Software Development and Travel Information

Dolakha Kalinchowk Trek

2013-04-19T03:48:00.001-07:00

Dolakha Kalinchowk Trek

Kalinchowk, residing at a height of above 3,700m is accessible from a drive from Kathmandu to Charikot and further 6-7 hours continuous trekking upward the hill. This is considered to be one of the non touristic trekking regions in eastern Nepal. The view of Ganesh Himal, Shisha Pangma, langtang, Dorje Lakpa, Jugal Himal, Gauri Shankar etc. are clearly visible in fine weather condition through this route. Tremendous beauty from the high hill of Kalinchowk takes your breath once giving means to visit of this region. Dolakha Kalinchowk trek is unique product for cultural study and exploring natural beauties. It has various wonder of biodiversities and culture. Varieties of culture, unexplored inner site of local lifestyle and religious sites, daily activities are the main attraction of this area. So far it is completely stand as non touristy area. To trek in this area will directly or indirectly contribute for the local as little income

Travel In Sindhuli Ghadi In Nepal

2013-04-19T03:39:00.003-07:00

Sindhuli District(Nepali: सिन्धुली जिल्ला a part of Janakpur Zone, is one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Sindhulimadhi Kamalamai as its district headquarters and covers an area of 2,491 km². In 2001 it had a population of 279,821, in 2011 the population was 296,192.

Historical Importance

This place has a huge historic significance. The Sindhuli Gadhi in Sindhuli is the place where British soldiers were defeated for the first time in Asia in 1767 A.D . The British under the leadership of Captain Kinloch came to help the then ruler of Kathmandu, Jai Prakash Malla against the attack of Prithvi Naraya Shah. The Gurkha soldiers were familiar with the terrain and they utilized it to the fullest. The British Army had advanced weaponry such as guns and cannons whereas the Gurkha were with bows and arrows, spears, etc. But the Gurkhas fought bravely and eventually defeated the British. The British ran for their lives and retreated leaving behind the weapons they brought together with them. Some of these weapons can still be found in Sindhuli Gadhi.

How to fix Error 0x80070522: A required privilege is not held by the client in Windows 7

2013-01-21T20:44:00.001-08:00

Error 0x80070522: A required privilege is not held by the client

Solution

1. Reboot into Safe Mode.

2. Log on as Administrator.

3. Click Start

4. Type the three letters cmd

5. Press Ctrl+Shift+Enter

6. Run the process as Administrator.

7. Type the following commands and press Enter after each:

    takeown /f d:\ /a /r /d y
    cacls d:\ /t /c /g administrators:F System:F everyone:F
    (Answer "yes" when prompted "Are you sure?")

The commands will make you the owner of drive D: and will give full access to everyone to all of its folders.

Developer Groups

2012-12-12T21:12:00.004-08:00

Welcome C# developers

Failed to access IIS metabase.

2012-06-14T23:37:00.003-07:00

Problem
Failed to access IIS metabase.
Description: An unhandled exception occurred during the execution of the current web request. Please review the stack trace for more information about the error and where it originated in the code.

Exception Details: System.Web.Hosting.HostingEnvironmentException: Failed to access IIS metabase.

The process account used to run ASP.NET must have read access to the IIS metabase (e.g. IIS://servername/W3SVC). For information on modifying metabase permissions, please see http://support.microsoft.com/?kbid=267904.
Solution :-
This Error Caused Because You Not Have Register ASP.Net with IIS.Please Follow Following Step to Regiser ASP.Net With IIS.
-> Go to Start - > Run -> Cmd.

-> GO to Your System Drive Mostly C Drive.

-> Type C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\aspnet_regiis -i
Just wait And Message comes Successfully Register.

SQL Server backup and restore to network drive

2012-04-17T07:20:00.000-07:00

Problem Sometimes there is a need to backup or restore your database to another server because of a lack of available disk space on the current server. In this situation you have no other choice but to either remove unneeded files, find additional local storage or backup/restore across the network to another server. When using Enterprise Manager you can only see the local drives, so how do you address the drives on the other server? Solution Although SQL Server does not support browsing drives on other servers you do have the ability to use UNC (Universal Naming Convention) notation to address another server on your network. With a UNC path you can specify any server and any share in your network as long as you have access to read and write to these shares. So instead of using the GUI to browse through the available drives and selecting the directory where you want to write your backup file, you would specify the UNC path for the server such as the following: Do the following to create a backup: Click on Add... Instead of using the ellipses (...) to browse the drives, type in the UNC path along with the file name and select OK. At this point select OK to start the backup. In this example the backup file for the Northwind database will be placed on the "F$" share of server "server25". For each logical drive that exists on a server there is a corresponding $ share for each drive. So for example if you had a C, D and E drive you could access these shares as C$, D$ and/or E$. In order to access the administrator shares you need to have administrator access on the corresponding server or grant specific access to use these default shares. In addition, you can create shares on your server such as SQLBACKUPS which could correspond to a directory such as "F:\SQLServer\Backup". This would enable you to specify the backup for this folder as: \\server25\sqlbackup\northwind.bak To do a restore the same process should be followed: Click on Select Devices... Click on Add... Type in the UNC path along with the backup file name and click OK. Click OK and OK on the next screen to start the restore. As you can see there is not much too it, but having this ability makes life a lot easier especially in cases where you don't have enough disk space on the local server.

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/38588130/AMMYY_Admin.rar

2012-04-01T19:39:00.002-07:00

Download ammyy admin

Download FreeTeamViewer_Setup

2012-04-01T19:35:00.002-07:00

All In One Search

2012-03-28T21:02:00.002-07:00

10 Quick Fixes to Make your Windows Computer Faster

2011-12-07T20:29:00.001-08:00

Quick Fixes to Make your Windows Computer Faster Your computer running Windows isn’t running in the same speed that it used to run when you first used it. It’s slower, crappy, takes a while to start and tests your patience like anything. There are many reasons for this, let’s try fixing up a few things on your slow Windows PC: Slow Start Up There can be a variety of reasons to Windows loading slow during start up. Go to Run, type msconfig and hit enter. Under the ‘Start Up’ tab, uncheck the unwanted programs and press OK. Things should be a bit fine the next time Windows boots. Another program worth mentioning here is StartUp Delayer which will help in setting after how much time programs should be loaded after Windows boots. For instance, you could set your instant messenger program to load 50 seconds after Windows starts up. Slow Loading Start Menu If the Start Menu items are loading slowly, you can open the Registry Editor by typing in the Run menu ‘regedit.exe’ and pressing Enter. Go to HKEY_CURRENT_USERControl PanelDesktop. Look for MenuShowDelay, and double click to edit the value. The lower the number specified, the faster the Start Menu will load. Slow Right Click Context Menu Probably the Windows Right Click menu on your computer is loading slow because too many programs added unwanted entries there. Just download this program called Mmm, install it and then modify your context menu to remove unwanted items to speed it up. Slow Send To Menu If the Send To menu loads slowly, you can type ‘sendto’ in the Run Dialog, and remove unwanted items in the Explorer Window that appears. This should add some speed to it. Slow Defragmentation The Windows Defragmenter can’t get any slower. You need to have an alternative to the Windows Defragmenter, and Defraggler is just one of the best ones available in the market. It’s free, and works like a charm and can speed up defragmentation manifold. For some alternatives, see Five Free Programs to Defragment your PC. Slow loading My Computer Window If the My Computer Window loads slowly, in the Explorer Window, go to Tools >> Folder Options >> View and uncheck ‘Automatically search for network folders and printers” Slow loading Add or Remove Programs Applet This is one of the most annoying piece of programs present in Windows, it takes ages to load if you have a considerable number of programs installed on your computer. You can either use the all-in-one CCleaner for this purpose, or get MyUninstaller that comes as a speedy replacement for Add or Remove Programs. Slow Ending of Unresponsive Programs If you’ve clicked on ‘End Task’ if any program is running unresponsive, you might have noticed that the program is not terminated immediately. You can alter this by going to Run >> regedit.exe >> HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESystemCurrentControlSetControl and change this value to 1000. Disable Animations and Appearance Overhauls to maximize performance If you’re a serious performance junkie, you probably won’t bother about eyecandy. Go to System Properties in the Control Panel. Click ‘Advanced’, then ‘Performance’ and click ‘Adjust for best performance’. This might boost your PC’s performance up a bit. Additional Tips: - Always keep your computer clean. Remove Junk and Unnecessary registry entries. Use CCleaner for this purpose, one excellent tool that just does what it says. - Don’t keep installing software. Install a program only if it really serves you a purpose. - Keep as less programs as possible running on the System Tray. This essentially means reducing the

Introduction to JavaScript

2010-11-14T23:01:00.001-08:00

Get acquainted with JavaScript Outcome: Students will learn what JavaScript is, where to put scripts in an HTML document and how to write simple scripts. Objectives: 1.1 JavaScript vs Java vs HTML, automatic & triggered scripts 1.2 Where to put your scripts in an HTML document 1.3 How to hide scripts from old web browsers 1.4 How to put comments in scripts 1.5 Alert boxes 1.6 Confirm & Prompt boxes 1.7 Calling functions with a button - MCQ assignment 1. What is JavaScript and how is different from JAVA and HTML? see table 2. Types of JavaScript Client side - runs in browser Server side - runs on server - embeded in web page but processed on server 3. Scripts can run automatically or be user triggered 4. Placing Scripts a) in Head tag - this prevents user triggered errors during downloading b) in body - including within body tag as an attribute c) within forms as Event handlers - script tag not required 5. Can be copied from web page code can be copyrighted JAVA Developed by Sun Microsystems James Gosling 199(originally called Oak changed to Java 1993) True programming compiled to bytecode (not machine code) platform independent Object oriented - can create their own classes Currently version 1.2 Requires machine specific interpretor or can use a web browser fully extensible i.e. has unlimited no of objects including classes with inheritance case sensitive can be used for client server interaction In web pages - Applets can not be copied from web page - user must make program available code can be copyrighted 6. Comment TAGS HTML JavaScript // single line comment /* multiple line comments */ Adding comments to your script is very important so that you and others know what the various components do especially if you examine the script after several months. Netscape 1.0 does not support JavaScript Internet Explorer 2.0 earlier does not support JavaScript Some other browsers including most WYSIWYG HTML editors do not support JavaScript Make sure you view scripts in both major browsers to see if it works! 7. Dot Syntax document.write() document = object write() = method something the object does object. property.method() Hierachy window is the top not necessary to include window.document.write() window.alert() Note JavaScript is case sensitive! 8. Parenthesis " " or ' ' double or single can mix " ' " " always pair properly "" says treat as a literal value 9. Braces - Chicken lips - used with functions { { } } 10. Outputting to Screen (Can not send to printer) document.write("Hello World") document.writeln("Hello World") l is small letter L need

 tag before and script tag to work
Can include HTML tags inside
document.write("Hellow World")
Need to use  or 
 tag to move to next line
Can also use \n
see Chapter 2 page 14
11) Alert boxes - see Chapter 2 page 17 - Negrino Book.
alert("message")
automatic alert by placing in  tags
top object is window.alert("message") not necessary to include window
user triggered alert by placing in form button using no script
tags just event Handler onClick="alert('message')" and form
note use of two "" '' parenthesis
Then create a function saySomething() activate with a
button - this will be the basis of homework assignment.
CAUTION: when using notepad to input code do not place a carriage return inside a JavaScript
statement or line of code - it will not work! Also make sure you add the .html extension to the file
name when saving your scripts in web page.
12) Confirm(" Question")
returns Boolean True or False if you choose cancel returns null -
ie nothing
Confirm('Are aliens visiting our planet?)
Include and If else statement and write out a reply
13) Prompt box - user input
prompt("Question", "text")
you can store information in the prompt by assigning a
variable to the prompt
var=prompt("What is your name", "name")
document.write("
Greetings" + var + "")

Enable Remote Connection on SQL Server 2008 Express

2010-10-27T02:30:00.000-07:00

Enable Remote Connection on SQL Server 2008 Express

If you’re trying to connect to SQL Server 2008 Express remotely without enable remote connection first, you may see these error messages:

* “Cannot connect to SQL-Server-Instance-Name
An error has occurred while establishing a connection to the server. When connecting to SQL Server 2005, this failure may be caused by the fact that under the default settings SQL Server does not allow remote connections. (provider: SQL Network Interfaces, error: 28 – Server doesn’t support requested protocol) (Microsoft SQL Server)”
Server doesn't support requested protocol
* “Cannot connect to SQL-Server-Instance-Name
An error has occurred while establishing a connection to the server. When connecting to SQL Server 2005, this failure may be caused by the fact that under the default settings SQL Server does not allow remote connections. (provider: SQL Network Interfaces, error: 26 – Error Locating Server/Instance Specified) (Microsoft SQL Server)”
Error Locating Server/Instance Specified
* “Cannot connect to SQL-Server-Instance-Name
Login failed for user ‘username‘. (Microsoft SQL Server, Error: 18456)”
Login failed for user 'sa'

To enable remote connection on SQL Server 2008 Express, see the step below:

1. Start SQL Server Browser service if it’s not started yet. SQL Server Browser listens for incoming requests for Microsoft SQL Server resources and provides information about SQL Server instances installed on the computer.
2. Enable TCP/IP protocol for SQL Server 2008 Express to accept remote connection.
3. (Optional) Change Server Authentication to SQL Server and Windows Authentication. By default, SQL Server 2008 Express allows only Windows Authentication mode so you can connect to the SQL Server with current user log-on credential. If you want to specify user for connect to the SQL Server, you have to change Server Authentication to SQL Server and Windows Authentication.

Note: In SQL Server 2008 Express, there isn’t SQL Server Surface Area Configuration so you have to configure from SQL Server Configuration Manager instead.
Step-by-step

1. Open SQL Server Configuration Manager. Click Start -> Programs -> Microsoft SQL Server 2008 -> Configuration Tools -> SQL Server Configuration Manager.
SQL Server Configuration Manager
2. On SQL Server Configuration Manager, select SQL Server Services on the left window. If the state on SQL Server Browser is not running, you have to configure and start the service. Otherwise, you can skip to step 6.
SQL Server Browser Service
3. Double-click on SQL Server Browser, the Properties window will show up. Set the account for start SQL Server Browser Service. In this example, I set to Local Service account.
Set Startup Account
4. On SQL Server Browser Properties, move to Service tab and change Start Mode to Automatic. Therefore, the service will be start automatically when the computer starts. Click OK to apply changes.
Set Start Mode to Automatic
5. Back to SQL Server Configuration Manager, right-click on SQL Server Bowser on the right window and select Start to start the service.
Start SQL Server Browser Service
6. On the left window, expand SQL Server Network Configuration -> Protocols for SQLEXPRESS. You see that TCP/IP protocol status is disabled.
Protocols for SQL EXPRESS
7. Right-click on TCP/IP and select Enable to enable the protocol.
Enable TCP/IP protocol
8. There is a pop-up shown up that you have to restart the SQL Service to apply changes.
Need to Restart SQL Server Service
9. On the left window, select SQL Server Services. Select SQL Server (SQLEXPRESS) on the right window -> click Restart. The SQL Server service will be restarted.
Restart SQL Server Service
10. Open Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio and connect to the SQL Server 2008 Express.
Open Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio
11. Right-click on the SQL Server Instance and select Properties.
Open Server Properties
12. On Server Properties, select Security on the left window. Then, select SQL Server and Windows Authentication mode.
Change Authentication to SQL Server and Windows Authentication
13. Again, there is a pop-up shown up that you have to restart the SQL Service to apply changes.
Need to Restart SQL Server Service
14. Right-click on the SQL Server Instance and select Restart.
Restart SQL Server Service
15. That’s it. Now you should be able to connect to the SQL Server 2008 Express remotely.

Unregister Windows Installer, and then reregister Windows Installer. To do this, follow these steps:

2010-05-25T21:41:00.001-07:00

3) Unregister Windows Installer, and then reregister Windows Installer. To do this, follow these steps:
1. On the "Start" menu, click "Run:.
2. In the "Open" box, type "msiexec /unreg", and then press ENTER.
3. On the "Start" menu, click "Run".
4. In the "Open" box, type "msiexec /regserver", and then press ENTER.

Computer Network

2010-03-29T04:10:00.000-07:00

Computer Network is process of connecting two or more than that Computers (Host) to share that data and resources. The resource cna be the Physical Peripheral devices such as Printer, CD-Rom , Hard Disk etc.

Types of Network
1. LAN : Local Area Network

2. MAN : Metropolitan Area Network

3. WAN : Wide Area Network

Networking..

2010-03-29T04:03:00.000-07:00

Cabling

Cabling
>> Cabling is process of connecting wires with the connectors there are different standar of cabling such as simple cabling and IEEE standar cabling or SISCO standar cabling

1. IEEE Standar Paraller Cabling
> Orange White
> Orange
> Green White
> Blue
> Blue White
> Green
> Brown White
> Brown

2. IEEE Standar Cross Over
> Green White
> Green
> Orange White
> Blue
> Blue White
> Orange
> Brown White
> Brown

Note: some cross over formula liek this
13, 26, 31, 62

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

2010-03-29T03:36:00.000-07:00

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

DataGridView Default Error Dialog

2010-03-05T01:42:00.000-08:00

Soluation
---------------------
Private Sub DataGridView1_CellEndEdit(ByVal sender As Object, _
ByVal e As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewCellEventArgs) _
Handles DataGridView1.CellEndEdit
Try
'
'all of your main logic goes here
'
Catch ex As Exception
MessageBox.Show(ex.Message)
'...
End Try

End Sub

The if statement

2009-08-23T23:03:00.000-07:00

1.7.5 The if statement
An if statement selects a statement for execution based on the value of a boolean expression. An if statement may optionally include an else clause that executes if the boolean expression is false.
The example
using System;
class Test
{
static void Main(string[] args) {
if (args.Length == 0)
Console.WriteLine("No arguments were provided");
else
Console.WriteLine("Arguments were provided");
}
}
shows a program that uses an if statement to write out two different messages depending on whether command-line arguments were provided or not.
1.7.6 The switch statement
A switch statement executes the statements that are associated with the value of a given expression, or a default of statements if no match exists.
The example
using System;
class Test
{
static void Main(string[] args) {
switch (args.Length) {
case 0:
Console.WriteLine("No arguments were provided");
break;
case 1:
Console.WriteLine("One arguments was provided");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("{0} arguments were provided");
break;
}
}
}
switches on the number of arguments provided.
1.7.7 The while statement
A while statement conditionally executes a statement zero or more times – as long as a boolean test is true.
using System;
class Test
{
static int Find(int value, int[] arr) {
int i = 0;
while (arr[i] != value) {
if (++i > arr.Length)
throw new ArgumentException();
}
return i;
}
static void Main() {
Console.WriteLine(Find(3, new int[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}));
}
}
uses a while statement to find the first occurrence of a value in an array.
1.7.8 The do statement
A do statement conditionally executes a statement one or more times.
The example
using System;
class Test
{
static void Main() {
string s;
do {
s = Console.ReadLine();
}
while (!string.Equals(s, "Exit"));
}
}
reads from the console until the user types “Exit” and presses the enter key.
1.7.9 The for statement
A for statement evaluates a sequence of initialization expressions and then, while a condition is true, repeatedly executes a statement and evaluates a sequence of iteration expressions.
The example
using System;
class Test
{
static void Main() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
}
uses a for statement to write out the integer values 1 through 10.
1.7.10 The foreach statement
A foreach statement enumerates the elements of a collection, executing a statement for each element of the collection.
The example
using System;
using System.Collections;
class Test
{
static void WriteList(ArrayList list) {
foreach (object o in list)
Console.WriteLine(o);
}
static void Main() {
ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
list.Add(i);
WriteList(list);
}
}
uses a foreach statement to iterate over the elements of a list.

Labeled statements and goto statements

2009-08-23T23:00:00.000-07:00

1.7.2 Labeled statements and goto statements
A labeled statement permits a statement to be prefixed by a label, and goto statements can be used to transfer control to a labeled statement.
The example
using System;
class Test
{
static void Main() {
goto H;
W: Console.WriteLine("world");
return;
H: Console.Write("Hello, ");
goto W;
}
}
is a convoluted version of the “Hello, world” program. The first statement transfers control to the statement labeled H. The first part of the message is written and then the next statement transfers control to the statement labeled W. The rest of the message is written, and the method returns.
1.7.3 Local declarations of constants and variables
A local constant declaration declares one or more local constants, and a local variable declaration declares one or more local variables.
The example
class Test
{
static void Main() {
const int a = 1;
const int b = 2, c = 3;
int d;
int e, f;
int g = 4, h = 5;
d = 4;
e = 5;
f = 6;
}
}
shows a variety of local constant and variable declarations.

1.7.4 Expression statements
An expression statement evaluates a given expression. The value computed by the expression, if any, is discarded. Not all expressions are permitted as statements. In particular, expressions such as x + y and x == 1 that have no side effects, but merely compute a value (which will be discarded), are not permitted as statements.
The example
using System;
class Test
{
static int F() {
Console.WriteLine("Test.F");
return 0;
}
static void Main() {
F();
}
}
shows an expression statement. The call to the function F made from Main constitutes an expression statement. The value that F returns is simply discarded.

Type system unification

2009-08-23T22:59:00.000-07:00

1.6 Type system unification
C# provides a “unified type system”. All types – including value types – can be treated like objects. Conceptually speaking, all types derive from object, and so it is possible to call object methods on any value, even values of “primitive” types such as int. The example
using System;
class Test
{
static void Main() {
Console.WriteLine(3.ToString());
}
}
calls the object-defined ToString method on a constant value of type int.
The example
class Test
{
static void Main() {
int i = 123;
object o = i; // boxing
int j = (int) o; // unboxing
}
}
is more interesting. An int value can be converted to object and back again to int. This example shows both boxing and unboxing. When a variable of a value type needs to be converted to a reference type, an object box is allocated to hold the value, and the value is copied into the box. Unboxing is just the opposite. When an object box is cast back to its original value type, the value is copied out of the box and into the appropriate storage location.
This type system unification provides value types with the benefits of object-ness, and does so without introducing unnecessary overhead. For programs that don’t need int values to act like object, int values are simply 32 bit values. For programs that need int’s to behave like objects, this functionality is available on-demand. This ability to treat value types as objects bridges the gap between value types and reference types that exists in most languages. For example, the NGWS class library includes a Hashtable class that provides an Add method that takes a Key and a Value.
public class Hashtable
{
public void Add(object Key, object Value) {...}
...
}
Because C# has a unified type system, the users of the Hashtable class can use keys and values of any type, including value types.
1.7 Statements
C# borrows most of its statements directly from C and C++, though there are some noteworthy additions and modifications.
1.7.1 Statement lists and blocks
A statement list consists of one or more statements written in sequence, and a block permits multiple statements to be written in contexts where a single statement is expected. For instance, the example
using System;
class Test
{
static void Main() { // begin block 1
Console.WriteLine("Test.Main");
{ // begin block 2
Console.WriteLine("Nested block");
}
}
}
shows two blocks.

Array types

2009-08-23T22:56:00.000-07:00

1.5 Array types
Arrays in C# may be single-dimensional or multi-dimensional. Both “rectangular” and “jagged” arrays are supported.
Single-dimensional arrays are the most common type, so this is a good starting point. The example
using System;
class Test
{
static void Main() {
int[] arr = new int[5];
for (int i = 0; i < arr.Length; i++)
arr[i] = i * i;
for (int i = 0; i < arr.Length; i++)
Console.WriteLine("arr[{0}] = {1}", i, arr[i]);
}
}
creates a single-dimensional array of int values, initializes the array elements, and then prints each of them out. The program output is:
arr[0] = 0
arr[1] = 1
arr[2] = 4
arr[3] = 9
arr[4] = 16
The type int[] used in the previous example is an array type. Array types are written using a non-array-type followed by one or more rank specifiers. The example
class Test
{
static void Main() {
int[] a1; // single-dimensional array of int
int[,] a2; // 2-dimensional array of int
int[,,] a3; // 3-dimensional array of int
int[][] j2; // "jagged" array: array of (array of int)
int[][][] j3; // array of (array of (array of int))
}
}
shows a variety of local variable declarations that use array types with int as the element type.
Arrays are reference types, and so the declaration of an array variable merely sets aside space for the reference to the array. Array instances are actually created via array initializers and array creation expressions. The example
class Test
{
static void Main() {
int[] a1 = new int[] {1, 2, 3};
int[,] a2 = new int[,] {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}};
int[,,] a3 = new int[10, 20, 30];
int[][] j2 = new int[3][];
j2[0] = new int[] {1, 2, 3};
j2[1] = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
j2[2] = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
}
}
shows a variety of array creation expressions. The variables a1, a2 and a3 denote rectangular arrays, and the variable j2 denotes a jagged array. It should be no surprise that these terms are based on the shapes of the arrays. Rectangular arrays always have a rectangular shape. Given the length of each dimension of the array, its rectangular shape is clear. For example, the length of a3’s three dimensions are 10, 20, and 30 respectively, and it is easy to see that this array contains 10*20*30 elements.
In contrast, the variable j2 denotes a “jagged” array, or an “array of arrays”. Specifically, j2 denotes an array of an array of int, or a single-dimensional array of type int[]. Each of these int[] variables can be initialized individually, and this allows the array to take on a jagged shape. The example gives each of the int[] arrays a different length. Specifically, the length of j2[0] is 3, the length of j2[1] is 6, and the length of j2[2] is 9.
It is important to note that the element type and number of dimensions are part of an array’s type, but that the length of each dimension is not part of the array’s type. This split is made clear in the language syntax, as the length of each dimension is specified in the array creation expression rather than in the array type. For instance the declaration
int[,,] a3 = new int[10, 20, 30];
has an array type of int[,,] and an array creation expression of new int[10, 20, 30].
For local variable and field declarations, a shorthand form is permitted so that it is not necessary to re-state the array type. For instance, the example
int[] a1 = new int[] {1, 2, 3};
can be shortened to
int[] a1 = {1, 2, 3};
without any change in program semantics.
It is important to note that the context in which an array initializer such as {1, 2, 3} is used determines the type of the array being initialized. The example
class Test
{
static void Main() {
short[] a = {1, 2, 3};
int[] b = {1, 2, 3};
long[] c = {1, 2, 3};
}
}
shows that the same array initializer can be used for several different array types. Because context is required to determine the type of an array initializer, it is not possible to use an array initializer in an expression context. The example
class Test
{
static void F(int[] arr) {}
static void Main() {
F({1, 2, 3});
}
}
is not valid because the array initializer {1, 2, 3} is not a valid expression. The example can be rewritten to explicitly specify the type of array being created, as in
class Test
{
static void F(int[] arr) {}
static void Main() {
F(new int[] {1, 2, 3});
}
}

Predefined types

2009-08-23T22:48:00.001-07:00

1.1 Predefined types

C# provides a set of predefined types, most of which will be familiar to C and C++ developers.

The predefined reference types are object and string. The type object is the ultimate base type of all other types.

The predefined value types include signed and unsigned integral types, floating point types, and the types bool, char, and decimal. The signed integral types are sbyte, short, int, and long; the unsigned integral types are byte, ushort, uint, and ulong; and the floating point types are float and double.

The bool type is used to represent boolean values: values that are either true or false. The inclusion of bool makes it easier for developers to write self-documenting code, and also helps eliminate the all-too-common C++ coding error in which a developer mistakenly uses “=” when “==” should have been used. In C#, the example

int i = ...;
F(i);
if (i = 0) // Bug: the test should be (i == 0)
G();

is invalid because the expression i = 0 is of type int, and if statements require an expression of type bool.

The char type is used to represent Unicode characters. A variable of type char represents a single 16-bit Unicode character.

The decimal type is appropriate for calculations in which rounding errors are unacceptable. Common examples include financial calculations such as tax computations and currency conversions. The decimal type provides 28 significant digits.

The table below lists each of the predefined types, and provides examples of each.

Type	Description	Examples
object	The ultimate base type of all other types	object o = new Stack();
string	String type; a string is a sequence of Unicode characters	string s = "Hello";
sbyte	8-bit signed integral type	sbyte val = 12;
short	16-bit signed integral type	short val = 12;
int	32-bit signed integral type	int val = 12;
long	64-bit signed integral type	long val1 = 12; long val2 = 34L;
byte	8-bit unsigned integral type	byte val1 = 12; byte val2 = 34U;
ushort	16-bit unsigned integral type	ushort val1 = 12; ushort val2 = 34U;
uint	32-bit unsigned integral type	uint val1 = 12; uint val2 = 34U;
ulong	64-bit unsigned integral type	ulong val1 = 12; ulong val2 = 34U; ulong val3 = 56L; ulong val4 = 78UL;
float	Single-precision floating point type	float value = 1.23F;
double	Double-precision floating point type	double val1 = 1.23 double val2 = 4.56D;
bool	Boolean type; a bool value is either true or false	bool value = true;
char	Character type; a char value is a Unicode character	char value = 'h';
decimal	Precise decimal type with 28 significant digits	decimal value = 1.23M;

Each of the predefined types is shorthand for a system-provided type. For example, the keyword int is shorthand for a struct named System.Int32. The two names can be used interchangeably, though it is considered good style to use the keyword rather than the complete system type name.

Predefined value types such as int are treated specially in a few ways but are for the most part treated exactly like other structs. The special treatment the these types includes literal support and efficient code generation. C#’s operator overloading feature enables developers to define types that behave like the predefined value types. For instance, a Digit struct that supports the same mathematical operations as the predefined integral types, and that conversion to and from these types.

using System;

struct Digit
{...}

class Test
{
static void TestInt() {
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
int c = a + b;
Console.WriteLine(c);
}

static void TestDigit() {
Digit a = (Digit) 1;
Digit b = (Digit) 2;
Digit c = a + b;
Console.WriteLine(c);
}

static void Main() {
TestInt();
TestDigit();

}
}

Predefined types

2009-08-23T22:48:00.000-07:00

1.1 Predefined types

C# provides a set of predefined types, most of which will be familiar to C and C++ developers.

The predefined reference types are object and string. The type object is the ultimate base type of all other types.

int i = ...;

F(i);

if (i = 0) // Bug: the test should be (i == 0)

G();

is invalid because the expression i = 0 is of type int, and if statements require an expression of type bool.

The char type is used to represent Unicode characters. A variable of type char represents a single 16-bit Unicode character.

The table below lists each of the predefined types, and provides examples of each.

Type	Description	Examples
object	The ultimate base type of all other types	object o = new Stack();
string	String type; a string is a sequence of Unicode characters	string s = "Hello";
sbyte	8-bit signed integral type	sbyte val = 12;
short	16-bit signed integral type	short val = 12;
int	32-bit signed integral type	int val = 12;
long	64-bit signed integral type	long val1 = 12; long val2 = 34L;
byte	8-bit unsigned integral type	byte val1 = 12; byte val2 = 34U;
ushort	16-bit unsigned integral type	ushort val1 = 12; ushort val2 = 34U;
uint	32-bit unsigned integral type	uint val1 = 12; uint val2 = 34U;
ulong	64-bit unsigned integral type	ulong val1 = 12; ulong val2 = 34U; ulong val3 = 56L; ulong val4 = 78UL;
float	Single-precision floating point type	float value = 1.23F;
double	Double-precision floating point type	double val1 = 1.23 double val2 = 4.56D;
bool	Boolean type; a bool value is either true or false	bool value = true;
char	Character type; a char value is a Unicode character	char value = 'h';
decimal	Precise decimal type with 28 significant digits	decimal value = 1.23M;

using System;

struct Digit

{...}

class Test

{

static void TestInt() {

int a = 1;

int b = 2;

int c = a + b;

Console.WriteLine(c);

}

static void TestDigit() {

Digit a = (Digit) 1;

Digit b = (Digit) 2;

Digit c = a + b;

Console.WriteLine(c);

}

static void Main() {

TestInt();

TestDigit();

}

Most of the programmer language..

2008-03-19T10:26:00.000-07:00

If you ask any programmer that is your software module error frees. Have you checked the software module properly? They will reply that we have checked the software module but you also please see it once. This sentence means the person is not confident about himself.

What is the best way of developing the software & versioning it?
The best way of software developing is.
First fully plan the software in papers. Plan total number of tables required in the database on papers.
Plan all the relation of tables in the database on papers.
Divide the software development into small pieces like month wise
Develop first month software and then start using it. Till the first month software is in use the second month software will be developed. If the first month software is not successful then don’t use second month software. This is the most important point in software development. If you don’t follow this use then you will come in great problem after you use 1-2 years of software. All the modules will be having problems and you will end up correcting them.
Over planning is always better in software development.
Planning more than 70% in the starting is very difficult or not possible according to a survey.
For giving the version name, the best way is, what ever is developed in first year in the software can be named as version 1, then in second year software as version 2, and so on….

Naming Conventions and Standards

2008-03-19T10:14:00.000-07:00

1. Use Pascal casing for Class names
2. Use Pascal casing for Method names
3. Use Camel casing for variables and method parameters
4. Use the prefix “I” with Camel Casing for interfaces
5. Do not use Hungarian notation to name variables.
6. Use Meaningful, descriptive words to name variables. Do not use abbreviations.
7. Do not use single character variable names like a, b, c etc. Use names like address, Name, Servername...
8. Do not use variable names that resemble keywords.
9. Use appropriate prefix for the UI elements so that you can identify them from the rest of the variables
10. Use appropriate prefix for each of the ui element. A brief list is given below. Since .NET has given several controls, you may have to arrive at a complete list of standard prefixes for each of the controls (including third party controls) you are using.
for examples...

Control Prefix
Lable Lbl
TextBox txt
Combox cbo
Command Button Cmd
ListBox lst
CheckBox Chk
Option button Opt
Table tbl

.....