As per my idea we can test a web application manually without using automation but its time consuming and might have error so to make our task easy and error free we use automatons tool like Qtp.

As for as Manual is concerned we can test Usability, Functionality, Security testing but whereas
performance is concerned we can’t do it manually accurate

92. What tools are used in Manual testing for bug tracking and reporting?

For bug tracking and reporting there are many tools like

Rational clear quest.
PVCS
Bugzilla

93. At what stage in the SDLC testing should be started?

Testing Starts from the starting sate of SDLC that is requirement stage where we prepare SRS Or URS DOC.

94. What is mean by designing the application and coding the application?

Designing and Testing are two different phases in a software development process(SDLC).
1. Information Gathering
2. Analysis
3. Designing–
4. Coding
5. Testing–
6. Implementation and Maintenance.

If u want answer in Testing terms means STLC, designing test includes preparing Test Strategy, Test Plan and Test Case documents, and testing means executing the test cases and generating Test Reports.

Designing the application as per the requirements Designing the application is nothing but deriving the
functional flow , alternative flow,How many modules that we are handling, data flow etc
Two types of designs are there

HLD:

In this designing team will prepare functional architecture i.e Functional flow

LLD:

In this designing team will divide the total application into modules and they will derive logic for each
module Coding:writing the course code as per the LLD to meet customer requirements

95. what is mean by client and server?

96. I. A code inspection is held for new code. II. A code inspection is held for reused code. III. A code inspection is held after the first compilation. IV. A code inspection is held after the first error-free compilation. Which of the statements above are true of code inspections?
1. I and IV 2. I, II, and IV 3. I, II, and III 4. II and IV 5. II and III?

1. I and IV

96. What is the best way to choose automation tool?

We use automation only for version wised projects, means if the project comes up with different versions. Once we write the scripts for one version, we can use these scripts with multiple versions with minor changes. So the main advantage of automation is:
1. Saves the time.
2. Saves money.

97. What is the point of reference by which something can be measured?
1. Benchmark 2. Baseline 3. Metric 4. Measure 5. Indicator

Baseline

98. what is Concurrency Testing?

Multi-user testing geared towards determining the effects of accessing the same application code, module or database records. Identifies and measures the level of locking, deadlocking and use of single-threaded code and locking semaphores.

99. When does metrics validation occur? 1. Throughout the life cycle 2. During the test 3. After the test 4. During requirements definition 5. After the final software release Justify your answer with simple explanation.?

Throughout the life cycle - TO identify the lag & overcome

100. The scenario is “while reviewing requirement docs(SRS)if u find or feel any requirement is not meeting the client’s requirements” whom do you report?and what is your action?

When the System Requirement Specification does not meet the clients requirements, it should be intimated to the PL (who prepares the SRS and should be documented in the Test log & analysis of data which should be discussed in the Management Review Meeting. The action is the SRS should undergo a revision thereby updating SRS to match with CRS

101. How to choose a test automation tool?

We have to choose depends upon the application complexity & delivery time.

102. Did u come across STUBS and DRIVERS? How did u use these in u r project ?

Stub : A piece of code that simulates the activity of missing components.

Driver : A piece of code that passes test cases to another piece of code.

i will give a gen example….suppose u have 3 modules…A B C…A n B r 100% comp….and C is only 50% comp….u r under pressure to comp in a time frame…what u do is u know to build the mod C u need at least 15 days…so u build a dummy mod C which will take 1/2 days…This is STUB now once all the mod A B and C(dummy) r ready..u integrate them to see how it works..This is a DRIVER

103. How to determine if a test environment is appropriate?

Test strategy; Based on the test strategy and testing Approach

82. How u r breaking down the project among team members?

It can be depend on these following cases—-
1) Number of modules
2) Number of team members
3) Complexity of the Project
4) Time Duration of the project
5) Team member’s experience
etc……

83. Usually customers won’t give all the requirements. How will u manage & collect all the necessary information?

Sometimes customer may not produce all the requirements. At this situation Business analyst and project manager will use their experience which they handles this type of projects otherwise we will go through some reference sites where we will observe the functionality and they will prepare use cases and requirements.

or

I am agree with the above answer.
If we really face such a problem then it is better to get information from development team so that we can know the exact info Or else use Ad-hoc testing for the required job.

84. what are the Qualities needed by a software tester?

A software tester must have intent of showing the product is not working as specified.
Software tester have the basic attitude of showing the presence of errors. He must have perspective of customers i.e he has to use the system as he is the client of the system. He has to strive for the quality.

Or

Software Tester must has these qualities—
1)He/she must observe the problem from both the side say user and programmer.
2)Must has good under standing with other team members .
3)Able to understand programmers view.
4)Once start testing, do not put it remain.
5)First test requirements of the user.
6)Before start testing first analysis the project like ;
technology using in project, all the flow etc……

85. Did you write test cases of design phase?

Yes We can write test cases at the design phase

At the time of designing we should be ready with test cases

86. In Testing 10 cases you found 20 bugs then how will you know which bug is for which test case?

Each Bug Will Have a Unique Bug-ID which would be related to that particular Test Case. We also make use of the Matrix to keep track of bugs and test cases.

87. what is the path for test director,where the test cases are stored ?

c:\TDcomdir\TD_projectname\tests\test no

Usually test cases are stored in Test Plan in Test director

88. what is mean by test suite?

Test suit is “set of test cases”

Group of test cases is nothing but functional(+ve & -ve) and GUI

89. What is the diff. b/w Baseline and Traceability matrix?

Baseline : The point at which some deliverable produced during the software engineering process is put under formal change control

Traceability : Is used to check if some of the test cases are left out or not in Manual and automated testing.

Baseline is nothing but a software specification or functionality that is reviewed or accepted for development. Once the functionality is baseline, we can start developing of the functionality.

Where as a Traceability Matrix lists all the functionality or features and the test cases for each feature. By using the traceability matrix we can measure, when to stop testing of the project or application.
Generally Traceability Matrix contains:
1. UseCaseID(Functionality/Feature).
2. Description of the Feature.
3. Priority for the Feature.
4. TestCaseIDs for this Feature. (Once if the mapped testcases for each Feature meets Success criteria, then we can stop testing of the project)
5. In which phase is the Feature (Unit,Component,Integration,System)

90. what methodologies you are following?

Methodologies are considered in 2 accounts.

1) There are a few methodologies like : v-model,spiral (most common), waterfall, hybrid, prototype, etc depends on the company.
2) Depends on the clients and the requirements.

No. 2 is def related to no 1

Methodology means the way we are following while writing test cases . there are different ways like…
1. Functional Test cases
2. Equivalence Partitioning Test cases
3. Boundary value analysis
4. Cause Effect Graphing and Decision table

If the developer won’t accept our sent bug, then we show it to our team leader or we can show it to our superior person. so he/she will go and discuss with developer or else they will conduct one meeting on that.

or

Sometimes bug not reproducible in Dev Environment at that situation dev doesn’t accept
we will give him screen shots.If still debate occurs we raise the issue in bug triage meeting

74. Role of Software Test Engineer in Software Company?

The role of a software test engineer in company is to find the defect. He/She should have “test-to-break” attitude. He/She has to test the application taking the customer into mind. He should work hard for quality.

75. Suppose you testing Calculator application and you got problems like 1/1=2, 2/2=1, 3/3=6, 4/4=1, 5/5=10. Now how will you describe the bug title as well as give the bug description?

Bug title : Calculation Errors

Description: Unable to do the calculations of this application.like the output is giving an undefined/Unstructured format.
Here the examples :
1/1=2………
Severity : Critical
Priority: High/Medium(depends on your Requirement to solve)

Bug Title:calculator_functionality_Division

Description:Division function is not working properly when the values are(both) same and even.

76. Explain equivalence partitioning with an example?

When We have an requirement which has a large class of data split the large class into its subsets
For Ex:
Sal 10000-45000
Here this is the large class of data equivalence partitioning –>take inputs from the below sub
classes such as
less than 10000 (invalid)
between 10000 and 45000 (valid)
greater than 45000 (invalid)
Instead of choosing values from the large set of information split the inputs into both valid & negative inputs that becomes a subset. this technique is equivalence partitioning

77. Explain traceability matrix with an example?

Traceability matrix is table which maps each requirement to its functionality in FDS, its internal design in IDS, its code and its test cases.
Format is

<!– /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:”"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:”Times New Roman”; mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;} pre {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:”Courier New”; mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} –>

Requirement--Functionality--Internal design--coding--T.c's

R1           P3 in FDS      P6 in IDS         P4     T13,T14

--            –             –                –     –

--            –             –                –     –

78. What is the difference between Integration Testing and System Testing?

Integration testing will do the completion of unit or module level Testing.

System testing is nothing but the application meets the Required specifications or not

Or

In integration testing individual components are combined with other components to make sure the necessary communications, links and data sharing occur properly.

It is not system testing because the components are not implemented in the operating environment.

System testing begins one the modules are integrated enough to perform tests in whole system environment.System testing can occur in parallel with integration test, especially with the top-down method.

79. How Could u Present Test Strategy for the Product Testing?

Test strategy means that it is a document prepared by quality analyst/project manager. it specifies how to approach to testing team depends upon requirement gatherings, risks involved in our company and customer requirements

80. You may undergone many projects. Do all the projects match up with customer’s expectations?

Any project never matches with 100% requirements. We consider only when it reaches to certain extent

Back end Checking is what we call DATABASE TESTING have to know the queries very well. With out queries we will not able to test data base testing. But as a tester we will responsible for test and see the data whether it is stored in back end or not. We don’t have permission to do any thing. So what I am coming to tell means “select * from condition” queries is enough for testing the back end.

67. Do write a separate test case for Regression Testing? If it is Yes, Explain How to write the Test case?

Well we are not going to right separate test cases for regression testing. We execute the same test cases on newly modified build which ever failed in previous.

OR

We are not going to write new test cases. We will select the some of the test cases from test case document, and execute the test cases to check for the bug fixes. Here we selecting the test cases such way that, all the basic functionality test cases, and affected bug test cases.

68. How to do the performance testing manually? Does u have a test case for that?

We can test it manually but we don’t get accurate result. We don’t have separate test cases exactly we will do it with tool i.e. Load runner, Act, Web load.

69. What is the difference between Functional testing and Functionality testing?

Functional Testing:
The portion of security testing in which the advertised features of a system are tested for correct operation.
OR

Quality assurance that a web site performs properly. All aspects of the user interface, navigation between pages and off-site, multilingual navigation, etc. are tested. Testing is required in all the current browsers and on the major operating systems and platforms.

OR

Functional testing is nothing but whether the given function is working or not as per the specifications
Ex: field validation, Navigation etc.

Functionality Testing is nothing but to check whether our application is equal to customer requirements or not

Here we will do lot more tests
Ex: Inter system Testing
Error handling testing

70. What is Middleware? Can anybody explain me?

In the computer industry, middleware is a general term for any programming that serves to “glue together” or mediate between two separate and often already existing programs. A common application of middleware is to allow programs written for access to a particular database to access other databases. The systematic tying together of disparate applications, often through the use of middleware, is known as enterprise application integration.

Or

Software that mediates between an applications program and a network. It manages the interaction between disparate applications across the heterogeneous computing platforms. The Object Request Broker (ORB), software that manages communication between objects, is an example of a
middleware program

71. Suppose u and your team member is there.your team member (friend) has raised one bug..u don’t no about application as well as that functionality of that application.your TL give the task u have to give the Severity & Priority..how can u give the Severity & Priority?

I am using Adhoc testing for this type of bugs depends upon past experience i am try to execute the testcase and write the severity and priority of that big.

72. what is JOINTS & REGISTRY in SQL?

Joints : Using SQL Joints, you can retrieve data more than one table or view using the keys etc to define an inequality condition

Registry : A Windows repository that stores configuration information for a computer.

For all the terms on SQL … Plz Visit
http://www.utexas.edu/its/unix/reference/oracledocs/v92/B105
01_01/win.920/a95490/glossary.htm

Web Testing

During testing the websites the following scenarios should be considered.
Functionality
Performance
Usability
Server side interface
Client side compatibility
Security

Functionality:

In testing the functionality of the web sites the following should be tested.
Links
Internal links
External links
Mail links
Broken links
Forms
Field validation
Functional chart
Error message for wrong input
Optional and mandatory fields
Database
Testing will be done on the database integrity.
Cookies
Testing will be done on the client system side, on the temporary internet files.

Performance:

Performance testing can be applied to understand the web site’s scalability, or to benchmark the performance in the environment of third party products such as servers and middleware for potential purchase.
Connection speed:
Tested over various Networks like Dial up, ISDN etc
Load
What is the no. of users per time?
Check for peak loads & how system behaves.
Large amount of data accessed by user.
Stress
Continuous load
Performance of memory, cpu, file handling etc.

Usability :

Usability testing is the process by which the human-computer interaction characteristics of a system are measured, and weaknesses are identified for correction. Usability can be defined as the degree to which a given piece of software assists the person sitting at the keyboard to accomplish a task, as opposed to becoming an additional impediment to such accomplishment. The broad goal of usable systems is often assessed using several criteria:
Ease of learning
Navigation
Subjective user satisfaction
General appearance

Server side interface:

In web testing the server side interface should be tested. This is done by Verify that communication is done properly. Compatibility of server with software, hardware, network and database should be tested. The client side compatibility is also tested in various platforms, using various browsers etc.

Security:

The primary reason for testing the security of an web is to identify potential vulnerabilities and subsequently repair them.
The following types of testing are described in this section:
Network Scanning
Vulnerability Scanning
Password Cracking
Log Review
Integrity Checkers
Virus Detection

Performance Testing

Performance testing is a rigorous usability evaluation of a working system under realistic conditions to identify usability problems and to compare measures such as success rate, task time and user satisfaction with requirements. The goal of performance testing is not to find bugs, but to
eliminate bottlenecks and establish a baseline for future regression testing.

To conduct performance testing is to engage in a carefully controlled process of measurement and analysis. Ideally, the software under test is already stable enough so that this process can proceed smoothly.
A clearly defined set of expectations is essential for meaningful performance testing.
For example, for a Web application, you need to know at least two things:
expected load in terms of concurrent users or HTTP connections
acceptable response time

Load testing:

Load testing is usually defined as the process of exercising the system under test by feeding it the largest tasks it can operate with. Load testing is sometimes called volume testing, or longevity/endurance testing

Examples of volume testing:
Testing a word processor by editing a very large document
testing a printer by sending it a very large job
testing a mail server with thousands of users mailboxes

Examples of longevity/endurance testing:

Testing a client-server application by running the client in a loop against the server over an extended period of time

Goals of load testing:

Expose bugs that do not surface in cursory testing, such as memory management bugs, memory leaks, buffer overflows, etc.
ensure that the application meets the performance baseline established during Performance testing. This is done by running regression tests against the application at a specified maximum load.
Although performance testing and load testing can seen similar, their goals are different. On one hand, performance testing uses load testing techniques and tools for measurement and benchmarking purposes and uses various load levels whereas load testing operates at a predefined load level, the highest load that the system can accept while still functioning properly.

Stress testing:

Stress testing is a form of testing that is used to determine the stability of a given system or entity. This is designed to test the software with abnormal situations. Stress testing attempts to find the limits at which the system will fail through abnormal quantity or frequency of inputs.
Stress testing tries to break the system under test by overwhelming its resources or by taking resources away from it (in which case it is sometimes called negative testing). The main purpose behind this madness is to make sure that the system fails and recovers gracefully — this quality is known as recoverability.Stress testing does not break the system but instead it allows observing how the system reacts to failure. Stress testing observes for the following.

Does it save its state or does it crash suddenly?
Does it just hang and freeze or does it fail gracefully?
Is it able to recover from the last good state on restart?
Etc.

Compatability Testing

A Testing to ensure compatibility of an application or Web site with different browsers, OS and hardware platforms. Different versions, configurations, display resolutions, and Internet connect speeds all can impact the behavior of the product and introduce costly and embarrassing bugs. We
test for compatibility using real test environments. That is testing how will the system performs in the particular software, hardware or network environment. Compatibility testing can be performed manually or can be driven by an automated functional or reg The purpose of compatibility testing is to reveal issues related to the products interaction session test suite.with other software as well
as hardware. The product compatibility is evaluated by first identifying the hardware/software/browser components that the product is designed to support. Then a hardware/software/browser matrix is designed that indicates the configurations on which the product will be tested. Then, with input from the client, a testing script is designed that will be sufficient to evaluate compatibility
between the product and the hardware/software/browser matrix. Finally, the script is executed against the matrix, and any anomalies are investigated to determine exactly where the incompatibility lies.

Some typical compatibility tests include testing your application:
On various client hardware configurations
Using different memory sizes and hard drive space
On various Operating Systems
In different network environments
With different printers and peripherals (i.e. zip drives, USBs, etc.)

2.Covansys
Testing

1. What is bidirectional traceability ??? and how it is implemented
2. What is Automation Test frame work ?
3. Define the components present in test strategy
4. Define the components present in test plan
5. Define database testing ?
6. What is the difference between QA and QC ….
7. What is the difference between V&V
8. What are different types of test case that u have written in your project..
9. Have u written Test plan ?….

SQL

1. What is joins and define all the joins …
2. What is Foreign key ?
3. Write an SQL query if u want to select the data from one block which intern reflects in another block ?

Unix

1. Which command is used to run an interface?
2. How will you see the hidden file ?
3. What is the command used to set the date and timings …
4. Some basic commands like copy, move,delete ?
5. Which command used to the go back to the home directory ….
6. Which command used to view the the current directory

3. Virtusa

Testing

1. Tell me about Yourself?
2. Testing process followed in your company …
3. Testing Methodology
4. Where u maintains the Repositories?
5. What is CVS?
6. Bug Tool used?
7. How will you prepare traceability matrix if there is no Business Doc and Functional Doc?
8. How will you validate the functionality of the Test cases, if there is no business requirement document or user requirement document as such…
9. Testing process followed in your company?
10. Tell me about CMM LEVEL -4 …what are steps that to be followed to achieve the CMM -IV standards?
11. What is Back End testing?
12. What is Unit Testing?
13. How will u write test cases for an given scenario…i.e. main page, login screen, transaction, Report Verification?
14. How will u write traceability matrix?
15. What is CVS and why it is used?
16. What will be specified in the Defect Report…?
17. What is Test summary Report…?
18. What is Test Closure report…?
19. Explain Defect life cycle…
20. What will be specified in the Test Case…
21. What are the Testing methodologies that u have followed in your project ?
22. What kind of testing that u have been involved in and explain about it….
23. What is UAT Testing?
24. What is joins and what are the different types of joins in SQL and explain the same?
25. What is Foreign Key in SQL…?

KLA Tencor

1. Bug life cycle?
2. Explain about the Project. …And draw the architecture of your project?
3. What are the different types of severity?
4. Defect tracking tools used?
5. what are the responsibilities of an tester?
6. Give some example how will you write the test cases if an scenario involves Login screen.

Aztec

1. What are the different types of testing followed …..
2. What are the different levels of testing used during testing the application?
4. What type of testing will be done in Installation testing or system testing?
5. What is meant by CMMI …what are different types of CMM Level?
6. Explain about the components involved in CMM-4 level
7. Explain about Performance testing ?
8. What is Traceability matrix and how it is done ?
9. How can you differentiate Severity and Priority based on technical and business point of view.
10. What is the difference between Test life cycle and defect life cycle ?
11. How will u ensure that you have covered all the functionality while writing test cases if there is no functional spec and there is no KT about the application?

Kinds of Testing

WHAT KINDS OF TESTING SHOULD BE CONSIDERED?

1. Black box testing: not based on any knowledge of internal design or code.Tests are based on requirements and functionality
2. White box testing: based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application’s code. Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths, and conditions.
3. Unit testing: the most ‘micro’ scale of testing; to test particular functions or code modules. Typically done by the programmer and not by testers, as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal program design and code. Not always easily done unless the application has a well-designed architecture with tight code; may require developing test driver modules or test harnesses.
4. Incremental integration testing: continuous testing of an application as new functionality is added; requires that various aspects of an applications functionality be independent enough to work separately before all parts of the program are completed, or that test drivers be developed as needed; done by programmers or by testers.
6. Integration testing: testing of combined parts of an application to determine if they function together correctly the ‘parts’ can be code modules, individual applications, client and server applications on a networked. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems.
7. Functional testing: black-box type testing geared to functional requirements of an application; testers should do this type of testing. This does not mean that the programmers should not check their code works before releasing it(which of course applies to any stage of testing).
8. System testing: black –box type testing that is based on overall requirements specifications; covers all combined parts of system.
9. End to end testing: similar to system testing; the ‘macro’ end of the test scale; involves testing of a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.
10. Sanity testing: typically an initial testing effort to determine if a new software version is performing well enough to accept it for a major testing effort. For example, if the new software is crashing systems every 5minutes warrant further testing in item current state.
11. Regression testing: re-testing after fixes or modifications of the software or its environment. It can be difficult to determine how much re-testing is needed, especially near the end of the development cycle. Automated testing tools can be especially useful for this type of testing.
12. Acceptance testing: final testing based on specifications of the end-user or customer, or based on use by end users/customers over some limited period of time.
13. Load testing: testing an application under heavy loads, such as testing of a web site under a range of loads to determine at what point the system’s response time degrades or fails.
14. Stress testing: term often used interchangeably with ‘load’ and ‘performance’ testing. Also used to describe such tests as system functional testing while under unusually heavy loads, heavy repletion of certain actions or inputs input of large numerical values, large complex queries to a database system, etc.
15. Performance testing: term often used interchangeable with ‘stress’ and ‘load’ testing. Ideally ‘performance’ testing (and another ‘type’ of testing) is defined in requirements documentation or QA or test plans.
16. Usability testing: testing for ‘user-friendlinesses’. Clearly this is subjective,and will depend on the targeted end-ser or customer. User interviews, surveys, video recording of user sessions, and other techniques can be used programmers and testers are usually not appropriate as usability testers.
17. Install/uninstall testing: testing of full, partial, or upgrade install/uninstall processes.
18. Recovery testing: testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures or other catastrophic problems.
19. Security testing: testing how well system protects against unauthorized internal or external access, damage, etc, any require sophisticated testing techniques.
20. Compatibility testing: testing how well software performs in a particular hardware/software/operating/system/network/etc environment.
21. Exploratory testing: often taken to mean a creative, informal software test that is not based on formal test plans of test cases; testers may be learning the software as they test it.
22. Ad-hoc testing: similar to exploratory testing, but often taken to mean that the testers have significant understanding of the software testing it.
23. User acceptance testing: determining if software is satisfactory to an end-user or customer.
24. Comparison testing: comparing software weakness and strengths to competing products.
25. Alpha testing: testing of an application when development is nearing completion; minor design changes may still be made as a result of such testing. Typically done by end-users or others, not by programmers or testers.
26. Beta testing: testing when development and testing are essentially completed and final bugs and problems need to be found before final release. Typically done by end-users or others, not by programmers or testers.
27. Mutation testing: method for determining if a set of test data or test cases is useful, by deliberately introducing various code changes (‘bugs’) and retesting with the original test data/cases to determine if the ‘bugs’ are detected proper implementation requires large computational resources.

Difference between client server testing and web server testing.
Web systems are one type of client/server. The client is the browser, the server is whatever is on the back end (database, proxy, mirror, etc). This differs from so-called “traditional” client/server in a few ways but both systems are a type of client/server. There is a certain client that connects via some protocol with a server (or set of servers).

Also understand that in a strict difference based on how the question is worded, “testing a Web server” specifically is simply testing the functionality and performance of the Web server itself. (For example, I might test if HTTP Keep-Alives are enabled and if that works. Or I might test if the logging feature is working. Or I might test certain filters, like ISAPI. Or I might test some general characteristics such as the load the server can take.) In the case of “client server testing”, as you have worded it, you might be doing the same general things to some other type of server, such as a database server. Also note that you can be testing the server directly, in some cases, and other times you can be testing it via the interaction of a client.

You can also test connectivity in both. (Anytime you have a client and a server there has to be connectivity between them or the system would be less than useful so far as I can see.) In the Web you are looking at HTTP protocols and perhaps FTP depending upon your site and if your server is configured for FTP connections as well as general TCP/IP concerns. In a “traditional” client/server you may be looking at sockets, Telnet, NNTP, etc.

A: — Impact analysis means when we r doing regressing testing at that time we r checking that the bug fixes r working properly, and by fixing these bug other components are working as per their requirements r they got disturbed.

61. HOW TO TEST A WEBSITE BY MANUAL TESTING?

A: — Web Testing
During testing the websites the following scenarios should be considered.
Functionality
Performance
Usability
Server side interface
Client side compatibility
Security

Functionality:
In testing the functionality of the web sites the following should be tested.
Links
Internal links
External links
Mail links
Broken links
Forms
Field validation
Functional chart
Error message for wrong input
Optional and mandatory fields
Database
Testing will be done on the database integrity.
Cookies
Testing will be done on the client system side, on the temporary internet files.

Performance:
Performance testing can be applied to understand the web site’s scalability, or to benchmark the performance in the environment of third party products such as servers and middle ware for potential purchase.

Connection speed:
Tested over various Networks like Dial up, ISDN etc

Load
What is the no. of users per time?
Check for peak loads & how system behaves.
Large amount of data accessed by user.

Stress
Continuous load
Performance of memory, cpu, file handling etc.

Usability :
Usability testing is the process by which the human-computer interaction characteristics of a system are measured, and weaknesses are identified for correction. Usability can be defined as the degree to which a given piece of software assists the person sitting at the keyboard to accomplish a task, as opposed to becoming an additional impediment to such accomplishment. The broad goal of usable systems is often assessed using several

Criteria:
Ease of learning
Navigation
Subjective user satisfaction
General appearance

Server side interface:
In web testing the server side interface should be tested.
This is done by Verify that communication is done properly.
Compatibility of server with software, hardware, network and database should be tested.
The client side compatibility is also tested in various platforms, using various browsers etc.

Security:
The primary reason for testing the security of an web is to identify potential vulnerabilities and subsequently repair them.
The following types of testing are described in this section:
Network Scanning
Vulnerability Scanning
Password Cracking
Log Review
Integrity Checkers
Virus Detection

Performance Testing
Performance testing is a rigorous usability evaluation of a working system under realistic conditions to identify usability problems and to compare measures such as success
rate, task time and user satisfaction with requirements. The goal of performance testing is not to find bugs, but to eliminate bottlenecks and establish a baseline for future regression testing.

To conduct performance testing is to engage in a carefully controlled process of measurement and analysis. Ideally, the software under test is already stable enough so that this process can proceed smoothly. A clearly defined set of expectations is essential for meaningful performance testing.
For example, for a Web application, you need to know at least two things:
expected load in terms of concurrent users or HTTP connections
acceptable response time

Load testing:
Load testing is usually defined as the process of exercising the system under test by feeding it the largest tasks it can operate with. Load testing is sometimes called volume testing, or longevity/endurance testing
Examples of volume testing:
testing a word processor by editing a very large document
testing a printer by sending it a very large job
testing a mail server with thousands of users mailboxes
Examples of longevity/endurance testing:
testing a client-server application by running the client in a loop against the server over an extended period of time

Goals of load testing:
Expose bugs that do not surface in cursory testing, such as memory management bugs, memory leaks, buffer overflows, etc. Ensure that the application meets the performance baseline established during Performance testing. This is done by running regression tests against the application at a specified maximum load.
Although performance testing and load testing can seen similar, their goals are different. On one hand, performance testing uses load testing techniques and tools for measurement and benchmarking purposes and uses various load levels whereas load testing operates at a predefined load level, the highest load that the system can accept while still functioning properly.

Stress testing:
Stress testing is a form of testing that is used to determine the stability of a given system or entity. This is designed to test the software with abnormal situations. Stress testing attempts to find the limits at which the system will fail through abnormal quantity or frequency of inputs.
Stress testing tries to break the system under test by overwhelming its resources or by taking resources away from it (in which case it is sometimes called negative testing).
The main purpose behind this madness is to make sure that the system fails and recovers gracefully — this quality is known as recoverability.
Stress testing does not break the system but instead it allows observing how the system reacts to failure. Stress testing observes for the following.
Does it save its state or does it crash suddenly?
Does it just hang and freeze or does it fail gracefully?
Is it able to recover from the last good state on restart?

Etc.

Compatability Testing
A Testing to ensure compatibility of an application or Web site with different browsers, OS and hardware platforms. Different versions, configurations, display resolutions, and Internet connect speeds all can impact the behavior of the product and introduce costly and embarrassing bugs. We test for compatibility using real test environments. That is testing how will the system performs in the particular software, hardware or network environment. Compatibility testing can be performed manually or can be driven by an automated functional or reg The purpose of compatibility testing is to reveal issues related to the product& interaction session test suite.with other software as well as hardware. The product compatibility is evaluated by first identifying the hardware/software/browser components that the product is designed to support. Then a hardware/software/browser matrix is designed that indicates the configurations on which the product will be tested. Then, with input from the client, a testing script is designed that will be sufficient to evaluate compatibility between the product and the hardware/software/browser matrix. Finally, the script is executed against the matrix,and any anomalies are investigated to determine exactly where the incompatibility lies.
Some typical compatibility tests include testing your application:
On various client hardware configurations
Using different memory sizes and hard drive space
On various Operating Systems
In different network environments
With different printers and peripherals (i.e. zip drives, USBs, etc.)

62. which comes first test strategy or test plan?

A:– Test strategy comes first ans this is the high level document…. and approach for the testing starts from test strategy and then based on this the test lead prepares the
test plan….

63. what is the difference between web based application and client server application as a testers point of view?

A:– According to Tester’s Point of view——
1) Web Base Application (WBA)is a 3 tier application ;Browser,Back end and Server.
Client server Application(CSA) is a 2 tier Application ;Front End ,Back end .
2) In the WBA tester test for the Script error like java script error VB script error etc, that shown at the page. In the CSA tester does not test for any script error.
3) Because in the WBA once changes perform reflect at every machine so tester has less work for test. Whereas in the CSA every time application need to be instal hence ,it maybe possible that some machine has some problem for that Hardware testing as well as software testing is needed.

63. What is the significance of doing Regression testing?

A:– To check for the bug fixes. And this fix should not disturb other functionality

To Ensure the newly added functionality or existing modified functionality or developer fixed bug arises any new bug or affecting any other side effect. this is called regression test and ensure already PASSED TEST CASES would not arise any new bug.

64. What are the diff ways to check a date field in a website?

A:– There are different ways like :–
1) you can check the field width for minimum and maximum.
2) If that field only take the Numeric Value then check it’ll only take Numeric no other type.
3) If it takes the date or time then check for other.
4) Same way like Numeric you can check it for the Character,Alpha Numeric aand all.
5) And the most Important if you click and hit the enter key then some time pag e may give the error of javascript, that is the big fault on the page .
6) Check the field for the Null value ..
ETC…………………

The date field we can check in different ways Possitive testing: first we enter the date in given format

Negative Testing: We enter the date in invalid format suppose if we enter date like 30/02/2006 it should display some error message and also we use to check the numeric or text

A: — A page is rarely accessed, or some activity is performed rarely but that thing outputs some important Data incorrectly, or corrupts the data, this will be a bug of H severity L priority

47. If project wants to release in 3months what type of Risk analysis u do in Test plan?

A:– Use risk analysis to determine where testing should be focused. Since it’s rarely possible to test every possible aspect of an application, every possible combination of events, every dependency, or everything that could go wrong, risk analysis is appropriate to most software development projects. This requires judgment skills, common sense, and experience. (If warranted, formal methods are also available.) Considerations can include:

• Which functionality is most important to the project’s intended purpose?
• Which functionality is most visible to the user?
• Which functionality has the largest safety impact?
• Which functionality has the largest financial impact on users?
• Which aspects of the application are most important to the customer?
• Which aspects of the application can be tested early in the development cycle?
• Which parts of the code are most complex, and thus most subject to errors?
• Which parts of the application were developed in rush or panic mode?
• Which aspects of similar/related previous projects caused problems?
• Which aspects of similar/related previous projects had large maintenance expenses?
• Which parts of the requirements and design are unclear or poorly thought out?
• What do the developers think are the highest-risk aspects of the application?
• What kinds of problems would cause the worst publicity?
• What kinds of problems would cause the most customer service complaints?
• What kinds of tests could easily cover multiple functionalities?
• Which tests will have the best high-risk-coverage to time-required ratio

48. Test cases for IE 6.0 ?

A:– Test cases for IE 6.0 i.e Internet Explorer 6.0:—
1)First I go for the Installation side, means that –
+ is it working with all versions of Windows ,Netscape or other softwares in other words we can say that IE must check with all hardware and software parts.
2) Secondly go for the Text Part means that all the Text part appears in frequent and smooth manner.
3) Thirdly go for the Images Part means that all the Images appears in frequent and smooth manner.
4) URL must run in a better way.
5) Suppose Some other language used on it then URL take the Other Characters, Other than Normal Characters.
6)Is it working with Cookies frequently or not.
7) Is it Concerning with different script like JScript and VBScript.
HTML Code work on that or not.
9) Troubleshooting works or not.
10) All the Tool bars are work with it or not.
11) If Page has Some Links, than how much is the Max and Min Limit for that.
12) Test for Installing Internet Explorer 6 with Norton Protected Recycle Bin enabled .
13) Is it working with the Uninstallation Process.
14) Last but not the least test for the Security System for the IE 6.0

49. Where you involve in testing life cycle ,what type of test you perform ?

A:– Generally test engineers involved from entire test life cycle i.e, test plan, test case preparation, execution, reporting. Generally system testing, regression testing, adhoc testing
etc.

50. what is Testing environment in your company ,means hwo testing process start ?

A:– testing process is going as follows
quality assurance unit
quality assurance manager
testlead
test engineer

51. who prepares the use cases?

A:– In Any company except the small company Business analyst prepares the use cases
But in small company Business analyst prepares along with team lead

52. What methodologies have you used to develop test cases?

A:– generally test engineers uses 4 types of methodologies
1. Boundary value analysis
2.Equivalence partition
3.Error guessing
4.cause effect graphing

53. Why we call it as a regression test nor retest?

A:– If we test whether defect is closed or not i.e Retesting But here we are checking the impact also regression means repeated times

54. Is automated testing better than manual testing. If so, why?

A:– Automated testing and manual testing have advantages as well as disadvantages
Advantages: It increase the efficiency of testing process speed in process
reliable
Flexible
disadvantage’s
Tools should have compatibility with our development or deployment tools needs lot of time initially If the requirements are changing continuously Automation is not suitable
Manual: If the requirements are changing continuously Manual is suitable Once the build is stable with manual testing then only we go 4 automation
Disadvantages:
It needs lot of time
We can not do some type of testing manually
E.g Performances

55. what is the exact difference between a product and a project.give an example ?

A:– Project Developed for particular client requirements are defined by client Product developed for market Requirements are defined by company itself by conducting market survey
Example
Project: the shirt which we are interested stitching with tailor as per our specifications is project
Product: Example is “Ready made Shirt” where the particular company will imagine particular measurements they made the product
Mainframes is a product
Product has many mo of versions
but project has fewer versions i.e depends upon change request and enhancements

56. Define Brain Stromming and Cause Effect Graphing? With Eg?

A:– BS:
A learning technique involving open group discussion intended to expand the range of available ideas
OR
A meeting to generate creative ideas. At PEPSI Advertising, daily, weekly and bi-monthly brainstorming sessions are held by various work groups within the firm. Our monthly I-
Power brainstorming meeting is attended by the entire agency staff.
OR
Brainstorming is a highly structured process to help generate ideas. It is based on the principle that you cannot generate and evaluate ideas at the same time. To use brainstorming, you must first gain agreement from the group to try brainstorming for a fixed interval (eg six minutes).

CEG :
A testing technique that aids in selecting, in a systematic way, a high-yield set of test cases that logically relates causes to effects to produce test cases. It has a beneficial side effect in pointing out incompleteness and ambiguities in specifications.

57. Actually by using severity u should know which one u need to solve so what is the need of priority?

A:– I guess severity reflects the seriousness of the bug where as priority refers to which bug should rectify first. of course if the severity is high the same case is with priority in normal.

severity decided by the tester where as priority decided by developers. which one need to solve first knows through priority not with severity. how serious of the bug knows through
severity.

severity is nothing impact of that bug on the application. Priority is nothing but importance to resolve the bug yeah of course by looking severity we can judge but sometimes high severity bug doesn’t have high priority At the same time High priority bug don’t have high severity
So we need both severity and priority

58. What do u do if the bug that u found is not accepted by the developer and he is saying its not reproducible. Note:The developer is in the on site location ?

A:– once again we will check that condition with all reasons. then we will attach screen shots with strong reasons. then we will explain to the project manager and also explain to the client when they contact us

Sometimes bug is not reproducible it is because of different environment suppose development team using other environment and you are using different environment at this situation there is chance of bug not reproducing. At this situation please check the environment in the base line documents that is functional documents if the environment which we r using is correct we will raise it as defect We will take screen shots and sends them with test procedure also

59. what is the difference between three tier and two tier application?

A:– Client server is a 2-tier application. In this, front end or client is connected to
‘Data base server’ through ‘Data Source Name’,front end is the monitoring level.

Web based architecture is a 3-tier application. In this, browser is connected to web server through TCP/IP and web server is connected to Data base server,browser is the monitoring level. In general, Black box testers are concentrating on monitoring level of any type of application.

All the client server applications are 2 tier architectures.
Here in these architecture, all the “Business Logic” is stored in clients and “Data” is stored in Servers. So if user request anything, business logic will b performed at client, and the data is retrieved from Server(DB Server). Here the problem is, if any business logic changes, then we
need to change the logic at each any every client. The best ex: is take a super market, i have branches in the city. At each branch i have clients, so business logic is stored in clients, but the actual data is store in servers.If assume i want to give some discount on some items, so i
need to change the business logic. For this i need to goto each branch and need to change the business logic at each client. This the disadvantage of Client/Server architecture.

So 3-tier architecture came into picture:

Here Business Logic is stored in one Server, and all the clients are dumb terminals. If user requests anything the request first sent to server, the server will bring the data from DB Sever and send it to clients. This is the flow for 3-tier architecture.

Assume for the above. Ex. if i want to give some discount, all my business logic is there in Server. So i need to change at one place, not at each client. This is the main advantage of 3-tier architecture.