bem. O poder funciona e se exerce
em rede, não se aplica aos indivíduos, passa por eles, pois se encontra no meio
dos saberes.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Para Foucault o poder não está
constituído de ideologias, mas de um conjunto de técnicas que foram se
refinando como uma ciência de forma a alcançar os objetivos do poder que é a
dominação.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Foucault
faz uma relação com “O Príncipe” de Maquiavel, onde as ações dos governantes
para adquirir poder se dava através de conquistas territoriais, cargos doados
pela Igreja ou por herança. Não há uma relação entre o príncipe e seu
principado, fazendo com que este governante fique constantemente ameaçado por
inimigos que querem tomar o poder e por seus súditos que não aceitam sua
soberania. Para Foucault é preciso dominar a arte de governar onde, &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La
Mothe Le Vayer (1588-1672) &lt;/span&gt;indica
que esta arte se dá por uma continuidade ascendente e outra descendente entre o
governo moral de si mesmo, o governo econômico da família e o governo político
do Estado. Ascendente, porque quem quiser governar o Estado, primeiro precisa
saber governar a si próprio e sua família.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;E
descendente, visto que, governantes que governam bem um Estado, também
governarão adequadamente suas famílias, seus bens e propriedades.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;É
preciso segundo Foucault prestar a atenção e adquirir um controle no e sobre o
cotidiano dos indivíduos, seus costumes, hábitos e maneira de pensar. E não
mais somente no controle de território como propõe Maquiavel.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nos
meados do século XVIII surge um novo mecanismo de poder, que se opõe ao da
teoria da soberania. Esse novo mecanismo de poder extrai dos indivíduos tempo e
trabalho, e não mais bens e riquezas. Contém uma vigilância e atuação continua,
indicando aos homens como se comportarem. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nesse
novo mecanismo o Estado não é um poder central para poder discutir
politicamente na modernidade, este é tão importante quanto às outras
instituições – escolas, família, fábrica, etc. e o crescimento deste se dá
junto com a arte de governar, ou seja, com o controle das ações dos indivíduos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Essas
instituições - escolas, família, fábrica, etc. possuem força no saber e
institui um controle sobre a sociedade, seja na vigilância hierárquica (em
escolas, por exemplo, onde inspetores vigiam alunos), em uma sanção
normalizadora ou através de exames, onde estamos a todo o momento sendo
examinados (nas fabricas quem está bem e quem está mal; nas escolas através de
aplicações de provas).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O
poder está em todo lugar e não se concentra somente no Estado. O Estado,
segundo Foucault, é só mais uma instituição e segue o caminho da sociedade
geral.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O
poder está em todo lugar e se baseia em saberes e discursos. Esses discursos
mudam a cada época e todos nós estamos envolvidos nesses sistemas de discursos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Segundo
Foucault esses discursos definem procedimentos de exclusão, pois vai determinar
quem pode e quem não pode falar sobre determinado assunto e o que pode e o que
não pode ser falado.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Segundo
Foucault a ideia é corrigir “humanizar” esse individuo para que ele possa
voltar a viver em sociedade. Podemos citar como exemplo um presídio, onde
presos recebem acompanhamento psicológico, psiquiátrico, de um assistente
social, etc., tentando a todo instante humanizar esse indivíduo para que este
possa voltar a ter convívio de acordo com as regras. Tal ato não indica uma
liberdade, indica um controle maior sobre os indivíduos. O que ocorre nos
presídios ocorre na sociedade e em suas instituições como escola, fábrica,
família, etc. que indicam a todo instante como devemos agir e nos comportar.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Haverá
segundo Foucault sempre uma multiplicidade de discursos, fazendo com que a
sociedade entre em choque. Não há uma coesão social, havendo sempre conflitos
de ideias, de poderes e hierarquias. Segundo Foucault o mundo é desorganizado e
nenhum grande discurso predomina na sociedade.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Panmila Provietti. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/273073120612609706/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/11/microfisica-do-poder-michel-foucault.html#comment-form' title='26 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/273073120612609706'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/273073120612609706'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/11/microfisica-do-poder-michel-foucault.html' title='Microfísica do Poder - Michel Foucault'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>26</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-3717593219259315536</id><published>2012-10-17T16:23:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2012-11-21T10:07:24.438-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de Ieipari: Sacrifício e Vida entre os Índios Arara</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5dLvFAOzMp0DiAazIdWo72-9yilKAEBZFIGI4SLjxQfvSk6a6J80x9Qyzb__a0YHGiDzvQwe0gfgyhZJxnsSzDg3G_B5AgkOVNaXWGeAQcCiMmn85QJGG79jZmzOROZrzbDRiPulY8mTl/s1600/Ieipari.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5dLvFAOzMp0DiAazIdWo72-9yilKAEBZFIGI4SLjxQfvSk6a6J80x9Qyzb__a0YHGiDzvQwe0gfgyhZJxnsSzDg3G_B5AgkOVNaXWGeAQcCiMmn85QJGG79jZmzOROZrzbDRiPulY8mTl/s1600/Ieipari.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sacrifício e vida entre os Índios Arara&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ieipari &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;é um livro escrito originalmente como uma tese para
obtenção do título de doutorado por Mármio Teixeira-Pinto, paulista, formado em
Ciências Sociais pela Universidade de Brasília e mestre pelo programa de
Antropologia Social do Museu Nacional da UFRJ. Segundo o próprio Mármio, o tema
central do livro, fora dos limites da academia, pode suscitar leituras e
reações inesperadas, pois o sacrifício ritual de inimigos, a captura e o uso
cerimonial de trofeus humanos, podem, aos olhos não iniciados, se apresentar
como violência injustificável, mas que no estudo da cosmologia indígena pode
ser mais bem interpretado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A etnografia trata dos Arara, um povo pequeno,
falante de uma língua de família Caribe, mas que se diferencia daquelas das
regiões alto-xinguana e norte-amazônica. Ainda quase desconhecidos na
literatura, os Arara tornaram-se famosos &amp;nbsp;na década de 1970 pela extrema
resistência que opuseram às muitas tentativas de atração por parte da FUNAI.
Desde o final dos anos de 1960, com suas terras sendo rasgada pelas obras de
construção da rodovia Transamazônica os Arara passaram a oferecer resistência
aos brancos de forma crescente e muitas vezes violenta. A guerra de tocaia e a captura
de troféus humanos, práticas tradicionais nas muitas escaramuçadas
inter-tribais que marcaram o interflúvio Tocantins-Tapajós-Xingú, agora faziam
do branco um protagonista habitual dos combates e mortes rituais reservadas aos
inimigos tradicionais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Outro aspecto importante na personalidade dos Arara
consiste na sua polidez e delicadeza com que lida no seu cotidiano. Face
revelada posteriormente ao contato que se estendeu entre 1969 e 1987. Tanto a
cortesia e a generosidade nos seus atos são tão marcantes quanto a forma brutal
de concretizar seu ritual. Mármio Teixeira-Pinto procura descrever e analisar o
contraste entre essa docilidade dos índios e as ações brutais associados aos
rituais de captura e sacrifício. Entretanto, Mármio alerta que o livro se detém
aos temas associados ao poste cerimonial &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt;,
cuja intenção é apenas a de se compreender um povo ainda pouco conhecido na
literatura especializada, não pretendendo estabelecer uma discussão teórica,
nem mesmo em encerrar os Arara numa espécie de ficção particularista. O
horizonte, segundo o próprio Mármio descreve, é puramente etnográfico: o troco
ritual de &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt; e seu valor
descritivo estratégico. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segundo ele, os temas associados ao poste
cerimonial permitem que muitas das questões levantadas pela etnologia recebam
um tratamento local mais detalhado, mostrando que os valores éticos polares dos
Arara são como fatores de agregação/atração ou dispersão /repulsão em relação
ao socius. Neste sentido, mostrar-se-á que não há de fato uma marcação rígida
que oponha de forma simples o interior e o exterior da sociedade, mas uma
dinâmica bem mais complexa pela qual as relações sociais derivam de uma espécie
de pacto ou contrato social definido como adesão voluntária dos seres.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Como quase todos os rituais Arara conhecidos, a
cerimônia do poste &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt;, denominada &lt;i&gt;Ieipari &lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;ou a festa de &lt;i&gt;Ieipari&amp;nbsp; &lt;/i&gt;, também se realiza
durante a estação seca, o verão na Amazônia. Período do ano compreendido entre
os meses de maio e outubro. A seca é a estação em que os Arara realizam as
grandes caçadas coletivas que devem preceder as grandes festas. A cerimônia de &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt; é um rito de organização complexa,
incluindo etapas e momentos diversos que transcendem o evento peculiar
associado ao poste. As grandes reuniões Arara giram em torno das bebidas, das
músicas e das carnes que os caçadores trazem, porém, cada um desses elementos,
individualmente, pode estar associado a uma pequena festa, mas quando estão
organizados juntamente, caracterizam uma grande reunião. Em outras palavras, é
como se o caráter ritual das grandes reuniões se revelasse apenas nas propriedades
rituais desse conjunto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Associado tradicionalmente às partes dos corpos dos
inimigos tomadas como troféus, o poste &lt;i&gt;Ieipari
&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;uma vez preparado, devia permanecer
no centro da aldeia até que a madeira, já apodrecida, não mais sustentasse no
seu topo a razão e o motivo de sua elaboração: o crânio ornamentado de um
inimigo morto. A elaboração do poste &lt;i&gt;Ieipari
&lt;/i&gt;não se seguia imediatamente à morte de um prisioneiro: vários e diferentes
momentos rituais ligados à guerra, à captura e à morte &amp;nbsp;um inimigo marcavam
as etapas e os processos a que os troféus humanos estariam submetidos antes que
&lt;i&gt;Ieipari&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;pudesse ser levantado. o
objetivo das operações de guerra podiam incluir, ou não, prisioneiros, mas
estes jamais seriam levados com vida à aldeia. Idealmente capturado ainda vivo,
ainda que mortalmente ferido, o inimigo seria segurado ou amarrado por um dos
parceiros para que o outro pudesse flechá-lo. Além do coração, o fígado era
normalmente um dos alvos que deveriam ser atingidos. Isso porque a visão Arara
sobre os processos vitais prende o coração ao fígado: um como motor das
substâncias que o outro produz ou transforma a partir do que ingere. Portanto,
da energia que o coração faz circular, o fígado é a razão da força vital dos
seres.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A morte de um inimigo deveria ser precedida, ou
seguida, caso já fosse capturado moribundo, por um rito sumário que o
preparasse para o seu esquartejamento posterior. Tudo se passava na mata, um
inimigo só deveria entrar na aldeia como um troféu. Morto ou agonizante, o
inimigo devia receber a mensagem a mensagem da música que o sentenciava a morte
e a retaliação. Após a música, o infeliz era esquartejado: tiravam-lhe a
cabeça, as mãos, os pés, as vísceras (Fígado e Coração). Idealmente, apenas
dois parceiros davam destino à vítima: um segurava e o outro retalhava o corpo.
Terminada a execução, aplicam-se aos parceiros apenas restrições de ordem
sexual: matadores não podem ter relações sexuais com a própria esposa, mas
devem ter com a esposa do parceiro que lhe ajudou a matar o inimigo. Isso
porque a execução conjunta os igualava em substâncias, de forma que sangue e
esperma de um seriam iguais a sangue e esperma de outro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A música servia para duas coisas: resignar os
matadores, colocando a culpa no inimigo que procurou a morte ao ficar andando
por aí e para transferir o poder de matar da onça para os executores. O produto
da execução do inimigo são as partes fracionadas do seu corpo. Das partes
retalhadas, somente as mãos, os pés e a cabeça tinham proveito, todo o resto
era desprezado na mata para que as feras devorassem. Os ossos das mãos e dos
pés eram separados da carne e depois guardados sacolas de fibra ou viravam
atrativos pessoais de executores ou de suas esposas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O crânio tinha um destino bem mais complexo. Com
orifícios tapados por uma cera, maxilares atados por uma fibra de algodão, com
uma taboca enfiada pelas ventas, o crânio se transformava num instrumento
musical. Segundo Teixeira-Pinto, não certeza nos relatos, entretanto há
indícios que o tocar esse instrumento serviria de remédio para os casos de
enfermidade provenientes da caça do veado. Mas essa função era apenas
transitória, pois depois de ressoar na música do veado, os crânios eram
ornamentados tornavam a ter a figura de uma cabeça novamente. Sem a taquara nas
ventas, com escalpo novamente e pintado adequadamente, o crânio estava pronta
para o segundo estágio do ciclo ritual: a figuração &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt; no poste cerimonial. Transferido para o topo do poste
cerimonial, o crânio do inimigo morto voltava então a ser cabeça de um
personagem, ao redor do qual se organizaria nova celebração.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Daquele poste pelado, que então sobre o topo
carrega o crânio decorado de um inimigo morto, contra o qual já tinham roçado a
pelve, agora tomam as mulheres um filho. A frase que elas pronunciam depois de
ingerirem a bebida é: “estou bebendo um filho... bebo um recém-nascido...” A
cerimônia trata mesmo de trazer filhos aos Arara, pois na cosmologia dos Arara,
a lama que se cimentou o poste é o sêmen de &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt;,
a parte da casca que sobra do tronco depois de esfolado é seu pelo, esses pelos
são da cabeça de uma criança que emana do sola, e como do solo que os vegetais
extraem as substâncias que através das bebidas, serão transformadas em sêmen,
que será transformado em gente. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Depois de entrarem na aldeia pomposamente, os
homens instalam o poste na cova devidamente preparada. A partir disso, o poste
já é chamado &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt;, pois o termo de
referência ao poste normalmente é &lt;i&gt;Ieipari&amp;nbsp; &lt;/i&gt;, enquanto que o tratamento é &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt;. Então, os pais põem os filhos
para acariciarem o poste em demonstração de carinho. Encontram, abraçam o
tronco até que dois homens se aproximam com porretes e começam a surrá-lo
enquanto dão risadas sarcásticas. Depois de esfolarem o poste e descascarem a
partir de um palmo do chão, todos passam a se esfregar nele com certa volúpia,
principalmente as mulheres. Depois da esfregação, o poste é lavado pelas
mulheres e os homens começam a dançar ao redor dele.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Todos trazem bens e pertences para ornamentar o
poste, enquanto o xamã traz o ornamento maior. O crânio decorado que depois de
ser posicionado no alto do poste, recebe uma coroa de penas de araras
vermelhas. No relato de Teixeira-Pinto,em todas as cerimônias que ele
presenciou, o ornamento que foi posicionado no alto do poste havia sido construído
em argila, mas os Arara garantiram que não haveria diferença caso possuíssem um
troféu humano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os homens agora cantam e dançam para &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt;. Enquanto tocam diversas flautas,
há uma sucessão de danças, revezados entre homens e mulheres. A sinfonia das flautas
chega ao auge na alta madrugada. Quando a aurora se aproxima, é hora de
preparar a chegada dos caçadores. Estes, trajando perucas de penas e saiotes de
palha se aproximam por detrás das casas na companhia de suas mulheres e filhos.
Eles envolvem o tronco cantando e dançando. Há também toda uma dinâmica que
envolve um oferecimento de bebida, agenciado pelos laços de parentesco, para
organizar a cosmologia da fertilidade Arara. Após sorverem doses significativas
de bebida, os caçadores e suas famílias devem se retirar novamente, retornando
para seu acampamento nos arredores da aldeia, enquanto isso, a festa continua,
atravessando toda a madrugada e a manhã seguinte. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O início da segunda noite revelará o último gênero
de expressão da cerimônia: agora são as mulheres que entram de forma triunfal
na aldeia de posse dos seus instrumentos de trabalho (hoje, facas e facões).
Dançam em sentido contrário ao realizado pelos homens e também cantam a canção
de &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt;. Então, as mulheres recebem
grande quantidade de uma bebida que faz com que elas comecem a pronunciar
frases que segundo eles englobam o conjunto de toda cerimônia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Daquele poste pelado, que então sobre o topo
carrega o crânio decorado de um inimigo morto, contra o qual já tinham roçado a
pelve, agora tomam as mulheres um filho. A frase que elas pronunciam depois de
ingerirem a bebida é: “estou bebendo um filho...bebo um recém-nascido...” A
cerimônia trata mesmo de trazer filhos aos Arara, pois na cosmologia dos Arara,
a lama que se cimentou o poste é o sêmen de &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt;,
a parte da casca que sobra do tronco depois de esfolado é seu pelo, esses pelos
são da cabeça de uma criança que emana do sola, e como do solo que os vegetais
extraem as substâncias que através das bebidas, serão transformadas em sêmen,
que será transformado em gente. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Associa-se, portanto, àquele tronco elaborado a
partir dos troféus humanos um vasto conjunto de temas: a cerimônia do poste &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt;, a grande reunião em torno do
crânio de um inimigo sacrificado, combina a morte e o esquartejamento do
inimigo à produção e reprodução do mundo Arara, através da caça, das bebidas,
das parcerias, dos troféus humanos, da relação entre afins, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segundo Teixeira-Pinto, &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt; expressa uma concepção e um estilo de vida que organizam as
representações sobre o cosmos e a sociedade e encontram sua expressão mais fina
e acabada no conjunto de valores que circunscrevem e definem o poste ritual, em
torno do qual se consolida a oportunidade de celebrar &lt;i&gt;Ieipari&amp;nbsp; &lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Quanto às notícias mais notórias que foram publicadas
sobre os Arara, aquelas referentes às mortes de pessoas envolvidas com a
construção da rodovia Transamazônica, que, na ocasião,&amp;nbsp; classificaram os Arara como violentos e
brutais, se faz necessário esclarecer que, na realidade, o que aconteceu foi uma
inversão: foi ao homem branco que se concedeu um lugar no espaço semântico
circunscrito pela categoria &lt;i&gt;ïpari&lt;/i&gt;,
cujo escopo era o tronco ritual, revivido. Não é o poste que se torna como
equivalente ao branco, mas o branco que foi introduzido ao tema central do rito
Ieipari.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Em resumo, o tronco cerimonial de ïpari é emblema desta vida porque além
de exibir ali o princípio do mundo, quer trazer filhos, fazer gente, pois é
preciso fazer mais gente para fazer crescer aqueles que os Arara deixam no
chão, para que o povo das araras (os Arara), persistam. O abraço apertado das
mulheres, o roçar de suas vulvas no tronco pelado sobre o qual jaz uma cabeça
humana decepada, é, então, sua maior função expressiva: afirmar o desafio
reprodutivo de ter de ser violento para produzir os termos das relações que
podem tornar as ações humanas mais generosas e solidárias.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sem dúvida, a vida indígena parece ser muito diferente da nossa, entretanto somente o é em alguns aspectos. Espero que tenham gostado desta introdução e que essa leitura incentive novas aventuras antropológicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Um grande abraço e boas indagações. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;

&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/3717593219259315536/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/10/resenha-de-ieipari.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/3717593219259315536'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/3717593219259315536'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/10/resenha-de-ieipari.html' title='Resenha de Ieipari: Sacrifício e Vida entre os Índios Arara'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5dLvFAOzMp0DiAazIdWo72-9yilKAEBZFIGI4SLjxQfvSk6a6J80x9Qyzb__a0YHGiDzvQwe0gfgyhZJxnsSzDg3G_B5AgkOVNaXWGeAQcCiMmn85QJGG79jZmzOROZrzbDRiPulY8mTl/s72-c/Ieipari.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-8450282560205210672</id><published>2012-10-17T16:05:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2012-10-17T16:05:55.925-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de &quot;O Liberalismo Político&quot; de John Rawls</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuOgEmy4esGkZoXA1dm_qLTkF1eD8p6mSBByvySnWyNd4n3HeVaXfDG-B3DLKEZmFkzW-jjx0ZLtmgI0YEZkiioI63bFd5Aq0KCPnGLnUXY-FjEkipnvJTosID3qzoVxwEmCa-Mf6o06GF/s1600/John+Rawls.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuOgEmy4esGkZoXA1dm_qLTkF1eD8p6mSBByvySnWyNd4n3HeVaXfDG-B3DLKEZmFkzW-jjx0ZLtmgI0YEZkiioI63bFd5Aq0KCPnGLnUXY-FjEkipnvJTosID3qzoVxwEmCa-Mf6o06GF/s200/John+Rawls.jpg&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O Liberalismo Político na Concepção de John Rawls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;É preciso &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Vestir o Véu da Ignorância&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Para tratar
do liberalismo político, Rawls inicia sua analise falando da justiça política
em uma sociedade democrática. Ele está interessado em saber como é possível
existir uma sociedade justa e estável formada de pessoas livres e iguais.
Segundo Rawls, a cultura política de uma sociedade é sempre marcada por uma
diversidade de doutrinas que são irreconciliáveis. Destarte, se faz necessário
saber quais são os fundamentos da tolerância humana, considerando esse
pluralismo, e qual é a melhor concepção de justiça para especificar os termos
equitativos de cooperação social entre os cidadãos livres. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Rawls
ressalta que diante de oposições tão profundas, engendradas por diferentes
religiões e correntes filosóficas, possa ser possível que haja uma cooperação
justa entre os cidadãos, entretanto, o liberalismo político pode apresentar
essa solução a partir de um conjunto de ideias e afins. Em primeiro lugar, ele
propõe dois princípios de justiça. O primeiro em que as pessoas têm igual
direito a liberdade básica e o segundo em que as desigualdades sociais e
econômicas devem estar vinculadas a posição de cargos abertos a todos e devem
representar maior benefício aos membros menos privilegiados da sociedade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Assim,
a justiça como equidade deriva de uma ideia organizadora da sociedade concebida
como um sistema de cooperação social entre pessoas livres e iguais, conectados
e relacionados em todas as ideias e princípios. Tal concepção lhes possibilita
especificar publicamente o que deve ser reconhecido como razões válidas e
suficientes e quais são destacadas por essa mesma concepção. Em outras
palavras, a justiça como equidade se apresenta como algo que pode ser
compartilhada pelos cidadãos com base em um acordo político racional bem
informado e voluntário, mas que deve ser independente das doutrinas filosóficas
e religiosas. Pois o debate dos cidadãos no espaço público sobre os fundamentos
constitucionais e as questões básicas de justiça deve ser pautada em princípios
e valores políticos e não metafísicos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Para
Rawls, o liberalismo politico tem por objetivo uma concepção politica de
justiça que se constitua numa visão auto-sustentável, não negando a existência
de outros valores que se apliquem ao familiar, ou ao pessoal, mas agindo
congruente com esses valores. Para ele, uma concepção politica apresenta 3
características básicas. Em primeiro lugar, uma concepção política de justiça
precisa se aplicar a estrutura básica da sociedade (instituições políticas,
sociais e econômicas de uma sociedade), em segundo lugar, aparece como uma
visão auto-sustentada, ou seja, tenta elaborar uma concepção razoavel somente
para a estrutura básica e não envolve, na medida do possível, nenhum
compromisso mais amplo com qualquer outra doutrina. E em terceiro lugar, o
conteúdo de uma concepção politica é expresso por meio de certas ideias
fundamentais vistas como implícitas na cultura política pública de uma
sociedade democrática. Assim, a justiça como equidade parte de uma tradição
politica e assume como ideia fundamental de sociedade como um sistema
equitativo de cooperação ao longo do tempo, de uma geração até a seguinte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A fim
de descobrir a concepção tradicional de justiça, ou que variante dessas
concepções especifica os princípios mais adequados para realizar a liberdade e
a igualdade, Rawls intruduz o conceito de posição original. De acordo com
Rawls, a justiça como equidade retoma a doutrina do contrato social e adota uma
variante nos termos equitativos da cooperação social, concebidos como um acordo
entre as partes envolvidas, longe da ameaça da coerção, da força ou da fraude.
Além disso, nesse acordo, não deve haver vantagem de barganha maior entre uma
pessoa e outra. Entretanto, segundo Rawls, há uma dificuldade para encontrar um
ponto de vista apartado dessa estrutura básica abrangente, a partir do qual
equitativo entre pessoas livres e iguais possa ser estabelecido. A esse ponto
de vista, Rawls define como véu da ignorância. Motivo pelo qual, a posição
original deve abstrair as contigências do mundo social e não ser afetada para
manter um acordo sobre princípios que hão de regular as instituições da própria
estrutura básica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Assim,
a posição original é apenas um artifício de representação que descreve as
partes, cada qual responsável pelos interesses essenciais de um cidadão livre e
igual, numa situação equitativa, alcançando um acordo de boas razões. A ideia é
usar a posição original para representar tanto a liberdade e a igualdade quanto
as restrições às razões apresentadas e de maneira tal que se tornem
perfeitamente evidente qual acordo seria feito pelos cidadãos. A ideia de
posição original serve como meio de reflexão e auto-esclarecimento público,
ajuda-nos a elaborar o que pensamos agora, desde que sejamos capazes de ter uma
visão clara e ordenada. O que nos possibilita estabelecer uma coerência maior
entre todos os nossos julgamentos de uma forma mais profunda, chegando a um
acordo mais amplo uns com os outros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/8450282560205210672/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/10/resenha-de-o-liberalismo-politico-de.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/8450282560205210672'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/8450282560205210672'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/10/resenha-de-o-liberalismo-politico-de.html' title='Resenha de &quot;O Liberalismo Político&quot; de John Rawls'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuOgEmy4esGkZoXA1dm_qLTkF1eD8p6mSBByvySnWyNd4n3HeVaXfDG-B3DLKEZmFkzW-jjx0ZLtmgI0YEZkiioI63bFd5Aq0KCPnGLnUXY-FjEkipnvJTosID3qzoVxwEmCa-Mf6o06GF/s72-c/John+Rawls.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-2989632665997915658</id><published>2012-07-31T23:45:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2013-03-12T09:26:52.923-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de “O Projeto Unesco e a Agenda das Ciências Sociais no Brasil dos anos 40 e 50&quot;.</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpL3tC99ZdLTuYA6kXlSqyumf-8HCPSqV9uOHkzrqBXuZplKs6cyfLUl25-VGxJSLhxnDgoCeBEgT3MqXHskn9FfYbOqKMGqN15QLJCjJI3-mO8ibdjhTwzhXqYECvksbuBVLuCFZ1va62/s1600/icone_twitter.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpL3tC99ZdLTuYA6kXlSqyumf-8HCPSqV9uOHkzrqBXuZplKs6cyfLUl25-VGxJSLhxnDgoCeBEgT3MqXHskn9FfYbOqKMGqN15QLJCjJI3-mO8ibdjhTwzhXqYECvksbuBVLuCFZ1va62/s200/icone_twitter.jpg&quot; height=&quot;181&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;O Projeto Unesco no Brasil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Um agente catalisador.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O texto de Marcos Chor
Maio trata do programa de estudos sobre relações raciais promovidos pela Unesco
nas décadas de 1940 e 1950. Segundo Marcos o projeto funcionou como um catalisador,
pois colaborou para ações similares em outras instituições estrangeira. Na
época, havia no Brasil uma ideia de “paraíso racial”, em outras palavras, o
Brasil era um território singular e bem sucedido quando o assunto era a
diferença racial. Marcos Maio ressalta que mesmo antes da iniciativa da Unesco,
já havia no Brasil investigações científicas a respeito das relações raciais em
geral, seja no estudo dos Índios ou dos mulatos e até de imigrantes europeus que
se instalaram por aqui.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Marcos faz uma
referência ao trabalho realizado pelo diretor do Departamento de Ciências
Sociais da Unesco, o brasileiro Arthur Guerreiro Ramos, que realizou um trabalho significativo no incremento das
investigações antropológicas e sociológicas no Brasil. Guerreiro Ramos considerava
ser necessário uma atenção especial ao estudo dos grupos negros e indígenas
para a tarefa de integração ao&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mundo
moderno. Em um de seus últimos trabalhos como antropólogo, Ramos reiterou que
o Brasil era um “laboratório de civilização” e apesar de reconhecer as
profundas desigualdades sociais entre brancos e negros, bem como a existência
do “preconceito de cor”, Ramos acreditava que ainda assim o Brasil era um
território singular para a pesquisa sobre a democracia racial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segundo Maio a opção
pelo Brasil é devido ao contexto internacional da época. Após o desastre do
Holocausto na Segunda Guerra e a persistência do racismo nos EUA e na África do
Sul, a Unesco estimulou a produção de conhecimento científico a respeito do
racismo, abordando as motivações, os efeitos e as possíveis formas de superação
do fenômeno. O Brasil representava a possibilidade de oferecer ao mundo uma
consciência política que primasse pela harmonia entre as raças, pois aqui já
havia uma ampla pesquisa sobre os aspectos de cooperação entre as diversas
raças existentes no país. Além do fato que muitos viajantes já haviam relatado
com surpresa a convivência pacífica entre as diversas etnias no Brasil. Segundo
Maio, a crença numa democracia racial à brasileira teve no sociólogo Gilberto
Freyre a mais refinada interpretação e tornou-se assim um dos principais
alicerces da integração racial no país.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segundo Maio, o Projeto
Unesco contemplaria de início apenas a Bahia pelo fato de Salvador, a capital
baiana, ter uma tradição nos estudos sobre os negros. A cidade tinha atraído
uma grande quantidade de pesquisadores exatamente pela grande quantidade de
negros vindos da África terem sidos alocados na cidade. Entretanto, quatro
cientistas sócias se posicionaram a favor da ampliação do projeto. Um deles era
Otto Klineberg, que alegava que Salvador e São Paulo eram muito diferentes, assim
era mais conveniente estudar as relações raciais sob um certo número de
condições distintas, por isso era imprescindível que o estudo não ficasse
restrito à Bahia. Marcos Maio relata que outro pesquisador se colocou a disposição
da Unesco para realizar a pesquisa de forma conjunta. Segundo Maio, Charles
Wagley considerava que a investigação na Bahia não deveria impedir a
oportunidade de haver estudos em outras regiões. Além de klineberg e Wagley, o
sociólogo Luiz de Aguiar da Costa Pinto, um dos participantes do debate sobre o
estatuto científico do conceito de raça também manifestou interesse de que a
Unesco e o Departamento de Ciências Sociais da Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia - FNFi,
vinculado à então Universidade do Brasil, hoje UFRJ, chegassem a um acordo para
realizar também no Rio de Janeiro, análises necessárias para o projeto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Assim, Alfred Métraux,
diretor do Departamento de Ciências Sociais da Unesco, entrou em contato com
Roger Bastide, professor da Universidade de São Paulo, importante referência
nos estudos relativos à cultura afro brasileira e autor de uma série de
trabalhos sociológicos sobre o negro no Brasil. Segundo Maio, Alfred Métraux
deixou claro que a Bahia seria a concentração dos esforços, entretanto,
pretendiam realizar sondagem em outras regiões do Brasil. Roger Bastide aceitou
com entusiasmo a notícia e por manter uma ligação com o TEN – Teatro Experimental
do Negro, uma associação político-cultural que visava reduzir as desigualdades
sociais existentes entre brancos e negros, deixou a cargo de Guerreiro Ramos,
um importante sociólogo e militante do TEN a tarefa de convencer o governo
brasileiro a patrocinar um congresso internacional de relações raciais. De
acordo com Marcos Maio, o Congresso do TEN tentou oferecer uma alternativa à
Unesco no que tange o trabalho a ser desenvolvido no Brasil. Entretanto, a
proposta elaborada por Guerreiro Ramos só contemplava em parte os interesses da
Unesco, pois não incluía a proposta de uma investigação-piloto,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;de natureza acadêmica, adotada pela
Conferência de Florença. A resolução não teve repercussão junto à Unesco, no
entanto as posições de Guerreiro Ramos com relação à proposta da agência
internacional revelam um momento de disputa quanto a natureza política do projeto
a ser realizado. Bastide quando contatado por Métraux, ainda sob o impacto de
do Congresso do TEN, considerava que o projeto não se deveria limitar ao
trabalho de pesquisa. Seria fundamental dar um sentido prático às reflexões
teóricas, estimulando uma cooperação entre os intelectuais brancos e
associações negras. Dessa forma haveria a quebra de preconceitos e a diminuição
das tensões que estavam sendo criadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Marcos Maio chama a
atenção que é preciso observar que o Brasil, embora fosse considerado um país
dotado de relações raciais harmoniosas, especial atenção deveria ser atribuída
às formas particulares e muitas vezes sutis de manifestação do preconceito
racial. Para isso seria aconselhável utilizar outros recursos metodológicos
como entrevistas qualitativas, observação participante, etc. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segundo Maio, o projeto
Unesco se desenvolveu de forma complexa. A simpatia que a agencia tinha pelo
Brasil não foi suficiente para determinar o escopo definitivo do estudo e seus
resultados. A opção pela Bahia parecia mais adequada à imagem do Brasil como
uma democracia racial, onde a interação entra as raças seria harmoniosa. No
entanto os objetivos foram ampliados graças a atuação de Charles Wagley, Costa
Pinto, Roger Bastide Ruy Coelho e Otto Klineberg, acrescida da visita de Alfred
Métraux ao Brasil no final da década de 1950 a qual ele afirmou que o caso
paulista seria susceptível de alterar a imagem demasiadamente otimista que se
fazia do problema racial no Brasil. Para Métraux, o Brasil serviu de agente
catalisador da pesquisa. O projeto Unesco inalgurou a etapa do estudo
sistemático da situação racial brasileira definindo critérios de delimitação da
área de investigação, apresentação objetiva dos dados utilizados, analogia
entre a situação racial brasileira e a de outros países, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Marcos Maio conclui seu
texto apoiando-se nas reflexões de Florestan Fernades, sociólogo brasileiro que
tinha obtido maior visibilidade entre os pesquisadores envolvidos nos estudos
da Unesco. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Florestam Fernandes ao
escrever o prefácio do livro “Cor e Mobilidade Social em Florianópolis” de
autoria de Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Octavio Ianni, que representava o mais
bem acabado trabalho fruto da influência do Projeto Unesco no processo de
institucionalização das ciências sociais no Brasil. Para Florestan os estudos
sobre relações raciais seriam um indicador do amadurecimento das ciências
sociais no Brasil, no entanto o sociólogo paulista lamenta que a sociedade em
geral não esteja alinhada para o significado das pesquisas em andamento. Florestan
Fernades atribui esse fenômeno à crença de que o Brasil vive sob a égide de uma
democracia racial. Envoltos por essa ideologia, os leigos dificultam o
surgimento de uma mentalidade capaz de canalizar esforços na direção de uma
sociedade democrática, tanto em termos políticos quanto sociais. Nesse sentido,
Fernandes reconhece aspectos positivos da socialidade no campo das relações
raciais e revela a condição paradoxal da convivência do racismo com o mito da
democracia racial, tendo em vista a relevância dos aspectos culturais que se
apresentam no jogo das relações sociais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Marcos maio conclui
afirmando que em tempos de globalização, de controvérsias entre visões
universalistas e particularistas, de desafios colocados pelo multiculturalismo,
de debates sobre políticas públicas racializadas, o Projeto Unesco ainda se
constitui num importante ponto de referência para reflexões sobre dilemas da
sociedade brasileira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/2989632665997915658/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/07/resenha-de-o-projeto-unesco-e-agenda.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/2989632665997915658'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/2989632665997915658'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/07/resenha-de-o-projeto-unesco-e-agenda.html' title='Resenha de “O Projeto Unesco e a Agenda das Ciências Sociais no Brasil dos anos 40 e 50&quot;.'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpL3tC99ZdLTuYA6kXlSqyumf-8HCPSqV9uOHkzrqBXuZplKs6cyfLUl25-VGxJSLhxnDgoCeBEgT3MqXHskn9FfYbOqKMGqN15QLJCjJI3-mO8ibdjhTwzhXqYECvksbuBVLuCFZ1va62/s72-c/icone_twitter.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-1590408742911162656</id><published>2012-07-31T01:14:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2012-07-31T01:25:15.059-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de “Uma Pesquisadora na Metrópole”</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Uma introdução ao cotidiano político&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a partir do ensaio antropológico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;de Karina Kuschnir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;

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&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;O
texto em questão foi desenvolvido no Rio de Janeiro pela Professora Karina Kuschnir
entre os anos de 1995 e 1996. Nesse período, a pesquisadora esteve em campo aproximadamente
por 100 dias não consecutivos para acompanhar o dia a dia de dois candidatos à Câmara
de Vereadores da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O texto é interessante não só pelo
fato de descrever os bastidores de uma campanha eleitoral como também por
contribuir de forma bem objetiva para o aprendizado antropológico,
principalmente para o árduo exercício que é fazer trabalho de campo em uma
cidade como o Rio de Janeiro.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Karina
desejava observar dois candidatos, a escolha de um deles foi em função de já
ter feito um estudo anterior, durante seu mestrado, com a colaboração desse
candidato. O outro candidato escolhido para o estudo foi devido ao grande contraste
em relação ao perfil do primeiro candidato escolhido. A autora afirma que os
nomes citados são fictícios, entretanto o perfil dos candidatos foi descrito de
forma autêntica. Ambos os candidatos já exerciam função pública como
parlamentares na Câmara de vereadores e tentavam a reeleição. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;O
candidato escolhido pela pesquisa precedente foi Marta Silveira, classificada
pela pesquisadora como uma pessoa que gosta de pensar e principalmente de falar
sobre seu próprio trabalho, alem disso, o perfil desta candidata faziam com que
a pesquisadora entrasse em contato com o “exótico”, pois a realidade entre a
pesquisadora e a candidata eram bem distintas. Já o candidato Ricardo Alves,
que era antagônico à Marta Silveira fazia a pesquisadora exercitar o trabalho
antropológico de estranhamento do familiar, pois as realidades vivenciadas por Ricardo
eram muito próximas das realidades pela pesquisadora. Analisando esses opostos,
a pesquisadora esperava relativizar o material da pesquisa contrastando ambos os
estilos de atuação em uma campanha eleitoral.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Pelo
fato de compartilhar semelhanças com um dos candidatos, a autora deixa como
lição antropológica que é preciso afastar todas as pré-noções quando se deseja
estudar aquilo que faz parte do cotidiano, principalmente quando se estuda um
tema tão acessível como a política em uma grande cidade. Destarte, ele cita que
desde o início da pesquisa se esforçou para não deixar que seus valores
pudessem influenciar o resultado da pesquisa.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Durante
o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, Karina reafirma que há uma grande diferença
social entre ela, pesquisadora, e o campo de atuação política de Marta
Silveira. Marta que seguia os passos de seu pai praticava um trabalho de “assistência”
aos eleitores, ela sempre atendia pessoalmente aos eleitores, o que jamais foi
percebido no trabalho de Ricardo Alves. Marta atuava no subúrbio enquanto
Ricardo atuava exclusivamente na Zona Sul do Rio de Janeiro, uma área habitada
quase que exclusivamente pela elite carioca. Antes do início da pesquisa,
Karina só havia estado no subúrbio por uma única vez, acompanhando uma amiga que
visitava a avó. Enquanto que a Zona Sul fazia parte de sua vida, pois desde criança
morava na região. Essa posição chegou a causar problema durante a pesquisa,
principalmente nas ocasiões em que Karina acompanhava o trabalho de Marta no
subúrbio. Já no trato com os assessores de Ricardo Alves não houve problema,
pois estes a tratavam como alguém que compartilhava dos mesmos valores. Esse
ponto criava a necessidade da pesquisadora explicar aos assessores de Ricardo
que ela não conhecia tal prática ou pessoa em questão para não prejudicar a
atuação antropológica. Em muitas ocasiões os assessores de Ricardo achavam que
as identidades deles e da pesquisadora tinham vários pontos em comum, esse fato
dificultava o trabalho antropológico.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Por
outro lado, foram várias as ocasiões em que a pesquisadora se viu constrangida
pela diferença social entre ela e os agentes do subúrbio. Situações que
envolviam o uso de automóvel ou as relações matrimoniais eram bem distintas
entre as praticadas pela pesquisadora e por aqueles moradores do subúrbio. Por
vezes a pesquisadora se comportou como uma não-nativa, cujo olhar não via
aquilo que os nativos viam. Em uma ocasião, a Karina foi convidada a participar
de um baile destinado a pessoas da terceira idade, ao chegar a festa a
pesquisadora foi surpreendida pela presença maciça de pessoas com
aproximadamente 40 anos. Nesse ponto fica claro que em comunidades mais
carentes, onde a vida é notoriamente mais árdua quando comparada a vida de
pessoas de classe média, seja pela falta de saneamento, pela falta de consciência
higiênica, ou por desenvolver atividades mais fatigantes, que a terceira idade
chega mais cedo. Não só fisicamente as pessoas aparentam ser mais velhas como
também apresentam doenças mais prematuramente do que pessoas de outras classes
mais ricas. É um fato que a diferença social acarreta menos tempo de vida para
os mais pobres. Uma classe social mais alta acaba tendo uma longevidade maior
do que as classes mais pobres, mas esta conclusão não está no texto de Karina,
foram inseridas por mim ao analisar os casos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Retomando
o raciocínio de Karina, poderíamos dizer que o universo do candidato Ricardo
Alves era o “familiar” enquanto o de Marta Silveira era o “exótico” dentro da
mesma cidade da pesquisadora. Contudo, no decorrer da pesquisa, Karina percebe
que há “familiaridades” com o universo de Marte e que também há “exotismos” com
o universo de Ricardo.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mas Karina deixa
bem claro que por achar que era praticamente uma “nativa” quando estava no
estudo do ambiente de Ricardo foi um problema, pois algumas vezes ela assumiu
pontos de vista equivocados a respeito das observações que fazia. Ela ressalta
que o pressuposto de que Ricardo Alves sempre lhe falava abertamente sobre tudo
a fez subestimar a importância do uso de suas relações para ter influência
sobre as decisões de órgãos públicos e junto á mídia.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Em sua
pesquisa, Karina identifica entre outras coisas que o principal motivo de
deslocamento das pessoas do subúrbio para a Zona Sul tem a ver com o estudo e
com as atividades de lazer. Assim, Karina percebeu que conhecia muito mias
moradores do subúrbio do que imaginava. Pessoas que frequentavam o escritório
de seu pai, alunos, prestadores de serviço, acabavam por revelar sua identidade
após reconhecerem Karina como uma pessoa que pesquisava o subúrbio. Sobre
Ricardo, as pessoas do convívio de Karina também manifestavam interesse, pois
eram possíveis eleitores de Ricardo e gostariam de sabem mais sobre o parlamentar
e como era de costume jamais haviam tido contato pessoal com políticos fato que
destoava das práticas políticas do subúrbio. Em certa ocasião promovida pela
agenda de campanha do candidato da Zona Sul, Karina acompanhou seu comitê a uma
festa em que os assessores de Ricardo presenteavam a comunidade carente com
brindes da campanha. Nessa situação, ficou claro para Karina que o contato com
as classes mais baixas era um fato inusitado, pois uma das assessoras de
Ricardo deixou transparecer sua euforia pelo contato escasso com tais pessoas.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;A
pesquisadora se sentiu em um “rito de passagem”, pois muitas vezes foi colocada
a prova pelos assessores de Marta, contudo, a medida em que o tempo passava,
Karina foi conquistando a confiança dos assessores que passaram a trata-la com
mais simpatia e por fim sua presença já não incomodava mais a ponto de efetuar
algumas atividades de gabinete que eram em princípio atividade dos assessores
de Marta, fato que ocorreu por ser intimidada e questionada por ficar tanto
tempo presente sem “fazer nada”, como se o trabalho de campo não fosse alguma
coisa. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Karina
participou de diversos encontros de Ricardo com “comunidades”, associações de
moradores e grupos diversos. Sempre que era apresentada por Ricardo, Karina
ganhava status de uma pessoa integrante da equipe de Ricardo. Fato que foi
explicado por Ricardo como sendo mais cômodo, pois a presença de uma
antropóloga/pesquisadora poderia intimidar as pessoas. A preocupação de Ricardo
em disfarçar a identidade de Karina ficou mais em evidência pelo fato de Marta
agir exatamente ao contrário. Marta não só apresentava Karina como uma
pesquisadora como em uma oportunidade arriscou explicar aos eleitores presentes
em um comício o trabalho de um antropólogo, deixando bem claro que a
pesquisadora estava ali para observar todo referente a vida e ao trabalho da
parlamentar. O prestígio era um elemto importante para Marta Silveira, a
pesquisa era importante não apenas porque Karina estava estudando a trajetória
e a vida pública da parlamentar, mas também porque mostrava que Marta não tinha
o que esconder por isso a parlamentar disse algumas vezes que a pesquisadora
estaria “bisbilhotando” sua vida. Esse era um jeito de Marta se diferenciar da
classe política quase sempre associada a práticas desonestas e em geral
negativas.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Como
qualquer atitude ou qualquer palavra pode fazer diferença em uma disputa
eleitoral, Karina procurou filtrar as informações obtidas em depoimentos feitos
pelos assessores de ambos os candidatos. Karina ressalta que foi necessário
deixar de lado depoimentos sobre intrigas e estereótipos claramente criados
para encorpara o perfil dos parlamentares. A pesquisadora afirma que a falta de
consenso existe em todos os grupos sociais, as vezes simultaneamente na mesma
pessoa, e é importante o pesquisador explorar as duas atitudes, sem buscar uma
crença mais “autêntica” ou “ verdadeira”.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Karina
afirma, pautada nas palavras de Anselm Strauss, que por mais que existam certas
condições sociais dadas, é no imponderável da própria interação que se
constroem, se testam e se confirmam as identidades. No casa do Karina, foram as
longas entrevistas que contribuíram para compreender esse processo. Segundo a
pesquisadora, ela tentou manter sua independência de pesquisadora sem deixar de
se relacionar de forma amigável com todos, cooperando em situações do cotidiano
sempre que possível. Karina procurou relacionar as diferenças entre as opiniões
individuais com a posição ocupada pelos indivíduos dentro do grupo, como
recomenda Malinowski na obra “Tema, método e objetivo da pesquisa”. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Karina
revela que para obter informações sobre os bastidores da política teve que
abrir mão de certos dados que seriam enriquecedores para a pesquisa. Ressalta
também que ocorre uma metamorfose durante a realização da pesquisa e sua
identidade variou entre “estudante”, “assessora”, “pesquisadora” e “eleitora”,
mas que por fim, havia aprendido um pouco mais o que era fazer antropologia.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Por hora é isso, aguardem a continuação deste pensamento no texto Política, cultura e espaço urbano que será postado em breve.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Um grande abraço e boas indagações.&lt;/b&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/1590408742911162656/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/07/resenha-de-uma-pesquisadora-na-metropole.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/1590408742911162656'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/1590408742911162656'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/07/resenha-de-uma-pesquisadora-na-metropole.html' title='Resenha de “Uma Pesquisadora na Metrópole”'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCIiE6utEJJA4a8QWhj-Vtb5SUnuMxW215w_E9kzodqFADZ0CGbkuB_jsolPoZ_j6XKv7jN2Kv2rLE-mwWzKS4q9IRmx9BgP7oiborJAX0TtjSVr4CadSDNqSdLRvyk0o4c5NALX3Alua/s72-c/Karina+Kuschnir.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-9195994417492237290</id><published>2012-07-15T15:18:00.005-03:00</published><updated>2012-07-17T19:46:49.415-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de “Fato Social” de Émile Durkheim.</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Émile Durkheim inicia o
livro “As Regras do Método Sociológico” definindo o que são “Fatos Sociais”.
Ele ressalta que erroneamente se aplica a definição de fato social para
designar todos os fenômenos que se dão no interior da sociedade. Na realidade
há um grupo determinado de fenômenos que se distinguem&amp;nbsp; dos demais
fatos que ocorrem na sociedade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Durkheim diz que quando um
indivíduo desempenha um papel na sociedade, seja ele de marido, de filho, de
pai, etc., ainda que suas atitudes estejam de acordo com os seus sentimentos,
na verdade eles não deixam de ser atitudes objetivas oriundas de terceiros que
são recebidas através da educação. Essas práticas interiorizadas acontecem em
diversas áreas e ele cita como exemplo as práticas religiosas, as condutas
profissionais, etc., que são práticas que funcionam independentemente do uso
que os indivíduos venham a fazer delas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;As maneiras de agir, de
pensar e de sentir que existem fora da consciência individual, ou seja, todas
as formas de conduta que são exteriores aos indivíduos são exercidas por uma
força coercitiva de imposição. Basta idealizar um caso em que uma pessoa tente
se comunicar com seus compatriotas utilizando outro idioma que não é o
praticado em seu país. Nessa hipótese a sua tentativa seria brutalmente frustrante.
Ou ainda se outro indivíduo tentasse efetuar transações econômicas no seio da Europa
utilizando o Yuan a moeda chinesa. Também aqui seus ideais seriam indeferidos.
Durkheim usa exemplos como estes para demonstrar o poder coercitivo presente
nas práticas cotidianas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segundo Durkheim é
incontestável que a maior parte das nossas ideias e de nossas tendências não
são elaboradas por nós, elas vem ao nosso encontro originadas por terceiros.
Contudo, mesmo diante dessa coerção social, não se exclui totalmente a
personalidade individual. Pode-se confirmar a definição de “Fato social” pela observação
da maneira pela qual as crianças são educadas. Nesse exercício, salta aos olhos
que toda a educação consiste num esforço contínuo para impor à criança maneiras
de ver, de sentir e de agir, às quais ela não teria chegado espontaneamente. Se
aos poucos essa coerção deixa de ser percebida é porque ela dá origem a hábitos
internamente consolidados a ponto de serem classificados como normais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Essa pressão que a criança sofre a todo
instante, é a mesma pressão que o meio social exerce, tentando moldar os
indivíduos. Mas não é a sua generalidade que pode servir para caracterizar os
fenômenos sociológicos. Um pensamento que se encontra em todas as consciências
particulares, um movimento em que todos os indivíduos repetem, nem sempre podem
ser classificados como “Fatos Sociais”. O hábito coletivo não existe apenas em
estado de permanência nos atos sucessivos que ele determina, mas se exprime de
uma vez por todas, numa fórmula que se repete de boca em boca e se transmite
pela educação. Claro que essa diferença nem sempre se apresenta de forma
nítida, mas basta que ela exista para provar que o “Fato Social” é distinto de
suas repercussões individuais. Destarte, é indispensável proceder essa
diferenciação para analisar o “Fato Social em seu estado de pureza das outras
formas sociais. A primeira vista os “Fatos Sociais parecem inseparáveis das
formas que assumem os casos particulares, mas a estatística nos fornece o meio
de isolá-los. No fim das contas, o que esses “Fatos” exprimem é um certo estado
da alma coletiva.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Um “Fato Social” é algo
completamente distinto, resultado da vida comum, das ações e reações que se
estabelecem entre consciências individuais e se repercute em cada uma delas. Um
“Fato Social” se reconhece pelo poder de coerção externa que exerce ou é capaz
de exercer sobre os indivíduos. É toda maneira de fazer e agir que é geral na
extensão da sociedade e ao mesmo tempo possui uma existência própria,
independente de suas manifestações individuais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Terminamos por aqui esta
breve introdução, mas continuem acompanhando o desenvolvimento dessa ideia que
será postada oportunamente aqui no blog. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Um grande abraço e boas
indagações!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/9195994417492237290/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/07/resenha-de-fato-social-de-emile.html#comment-form' title='8 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/9195994417492237290'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/9195994417492237290'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/07/resenha-de-fato-social-de-emile.html' title='Resenha de “Fato Social” de Émile Durkheim.'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzcTJpL7RNMbIY1esrKYxjFQ8s2OO7nZkXs-edHRtLZBEfAtZkbu2V9r38DzYD-ewG_k_F_Wq8welyPNAVt00pZHbvohoOLsHr92fMJdOpbWoDBZq5ll3HF3Ay5G7DtA-u8csLo4gKut1O/s72-c/durkheim.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>8</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-8744680729123723537</id><published>2012-06-28T21:57:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2013-10-14T09:10:06.312-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de &quot;O Poder Simbólico&quot;.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bourdieu: um clássico ainda não reconhecido como tal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Entenda o conceito de Poder Simbólico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A novidade na obra de
Pierre Bourdieu encontra-se na variedade dos objetos de sua análise. O poder
simbólico é um desses temas ao qual Bourdieu se dedica. Para ele, o poder
simbólico é esse poder invisível que só pode ser exercido com a cumplicidade
daqueles que estão sujeitos a esse poder ou mesmo daqueles que o
exercem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bourdieu se concentra nas situações em que esse poder é normalmente
ignorado, fato que nos permite intuir que esse poder é plenamente reconhecido
pelos agentes envolvidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O capítulo em questão
aqui leva o título da obra, &quot;O Poder Simbólico&quot;, e está dividido em quatro subtítulos.
No primeiro deles, Bourdieu considera a arte, a religião, a língua, etc., como
estruturas estruturantes, citadas algumas vezes por ele como &lt;i&gt;modus operandi,&lt;/i&gt; uma expressão do latim
que significa modo de operação. Utilizada para designar uma maneira de agir,
operar ou executar uma determinada atividade seguindo sempre os mesmos
procedimentos, seguindo sempre os mesmos padrões nos processos. O segundo
subtítulo fala dos sistemas simbólicos como estruturas estruturadas ou &lt;i&gt;opus operatum&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;No
terceiro subtítulo, Bourdieu trata das produções simbólicas como instrumentos
de dominação. Por fim, trata dos sistemas ideológicos legítimos. \muito bem, vamos
por parte, pois os escritos de Bourdieu são realmente densos e merecem toda a
atenção e a maior paciência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segundo Bourdieu, a
tradição neo-kantiana trata os diferentes universos simbólicos como
instrumentos de conhecimento e de construção do mundo dos objetos, ou seja,
como formas simbólicas, reconhecendo assim a ação e a importância do
conhecimento. Bourdieu faz algumas considerações abrangendo os pensamentos de
Émile Durkheim (pai da Sociologia Moderna que combinava a pesquisa empírica com
a teoria sociológica) e de Erwin Panofsky (grande crítico da arte alemã e um
dos principais representantes do método iconológico. Sua grande obra foi um
estudo sobre a Arquitetura Gótica e Escolástica: uma analogia sobre a arte, a
filosofia e a teologia na Idade Média).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Para Bourdieu, Durkheim representava a
tradição Kantiana exatamente por procurar respostas “positivas” e “empíricas”
ao problema do conhecimento e não se contendo apenas ao apriorismo ou ao
empirismo separadamente. Ao lançar fundamentos de uma sociologia das formas
simbólicas, que neste caso equivaleriam a formas de classificação, Durkheim
explicita o caráter transcendental que faz essas formas de classificação se
tornarem formas sociais, se aproximando dessa maneira da teoria de Panofsky,
onde as formas sociais são socialmente determinadas, ou seja, são relativas a
um determinado grupo particular, logo são formas sociais arbitrárias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segundo Bourdieu, nesta
tradição, a objetividade do sentido do mundo define-se pela concordância das subjetividades
estruturantes, ou seja, o julgamento é igual ao consentimento, ou, em suas
palavras, o senso é igual ao consenso.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Já para os sistemas simbólicos
como estruturas estruturadas, Bourdieu considera que são passíveis de uma
análise estrutural. Essa análise estrutural tem em vista isolar a estrutura
permanente de cada produção simbólica. O Poder Simbólico é um poder de
construção da realidade que tende a estabelecer uma ordem gnosiológica, ou
seja, o sentido do mundo supõe um conformismo lógico, uma concepção homogênea
que torna possível a concordância entre as inteligências. Destarte, os símbolos
são instrumentos de integração social. Enquanto instrumentos de conhecimento e
comunicação eles tornam possível o consenso acerca do sentido do mundo social
que contribui fundamentalmente para a reprodução da ordem social.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Já para descrever as
produções simbólicas como instrumentos de dominação, Bourdieu se baseia na
tradição marxista que privilegia as funções políticas dos sistemas simbólicos
em detrimento da sua estrutura lógica e da sua função gnosiológica. Este
funcionalismo explica as produções simbólicas relacionando-as com os interesses
das classes dominantes. A cultura dominante contribui para a integração real da
classe dominante, assegurando uma integração e uma comunicação entre os membros
dessa classe e ao mesmo tempo os distingue de outras classes. Daí surge um
importante conceito desenvolvido posteriormente por Bourdieu: a distinção. Pois
a mesma cultura que une por intermédio da comunicação é a mesma cultura que
separa como instrumento de distinção, que legitima a diferença das culturas exatamente
pela distância da cultura em questão em relação à cultura dominante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bourdieu considera que
as relações de comunicação são sempre relações de poder que dependem do capital
material ou simbólico acumulado pelos agentes. Os sistemas simbólico, enquanto
instrumentos estruturados e estruturantes de comunicação e conhecimento, cumprem
sua função política de imposição e de legitimação da dominação de uma classe
sobre a outra, agindo como uma forma de violência simbólica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dessa maneira, Bourdieu
conclui sobre as produções simbólicas como instrumentos de dominação da
seguinte maneira: o campo de produção simbólica é um microcosmos da luta
simbólica entre as classes. Assim, a classe dominante, cujo poder está pautado
no capital econômico, tem em vista impor a legitimidade da sua dominação por
meio da própria produção simbólica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Por fim, Bourdieu
disserta sobre os sistemas de produção ideológica legítima, como instrumentos
de dominação estruturantes exatamente por serem estruturados, reproduzindo de
forma irreconhecível a estrutura do campo das classes sociais. Em outras
palavras, os sistemas simbólicos produzidos por um corpo de especialistas e
mais especificamente por um campo de produção autônomo é uma dimensão do
progresso da divisão do trabalho social, portanto, da divisão das classes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Concluindo: para Bourdieu,
o poder simbólico é um poder quase mágico que permite obter o equivalente
daquilo que é obtido pela força física ou econômica e só se exerce se for
reconhecido, o que significa que ele acaba sendo ignorado, passa despercebido. Assim,
o poder simbólico é uma forma irreconhecível e legitimada. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Então meus amigos e minhas
amigas, tentar entender Bourdieu significa mergulhar de cabeça em seus escritos
profundamente densos e perspicazes, tarefa que só é possível de ser minimamente
alcançável após longas horas de interpretação, de total imersão nessa obra esplêndida
que ainda não é considerada como um clássico, mas certamente um dia o será.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Espero que vocês façam
uma boa leitura dessa resenha e que assim, possam depreender mais informações
ao se depararem com a obra original. Aguardo ansioso pelos comentários e pelas
críticas, pois a opinião polifônica é um caminho muito salutar para as Ciências
Sociais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/8744680729123723537/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/06/resenha-de-o-poder-simbolico.html#comment-form' title='52 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/8744680729123723537'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/8744680729123723537'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/06/resenha-de-o-poder-simbolico.html' title='Resenha de &quot;O Poder Simbólico&quot;.'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi14WxbNkRQ8G2YFvbjAdvQ2_4CS2Ygb3jRUN-kxm1BHwMyMI_haINl_Mj5NAO1-wcksiO3aRDl-dJs7V38AnF5OgzG4tmBO7KxBT9fuiFnh1DDt9FcjeqMZp-Mlx8hYcBGs-wCPH1gykGV/s72-c/Pierre+Bourdieu.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>52</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-8060794848992527706</id><published>2012-06-09T20:41:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2012-06-22T21:30:14.317-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Questões de taxonomia, ou como o Brasil se tornou um país de brancos e negros na era das cotas.</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -27pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7oFQRAKXy3Y2QPPly0RNFi9gXhmjq9XLGh4Lqx_9QVLOu3onpk5yzfDKeaOo8km0agJwn2PBVX6Bn0eoaSqgdvQ962J4vKQnM86q_tziFSxqAgVrykDDBlroxtDTZUJ94ahgvWGsFG5Pn/s1600/Cotas+Raciais.jpg.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7oFQRAKXy3Y2QPPly0RNFi9gXhmjq9XLGh4Lqx_9QVLOu3onpk5yzfDKeaOo8km0agJwn2PBVX6Bn0eoaSqgdvQ962J4vKQnM86q_tziFSxqAgVrykDDBlroxtDTZUJ94ahgvWGsFG5Pn/s200/Cotas+Raciais.jpg.jpg&quot; width=&quot;169&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&quot;O debate que não houve”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -27pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -27pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -27pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: -27pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;Um texto de Yvonne Maggie e Peter Fry.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -27.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O texto de Yvonne Maggie e Peter Fry aborda a questão da reserva de vagas destinadas à negros nas Universidades e no Funcionalismo Público. Utilizando citações de cartas enviadas à redação do Jornal O Globo, do Rio de Janeiro, no período compreendido entre 2001 e 2002, os autores fortalecem a corrente de pensamento que é contra tal política.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O texto ressalta que o governo brasileiro mudou radicalmente de postura perante a questão racial ao encaminhar uma proposta de “Ações Afirmativas” em favor da população Afrodescendente, à III Conferência Mundial das Nações Unidas de Combate ao Racismo, Discriminação Racial, Xenofobia e Intolerância Correlata, que aconteceu em Durban, África do Sul, em 2001.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Segundo os autores, as medidas pós Durban, ao proporem ações afirmativas em prol da população negra, rompem não só com o a-racismo e o anti-racismo tradicionais do país, como também com a forte ideologia que define o Brasil como um país de mistura, ou, como preferiria Gilberto Freyre, do hibridismo. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;(Maggie, Y e Fry, P. 2002, p.94)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;De acordo com as citações presentes no texto, que foram advindas de cartas enviadas ao Jornal O Globo, aqueles que se pronunciaram em favor das ações afirmativas, se apoiaram na negação da igualdade entre todos. Estes sugerem que tratar todos como iguais é uma forma cínica de lidar com o problema. Em contrapartida, aqueles que se pronunciaram contra as ações afirmativas, julgam a atitude como uma Política de Estado, que contrariou a premissa democrática e se instaurou hierarquicamente de cima para baixo.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Na opinião dos autores, que são contra as ações afirmativas, a falta de debate público anterior à decisão, impediu que se pudesse verificar se houve ou não uma mudança radical no Brasil desde a constituição de 1988 até 2001, onde o Brasil sempre fora uma Nação de “Raças Misturadas” e passou a ser uma Nação de “Raças Distintas”, que se segregariam em dois polos, os brancos e os não-brancos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Para a elaboração do texto, os autores levaram em consideração cartas enviadas pelos leitores entre os anos de 2001 e 2002, período em que a Assembléia dos Deputados do Estado do Rio de Janeiro aprovou, por aclamação, portanto, sem debate, a lei que instituiu cota de 40% para populações negras e pardas no acesso à Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UERJ e para a Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense – UENF. Na opinião dos autores, levar em conta as cartas dos leitores representava extrapolar os muros das universidades aproveitando a opinião dos próprios “nativos”, algo que na tradição da nossa Antropologia deve ser realmente considerado. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alguns argumentos contra a política de ações afirmativas ressaltavam que a discriminação, mesmo positivamente, é uma forma de racismo e corre contra a tradição brasileira. (op. cit. p 97). Assim, para os autores, o sistema de cotas representa uma vitória da taxonomia bipolar sobre a velha taxonomia de muitas categorias. (op. cit. p 98) Ainda tiveram os que argumentaram que as desigualdades entre brancos e negros é, sobretudo, uma questão econômica, que resulta da falta de oportunidades para os pobres em geral e a solução estaria na melhoria do ensino público, principalmente nas periferias.( op. cit. p 100)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Do contrário, a lei privilegiará os negros mais bem preparados em função da sua melhor condição econômica e que não precisam das cotas. Dessa maneira, a cota para negros discrimina o branco que é pobre, pois o branco com recursos financeiros não terá dificuldade de alcançar seus objetivos, enquanto que o branco pobre, que também não teve acesso a escolas de qualidade, terá a oferta de vagas ainda mais restrita a partir da reserva de vagas somente para os negros.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Os autores do texto não estão certos de que seja possível corrigir séculos de desigualdades de qualquer ordem, seja racial ou não, por meio de uma política de cotas que representa custo zero para o Estado. (op. cit. p 106) Para eles, a iniciativa dos governantes de abandonar bruscamente um projeto nacional de melhoria na qualidade do ensino, que certamente envolvia custos representativos para o governo, em prol de cotas raciais representa um retrocesso no país.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;De acordo com os autores, iniciativas de ação afirmativas oriundas na sociedade civil produzem consequências para todos e por isso deveriam ser amplamente discutidas e nunca impostas como vem ocorrendo. E nesse ponto tenho que concordar que promover a instalação de escolas de qualidade em diversos pontos da periferia propiciaria mais oportunidades para aqueles que são mais pobres e que residem espacialmente distante dos grandes centros, o que, obrigatoriamente, atingiria beneficamente não só os negros, que são majoritariamente mais pobres, como também beneficiaria aqueles brancos que igualmente pobres,&amp;nbsp; não têm condições de acessar uma universidade devido ao baixo nível de escolarização que esteve disponível para as classes menos abastadas nas últimas décadas. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O texto é extremamente importante para a formação de uma opinião acerca da política de ações afirmativas implementada para beneficiar a população negra, entretanto &amp;nbsp;não se exclui a necessidade de sabermos outras opiniões sobre tal situação. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referência Bibliográfica.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MAGGIE&lt;/b&gt;, Yvonne e &lt;b&gt;FRY&lt;/b&gt;, Peter. (2002) &lt;b&gt;O debate que não houve. A reserva de vagas para negros nas universidades brasileiras.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;In:&lt;/i&gt; Enfoques-Revista Eletrônica. Rio de Janeiro. v. 1 n. 1. pp. 93-117. Disponível em:&amp;lt;&lt;u&gt;http://www.enfoques.ifcs.ufrj.br/pdfs/2002-DEZ.pdf&amp;gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/8060794848992527706/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/06/resenha-de-o-debate-que-nao-houve.html#comment-form' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/8060794848992527706'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/8060794848992527706'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/06/resenha-de-o-debate-que-nao-houve.html' title='Questões de taxonomia, ou como o Brasil se tornou um país de brancos e negros na era das cotas.'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7oFQRAKXy3Y2QPPly0RNFi9gXhmjq9XLGh4Lqx_9QVLOu3onpk5yzfDKeaOo8km0agJwn2PBVX6Bn0eoaSqgdvQ962J4vKQnM86q_tziFSxqAgVrykDDBlroxtDTZUJ94ahgvWGsFG5Pn/s72-c/Cotas+Raciais.jpg.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-4878760888229137137</id><published>2012-05-22T16:49:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2012-05-22T16:49:49.853-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de “Os Usos da Diversidade” de Clifford Geertz.</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;Um ensaio sobre o etnocentrismo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;

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&lt;b&gt;O texto de Geertz trata da questão do etnocentrismo, resgata a
importância do antropólogo no que se refere ao tema e destaca que a diversidade
cultural faz parte das sociedades complexas.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Segundo Geertz é importante que os antropólogos passem a considerar o
fato de haver diferenças entre os povos, sendo estas sutis ou não. Entretanto
ele inicia seu texto mostrando-se revoltado com a opinião de outro antropólogo
muito reconhecido. Geertz se surpreende com as palavras de Lévi-Strauss, quando
este afirma que o etnocentrismo não apenas não é uma coisa ruim, como pode ser
até uma coisa boa, pois a defesa de certos conjuntos de valores por parte das
pessoas não tem nada de revoltante. Para Geertz, infelizmente essa é uma ideia
que prevalece no pensamento social recente. Filósofos, historiadores e
cientistas sociais se voltam para um tipo de impermeabilidade tipo “ nós somos
nós” e “ eles são eles”, como defendida por Lévi-Strauss. E a partir disso faz um
questionamento: será que esse afastamento é realmente o meio de fugir da
tolerância emplacada pelo cosmopolitismo?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Geertz sabe que o consenso universal, quanto as normas, não virá num
futuro próximo, as pessoas não terão a mesma opinião em todas as situações, pelo
menos em breve e talvez nunca, entretanto não devemos nos render facilmente ao
idealismo de nos considerarmos nós mesmos e os outros como não sendo nós.
Segundo Geertz, não devemos encarar a diferença cultural como resultado de uma
escolha individual de vida. Para Geertz, o problema do etnocentrismo está no
impedimento que este produz, não permitindo que os indivíduos descubram de que
ângulo estão postados em relação ao mundo, em outras palavras, o que realmente
somos. O etnocentrismo obscurece as diferenças e as assimetrias entre as
pessoas, significa que o etnocentrismo nos isola da possibilidade de mudarmos
nossa mentalidade. Porém a história de qualquer povo é pautada na mudança de
mentalidade, o encontro de culturas diferentes só pode provocar uma mudança de
mentalidade em ambas. E
o que se percebe atualmente é um verdadeiro processo de embaralhamento entre as
culturas, o Oriente se confunde com o Ocidente alcançando proporções extremas,
é difícil representar a França sem a presença dos Argelianos ou os Estados
Unidos sem os Mexicanos, não há mais fronteiras sociais nem culturais e essa
ausência de fronteiras culturais provoca um conflito de valores exemplificado
no texto de Geertz pelo dilema dos médicos americanos em face da atitude do
índio bêbado fazendo uso da máquina de diálise. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Para Geertz a etnografia tem uma função: ela coloca alguns de “nós” no
meio de alguns “eles”, e alguns “eles” no meio de “nós”. Por isso a etnografia
é a grande inimiga do etnocentrismo. Ela fornece narrativas e cenários para
refocalizar a nossa atenção, com o objetivo de permitir nos conhecermos uns aos
outros.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Contudo a intenção de Geertz não é jogar luz sobre a forma de fazer
etnografia. O ponto central para Geertz é que mediante ao fato das barreiras
culturais estarem se desfazendo e o mundo estar se misturando em áreas mal
definidas, somos obrigados a pensar sobre a diversidade cultural de uma maneira
bem diferente da qual estamos acostumados. Para ele, não há problema se as
pessoas apreciam culturas distintas, o problema está onde há o etnocentrismo,
onde as pessoas enaltecem seus heróis e definem seus inimigos. Dessa forma, é
necessário compreender, no sentido de perceber a diferença, mas não é
necessário compreender no sentido de concordar e ter a mesma opinião. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Geertz sabe que é um exercício árduo, mas é uma habilidade que temos que
desenvolver. É no fortalecimento do poder de nossas imaginações para entender o
que está diante de nós que se encontram os usos da diversidade. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Minha opinião é que nos dias atuais o embaralhamento
cultural citado por Geertz continua acontecendo, talvez até de forma mais
acelerada e irreversível, e as experiências passadas mostram que a defesa de
certos conjuntos de valores se confundiu com a segregação de certos tipos
raciais, como o preconceito de cor; bem como a ação de perpetuar certos
aspectos religiosos se confundiram com atitudes discriminatórias, como nos
casos de divórcio, de orientação sexual, etc. Enfim, nos dias atuais, não faz
nenhum sentido defender o etnocentrismo. Concordo com Geertz que é necessário
identificar as assimetrias existentes entre os indivíduos, mas não com a
pretensão de mitigá-las e sim com a sabedoria de respeitar tanto os indivíduo
quanto a cultura que ele representa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/4878760888229137137/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/05/resenha-de-os-usos-da-diversidade-de.html#comment-form' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/4878760888229137137'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/4878760888229137137'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/05/resenha-de-os-usos-da-diversidade-de.html' title='Resenha de “Os Usos da Diversidade” de Clifford Geertz.'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuYtlx6d9sactUAVf84lfdECL5MSjpJa1Fm0s45bfoKAF_aW88KqCAG6hwJNTMRd73EXHynn6GgLsrBb-e3BOUxY0eUqDeBR-huAJ8VmC4CNUY2YVwS1eXMNGncH2yl37CIfzE0oUZxTuX/s72-c/ima.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-2351123260909378567</id><published>2012-05-22T16:44:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2012-05-22T16:44:48.471-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de “O direito de ter ou não direitos&quot;</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;A dimensão moral do reconhecimento de uma identidade na promoção
da cidadania”.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; margin-left: -27pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -27.0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt;&quot;&gt;Um texto de
Fábio Mota e Letícia Freire.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;O texto de Fábio Mota e Letícia Freire aborda a questão do reconhecimento
da identidade ou sua desconsideração por parte dos agentes públicos no tocante
ao direito dos indivíduos em face de uma possível diferenciação no julgamento
dos casos, dependendo da posição ocupada pelo sujeito no momento da negociação.
Para isso, os autores citam duas situações etnográficas em que os sujeitos se
encontram em conflito com o Estado que deseja promover uma intervenção
urbanística no local ocupado pela residência dos atores em questão. Distanciando-se
do objetivo de julgar o mérito da questão, os autores se propõem apenas a
analisar em que medida a atribuição de identidades vincula-se à garantia ou não
dos direitos de cidadania.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;De acordo com os autores, em países como o Brasil, onde vigoram regimes
autoritários na história republicana, a cidadania tornou-se um instrumento
semântico e discursivo eficaz na esfera e no espaço público. O cidadão
tornou-se algo particularmente relevante enquanto critério de constituição de
uma identidade pública, todavia, a cidadania se reveste de conteúdos simbólicos
que se constituem a partir da noção de igualdade e liberdade vinculada aos
exemplos dos países liberais como Estados Unidos e França, pautados na igualdade
de direitos dos cidadãos no que se refere ao acesso à justiça. Entretanto os
autores afirmam que a cidadania brasileira está pautada em concepções
hierárquicas, não se caracterizando como universal, pelo contrário, produzindo
desigualdades e distinguindo cidadãos e não cidadãos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;As situações etnográficas citadas pelos autores envolvem a atuação do
Estado, solicitando a desapropriação de famílias em determinadas regiões. Um
dos casos envolve a desapropriação de uma moradora da favela de Acari com o
pretexto de integrar a favela à cidade por meio de obras de infraestrutura
urbana, o que tornava necessário a remoção da residência da moradora. O outro
caso é protagonizado pela ação da Marinha contra uma comunidade de pescadores
que em sua maioria residem ali desde o século XIX e descendem dos escravos de
um importante Comendador da época.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;No primeiro caso, a moradora da favela, apesar de resistir à
desapropriação, foi vencida pelo poder do Estado e teve que aceitar a
indenização oferecida que além de não representar o preço real investido no
imóvel pela moradora, não era suficiente para que a indenizada efetuasse a
compra de outro imóvel semelhante ao desapropriado em outra região da cidade.
De acordo com os autores, a atitude autoritária do Estado concretizou um ato de
desconsideração com a moradora. Na medida em que a moradora tinha apenas uma
identidade inferiorizada de “moradora de favela”, ela não foi reconhecida como
sujeito, detentor de direitos inalienáveis que devem ser guardados.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;No segundo caso, também sem sucesso aparente, o desenrolar da negociação
foi muito diferente a partir do momento em que os moradores acionados pela
Marinha recorreram à identidade de descendentes de escravos, o que permitiu que
o caso tivesse uma visibilidade positiva perante a sociedade, permitindo ao
menos que a residência não fosse demolida, o que não ocorrei com a moradora da
favela citada anteriormente.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Para os autores, os dois casos nos permitem refletir sobre a questão da
igualdade e da liberdade do modelo democrático liberal, onde todos são
diferentes, porém, juridicamente iguais. Analisando as duas situações, fica
claro que o direito é concedido a todos, entretanto, apenas aqueles mais
informados podem desfrutar dessas possibilidades. Os dois casos demonstram como
as práticas e os princípios democráticos são atualizados e reatualizados diante
das circunstâncias e dos quadros sociais que definem o princípio da justiça.
Dessa forma, a aquisição de uma identidade legitimada pela esfera pública
permite a aquisição de novos papéis sociais. A atribuição de categorias sociais
representadas como moralmente inferiores no espaço público determina o reconhecimento
ou não dos direitos dos indivíduos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Nos casos citados, a moradora da Favela de acari, que teve sua casa
demolida, teve apenas o direito de não ter direitos pela sua identidade
inferiorizada de simples moradora de favela, enquanto que no caso da moradora
descendente de escravos, ao reinvidicar sua identidade de quilombola, parou,
pelo menos provisoriamente, as tentativas de remoção de sua residência,
garantindo-lhe assim o direito de ter algum direito.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;O texto de Fábio Reis e Letícia Freire mostra claramente
as desigualdades existentes em nosso cotidiano, assim como a hierarquização que
ainda impera em nossa sociedade. A partir dessa exposição feita pelos autores,
é possível refletir sobre outros assuntos que também envolvem o reconhecimento
de identidades e até que ponto essa identidade interfere nas relações sociais e
principalmente judiciais presentes em nosso cotidiano. O texto proporciona uma
reflexão sobre até que ponto o reconhecimento de uma identidade modifica as
relações sociais e até matérias entre os indivíduos, como são delineados os
mecanismos de determinação dessa identidade e ainda as formas de comprovação da
legitimidade dessa identidade. Enfim, um texto interessante e importante para o
entendimento de algumas das formas de relação social existente em nossa
sociedade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/2351123260909378567/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/05/resenha-de-o-direito-de-ter-ou-nao.html#comment-form' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/2351123260909378567'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/2351123260909378567'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/05/resenha-de-o-direito-de-ter-ou-nao.html' title='Resenha de “O direito de ter ou não direitos&quot;'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8ZBn0Ze1iicsO-DmXbNYjwjmeRqs9Zr-oUx50q2jY_Crt3EUNp5buEzRheD4gax5MWwg6iDSpc-foE7Li9QuM937a2KrB8gOxfcve0110nJ9tLk8ThFVO1C_RJkaMP3YeQu7-qcbwseKm/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-5959667896616341667</id><published>2012-05-19T23:26:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2012-08-21T21:00:40.433-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de “Preconceito Racial de Marca e Preconceito Racial de Origem” de Oracy Nogueira.</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirMHhG0h36O-06KyzSN_dTRMhWRPN2_SkDJHQnlaE2SP8M3xfrgTb5pOYNenzOZAtM6m9mhoNE2fjU7KJVpkh33eAa3PT0Zpmw2EDFEJmKF7qYgFox0OjAktQaF_ZPqRUIGoYlMJqqsqPB/s1600/preconceito.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;193&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirMHhG0h36O-06KyzSN_dTRMhWRPN2_SkDJHQnlaE2SP8M3xfrgTb5pOYNenzOZAtM6m9mhoNE2fjU7KJVpkh33eAa3PT0Zpmw2EDFEJmKF7qYgFox0OjAktQaF_ZPqRUIGoYlMJqqsqPB/s200/preconceito.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;Compreenda a dinâmica do racismo brasileiro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;O texto de Oracy Nogueira se propõe a reunir, de forma bem clara, algumas
situações onde se percebe claramente pontos de distinção entre os conceitos de
preconceito racial de marca e preconceito racial de origem. Como exemplo, Oracy
Nogueira expõe diferentes aspectos de como ocorre preconceito racial aqui no
Brasil e nos Estados Unidos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;De acordo com Oracy Nogueira, quando acontece um evento discriminatório
por motivo racial, este ocorre por duas formas que se distinguem quanto à
natureza. Para Oracy, o preconceito que prevalece no Brasil é aquele baseado no
preconceito de cor, termo que se apresenta difuso na literatura relativa ao
tema, porém o autor prefere nomeá-lo de preconceito de marca. Em contrapartida,
nos Estados Unidos, o preconceito racial que prevalece é aquele baseado na
origem. Em outras palavras, quando o preconceito se exerce em relação à
aparência física dos individuas descriminados, diz se que é preconceito racial
de marca e quando o preconceito acontece por dedução de que o discriminado tem
uma ascendência de certo grupo étnico, diz que o preconceito é de origem. São
dois tipos ideais desenvolvidos por Oracy para apontar a existência do preconceito
racial presente tanto aqui no Brasil, quanto nos Estados Unidos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Para Oracy, um dos pontos em que se pode julgar a diferença do
preconceito de marca do preconceito de origem é pelo modo de atuação do
individuo. Segundo Oracy, onde o preconceito é de marca, como no Brasil,
dependendo do modo de atuação do individuo, ou seja, se ele apresenta
habilidades específicas, ou se este indivíduo mostra-se inteligente, ou mesmo
perseverante, ele pode ter o tratamento discriminatório abrandado por essas
particularidades por ele apresentadas. Fato que não tem possibilidade de
acontecer nos Estados Unidos. Quando o preconceito racial é de origem como lá,
a discriminação se mantém, independente da condição pessoal, ou da qualificação
educacional do indivíduo.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Outra diferença explicitada por Oracy faz referência a questão afetiva.
No Brasil, segundo Oracy, onde o preconceito é de marca, há uma tendência, desde
cedo, no espírito de uma criança branca que os traços negróides “enfeiam” o seu
portador. Outro fato percebido é o de tratar as crianças negras com apelidos que
retratam uma inferioridade por parte destas. Em ambas as situações, o que
importa é uma sensação de superioridade dos traços brancos e uma depreciação
dos traços negros, mesmo que de forma branda, ou hilária. Já nos Estados
Unidos, o preconceito tende a ser mais emocional, assumindo até um caráter de
ódio intergrupal. As manifestações preconceituosas tendem a segregar,
intencionalmente, a população negra.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Outro ponto importante destacado por Oracy Nogueira é referente às
relações interpessoais. Nos casos de preconceito racial de marca, como no
Brasil, é possível que uma pessoa preconceituosa mantenha laços de amizade com
uma pessoa negra sem que isso mude sua concepção preconceituosa. Já nos casos
onde o preconceito é de origem, como nos Estados Unidos, uma pessoa branca que
mantenha laços com uma pessoa negra, a pessoa branca estará sujeito a sansões
que podem até chegar ao ponto do indivíduo ser tratado de forma discriminatória
como se fosse realmente um negro.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Para Oracy Nogueira, quando o preconceito é de marca, a probabilidade de
ascensão social é inversamente proporcional à intensidade das características
físicas do indivíduo negro o que disfarça o preconceito de raça pelo
preconceito de classe social. Fato que nos casos de preconceito racial de
origem se expressa por uma cisão total entre os grupos discriminados e
discriminador, de forma que parecem até duas sociedades diferentes, sem a
possibilidade de uma comparação.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Enfim, nos casos de preconceito racial de marca, a ideologia é de miscigenação.
Nesse tipo de preconceito há uma expectativa de que os outros tipos raciais
desapareçam na medida em que haja um cruzamento desses tipos com os indivíduos brancos.
Além disso, espera-se também que o embranquecimento provocado por esse
cruzamento promova um abandono cultural por parte do não brancos, passando o
individuo a praticar hábitos culturais como língua, religião e costumes do povo
branco. Já nos casos onde o preconceito é de origem, a ideologia é segregacionista.
Espera-se que as minorias se mantenham isoladas, que promovam casamentos apenas
dentro do seu clã, mantendo uma separação nítida entre as formas sociais.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;O ponto central do texto de Oracy Nogueira é que independentemente da
forma ou da natureza do preconceito racial, ele está presente tanto aqui no
Brasil como nos Estados Unidos. E em qualquer uma das modalidades, de marca ou
de origem, está intimamente ligado ao modo de ser, culturalmente condicionado,
que se manifesta nas relações interindividuais. Ele deixa claro a forma velada de
preconceito racial existente aqui no Brasil, envolvendo muitas etapas até se
chegar ao rompimento formal das relações interpessoais, enquanto que nos
Estados Unidos, a situação representa um estado quase permanente de conflito
interracial. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/5959667896616341667/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/05/resenha-de-preconceito-racial-de-marca.html#comment-form' title='15 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/5959667896616341667'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/5959667896616341667'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/05/resenha-de-preconceito-racial-de-marca.html' title='Resenha de “Preconceito Racial de Marca e Preconceito Racial de Origem” de Oracy Nogueira.'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirMHhG0h36O-06KyzSN_dTRMhWRPN2_SkDJHQnlaE2SP8M3xfrgTb5pOYNenzOZAtM6m9mhoNE2fjU7KJVpkh33eAa3PT0Zpmw2EDFEJmKF7qYgFox0OjAktQaF_ZPqRUIGoYlMJqqsqPB/s72-c/preconceito.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>15</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-6278764913748129702</id><published>2012-05-08T19:55:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2012-05-08T20:01:54.944-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de “A Democracia na América”  de Alexis de Tocqueville.</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #38761d; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;Obra clássica para todos que desejam compreender a Democracia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #38761d; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #38761d; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgElJoZDzioVQ10V8jZfauQCiXymhOrd7qZr2RvZFRvAw-PztLYXfz9iri5VDUKYdwFYlrvJ7oWzntB4IPKTl9USvj_Qs2xoXElqzcpkVlYSPS7UTmEG_wLSLkqbSXdIcxbA_FOG5OjhTqh/s1600/A+democracia.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgElJoZDzioVQ10V8jZfauQCiXymhOrd7qZr2RvZFRvAw-PztLYXfz9iri5VDUKYdwFYlrvJ7oWzntB4IPKTl9USvj_Qs2xoXElqzcpkVlYSPS7UTmEG_wLSLkqbSXdIcxbA_FOG5OjhTqh/s320/A+democracia.jpg&quot; width=&quot;228&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;A Democracia na América é a principal obra de Tocqueville. Foi escrita em
1835 (Primeiro Volume) e em 1840 (Segundo Volume). O trabalho de Tocqueville
consistiu em estudar a democracia e a vida sócio-política dos Estados Unidos. É
através da discussão da liberdade e da igualdade que Tocqueville procura
explicar o desenvolvimento sociopolítico de diversos países da Europa em
comparação com o dos Estados Unidos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Para Tocqueville, o desenvolvimento gradual da igualdade é um fato
providencial e tem características universais, assim como, escapa dia a dia ao
controle humano. Segundo Tocqueville, o poder da democracia é tão grande que
após ter destruído o feudalismo e vencido os reis, jamais poderá ser coagido,
nem mesmo pela burguesia. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Em sua estada na América do Norte, o que mais surpreendeu a Tocqueville
foi a igualdade de condições, fato que, segundo ele, engendra novos hábitos
tanto para os governantes quanto para os governados. E ao voltar sua visão para
a Europa, Tocqueville percebia que essa democracia, que era predominante nos
Estados Unidos, avançava rapidamente para as terras Francesas. “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Parece-me fora de dúvida que, cedo ou tarde,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;chegaremos como os americanos, a igualdade
quase completa&lt;/i&gt;. p.19”.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Tocqueville chama a atenção para o fato do povo ter soberania na América.
Segundo ele, na América, o princípio da soberania popular não estava oculto
como em outras nações, pelo contrário, o princípio da soberania popular teria
sido o princípio gerador da maioria das colônias inglesas da América. Para
Tocqueville, o fato do povo escolher aquele que faz a lei e aquele que a
executa, em outras palavras, quando o povo escolhe diretamente seus
representantes, está comprovando sua soberania. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Tocqueville trata também da associação política nos Estados Unidos: &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“A América é o país do mundo onde mais se
tirou partido da associação e onde se tem aplicado esse poderoso meio de ação à
maior diversidade de objetos, p.146”.&lt;/i&gt; Segundo Tocqueville, &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;o habitante dos Estados Unidos, &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;desde o seu
nascimento,&amp;nbsp; aprende que precisa apoiar-se sobre
si mesmo para lutar contra os males e os embaraços da vida. Por isso, as associações dos
norte-americanos visam então alcançar vários fins, seja para resistir a
inimigos inteiramente intelectuais, seja com uma finalidade de segurança
pública, de comércio, indústria, de moral, de religião, etc. A associação é
causa de união e progresso nos Estados Unidos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Tocqueville faz um alerta sobre a tirania da maioria. Ele suspeita do
direito totalizante das decisões que a maioria tem sobre uma minoria contrária.
Segundo Tocqueville, o problema do governo democrático, tal como nos Estados
Unidos, não é a extrema liberdade que ali impera, mas o pouco de garantia que
se tem contra a tirania da maioria. Nesse sistema político, quando um indivíduo
sofre uma injustiça, ele não tem a quem recorrer, pois tanto a opinião pública,
quanto o poder legislativo, nada mais é do que o poder da maioria. Por mais
injusta que seja a situação, só resta ao indivíduo se submeter a ela.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Segundo Tocqueville, os povos democráticos demonstram um amor mais
ardente e mais duradouro pela igualdade do que pela liberdade. Eles amam a
igualdade em todas as ocasiões, eles se apegam a igualdade como se apegam a um
bem. Mesmo tendo um gosto pela liberdade, eles buscam incessantemente a
igualdade, desejam a igualdade na liberdade e se não podem obtê-la, desejam a
igualdade até na escravidão. Eles serão mais tolerantes à pobreza, a servidão e
a barbárie do que à ausência de igualdade. É a recusa total à Aristocracia.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Segundo Tocqueville, cada homem busca em si mesmo, nas suas crenças, os
seus sentimentos, olhando exatamente para si. Esse individualismo, presente na
democracia, só se afirma, na medida em que as condições se equalizam. Pra Tocqueville,
os indivíduos não devendo nada a ninguém, nem esperando nada de ninguém,
habituam-se ao isolamento e imaginam-se inteiramente donos do seu próprio
destino. Para Tocqueville, somente a ciência da associação garantirá o
progresso de todas as outras ciências. Ele defende que é necessário que o
número de associações cresça proporcionalmente ao aumento da igualdade de
condições presente na democracia. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Tocqueville resume a idéia principal da sua obra em conseguir fazer,
sentir aos Franceses, a importância que atribuía à experiência prática dos
americanos, aos seus hábitos, às suas opiniões, em uma palavra, aos seus
costumes.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;O que é central na obra é que os
hábitos e os costumes são as bases da manutenção das leis. Tocqueville teve por
finalidade mostrar, pelo exemplo da América, que as leis e sobretudo os
costumes, podiam permitir a um povo democrático permanecer livre.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/6278764913748129702/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/05/resenha-de-democracia-na-america-de.html#comment-form' title='4 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/6278764913748129702'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/6278764913748129702'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/05/resenha-de-democracia-na-america-de.html' title='Resenha de “A Democracia na América”  de Alexis de Tocqueville.'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgElJoZDzioVQ10V8jZfauQCiXymhOrd7qZr2RvZFRvAw-PztLYXfz9iri5VDUKYdwFYlrvJ7oWzntB4IPKTl9USvj_Qs2xoXElqzcpkVlYSPS7UTmEG_wLSLkqbSXdIcxbA_FOG5OjhTqh/s72-c/A+democracia.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-6822732538958979175</id><published>2012-05-08T17:54:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2012-05-08T20:01:24.385-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de “O Antigo Regime e a Revolução”  de Alexis de Tocqueville.</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;Um clássico sobre a Revolução Francesa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSdsT8Fb11RV7cYIykQUR-UJvS1ZnZXt0HeH8qmj-cQoIj-X2ydB4jR2zMA45tlktdoABg34gwl14znaH98CTP0w0bBHV4W7fvdJcrcqkQ8MoSrXTkpcCg7JDE2mPzbRqLo17BOmAv5ve0/s1600/o+antigo+regime+e+a+revol+alexis+de+tocqueville.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSdsT8Fb11RV7cYIykQUR-UJvS1ZnZXt0HeH8qmj-cQoIj-X2ydB4jR2zMA45tlktdoABg34gwl14znaH98CTP0w0bBHV4W7fvdJcrcqkQ8MoSrXTkpcCg7JDE2mPzbRqLo17BOmAv5ve0/s320/o+antigo+regime+e+a+revol+alexis+de+tocqueville.jpg&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;O Autor deseja explicar por que a Revolução que se preparava em toda a
Europa, ocorreu exatamente na França e de que maneira essa Revolução surgiu no
seio de uma sociedade que ela iria destruir. Por fim, Tocqueville vai
demonstrar como a Monarquia sucumbiu subitamente ao movimento revolucionário.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Segundo Tocqueville, o movimento Iluminista forçou a entrada de ideais
políticas na sociedade disfarçadamente de teorias filosóficas. A partir desses
escritos filosóficos abrangentes, a Humanidade se politizava e assim a
revolução passou a ser uma exigência não só dos franceses, mas de toda a
Humanidade.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Outro ponto destacado pelo autor é o caráter anti-religioso que a
Revolução aparentemente demonstrava. Segundo Tocqueville, os idealizadores do
pensamento revolucionário viam o Clero e a Igreja como parte da Aristocracia,
entretanto deviam ser dissociados do Estado. Dessa forma, deviam existir apenas
como Instituição Religiosa e não como uma Instituição Política. A Revolução
combatia o poder religioso e não as práticas religiosas como se pensava. A
Revolução Francesa foi, essencialmente, uma revolução social e política. Vê-se
claramente que a Revolução teve por efeito abolir as instituições políticas
(Instituições Feudais) que, durante muitos séculos, tinham reinado
integralmente na maior parte da Europa.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Contudo, Tocqueville nega o caráter anárquico da Revolução. Para ele, a
Revolução destruiu todas as instituições estabelecidas, pois era a única forma
de estabelecer rapidamente uma nova ordem social diferente da anterior. Porém,
ao invés da Revolução produzir um Estado Anárquico, como muitos dos críticos da
Revolução achavam, ela criou um Estado centralizador mais absoluto do que a própria
Monarquia que ela havia derrubado.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Para Tocqueville, até aquele momento, não havia tido uma Revolução
política que tivesse influenciado tantas pessoas como a Revolução Francesa. Por
este motivo, Tocqueville
compara a Revolução Francesa a uma Revolução Religiosa. Além disso, ele destaca
que a Revolução atingiu um proselitismo político espantoso, pois os direitos de
liberdade do cidadão francês passaram a ser visto como o direito de liberdade
de todos os homens, independente de nacionalidade. Em outras palavras, o que
Tocqueville quer dizer é que a Revolução não teve território próprio, mais que
isso, seu efeito foi o de acabar com todas as fronteiras existentes até então.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O grande feito da Revolução Francesa foi apagar os
vínculos com a Idade Média e os feudos. Foi derrubar a Aristocracia e
implementar novos valores na organização social, tendo por base a igualdade de
condições. A Revolução Francesa é, portanto, uma revolução política que se
operou com características de uma Revolução Religiosa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/6822732538958979175/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/05/normal-0-21-false-false-false.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/6822732538958979175'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/6822732538958979175'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/05/normal-0-21-false-false-false.html' title='Resenha de “O Antigo Regime e a Revolução”  de Alexis de Tocqueville.'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSdsT8Fb11RV7cYIykQUR-UJvS1ZnZXt0HeH8qmj-cQoIj-X2ydB4jR2zMA45tlktdoABg34gwl14znaH98CTP0w0bBHV4W7fvdJcrcqkQ8MoSrXTkpcCg7JDE2mPzbRqLo17BOmAv5ve0/s72-c/o+antigo+regime+e+a+revol+alexis+de+tocqueville.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-2660946074611653794</id><published>2012-04-20T11:50:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2012-05-08T20:03:44.565-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de Raça e História, de Claude Lévi-Strauss</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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 &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3d85c6;&quot;&gt;Lévi-Strauss contra o Racismo&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3d85c6;&quot;&gt;no contexto de pós 2ª Guerra Mundial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;“Raça e História” é um texto inscrito num contexto de pós 2ª Guerra Mundial, onde a Humanidade estava muito abalada pelo grande número de mortes causadas por diferenças raciais. A UNESCO então solicitou que diversos estudiosos discursassem sobre o tema com o intuito de acabar com o conceito de Raça Humana. Lévi-Strauss constrói esse texto para desarticular o conceito de que haveria uma superioridade entre as raças (brancas, negras e amarelas.) Um problema de cunho teórico trazido pelos Evolucionistas, que na medida em que houve uma ascensão do Nazismo, se tornou de fato um problema para o mundo. Segundo Lévi-Strauss:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 207pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[... &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;se tratarmos os diferentes estados em que se encontram as sociedades humanas, tanto antigas como longínquas, como estádios ou etapas de um desenvolvimento único que, partindo do mesmo ponto, deve convergir para o mesmo fim, vemos bem que a diversidade é apenas aparente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; (RAÇA E HISTÓRIA - CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAUSS. P 336)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;“Raça e História” representa o posicionamento da classe de antropólogos pelo fim da distinção de raça entre os humanos. Ainda que houvesse uma necessidade de aproveitar a mão de obra de todos para a reconstrução da Europa depois da guerra, inclusive daquelas “raças” ditas inferiores, havia um ideal humanitário na construção dessa teoria. Por isso o texto de Lévi-Strauss é estruturado de forma a atingir todas as pessoas e não apenas os estudiosos das Ciências Sociais. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Para Lévi-Strauss, não faz sentido discutir o sentido da Raça Humana, pois o número das diferenças baseadas em características corporais é muito pequeno quando comparado com as semelhanças genéticas dos indivíduos. Por isso Lévi-Strauss centraliza sua tese no conceito de cultura. Para ele, é a diferença cultural que separa os povos asiáticos dos africanos, por exemplo. Mas mesmo assim, de acordo com os Evolucionistas, haveria povos que seriam mais evoluídos do que outros. Sobre esse ponto, Lévi-Strauss defende uma teoria de cooperação entre as comunidades. Segundo ele não há indícios arqueológicos que comprovem tal superioridade ou inferioridade entre diferentes povos. É muito provável que algum povo que tenha inventado algo significativo, tenha assim o feito pelo contato inter tribal, assim esse contato tenha proporcionando a troca de experiências e a agregação de valores para ambas as tribos. A comodidade de classificar os povos antigos de acordo com a técnica que eles utilizavam como a “era da pedra lascada” ou da “pedra polida”, por exemplo, não é suficiente. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O polir e o lascar a pedra coexistiram, quando a segunda técnica eclipsa completamente a primeira, isto não acontece como o resultado de um progresso técnico espontâneo saído da etapa anterior, mas como uma tentativa para copiar em pedra as armas e os utensílios de metal que possuíam as civilizações mais &quot;avançadas&quot;, mas, de fato, contemporâneas dos seus imitadores. Inversamente, a olaria, que se pensava solidária da &quot;idade da pedra polida&quot;, está associada ao lascar da pedra em algumas regiões do norte da Europa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;(RAÇA E HISTÓRIA-CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAUSS.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;P 341)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Lévi-Strauss cria um modelo teórico político, onde os indivíduos devem se ajudar mutuamente para caminharem mais facilmente na resolução das dificuldades da vida cotidiana. Um modelo onde as culturas devem somar conhecimento. Sem dúvida Lévi-Strauss deseja que esse modelo seja efetivamente colocado em prática por toda a Humanidade.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Para ilustrar esse conceito de cooperação entre os povos, Lévi-Strauss usa o exemplo de dois trens que seguem na mesma direção. Nesse exemplo, por mais que haja uma diferença na velocidade de deslocamento dos trens, um indivíduo que olhe pela janela em direção à outra composição, consegue identificar traços de semelhança e de diferenças de outros integrantes que estejam situados na outra composição e assim consegue somar experiências e valores. Já quando há dois trens trafegando em direções distintas, a velocidade relativa entre os trens não permite que os integrantes façam uma leitura precisa das suas diferenças e semelhanças. Daí a tendência de classificar essa cultura como estacionária em relação a sua.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;No seio da teoria de Lévi-Straus está o conceito de diversificação das culturas. Segundo ele há uma necessidade de se perpetuar essa diversidade das culturas. É estar pronto para encarar sem surpresa o que estas novas formas sociais têm a oferecer. Raça e História é, além de um texto antropológico, um trabalho humanitário, fomentado para superar as atrocidades racistas presenciadas durante a 2ª Guerra Mundial, mas que se tornou perene e está presente nos debates até os dias atuais.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/2660946074611653794/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/04/normal-0-21-false-false-false_20.html#comment-form' title='20 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/2660946074611653794'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/2660946074611653794'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/04/normal-0-21-false-false-false_20.html' title='Resenha de Raça e História, de Claude Lévi-Strauss'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe_Imt2d9ty1erZcFdZm1SJa0Jwzm6Ccl_Sih020FVLGe0pILGZ_7QmgonEq2T27QRe6W1l-OGzoXG7N9S-6DHswNDHkwNyEN3ZKn4BbZpqvHW0Di2tDBk8bh4q9mwQkTTPZ0txJPcwe5f/s72-c/preconceito.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>20</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-3597753225772905700</id><published>2012-04-17T17:26:00.007-03:00</published><updated>2013-01-17T15:17:46.444-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de &quot;Ilhas de História&quot; de Marshall Sahlins.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgadwIJZ_6KKQ1hehAbprZw0EHNqmJcefzQCxjh5v7DBI6gYvRdCOzzKhdcFW08On0kgnqGOZZFc2tR1RrJCLyEmEyvHnv5N_Uph4QNbhmhB8hXUk8QzKGJ6L_QYQuVJ2Jugfpvyn2Gk-_G/s1600/Ilhas+de+Hist%C3%B3ria.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgadwIJZ_6KKQ1hehAbprZw0EHNqmJcefzQCxjh5v7DBI6gYvRdCOzzKhdcFW08On0kgnqGOZZFc2tR1RrJCLyEmEyvHnv5N_Uph4QNbhmhB8hXUk8QzKGJ6L_QYQuVJ2Jugfpvyn2Gk-_G/s200/Ilhas+de+Hist%C3%B3ria.jpg&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;134&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; E&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;ntenda o encontro de Capitão Cook com os Havaianos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;O texto “História e Cultura” faz parte do livro Ilhas de Histórias de
Marshall Sahlins. O livro é uma reunião dos ensaios do autor sobre sociedades
como o Havaí, Fiji e Nova Zelândia. No capítulo cinco do livro, História e
Cultura, o autor retoma a história do encontro do Capitão Cook com o povo
havaiano e todas as relações envolvidas nesse contato. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Sahlins pretende resgatar, para a análise cultural, acontecimento, ação,
transformação; e inversamente, resgatar para a história, a análise estrutural.
Para ele, a palavra estrutura remete a categorias culturais concebidas como uma
rede conceitual: um sistema de diferenças e um conjunto de categorias.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Com a chegada dos barcos ingleses
a ilha, instalou-se um intercâmbio satisfatório entre os moradores locais e a
tripulação do capitão Cook. É importante ressaltar que nessas trocas, os
objetivos eram bem distintos. Como na realidade local o princípio mais
importante era a hierarquia existente; é exatamente através dessas trocas que as
mulheres buscavam uma mobilidade social dentro daquela estrutura. Fato que se
concretizava quando elas mantinham relações sexuais com os tripulantes ingleses
que, de acordo com a tradição havaiana, eram de natureza divina. Nesse momento,
podemos fazer um link com o texto de Lynn Hunt, pois segundo o autor, no
momento em que o capitão Cook chega à ilha ele é classificado como uma forma
histórica dentro da realidade mítica local. Representando Lono, o deus da
fertilidade, o capitão Cook ocupa um lugar na estrutura existente, a isto o
autor chama de signo de posição. Cook já era uma tradição para os havaianos
antes mesmo de se tornar um fato.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Já no exemplo das relações sexuais entre os tripulantes e as mulheres
locais, ocorre um signo em ação: categorias e valores mobilizados de acordo com
a situação. Nesse exemplo ocorre uma mudança na estrutura da sociedade. As
mulheres que ocupavam
categorias subalternas dentro da estrutura local passam a reivindicar seu
status de geradoras de filhos de Deuses. Os signos transformam o significado
original.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Na continuação da história, um incidente meteorológico fez com que o
barco do capitão Cook se afastasse da ilha durante uma manobra e ao retornar
para as proximidades da ilha, o tratamento recebido se transformou
completamente. A receptividade encontrada anteriormente fora substituída pela
violência e autoridade do chefe maior da tribo, fato que culminou na morte do
capitão Cook. Esse incidente resume bem a relação existente entre estrutura e
evento. Segundo Hunt, a transformação de uma cultura também é um modo de
reprodução dessa cultura. As relações desenvolvidas entre os moradores da ilha
e os tripulantes europeus iniciaram uma oposição entre os chefes locais e o
povo, o que não estava previsto nas relações tradicionais. Ocorre uma
transformação na estrutura local. A estrutura dominante inicial que os chefes
distinguiam-se do povo assim como os europeus eram diferentes dos havaianos foi
abolida. O contato histórico com os europeus submeteu a relação entre os chefes
e o povo a tensões inexistentes e a nova formação de classes passou a
desconsiderar os elos de parentesco. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Para Sahlins estrutura e evento estão inseparavelmente ligados, e na
medida em que acontecimentos são signos, a história pode ser organizada por
estruturas de significado. Como a história transforma essa ordem e de que modo
a própria história é ordenada no processo é uma microinvestigação densamente
argumentada pelos temas de reprodução e transformação dados por Sahlins.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Segundo Sahlins, os elementos dinâmicos em ação estão presentes em todos
os aspectos da experiência humana. Dessa maneira, “Ilhas de História” oferece
novas oportunidades de suavizar o materialismo através de perspectivas
culturalistas e de fortalecer a abordagem simbólica através da atenção às
dificuldades da vida. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;A transformação na qual o livro de Sahlins se concentra deriva das
perturbações de classe e inovações que Sahlins chama de relações históricas que
ao mesmo tempo reproduzem as categorias culturais tradicionais e atribuem-lhes
novos valores a partir do contexto usual. Toda transformação estrutural implica
reprodução estrutural.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/3597753225772905700/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/04/normal-0-21-false-false-false_17.html#comment-form' title='3 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/3597753225772905700'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/3597753225772905700'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/04/normal-0-21-false-false-false_17.html' title='Resenha de &quot;Ilhas de História&quot; de Marshall Sahlins.'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgadwIJZ_6KKQ1hehAbprZw0EHNqmJcefzQCxjh5v7DBI6gYvRdCOzzKhdcFW08On0kgnqGOZZFc2tR1RrJCLyEmEyvHnv5N_Uph4QNbhmhB8hXUk8QzKGJ6L_QYQuVJ2Jugfpvyn2Gk-_G/s72-c/Ilhas+de+Hist%C3%B3ria.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-4531900252739055038</id><published>2012-04-11T10:15:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2012-05-08T20:05:18.609-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha de “Trabalho de Campo”, de Roberto DaMatta.</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;Capítulo 3 de Relativizando&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;A primeira impressão ao ler o referido texto é de satisfação. Somos
privilegiados por ter acesso às opiniões desse extraordinário observador que é
Roberto DaMatta. Posteriormente, se atendo ao objetivo instrutivo do texto, a
leitura transcorre suavemente, principalmente porque grande parte dos exemplos
faz parte do nosso cotidiano ou pelo menos do nosso conhecimento brasileiro.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Além disso, DaMatta soube transcrever com precisão e simplicidade uma das
maiores questões conflituosas para aqueles que estão tendo o primeiro contato
com a Antropologia. O iniciante tem obsessão por saber a teoria mais correta e
fica extremamente frustrado e confuso com todas as possibilidades apresentadas
pelos principais antropólogos do mundo. Inevitavelmente o aluno se consome na
tarefa de&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;descobrir &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;quem está certo?&lt;/i&gt; Lévi-Strauss, Geertz,
Boas, Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard? Quem? E DaMatta nos tranqüiliza, no momento
em que descreve a Antropologia como &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Una&lt;/i&gt;
e &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Múltipla&lt;/i&gt;. Una nos objetivos; no
respeito por todas as formas de sociabilidade. Múltipla porque não se prende a
uma única doutrina social; a uma única teoria que seja considerada a correta. O
que nos faz entender que não há um caminho correto e que devemos nos munir de
todas as ferramentas disponíveis para desenvolvermos nossa tarefa etnológica.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Ao desenvolver o tema “Trabalho de Campo”, o autor deixa transparecer os muitos
momentos de tristeza, de solidão, de dificuldade que acompanham o etnólogo que
deixa seu mundo para traz e se entrega em uma viagem profunda a fim de conhecer
a coerência interna da vida de outras pessoas em comunidades isoladas,
distantes da realidade do próprio antropólogo. Contudo, DaMatta recompensa o
candidato à viagem com os prazeres que essa experiência única podem lhe
proporcionar. Suas palavras de alegria ao retornar ao seio da sua sociedade são
tão românticas que fazem o iniciante se inclinar para tal aventura esquecendo
as possíveis dificuldades que surgirão no seu escritório distante.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Do ponto de vista teórico, a parte
do texto que afirma ser necessário transformar o exótico em familiar e o
familiar em exótico como requisito obrigatório ao antropólogo se destacou. E
chegando ao final do texto, foi possível perceber a inclinação do autor pela
teoria conhecida como “Descrição Densa”, como sendo necessária ao
desenvolvimento de um trabalho confiável, pois do contrário, não é possível
mostrar os imponderáveis da vida cotidiana da comunidade em estudo. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Para DaMatta, a relação entre o pesquisador e o nativo é a parte mais difícil
do trabalho de campo, principalmente porque é um aspecto totalmente humano da
atividade e por mais que se tente copiar casos de sucesso, as experiências
humanas de relacionamento são sempre uma interrogação.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/4531900252739055038/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/04/normal-0-21-false-false-false_11.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/4531900252739055038'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/4531900252739055038'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/04/normal-0-21-false-false-false_11.html' title='Resenha de “Trabalho de Campo”, de Roberto DaMatta.'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773688140640117222.post-1754049108927644010</id><published>2012-04-10T09:14:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2012-05-08T20:06:24.981-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Resenha do livro “Sete Ensaios de Interpretação da Realidade Peruana”</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mariátegui: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Um ícone do Pensamento Social Latino Americano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;José Carlos
Mariátegui resume neste livro, sete ensaios que já havia escrito e publicado na
revista Amauta, a mais importante da história peruana, sobre alguns aspectos da
realidade peruana. Dos sete ensaios, Mariátegui consagrou três ao esquema da
evolução econômica, o problema do índio e o problema da terra. Nos quatro
restantes, abriu um processo, no sentido jurídico, de iniciar um julgamento da
educação publica, da instituição da igreja católica, do centralismo de Lima e
da literatura peruana. E o ponto crucial desses sete ensaios é a implacável
crítica que Mariátegui faz os dirigentes políticos e aos intelectuais que
tinham os olhos voltados para Madri, Paris e Nova York e não entendiam nada do
que acontecia no Peru. Nesta resenha, nos dedicaremos aos dois primeiros
capítulos da obra: esquema da evolução econômica e o problema do índio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mariátegui
desenvolve o esquema da evolução econômica em cinco tópicos: a economia
colonial, as bases econômicas da republica, o período do guano e do salitre,
caráter da nossa economia atual e economia agrária e latifundismo feudal. De
acordo com Mariátegui, havia um bem estar na economia peruana antes da chegada
dos conquistadores. Segundo ele, há relatos históricos que no império dos Incas
as subsistências eram abundantes e o povo crescia em paz, tirando todo proveito
social, valorizando o território e construindo caminhos e canais. Entretanto os
conquistadores espanhóis destruíram essa formidável máquina de produção. Só se
preocuparam em distribuir entre si as terras e os homens que ali habitavam. O
império espanhol consistiu apenas em um empreendimento militar e eclesiástico,
desembarcaram na colônia apenas os vice-reis, aventureiros e os soldados. A economia
colonial consistia quase que exclusivamente na exploração do ouro e da prata
peruana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A segunda
fase dessa economia surge com a independência ainda que a economia parecesse
dominada por esse processo. Para Mariátegui, as idéias da revolução francesa encontraram
um ambiente mais favorável na América do Sul, pois já havia uma burguesia que
tinha necessidades e interesses econômicos e que por isso podia ser contagiada
pelo ideal revolucionário da burguesia européia. A política da Espanha de
monopolizar o comércio nas colônias era um grande obstáculo ao desenvolvimento econômico,
mas o próprio impulso natural da colônia desejava emancipar-se do pensamento
medieval do rei da Espanha. E assim surgiu o fator histórico da revolução da
independência Sul-americana, movida pelos interesses da população criolla e não
pelos desejos da população indígena. O império espanhol refluía por repousar em
bases militares e políticas e por representar uma economia atrasadas. As
colônias tinham apetite por coisas novas e praticas, mas os espanhóis só podiam
abastecer suas colônias com cléricos e doutores
nobres. Surgiu então um interesse mútuo entre as economias das colônias
espanholas e do Ocidente capitalista e tão logo conseguiram a independência
essas colônias buscaram no trafego com o capital e a indústria do Ocidente os
elementos para o aumento de suas economias. E os países mais favorecidos por
esse trafego foram o Brasil e a Argentina, ambos por sua localização
privilegiada de maior proximidade com a Europa, enquanto que nas outras regiões
da América do Sul o desenvolvimento era impedido pelos resíduos do feudalismo.
Assim o processo histórico do Peru inicia uma desvincula ao do processo
histórico dos outros povos da América do Sul. O Peru esta muito distante da
Europa, por isso, os barcos europeus tinham que fazer longas trajetórias ara
alimentar as trocas, dessa maneira o Peru se tornou um comerciante mais próximo
do Oriente do que da Europa, e esse comércio se tornou considerável. Mas
segundo Mariátegui, o Peru que emergiu da conquista, apoiado na independência,
necessitava aqui dos métodos e do jeito de pensar da Europa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A economia
peruana passa por um bom momento após o Descobrimento da riqueza do guano e do
salitre, dois nitratos que tem grande aplicação como fertilizantes. Enquanto a
Espanha usava a colônia como fonte de ouro e prata, a Inglaterra passou a
explorar a região atrás de matérias menos preciosas como o guano e o salitre. A
queda no interesse pelo ouro, muito em função da exploração na Califórnia, e a
crescente demanda industrial por guano e salitre na região do pacifico, fez a exploração
aumentar. Enquanto que para se obter ouro, prata e carvão era necessário se
aventurar pelas montanhas do Peru, a obtenção de guano e salitre era bem fácil,
sendo em abundância nas regiões costeiras o que fez a exploração desse recurso
dominar todas as outras manifestações da vida econômica do pais. O guano e o
salitre criaram um comércio ativo com o mundo ocidental numa época em que o
Peru, mal situado geograficamente, não dispunha de grandes meios para atrair
seu solo às correntes colonizadoras e civilizadoras. Os lucros dessa exploração
criaram os primeiros elementos sólidos do capital comercial e bancário.
Formou-se no Peru, uma burguesia enraizada e confundida pela estrutura aristocrática,
formados por latifundiários que eram forçados a adotar os princípios
fundamentais das políticas liberais. Segundo Mariátegui, a exploração desse
recurso revelou tragicamente o perigo de uma prosperidade econômica baseada na exploração
de recursos naturais por algum estrangeiro. Segundo Mariátegui, se esse período
fosse passado de uma forma mais orgânica, pensando nas conseqüências, poderia
ter sido mais seguro e as perdas do pós-guerra não teriam provocado um colapso
no sistema produtivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A derrota na Guerra
do Pacifico, significou para a economia peruana a paralisação das nascentes
forcas produtivas, a desvalorização da moeda nacional e a ruína do credito
externo. As etapas fundamentais desse capítulo em que a economia peruana se organizou
lentamente sobre bases menos férteis, porém mais firmes que as do guano e do
salitre, podem ser esquematizados por alguns fatos como: o surgimento das
indústrias modernas, a formação de um proletariado industrial, o surgimento dos
bancos, o aumento do comércio alavancado pela construção do Canal do Panamá, a
superação do poder britânico pelo poder estadunidense, pelo desenvolvimento de
uma classe capitalista, pela temporária extração da borracha, pela subida dos
preços dos produtos peruanos e pela política de empréstimos. Segundo
Mariátegui, esses foram os principais aspectos da evolução da economia peruana
no período pós-guerra. Lembrando que esse ensaio foi publicado no inicio do
século xx, Mariátegui afirma que no Peru coexistem três economias diferentes:
feudal, nascido da conquista, na serra alguns indícios da economia comunista
indígena e na costa a economia burguesa que dá a impressão de ser uma economia
retardada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;E finalizando
esse primeiro capítulo, Mariátegui descreve a economia agrária e o latifundismo
feudal. Mesmo com o incremento da mineração, o Peru se mantêm como um país
agrícola, prova disso é que os índios representam 5/4 da população peruana e a
comunidade indígena é essencialmente uma comunidade agricultora tradicional.
Confirmando essa informação, tem se que o número de trabalhadores que a
mineração emprega representa algo em torno de apenas 28mil funcionários, algo
que se repete com a indústria manufatureira. Segundo Mariátegui, a classe
latifundiária não conseguiu se transformar em uma burguesia capitalista. A
mineração, o comércio e os transportes encontram-se nas mãos de estrangeiros e
os latifundiários se contentaram em servir de intermediários. E este sistema
econômico que se manteve como uma organização semifeudal, acabou sendo a maior
dificuldade para o desenvolvimento do país. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Na costa
peruana quase não existe aldeias, porque o feudo ainda subsiste. O balanço de
anos de desenvolvimento capitalista se resume em dois fatos notórios: a concentração
da indústria açucareira na região em duas grandes centrais, a da Cartavio e a
de Casa Grande, ambas estrangeiras; a absorção
das empresas nacionais portadas duas empresas; o monopólio do comércio de
importação, por essa mesma empresa; a decadência da cidade de Trujillo e a liquidação
da maioria das empresas importadoras. No Peru, contra o sentido da emancipação
republicana, se encarregou ao espírito do feudo, antítese e negação do espírito
do burgo, a criação de uma economia capitalista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Já no segundo
capítulo, Mariátegui desenvolve uma serie de fatos que deixam bem claro sua
posição defensora dos índios. Para ele a questão do índio começa no regime de
propriedade da terra. Neste ensaio, ele descreve como funcionava efetivamente o
feudalismo dos gomonales, que invalidava toda lei de proteção aos índios. O
termo gamonalismo não designa apenas uma categoria social e econômica; a dos
latifundiários em si, dos grandes proprietários de terras agrícolas, compreende
todo um fenômeno de hierarquia de funcionários intermediários, agentes,
parasitas, etc, onde o fator hegemonia da grande propriedade semifeudal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Esses fazendeiros, latifundiários, não
respeitavam as leis e mantinham uma dominação total dos índios, que chegavam a
trabalhar gratuitamente e ate em regime de escravidão. Mariátegui usa diversas
frases do intelectual Gonzalez Prada, que na literatura peruana foi o precursor
da transição do período colonial para o período cosmopolita, sempre
engrandecendo a forca do índio, que seria a verdadeira nação peruana. Segundo
Prada, nada muda tão radicalmente a psicologia do homem quanto a perda da sua
propriedade, e o caráter individualista da legislação da republica favoreceu a
absorção da propriedade que era do índio pelos latifundiários. Entretanto
Mariátegui ressalta que sem a dissolução do feudo não pode funcionar, em nenhum
lugar, os ideais liberais. Contudo, sem a mão de obra dos índios americanos, a
arca de tesouro dos espanhóis estaria vazia. Segundo Mariátegui, o problema
indígena não é étnico, econômico-social, nem educacional, para ele, a nova
colocação consiste em procurar o problema indígena no problema da terra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Após os
conquistadores espanhóis promoverem uma total carnificina das comunidades
indígenas que eram em número muito superior do que os invasores, o Vice-reinado
se encarregou de manter uma exploração brutal dos índios em função da sua
ganância pelos metais e como se sabe, a revolução da independência ao consistiu
num movimento indígena. Foi promovida e aproveitada pelos criollos, que
aproveitaram o apoio da massa indígena. O programa liberal da independência trazia
uma serie de benefícios os índios, entretanto como não houve governante capaz de
garantir esses direitos, os benefícios ficaram apenas no papel das leis e não
foram colocados em prática.
 Todas as disposições aparentemente dirigidas para proteger o índio,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;não foram capazes de
superar o feudalismo latifundiário subsistente ate hoje.&amp;nbsp; A República que deveria elevar a condição do índio,
só fez garantir a ascensão da nova classe dominante que se apropriou sistematicamente
das terras dos índios. E para o índio, que sempre manteve uma relação de alma
agrária, de profunda adoração a terra, foi um grande golpe. E todas as
tentativas de reivindicações por parte dos índios foram respondidas com grande
derrame de sangue. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 72pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mariátegui
conclui afirmando que a solução para o problema do índio deve ser uma solução
social, que tem que ser realizada pelos próprios índios, afinal, eles
representam 4/5 da população, segundo ele, é necessário haver maior articulação
e união nas lutas em todo o território, não devendo ser lutas regionais, pois
uma multidão de mais de 4 milhões de pessoas não pode permanecer dispersas,
pois assim, nunca poderão decidir os rumos do seu desenvolvimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/feeds/1754049108927644010/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/04/normal-0-21-false-false-false.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/1754049108927644010'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7773688140640117222/posts/default/1754049108927644010'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sociologiaeantropologia.blogspot.com/2012/04/normal-0-21-false-false-false.html' title='Resenha do livro “Sete Ensaios de Interpretação da Realidade Peruana”'/><author><name>Rodrigo Dias</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03601850457353694958</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry></feed>