SolutION 101

Flow Line Jumper for Subsea Wells

2010-04-05T16:35:00.002+08:00

A subsea well system has a flowline jumper that extends between components on the sea floor. The jumper has connectors on each end for connecting to the two components. At least a portion of the jumper is buoyant and sufficiently flexible to cause it to assume a vertical arcuate configuration when installed. One end of the jumper has a connector that has a mandrel that guides into a mating socket formed on the end of an arm. The arm is mounted to a ring that can be rotated to various orientations.

(Photo from: http://www.oceaneering.com/subsea-products/subsea-field-development-hardware/flowline-connection-systems/)

Types of Flowline & Jumper Connection Systems include:-

1. Vertical Connectors

(Photo from: http://www.dynamic-positioning.com/dp2004/dfd_flowlines.pdf)

2. Horizontal Connectors (Deflect-to Connect; Pull-in and Lay Away)

(Photo from: http://www.dynamic-positioning.com/dp2004/dfd_flowlines.pdf)

3. Stab and Hinge Over

(Photo from: http://www.dynamic-positioning.com/dp2004/dfd_flowlines.pdf)

Type of Well & Flowline Jumpers includes:-

1. Rigid Jumpers (U-shaped vertical connection, U-shaped with Langner Loop vertical connection, M-shaped vertical connection, L or Z shaped horizontal connection)

2. Flexible Jumpers (vertical connection, horizontal connection)

(Photo from: http://www.dynamic-positioning.com/dp2004/dfd_flowlines.pdf)

System Curve and Pump Performance Curve

2010-04-05T11:14:00.000+08:00

Let begin with have a basic understanding what is System Curve and what is Pump Performance Curve.

System curve is showing the capacity and pressure needs of any system. Whereas characteristic pump performance curve is showing the capacity vs. pressure variation for a particular pump.

SYSTEM CURVE

The system head visualized in the System Curve is a function of the elevation - the static head in the system. It must be developed by the user based upon the conditions of service. These include:-

physical layout
process conditions and
fluid characteristics.

It represents the relationship between flow and hydraulic losses in a system in a graphic form and, since friction losses vary as a square of the flow rate, the system curve is parabolic in shape. Hydraulic losses in piping systems are composed of pipe friction losses, valves, elbows, tee and other fittings, entrance and exit losses, and losses from changes in pipe size by enlargement or reduction in diameter.

By using system curve, all operating conditions can be considered (e.g. best method where transfer the fluid to destination with desired conditions (i.e. pressure and flow rate)).

PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE

A Pump Performance Curve is produced by a pump manufacturer from actual tests performed and shows the relationship between Flow and Total Dynamic Head, the Efficiency (i.e. Best Efficiency Point, BEP), recommend operating range, the NPSH Required, and the BHP Required.

In general:-

Higher Head = Lower Flow
Lower Head = Higher Flow
Lower Flow = Lower Horsepower
Higher Flow = Higher Horsepower

This curve is plotted for a constant speed (rpm) and a given impeller diameter (or series of diameters).

Notes:-

Increasing the impeller diameter or speed increases the head and flow rate capacity - and the pump curve moves upwards.
The head capacity can be increased by connecting two or more pumps in series, or the flow rate capacity can be increased by connecting two or more pumps in parallel.

(Figure source from http://www.cheresources.com/centrifugalpumps5.shtml)

The curve consist of a line starting at Shut-off Head point where zero flow occurred. The line continuous to the right, with head reducing and flow increaing until Run-out point (also known as end of curve). As shown, flow and head are linked and locked. It can not be changed without varying the other.

Further discuss BEP in later post.

Reading pump and engine performance curves (Irrigation management series)

Pump Sizing

2010-04-05T10:21:00.001+08:00

There are two main parameters to size a PUMP:-

Fluid flow rate
Pressure to be developed

Other parameters including:-

Fluid density
Fluid viscosity
Fluid temperature/vaporisation temperature

The Pressure that should be developed by the pump shall equal to the pressure drop in the system - It normally can be found from the pipe sizing tables or relevant method. Pressure drop in the system shall include also friction loss of pipe and fittings. The easiest way to calculate friction loss of pipe is via Hazen-William Equation and friction loss of fittings is via Table of Equivalent length of Fittings.

Typically, flow rate of fluid can be found from the pipe sizing tables.