Song Tray

កត្តាសមត្ថភាពបុគ្គលិកដើម្បីជោគជ័យក្ហុងការងារ

2010-11-29T17:54:00.000-08:00

មាតិកា
• និយមន័យកត្តាសមត្ថភាព
• សារសំខាន់នៃកត្តាសមត្ថភាព
• ការរៀបចំកត្តាសមត្ថភាព
• កត្តាសមត្ថភាពទាំង៨

ការកំនត់កត្តាសមត្ថភាព

កត្តាសមត្ថភាព
និយមន័យៈ
១. ជាជំនាញ ចំនេះដឹង កំលាំងកាយចិត្តដែលអាចជំរុញអោយបុគ្គលម្នាក់អាចបំពេញការងារប្រកបដោយភាពជោគជ័យ
( Unido, 2002) ។

២. ជាប្រភពចំនេះដឹងរួមចរិកលក្ខណកត្តាសង្គម ជាមួយនិងជំនាញរបស់បុគ្គលម្នាក់ដើម្បីបំពេញការងារអោយបានប្រសើរ (Hayes, 1979)។

កត្តាសមត្ថភាព

សារៈសំខាន់សី្តពីកត្តាសមត្ថភាព

• ការបង្កើតគំរោងអភិវឌ្ឍន៍អាជីព
• ការបណ្តុះបណ្តាល និង ការអភិវន្ឍន៍
• ការតំឡើងប្រាក់ខែ
• ការតំឡើងថានះ
• ការផ្លាស់ប្តូរមុខតំណែង
• ការទទួលបានការរីកចំរើនការងារ

ការប្រើប្រាស់កត្តាសមត្ថភាពក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធធនធានមនុស្ស

ការកំនត់កត្តាសមត្ថភាព

ឥរិយាបថជំនួយ
និយមន័យៈ
ជាការសំគាល់កត្តាសមត្ថភាពនិមួយៗ នៅកន្លែងការងារ។

ការកំនត់កត្តាសមត្ថភាព

សន្ទស្សន៍
និយមន័យ
ជា ឧបករណ៏សំរាប់វាស់វែង និង កំនត់កត្តាសមត្ថភាព។

កត្តាសមត្ថភាពសំខាន់ៗ

១ ភាពស្មោះត្រង់
និយមន័យ
ជាសមត្ថភាពដែលមានការទទួលខុសត្រូរក្សានូវក្រមសីលធម៌ ច្បាប់ និង បទបញ្ជា របស់អង្គភាព រឺ សង្គមដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងសកម្មភាពការងារ។

ឥរិយាបថជំនួយ
• ឥរិយាបថមានការទទួលស្គាល់ពីសង្គមយ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយអំពី តំលៃ និង សីលធម៌។ ។
• ការសំដែង នឹង ការប្រព្រឹត្តិឡើង ដែលមិនប្រាសចាកពី ក្រឹត្យក្រមរបស់អង្គភាព។
• រាល់ការសំរេចចិត្តគឺ ត្រូវអោយមានប្រយោជន៏ដល់ PSE នឹង ប្រកបដោយ ក្រមសីលធម៌ខ្ពស់ គឺមិនមែនជាលក្ខណៈបុគ្គលនោះទេ។
• កសាងទំនុកចិត្ត និង ភាពជឿជាក់រវាងបុគ្គលិក និង ដៃគូរខាងក្រៅអង្គភាព
• កសាងភាពស្មោះត្រង់ខ្ពស់ចំពោះខ្លួន និង សមាជិកក្រុមការងាទទួលខុសត្រូវ
• រក្សានូវប្រភពជំនួយ និង ព័ត៌មានដោយយកចិត្តទុកដាក់

២ ភាពបត់បែននិយមន័យ
ជាសមត្ថភាពដែលអាចបត់បែននឹងសំរបសំរួលដោយប្រសិទ្ធិភាពទៅតាម ការផ្លាស់ប្តូរ បរិយាកាសការងារ ដូចជាពេលជួបប្រទះនឹងការងារ រឺ ភារកិច្ច ការទទួលខុសត្រូវថ្មី និង បុគ្គលដទៃទៀត។
ឥរិយាបថជំនួយ
• មានទឹកចិត្តទូលំទូលាយ និង ពិចារណានូវជំរើសផ្សេងៗគ្នា
• ជាភ្នាក់ងារផ្លាស់ប្តូរ និង ប្រើប្រាស់នូវវីធីសាស្រ្តជួយលើកទឹកចិត្តដល់អ្នកដទៃអោយយល់ និង អាចទទួលបាននូវការផ្លាស់ប្តូរ
• មានភាពបត់បែន និង អាចទំលាប់បានជាមួយនឹង វីធីសាស្រ្តផ្សេងៗគ្នាដើម្បីសំរេចបាននូវគោលដៅរបស់អង្គភាព
មានចិត្តចង់ចេះ ចង់ដឹង និង ចង់រៀន

៣ គំនិតផ្តួចផ្តើម
និយមន័យ
ជាការធ្វើខ្លួនអោយមានឥទ្ធិពលលើការងារយ៉ាងសកម្ម ជាជាងទទួលយកដោយមិនបានគិតពិចារណា។ ហើយក៏ជាចរិកមួយដែលចេះឆក់យកឪកាស ដើម្បីដោះ ស្រាយបញ្ហា នឹង គំនិតផ្តើមរកដំណោះស្រាយ
ឥរិយាបថជំនួយ
• ជាកំលាំងចិត្តមួយដែលជំរុញ រឺ បណ្តាលអោយអ្វីមួយ កើតឡើង មិនរង់ចាំតែការណែនាំ និង បញ្ជាពីនរណាម្នាក់
• ព្យាយាម និង ស្វែងរកវិធីសាស្រ្តថី្មៗ ក្នុងការបំពេញការងារប្រកបដោយប្រសិទិ្ធភាព
• ពោពេញដោយកំលាំងថាមពលក្នុងការបង្កើតសកម្មភាពផ្សេងៗ

៤ ភាពស៊ូទ្រាំរឺអត់ធ្មត់
និយមន័យ
ជាសមត្ថភាពមួយ ដែលត្រូវមានភាព តស៊ូ និង ព្យាយាមដោះស្រាយ បញ្ហាយ៉ាង ណាអោយបានសំរេច ដោយការប្តេជ្ញាចិត្តខ្ពស់ និង មិនបោះបង់។
ឥរិយាបថជំនួយ:
• ជាការប្តេជ្ញាចិត្ត និង មានឆន្ទៈចំពោះការងារ និង អង្គភាព
• ជាចំនុចវិជ្ជមានមួយដែលត្រូវចេះរិះរកដំណោះស្រាយនិង ច្រកចេញទោះស្ថិតក្នុងភាព
• ជំនះ និង មិនងាយបោះបង់ចោលដោយងាយពេលជួបការលំបាក
• អាចគ្រប់គ្រងភាពតានតឹងអារម្មណ៍បាន
• សំដែងចេញនូវភាពអត់ធ្មត់ និង ហ្មត់ចត់

៥ ការដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាប្រកបគំនិតច្នៃប្រឌិត
និយមន័យៈ
ជាសមត្ថភាពពិសេសមួយ ក្នុងការដោះស្រាយបញ្ហា រួមមាន ការកំនត់បញ្ហា ការប្រមូលព័ត៌មាន ចំណាត់ការថ្នាក់ព័ត៌មាន និង រកឬសគល់នៃបញ្ហា។ ជាពិសេសភាពច្នៃប្រឌិត ក្នុងការស្វែងរកដំណោះស្រាយ។
ឥរិយាបថជំនួយ:
• ការដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាបានដោយជោគជ័យ ដោយចេះប្រើប្រាស់ព័ត៌មានត្រឹមត្រូវ
• ជាការដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដោយឆ្លងកាត់ការវិភាគលើទិន្នន័យប្រមូលបាន និងពិចារណាលើកត្តាជាច្រើនទៀត
• ចេះជួយអោយជាយោបល់ និង លើកទឹកចិត្តក្នុងការចែករំលែក
• មានការបើកចិត្តទូលំទូលាយ ក្នុងការរិៈរកគំនិតថ្មី និង ភាពច្នៃប្រឌិត

៦ ការធ្វើផែនការ និង ការអនុវត្តន៏
និយមន័យ
ជាសមត្ថភាពបង្កើតនូវគោលការណ៏មួយ ដែលមានប្រសិទ្ធិភាព សំរាប់ខ្លួនឯង និង អ្នកដទៃ ដើម្បីសំរេចគោលដៅ។ ការដើរតាម រឺ អនុវត្តន៏តាមផែនការយ៉ាងមានប្រសិទ្ធិភាព ហើយជាពិសេសគឺ ត្រូវចេះគ្រប់គ្រងធនធានយ៉ាងមានប្រសិទ្ធិភាព ដើម្បីភាពជោគជ័យ។
ឥរិយាបថជំនួយ
• មុនពេលធ្វើប្រតិបត្តិការ ការអភិវឌ្ឍន៏ផែនការ ត្រូវបញ្ជាក់ច្បាស់ថារាល់ធាតុសំខាន់ៗ ត្រូវបានរៀបចំ។
• ការវិភាគទិន្ន័យចំពោះគោលបំណងផែនការ
• អាចអោយអាទិភាពទៅលើការងារអ្វីមួយ ជាចាំបាច់និង សំខាន់
• ការគិតគូរ និង ពិចារណាជាមុនលើធនធានដូចជា ពេលវេលា ថវិកា និង ធនធានមនុស្សជាដើម មុនពេលអនុវត្ត
• ត្រូវបញ្ជាក់ច្បាស់ថា ផែនការត្រូវបានអនុវត្ត
• បើសិនជានិយាយ នោះនឹងត្រូវតែធ្វើ និង អនុវត្ត

៧ ការងារជាក្រុម
និយមន័យ
ការសំដែងទឹកចិត្តចូលរួមជាសមាជិកក្នុងក្រុមការងារ។
ឥរិយាបថជំនួយ
• មានការចែករំលែកយ៉ាងសកម្មក្នុងក្រុម
• ការចូលរួម និង ការចែករំលែកដល់ក្រុមផ្សេងៗ
• ការកសាងទំនាក់ទំនងក្នុងអង្គភាព

៨ ភាពរូសរាយរាក់ទាក់
និយមន័យ
ជាសមត្ថភាពចូលរួម និង រាក់ទាក់ជាមួយអ្នកដទៃ ដោយភាពរូសរាយ រីករាយ។
ឥរិយាបថជំនួយ
• មិនស្ងាត់ស្ងៀម និង មិននៅតែឯង គឺជំនួសដោយការនិយាយ និង ការចែករំលែក ក្នុងការសន្ទនា និង អង្គប្រជុំ
• ឆ្លៀតឪកាសចេះណែនាំខ្លួនជាលើកដំបូងដោយភាពរីករាយ
• ចេះធ្វើអោយអ្នកជុំវិញខ្លួនសប្បាយរីករាយជាមួយ

ឯកសារយោង
• http://www.scribd.com/doc/10421215/Competency-Mapping-3
• Citadel Consulting Pte Ltd

Small Business

2010-10-05T23:48:00.000-07:00

Business Evaluation & Organization Reviews
You think you are doing all the right things for your business, but for some reason, your bottom line just doesn’t reflect it. Or you are working long and hard hours from Mondays to Sundays, and are desperate to find more efficient and effective ways to run your business.
We will gladly help you achieve that work/life balance by evaluating your current business model, process, operations, and/or organizational structure, to identify problems or areas of improvement. Results You Can Expect:You will learn how efficient and effective your company’s programs and/or initiatives are. You will also gain the ability to recognize when changes are required and to implement them across all parts of your business on an ongoing basis. You can expect to identify opportunities that will increase your operational excellence.

Finance and Accounting
Welcome to Financial Management for Small Business
Do you wish that your business had booming sales, substantial customer demand and rapid growth? Be careful what you wish for. Many small business owners are unprepared for success. If you fail to forecast and prepare for growth, you may be unable to bridge the ever-widening financial gap between the money coming in and the money going out. In other words, by failing to manage your cash flow, good news often turns to bad.
Advisory, guidance and operational assistance services concerning decision areas which are financial in nature, such as:
- Working capital and liquidity management
- Determination of an appropriate capital structure
- Analysis of capital investment proposal
- Development of accounting systems and budgetary controls
- Business valuations prior to mergers and/or acquisitions; etc.

General/Strategic management
You may be caught in the daily operations of your business so much so that you are losing sight of the big picture. Or perhaps you are contemplating a change to the core of your business and expansion geographically, but you do not know how that will impact the rest of your operations.
We develop full strategic plans to help you define the core values of your organizations and key business activities so that you can meet your objectives once again. We will dissect your organization and analyze your internal operations as well as the external environment your business is operating within. We will also work with you to set new goals, create new strategies and timelines, and determine your success criteria for you to run a successful business long term.Results You Can Expect:Most companies and organizations need a vision and strategic plan, but few have it. Your Plan will put you ahead of many of your competitors. You will now have short and long-term goals for your business in key performance areas which will help you stay focused. Your business activities or issues, such as operating costs, customer satisfaction, quality of goods or services, etc., will subsequently be improved with a more focused vision.

Legal Consultation
The main services offered by firm in this category are:
- Business registration
- Contract drafting and document preparation
- Mediation and litigation services
- Trademark registration and protection
- Land and property transaction and
- Estate services

Marketing and advertising
Are you having problems differentiating your business from your competitors’? Maybe you are struggling with selling your products and services because your customers or clients do not know you. Or perhaps you are running low on ideas to market your business.
We have a solution for you. We create full marketing plans to help you enter the market and create a brand. With our help, you will be able to refine your products and services, identify market segments, select distribution channels, create effective promotional strategies, and utilize various pricing tactics to gain optimal profit.
The main services offered by firm in this category are:
- Advice on advertising strategies
- Design and production of posters, brochures, leaflets, newspaper
supplements, banners and billboards
- Media services (design, production, and assistance in placing advertising
in print media, TV, radio)
- Preparation and publication of directories such at the Yellow Pages
- Event management and business promotion and
- Sale representative
- Public relation

Funny Photos

2010-08-29T23:22:00.000-07:00

Dear all please have a look those photos bellow

Construction School Course Curriculum

2010-07-23T01:10:00.000-07:00

Table of Contents
Page

I.Presentation of PSE 1
1 .History 1
2. The Vocational Training Center 1
3 .Location 1
II. The Construction School 2
1. School Structure 2
2. School Objectives 4
3. Admission Criteria 4
4.Course duration 4
5. Instructors 5
6. Partners 6
7. School Facilities 6
III. The Training Programs 6
IV. Student Competency 7
1. 1st year: 7
2. 2nd year 7
V. Course Curriculum 10
1. Subjects of Study 10
2. Technical Module 11
3. Mathematics 28
4. Khmer 32
5. Computer 39
6. Professional Life Training 42
VI. Methodology 45
1. Teaching principles and Intentions 45
a) Teaching principles 45
b) Teaching intentions 45
2. General Training Approach 46
3. Role and Functions of the Trainers 46
a) Planning and Preparation: 46
b) Information and motivation 47
c) Animation, Support and Orientation 47
d) Examinations 47
4. Formative Examination 48

I. Presentation of PSE

Before starting the description of the courses provided by the Construction School, it is important to briefly present the organization of Pour un Sourire d'Enfant.

1 .History

Founded in 1995 by Christian and Marie-France des Pallières, Pour un Sourire d'Enfant (For a Smile of a Child) is a Non-Governmental Organization that supports more than 6,500 young people from the garbage dump of Phnom Penh. This help includes: Social and medical actions for the children and their families Relocation of families to a more decent surrounding
Education in municipal school and in PSE Schooling center

Pour un Sourire d'Enfant received the Human Rights Award in 2000.

2. The Vocational Training Center

The objective of the Vocational Training Center, which has been created in 2000, is to provide professional skills to the selected teenagers in order to equip them with a long-lasting solution for their families’ livelihood on the garbage dump.

For this reason, three training programs have been launched in eight different schools:

Business School
Hairdressing, Beauty care, and spa school
Gardening School
Mechanic School
Construction School
Home and Food management School
Information Technology School
Hotel School

Before entering in one of the training programs, the students have to go through a one-year preparatory class to strengthen their general knowledge (English, Khmer, Mathematics) and to discover the economic environment (visits to companies, business conferences, economic courses).

3 .Location

The Vocational Training Center is located in the area of the garbage dumpsite of Phnom Penh. It also has a strong and active link in Siam Reap and Sihanouk Province.

The aim of the Center in Siam Reap and Sihanouk Province is to welcome the students on internship and the graduated students who work in the two centers. The centers are called Insertion Centers.

II. The Construction School

The Construction School was created in 2007 to absorb preparatory students from classes P1 and P2. Visioning the need for infrastructural development in Cambodia, many companies, local as well as international, have started their construction operation in this country especially in cities and suburbs. They have built not only simple housing but also big hotels and restaurants as well as high rise buildings and huge shopping malls. This resulted in the increasing need of human resources in construction maintenance field, and it is also the reason for the creation of Construction school at PSE. Currently, PSE is working with more than 1,000 enterprises around Cambodia. Many of them have shown their need for high capacity staff and manpower for their business. There has been high demand in skills such as electricity, building painting, tiling, plumbing, and building maintenance. This demand in technician and quality manpower has prompted PSE to create Construction School. Thus three skills are included in PSE’s Construction School:

Electricity Training
Plumbing Training
Tiling and Painting Training

1. School Structure

After completing their preparatory classes, students are carefully selected for the Construction School.
In the Construction School during their first year, first the students have to go through a three months Common Core Syllabus (CCS) to make them ready for their skill training. After finishing CCS, each student can choose to study one of the three skills offered by Construction School which include Electricity (E1), Tiling and Painting (T&P1), and Plumbing (P1); and then the students in their respective field can continue their study in Year2.

Grade 6-8
E1
(Electricity Year1)
8 months

CCS
(Common Core Syllabus Year1 )
3 months
P2
Preparatory Class
Catching-up School
Preparatory Class
(General Education for Training)
Vocational Training Center
P1
(Plumbing Year1)
8 months

T&P1
(Tiling and Painting Year1)
8 months

E2
(Electricity Year2)
8 months

P2
(Plumbing Year2)
8 months

T&P2
(Tiling and Painting Year2)
8 months

2. School Objectives

The mission of the Construction School is to:

a. Offer skillful knowledge to students in order to make them have good jobs and salary with professional behavior when they finish their training
b. Match the quality of the training programs to the expectation of the current job market in Cambodia

3. Admission Criteria

PSE Construction School gives priority to young people of the garbage dumpsite. In the future, the School will also accept other unprivileged young people who meet to the same social criteria defined by PSE. In any case, PSE social team does a social survey before accepting any students. The criteria taken into consideration include:

q Poverty of the family
q Number of members in the family
q Debt and revenue of the family
q Average level of education in the family

After that, the students are tested on their level of general education especially in English, Mathematics and Khmer. The students are also interviewed to see their motivation and their degree of maturity. The school filters for only the students from grade 6 to grade 8 and whose age is 18 years or above.

4. Course Duration

The duration of the course is 2 years including two three-month internships.
- The first three months of the 1st year is common core syllabus where all students learn the basic of the three skills to let them know each skill well before they decide to choose the one in which they are interested.
- 8 months in the 1st year for training their skill
- 3 months of internship (report and presentation required) in construction company or other related organization.
- 8 months in the 2nd year for training their skill.
3 months final internship/pre-hiring internship (report and presentation required) in construction company or related organization.

5. Instructors

As a part of providing good quality technical training, the School believes in having competent staffs who are effective and dedicated to their profession. The school’s trainers are qualified professionals who equipped with both the technical expertise and the pedagogic know-how.

The school also believes in the importance of continually updating and upgrading the technical skill and knowledge of its staffs. There are both internal and external staff development programs for instructors to update and upgrade their skill and knowledge.

No.
Name
Educational Level
Teaching Fields
1
SONG Mongtray
Bachelor of Education
(English Literature); Electrician Specialist Worker
Electricity
2
HOK Thyleang
Electrical Engineering; Junior Technical Teacher; Diploma Degree in Electrical Engineering
Electricity
3
HIN Saohon
Civil Engineering; Technical Diploma of Construction
Tiling
Painting
4
KIM Socheath
Civil Engineering; Technical Diploma of Construction
Tiling
Painting
5
HIM Da
Civil Engineering; Auto Mechanic
Plumbing
6
KOUCH Naravy

Plumbing

6. Partners

In order to provide students with good quality training and to respond to the market need, we work closely with experienced professionals by creating an advisory committee which comprises of local and international companies, NGOs, and other training schools in Cambodia to develop and update our curriculum every year.

Our current partners include:

Local Partners:
1. CANADIA BANK PLC
2. Reaksmey Dara Construction Co., Ltd
3. Sea-Union Construction (Cambodia) Co., Ltd
4. Muhibbah Engineering (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.
5. DBD Engineering Co., Ltd.
6. PURAPOOL
7. Engineering Technical Service
8. Serimongkul Engineering
9. Civil Industry Construction Sithen Co., Ltd
10. Comin Khmere
11. Vimean Chey Groups
12. Maestria Cambodia Co Ltd
13. Jotun Multicolor Center
14. Rockret (Cambodia)
15. Camatec Eng. &Const. Co., Ltd
16. HEK Construction Co., Ltd
17. Schneider Electric Overseas Asia in Cambodia
18. Genting Teamwork Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
19. Private Sub-Constructor
20. Electrical Service
21. KHJ Construction Co., Ltd.

International partners:
1. Comité Central de Coordination de l'Apprentissage (CCCA) in France
2. CFA Toulon France

7. School Facilities
The facilities of PSE Construction School give opportunity to students to work in condition close to the real work environment. All the equipments are modern and regularly renewed to guarantee good working condition. The facilities include:
- Tiling and Painting workshop: The workshop contains 6 booths where students practice inside on painting or tiling. This workshop is able to allow 18 students to practice in.
- Tiling and Painting store: located beside tiling and painting workshop, the store is equipped with tools and material for training and small tiling and painting project in PSE center.
- Electricity workshop: The workshop contains 6 booths where students practice inside on electricity. This workshop is able to allow 18 students to practice in.
- Electricity store: located beside electricity workshop, the store is equipped with tools and material for training and small electrical project in PSE center.
- Plumbing workshop: The workshop contains 12 booths where students practice inside on plumbing. This workshop is able to allow 18 students to practice in.
- Plumbing store: located beside plumbing workshop, the store is equipped with tools and material for training and small plumbing project in PSE center.

III. The Training Programs

The Construction School offers three training programs which include Electricity, Tiling and Painting, and Plumbing. The training for each skill takes students two years to complete. After finishing each academic year, students must go to an internship before they can continue to the next academic year or graduate their study. Therefore, through their two-year study, they have to engage in internship twice.

Class
Training Duration
Training Period
Internship Duration
Internship Period
Common Core Syllabus
3 months
September – November
N/A
N/A
Year 1
8 months
December – July
3 months
August – October
Year 2
8 months
November – June
3 months
July – September
Total
19 months

6 months

IV. Student Competency

A. Electricity Training

1st year:
After 1st year of Electricity Training, the students will be able to:

· Install simple lighting system
· Install three gangs and two-way switch
· Install four gangs one-way switch
· Install automatic timer
· Install electrical conduit and wire
· Install home electrical system
· Install auto pumping system
· Install dimmer
· Install latching relay
· Install Main distribution box
2nd year
After 2nd year of Electricity Training Students will be able to:
· Install tri-phase motor controlling system
· Install electric motor control in star-delta
B. Tiling and Painting Training

1st year:
After 1st year of Tiling and Painting Training, the students will be able to:

· Identify several kinds of painting
· Read technical drawing
· Use tiling and painting tools and materials
· Use all kind of plasters
· Make projection painting
· Repaint the old painted wall
· Use several kinds of paints
· Mix color paint
· Define harmonious color
· Tile normal floor tiling, picture floor tiling
· Tile normal wall tiling, picture wall tiling
· Design tiling
· Mix mortar
· Install tiles in bath room
· Install decoration tiles
2nd year
After 2nd year of Tiling and Painting Training Students will be able to:

· Realize floor decoration tiling
· Realize wall decoration tiling
· Design and decorate color tiling
· Plaster and paint
· Make projected painting
· Paint metal and wood
· Do masonry work
C. Plumbing Training

1st year:
After 1st year of Plumbing Training, the students will be able to:

· Use plumbing tools and materials
· Prepare working place
· Read technical construction and plumbing drawing
· Use catalog of plumbing equipments
· Install sanitary equipments: WC, urinal, washing sink…
· Install drainage system
· Install water supply system
· Make water ditch
· Install all kinds of siphons

2nd year
After 2nd year of Plumbing Training, the students will be able to:
First semester
· Connect pipes PP-R and PE
· Calculate pipe’s section for train drainage
· Install pressure reducing valve or detender
· Install washing machine
· Install modern sanitary fittings in bathroom ( by using hot water system )
· Install hot water system
· Install hot water system using solar system

V. Course Curriculum

All students must spend one year in preparatory class to study the foundation for training orientation, general knowledge and professional behavior for their long-life career. The programs of the general classes are not only important for foundation class, but also necessary for supporting specific courses. The Construction School provides students continuous knowledge of Khmer, Math, Computer, and English every yearly academic program since they are deemed compulsory for each level of Construction School.
1. Subjects of Study

1st year program

English ................................................................. 10 hours per week
Technical Modules ................................................ 22hours per week
Mathematics........................................................... 5 hours per week
Khmer ................................................................... 4 hours per week
Computer .............................................................. 2 hours per week
Social & Professional Life (SPL)........................... 2 hours per week
Professional Life Training (PLT)............................. 1 hour per week
Self study .............................................................. 4 hours per week
Total study hours ............................................ 50 hours per week

2nd year program

English ................................................................. 10 hours per week
Technical Modules .............................................. 22 hours per week
Mathematics........................................................... 5 hours per week
Khmer ................................................................... 2 hours per week
Social & Professional Life (SPL)........................... 2 hours per week
Professional Life Training (PLT)............................. 1 hour per week
Self study ............................................................. .8 hours per week
Total study hours ............................................ 50 hours per week

2. Technical Module
Name of the course: Technical Modules
Electricity Trainer: Mr. SONG Mongtray, Mr. HOK Thyleang
Tiling and Painting Trainer: Mr. HIN Saohon, Mr. KIM Socheath
Plumbing Trainer: Mr. HIM Da, Mr. KOUCH Naravy
Number of hours: 22 hours per week
Attending class: Construction School: Electricity Training, Tiling and Painting Training, Plumbing Training
Evaluation: Monthly exam, Practical exam, Quiz, Semester exam, Class participation, Homework

Technical Modules for First Year Program

Common Core Syllabus (CCS: 3months)
Electricity Modules
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objective of lesson
Unit1: Work safety
Lessons:
1. Safety equipments
2. Danger of electrical shock
3. Protection against electrical shock
4. Electrician’s tools and equipments

10h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Use safety equipments and identify each equipment’s role
· Know how to rescue people from electrical shock
· Know the importance role of grounding system
· Know the importance of lightning protection system
· Identify personal and common equipments
Unit2: Electrical materials
Lessons:
1. Electrical materials
2. Product brand names
3. Products’ information and specification
4. Electrical circuit

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Differentiate between safety and decorative equipments
· Identify equipments’s brand names
· Identify manufacturers and equipments’ specification
· Recognize electrical circuit

Unit3: Electrical enterprises
Lessons:
1. General information on electrical enterprises
2. Electrician’ roles in enterprise
3. Different kind of work sites
4. Dealing with different kinds of situations for electrical installation
5. Occupation as an electrician

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Define different kinds of electrical enterprises.
· Citing electrical work at different work places.
· Install electrical system in various circumstances: above ceiling, in brick wall, in bathroom...
· Identify various power sypply occupations
· Install new electrical system and do the maintenance of old system
Unit4: Electrical drawings and symbols
Lessons:
1. Floor plan
2. Different kinds of drawings
3. Introducing scaled drawing
4. Electrical symbols

17h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Describe floor plan
· Describe elevation
· Recognize scale in drawing
· Identify various symbols in drawing

Unit5: Electricity distribution and connection
Lessons:
1. Electricity distribution in building
2. Single diagram
3. Selecting conduit and accessories
4. Mono-phase 220V and tri-phase 380V current
5. Installing electrical system in different situations
6. Inspecting connection in circuit
22
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Identify main cable
· Read single diagram
· Select suitable conduits and accessories
· Install mono-phase and tri-phase system
· Install electrical system in wall and under floor...
· Reading electrical circuit

Tiling and Painting Modules
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objective of lesson
Lessons:
1. Local enterprises
2. Painter’s equipments and tools
3. Using putty knife
4. Geometrical shapes
5. Tiling
6. Using sand paper
7. Using paint brush
8. Using roller
9. Tile layer’s tools and equipments
10. Introduction to painting
11. Laying wall tiles
12. Using mortar
13. First coat painting
14. Drawing symbols
15. Ladder and scafolding
16. Understanding elevation
17. Using safety equipments and signs
18. Reading drawing
19. Painter and tile layer’s occupation
20. Understanding work site
21. Installing equipments

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Describe about local enterprises
· Identify painter’s equipments and their roles
· Recognize geometrical shape in a complex drawing
· Prepare work site for tiling
· Identify and use various sand papers
· Identify and use various paint brushes
· Identify and use various rollers
· Identify and use tile layer’s tools and equipments
· Relate painting work
· Lay wall tile
· Mix and use mortar
· Apply first coat
· Recognize symbols in drawing
· Use ladder and scafolding
· Recognize drawing’s elevation
· Recognize signs and use safety equipments
· Read related technical drawing
· Relate painter and tile layer’s occupation
· Identify work site
· Install equipments

Plumbing Modules
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objective of lesson
Unit1: Overview of Plumbing Training
Lessons:
22. Introduction to plumbing
23. Pipes and embeded devices installation
24. Related skills
25. Selecting soldering method
21h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Describe plumbing work
· Install and connect pipes and embed pipes
· Identify various related skills
· Select suitable soldering method and solder iron, copper and bronze
Unit2: Drawing and Scaling
1. Reading drawing
2. Understanding scale
3. Identifying and using objects for drawing
15h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Identify various objects in the technical drawing such as door, window, stair, lavatory, sink, toilet...
· Read the related technical drawings.
Unit3: Plumbing Tools and Materials
1. Security equipments and materials
2. Tools and equipments used at site
3. Different kinds of plumbing fixtures
4. Accessories of plumbing fixtures
5. Related tools and equipments
6. Using simple leveling tool
7. Different kinds of pipes
8. Plumbing equipments
9. Taking care of equipments after use
48h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Use safety tools.
· Read and recognize various warning signs at site
· Recognize various kinds of plumbing fixtures
· Recognize accessories of plumbing fixtures
· Identify tools and equipments used for plumbing.
· Recognize other related tools and equipments.
· Use simple leveling tool correctly
· Identify different kinds of pipes
· Recognize serveral kinds of plumbing equipments
· Take care of their tools and equipments after working.
Final exam
4h

Total
88h

Electricity Year1 (E1: 8months)
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objective of lesson
Unit1: Safety Tools
Lessons:
1. Introducing safety eqipments
2. Safety measures

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Use safety equipments correctly
· Take measures for safety at work place
Unit2: History and origin of electricity
Lessons:
1. History of electricity and its origin
2. EDC and its missions
3. Different sources of electricity
4. Electricity distribution

10h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Relate the history of electricity and its origin
· Talk about EDC and its mission
· Identify different sources of electricity
· Relate the distribution of electricity from source to receiver
Unit3: Principle of electricity and measurement
Lessons:
1. Priciple of Ohm law
2. Potential law
3. Voltage measurement
4. Electrical circuits
5. Measurement of electrical current
6. Electrician’s measurement tools
7. Using measurement tools
8. Measuring tri-phase 380V current
9. Measuring and reading
10. Electrical measurement

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Recognize Ohm law and do the calculation using Ohm law
· Recognize potential law and do the calculation using potential law
· Measure AC DC tension, resistance and intensity using Ohmmeter
· Install parallel, series and mix resistance in a circuit
· Solve the formular of each circuit
· Calculate the resultant resistance of each circuit
· Use Multimeter
· Use Multimeter in a series with source of electricity
· Use analog Multimeter
· Use digital Multimeter
· Read Ammeter and Voltmeter
Unit4: Electrical drawing and catalog
Lessons:
1. Create scaled drawing
2. Introducing catalog
3. Finding electrical equipments in the market using catalog

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Create scaled drawing and finding actual distance using drawing
· Identify objects in catalog and in the market place
Unit5: Drilling and cutting machine
Lessons:
1. Drilling machine
2. Cutting machine
3. Drilling wood
4. Drilling steel
5. Demolition hammer

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Use drilling machine
· Use cutting machine
· Drill wood
· Drill steel
· Use demolition hammer
Unit6: Installing and cutting flexible and rigid conduits
Lessons:
1. Installation of equipments
2. Cutting PVC box
3. Junction box
4. Installing conduits and simple lighting fixtures
5. Cable connection
6. Running cable
7. Socket outlet and switch
8. Mono-phase distribution board
9. Tri-phase distribution board
10. Timer
11. Embeding cables
12. Maintenaince

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Install socket outlet and switch box
· Cut PVC pipes correctly
· Use junction box
· Install conduit and simple lighting fixtures
· Connect electrical cables correctly
· Run electrical cables in conduits
· Install socket outlet and switch
· Install mono-phase distribution board
· Install timer
· Embed cables
· Maintain electrical system

Unit7: Cable and cable section
Lessons:
1. Introducing cables
2. Cable section and intensity
3. Two-way switch
4. Relay

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Indentify different kinds of cables and their use
· Select suitable cable section
· Recognize the circuit and install two-way switch
· Install relay
Unit8: Safety and electrician’s tools
Lessons:
1. Circuit breaker and fuse
2. Cable protection materials
3. Personal tools
4. Common tools and equipments
5. Electrician’s tools
6. Maintenance of tools and equipments

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Install fuse and circuit breaker
· Use cable protection materials
· Identify and use personal tools and equipments
· maintain tools and equipments
Unit9: Grounding and Voltage
Lessons:
1. Grounding system installation

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Install grounding system

Unit10: Receivers and Accessories
Lessons:
1. Receivers
2. Accessories
3. Installation of electricity in bathroom
4. Cooperation with plumber

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Install receivers and recognize each receiver’s role
· Install accessories
· Use safety equipments for electrical materials and human
· Cooperate with plumber
Final exam

Total

Tiling and Painting Year1 (T&P1: 8months)
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objective of lesson
Lessons:
1. Paint products
2. Different kinds of tiles
3. Before-painting tasks
4. Before-tiling tasks
5. Tiling equipments
6. Smoothing with sand paper before painting
7. Cleaning up after painting
8. Introduction to tile laying
9. Mixing prime coat powder
10. Applying prime coat and paint
11. Using mortar on rough surface
12. Mixing mortar for screeding and plastering
13. Mortar screeding
14. Cutting tiles
15. Repairing hair line, patch hole, and stain
16. Painting wood
17. Laying wall tile
18. Laying tile in bath room
19. Painting decorative items
20. Using resin paint for matt and glossy surface
21. Laying floor tiles in bath room
22. Laying wall tiles in bath room
23. Painting bath room wall
24. Painting ceiling

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Identify paint products
· Identify diffenrent kinds of tiles
· Do before-painting tasks
· Do before-tiling tasks
· Identify and use tiling equipments
· Use sand paper to smooth surface
· Clean up after painting
· Describe tiling methods
· Mix prime coat
· Apply prime coat and paint
· Use mortar on rough surface
· Mix mortar for screeding and plastering
· Do mortar screeding work
· Cut tiles
· Repair hairline patch hole and stain
· Paint wood surface
· Lay wall tile
· Lay tile in bathroom
· Paint decorative items
· Use resin paint for matt and glossy surface
· Lay floor tile in bath room
· Lay wall tile in bath room
· Paint bath room wall
· Paint ceiling
Final exam

Total

Plumbing Year1 (P1: 8months)
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objective of lesson
Unit1: Review of CCS lessons

Unit2: Safety equipments and job safety
Lessons:
1. Tools used at site
2. Identify workplace

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Identify the roles and functions of materials used at site.
· Recognize various signs at site
· Define working areas using signs
Unit3: Plan layout and sanitary installation (For simple bathroom and kitchen)
Lessons:
1. Reading drawing, scale and symbols
2. Using catalog
3. Hangers
4. Sanitary wares: sink, toilet, lavatory, bath tub, faucet...
5. Making ditch for ebbeding pipes
6. Slope for drainage
7. Ventilation and floor trap
8. Installation of showers and faucets
9. Sink installation
10. Washing machine installation

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Read related technical drawings, identify scale and symbols in the drawing
· Identify equipments in the catalog and use to install those equipments
· Install hangers
· Install serveral sanitary wares: sink, toilet, lavatory...
· Running pipes in walls...
· Determine slope for drainage
· Install ventilation pipes and floor traps
· Install shower and faucets
· Install sink
· Install washing machine
Unit4: Installation of modern sanitary wares
Lessons:
1. Water pressure and flow
2. Pressure reducing valve (regulator)
3. Electric water heater system installation
4. Bath tub installation
5. Thermostat faucet
6. Safety at work for sanitary wares installation
7. Reparation and new installation

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate water pressure, velocity, and flow
· Define function of pressure reducing valve
· Install pressure reducing valve correctly
· Install cold and hot water pipe for sanitary wares
· Describe the working process of electric water heater
· Install electric water heater correctly
· Install water supply pipe and drainage
· Install bath tub correctly
· Define the role of Thermostat Faucet
· Calculate the quantity and temperature of cold and hot water
· Install Thermostat Faucet correctly
· Define safe working place for sanitary installation
· Creative and to know how to save ressources
Unit5: Metal soldering
Lessons:
1. Silver soldering
2. Electrical soldering
3. Oxyacetylen soldering
4. Selecting soldering methods

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Solder silver
· Detemine heat level for diffent kinds of metal and thickness
· Use oxyacetylen soldering method
· Select suitable soldering methods
Final exam

Total

Technical Modules for Second Year Program

Electricity Year2 (E2: 8months)
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objective of lesson
Unit1: Installation of electrical equipments
Lessons:
1. Contactor
2. Installation of sensor
3. Installation of sensor using timer and light sensor
4. Calculation of linear tension loss in cable
5. Calculation of cable section relative to its lenght
6. Differential

22h+98h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Identify different kinds of contactors and their functions
· Install and identify the roles and functions of light sensor
· Calculate tension loss in cable
· Calculate cable section relative to its length
· Install differential system
Unit2: Safety and first aid
Lessons:
1. Safety measures
2. Danger of electrical shock
3. Fire extinguishing
4. Rescue people from electrical shock

10h+26h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Use and identify the roles and functions of safety equipments
· Take measures against electrical shock
· Extinguish fire caused by electricity
· Use first aid to help people from electrical shock
Unit3: Installation of electric motor
Lessons:
1. Principles of mono-phase motor
2. Connecting mono-phase motor
3. Selecting equipments for protection of motor
4. Selecting cable for use with motor
5. Installation of motor

14h+40h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Describe the principles of mono-phase motor
· Connect mono-phase motor and selecting its direction
· Select suitable cable for use with motor
· Install motor

Unit4: Tri-phase distribution board
Lessons:
1. Definition and characteristics of tri-phase tension
2. Measurement of simple and complex tension
3. Installation of tri-phase distribution board
4. Transformer

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Describe the principles of tri-phase system and install it
· Measure simple and complex tention
· Install tri-phase distribution board
· Identify the roles of transformer and install it

Unit5: Installation of tri-phase motor

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Install tri-phase motor

Unit6: Determination of departure current of tri-phase motor
Lessons:
1. Determination of departure current of tri-phase motor
2. Installing tri-phase motor using star or triangular method
3. Commanding tri-phase motor
4. Commanding two tri-phase motors simultanously using timer

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Determine departure current of tri-phase motor and use Rheostat for normal departure current
· Install tri-phase motor using star or rectangular method
· Identify commanding circuit of tri-phase motor
· Command two motors simultanously using timer
Unit7: Safety Lamps
Lessons:
1. Different kinds of safety lamps

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Identify different kinds of safety lamps and their roles
Unit8: Installation of emergency alarm

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Identify different kinds of emergency alarms and their functions
· Install emergency alarms
Unit9: Installation telephone line, network and TV cable

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Install telephone line, network and TV cable
Final exam

Total

Tiling and Painting Year2 (T&P2: 8months)
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objective of lesson
Lessons:
1. Laying wall tiles in bath room
2. Laying floor tiles in bath room
3. Spraying paint on metal suface
4. Practice laying tiles
5. Spraying paint for bump finish
6. Modifying surface with prime coat
7. Applying prime coat at corner
8. Laying decorative tiles
9. Laying wall tiles
10. Laying 10cm brick wall
11. Laying 2ocm brick wall
12. Installing doors and windows
13. Plastering
14. First color
15. Second color
16. Third color
17. Dark to light color
18. Light color

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Layout and lay wall tiles in bath room
· Layout and lay floor tiles in bath room
· Spray paint on metal surface
· Lay tiles, cut tiles and calculate number of tiles
· Spray paint for bump finish
· Modify surface with prime coat powder
· Apply prime coat at corner
· Lay decorative tiles
· Lay 10cm brick wall
· Lay 20cm brick wall
· Install door and windows
· Plaster with mortar
· Identify first color
· Mix second color
· Mix third color
· Define dark to light color and color spectrum
· Mix light color
Final exam

Total

Plumbing Year2 (P2: 8months)
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objective of lesson
Unit1: Review of first year lessons
1. Sanitary installation in bathroom : pressure, speed, soldering, slope, section, surface, radius, units.
66

Unit2: Pipes and sanitary wares installation
Lessons:
1. Pipe section for appartment

44
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate section of water supply pipe of a flat
Unit3: Pressure
Lessons:
1. Height and pressure
2. Pressure reducing valve
3. Installation of water pump
68
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate water pressure, velocity, and flow
· Define function of pressure reducing valve
· Install pressure reducing valve correctly
· Select suitable pressure pump
Unit4: Fire fighting system
Lessons:
1. Practicing oxyacetylen soldering
2. Practice electrical soldering
3. Practice copper soldering
4. Selecting suitable pressure pumps
5. Installation and soldering iron pipes
6. Detecting leakage in firefighting system
62
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Solder using and oxyacetylen method
· Use electrical soldering method
· Solder copper pipes
· Select suitable prssure pump for different situations
· Solder iron pipes for firefighting system
· Detect leakage in firefighting system
Unit5: Sensor installation
Lessons:
1. Thermostat faucet
2. Installation of lavatory sensor
3. Installation of hand drying machine sensor
4. Installation of urinal sensor
6
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Define the role of Thermostat Faucet
· Calculate the quantity and temperature of cold and hot water
· Install Thermostat Faucet correctly
· Understand the role of lavatory sensor
· Install sensor
· Describe the role of hand drying machine
· Install hand drying machine technically correct
· Do the reparation and maintenance of hand drying machine
· Recognize the role of automatic urinal
· Install automatic urinal
· Do the reparation and maintenance of automatic urinal
Unit6: Electric water heater installation
Lessons:
Difference between heat and hot temperature
Installation of thermostat faucet and bath tub
Electric water heater installation
Solar system water heater installation

114
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Differentiate between heat and hot water temperature
· Insatall supply and drainage pipe
· Install cold and hot water supply pipes
· Install bathtub
· Describe the working process of electric water heater
· Install electric water heater technecally correct
· Analyse the structure of solar panel
· Describe the working process of solar panel
· Install solar panel
· Do the reparation and maintenance of solar panel
Unit7: Water filtration
Lessons:
Softening and sterilizing using chloral
Softening and sterilizing using ion
Purifying by using PH, TH, UV
Installation of water filter

106
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Soften and sterilize water using chloral
· Soften and sterilize water using ion
· Purify water using PH, TH, and UV
· Install water filter
Unit8: Irrigation system and used-water drainage system
Lessons:
Installation of rain water drainage system
Installation of irrigation system
Public water system installation
Installation of water sprinkler nozzle
Used-water filter installation

172
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate coverage area and install rain water drainage system
· Install sprinkler by identifying initial water pressure and nozzle of simple and automatic sprinkler
· Install public water system
· Identify the components of sprinkler nozzle
· Install sprinkler
· Install used water filter

Total

Mathematics
Name of the course: Mathematics
Professor in charge: SO Sarom
Number of hours: 5 hours per week, 182 hours in year 1; 4 hours per week, 170 hours in year 2
Attending class: Mechanic School, Vehicle Maintenance Training
Evaluation: Monthly exam, Quiz, Semester exam, Class participation, Homework

Course description:
The Mathematics class is one of the major subjects taught to all the students of Construction School. First it reviews the mathematics basic before applying these simple rules to the reality of the Mechanic and Vehicle industry. The summary and the objective of the course are listed in the table below.
Mathematics Modules

Mathematics Year1
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objectives of lessons
Unit1: Multiplication table
Lessons:
Multiplication table number 2 to number 9

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Cite multiplication table from number 2 to number 9
Unit2: The four operations
Lessons:
The four operations on whole number, fraction, and decimal

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Use the four operations with whole number, fraction and decimal
Unit3: Three statements method
Lessons:
Three statements method and proportion

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Use three statements method
· Calculate proportion
Unit4: Converting units
Lessons:
Converting length, area, mass, and volume

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Convert length, area, mass, and volume unit
Unit5: Polygon and circle area
Lessons:
Calculate polygon and circle area

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate the area of rectangular, square, parallelogram, rhombus, triangle, trapezium, and circle
Unit6: Volume of solids
Lessons:
Calculate volume of right parallelepiped, cylinder, cone, truncated cone and pyramid

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate the volume of right parallelepiped, cylinder, cone, truncated cone and pyramid
Unit7: Weight
Lessons:
Calculate car weight

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Define weight and calculate car weight
Unit8: Pressure
Lessons:
Water pressure

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Define pressure and calculate water pressure
Unit9: Lever
Lessons:
Lever

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate moment and force using stable condition of lever
Unit10: Water velocity and flow
Lessons:
Velocity and flow

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate water velocity and flow
Final exam

Total

Mathematics Year2
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objectives of lessons
Unit1: Percentage
Lessons:
Calculate percentage

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Caculate gain and loss as percentage
· Calculate buy-in and sell-out cost
· Caculate increase rate as percentage
· Calculate drop rate as percentage
Unit2: Power and square root
Lessons:
Power
Square root

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Define power
· Calculate power
· Caculate square root
Unit3: Output and work
Lessons:
Electrical output
Water output
Tiling, painting, and mortar mixing output

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate electrical output
· Calculate water output
· Caculate tiling, painting and mortar mixing output
Unit4: Currency and exchange rate
Lessons:
Riel
Dollar
Exchange Dollar to Riel
Exchange Riel to Dollar

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Identify Riel currency
· Identify dollar currency
· Exchange Dollar to Riel and Riel to Dollar
Unit5: Billing
Lessons:
Reading bills
Writing bills
Sum bills

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Read bills
· Write bills
· Sum bills
Unit6: Interest rate, loan amount and loan duration
Lessons:
Interest rate
Loan amount
Loan duration

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate interest rate
· Calculate loan amount
· Calculate loan duration
Unit7: Equation related to water pressure, required amount and construction materials supply
Lessons:
Integer
Operations on integer
Algebraic expressions
Simple equation with one variable
Solving problem of simple equation with one variable

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Identify integer
· Do operations on integer
· Calculate algebraic expressions
· Identify simple equation with one variable
· Solve simple equation with one variable
Unit8: Inertia and buoyant force
Lessons:
Inertia
Buoyant force (Archimedes)

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Indentify inertia state
· Calculate buoyant force
Unit9: Bending moment and mechanical output
Lessons:
Bending moment
Mechanical output

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate bending moment
· Calculate mechanical output
Unit10: Hydraulic pressure
Lessons:
Hydraulic pressure
Exercises on hydraulic pressure

At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
· Calculate hydraulic pressure
· Solves problems related to hydraulic pressure
Final exam

Total

3. Khmer

Name of the course: Khmer
Professor in charge: SAY Chenda
Number of hours: 4 hours per week, 145 hours in year 1; 2 hours per week, 63 hours
Attending class: Mechanic School, Vehicle Maintenance Training
Evaluation: Monthly exam, Quiz, Semester exam, Class participation, Homework

Khmer Module
Khmer Year1
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objectives of lessons
Unit 1:
Lessons:
1. Reading: Virak, my friend. ( Khmer language book, grade 7, pages 135)
2. Lecture and its meaning ( Grade 7 book, pages 4)
3. Introduce someone to other ( Grade 6 book pages 11)
4. Write out the paragraph for introducing one’s self (Grade 8 book)
5. Complete the curriculum vita
6. Latter of birth paper request
7. Birth confirmation paper
8. Visa request (Grade 12 book, pages 80)
9. Promise paper of bike and helmet borrowing
10. Dictation

23h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:

Use words to describe and analyze the model person.
Read and identify several words and their meaning and use.
Introduce himself to others
Complete some administrative documents related to their own information

Unit2
Lessons:
Reading: The Mars (Grade 10 book, pages 260)
Using the words for describing ( Grade 7 book, pages 31)
Describing the activities of a holiday (re-entry day)
1. Composing the describing text
2. Studying the text served as model.
3. Application exercise on describing a event
Dictation
14h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:

Compose and describe text by using interesting terminological words.
Analyze the use of descriptive words.
Describe the activities of an event
Unit3
Lessons:
General nature of information (information’s elements)
Plan of one information’s text
Writing the information’s text
Reading the advertisement ‘s text
Writing the CV (curriculum vita)
Dictation
19h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:

The students are able to read the information’s text and select the important points of information.
The students are able to write the information’s text.
The students are able to conduct their CV.
Unit4
Lessons:
Reading: Driver, Sim (grade 9 book, pages 276)
Positive and negative person ( grade 9 book, pages 275)
Conducting the report of visit:
4. Essaying to write the report
5. Verify the report with model report
6. Plan of report
7. Application of conducting the report
Dictation
13h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:

Point out the important event in the text:
8. Develop the spirit of human rights respect.
Point out the positive and negative person:
-Analyze correctly the characteristics of the characters in the story.
Write their daily or semester activities report.
9. The students do their presentation in Khmer.
Unit5
Lessons:
Reading: Prevention’s choice of HIV/AIDS(Grade 11 book, pages 140)
Explanative composition :
10. Proverbs on jobs (Khmer book, grade 11, pages 21)
11. Trying to write down
12. Verifying with the model
13. Plan
14. Application exercise
Dictation
14h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:

Describe the preventive methods against HIV/AIDS.
15. Take care of AIDS patients.
Express their ideas through speaking and writing.
Unit6
Lessons:
1. Reading: phone’s history ( Grade 9 book, pages 198)
2. Small detail ideas supported the major ideas ( pages 76)
3. Personal interview providing: directly or by phone) (Book grade 10, pages 49)
4. Postcard
5. Wishes letter
6. Thanks letter
7. Congratulation letter
8. Condolence letter
-With 5 kinds of latter above, the students are permitted to try to write them out, study the models and do the applicative exercise.
9. Dictation
31h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:

Identify the advantages of education.
Find out the correct information via contents
Describe their experiences.
Write wish, thank, congratulation and condolence letter
Be able to do rightly the communication through speaking, gesture and writing.
Unit7
Lessons:
Reading: Robot ( Khmer book grade 10, pages 289)
Talent: Estimation’s event ( Grade 7 book, pages 99)
Promise of renting house
Promise of transmission land
Export and import letter
Invoices
Receive and delivery letter
Dictation
18h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:

Show extra activities of human: analyze the science ‘s wonderfulness
Estimate events with the importance of lessons
Be able to complete several kinds of letters
Unit8
Lessons:
1. Lecture: The manner of European Community’s Economy (Khmer book, grade 12, pages 92)
2. Talent: The meaning of figurative words (pages 114)
3. Excuses words: ( Grade 6 book, pages 56)
4. Excuse letter grade 60 book, pages 6)
5. Dictation
12h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:

Confirm economical issues.
Mark the important points in the text
Interpret graphic
Analyze and interpret bar chart
Write bar chart
Final exam

Total

Khmer Year2
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objectives of lessons
Unit1
Lessons:
Lecture: Wonderful engine (Grade 11 book, pages 139)
Talent: Meaning the words (Grade 11 book, pages 136)
Speaking: Report on vehicle’s maintenance (Grade 11 book, pages 148)
Writing: Simple report on meeting to define automobile’s repairing method (Grade 11 book, pages 149)
12h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Describe the development of science and technology through writing and speaking
Explain the meaning of transformative words.
Use transformative words.
Do oral report
Write the report
Unit2
Lessons:
1. Reading: work’s conscience (Grade 11 book, pages 11)
2. Talent: Conflict (Grade 12 book, pages 3)
3. Speaking: Verbal report ( Grade 12 book, pages 18)
4. Simple research repot’s writing (Grade 8 book, pages 19)
11h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
The students are able to confirm the work’s conscience.
The students are able to verbally report and do research report‘s writing.
Explain the conflict in the story
Analyze external and internal conflict.
Explain the verbal report: Arrange speaking with introduction, development and conclusion.
Conduct the simple writing report :
Analyze and use correctly the words.
Unit3
Lessons:
1. Reading: future’s plan (Grade 12 book, pages 29)
2. Talent: Do phrase’s plan (Grade 7 book, pages 119)
3. Speaking: Conduct plan and show desire ( Grade 12 book, pages 35)
4. Writing: Plan ‘s writing (Grade 12 book, pages 36)
11h

The students are able to speak and write their future’s plan.
Explain their plan and intention
Analyze the plan’s writing
Unit4
Lessons:
1. Reading: Elevate solidarity in work ( Grade 12 book, pages 105)
2. Talent: Relation between reason and event (Grade 7 book, pages 166)
3. Speaking: Express opinions (Grade 12 book, pages 47)
4. Writing the personal opinions (Grade 12 book, pages 50)
10h

The students are able to increase the s solidarity in work:
5. Analyze the application’s factors for getting along.
Explain the relation between reason and event of getting along and conflict.
Explain the value of morality through action.
The students are able to express their opinions via speaking and writing.
Explain the opinion supporting the topic.
Unit5
Lessons:
Reading: The famous polishing gem’s region of the World (Grade 10 book, pages 47)
Talent: Identifying the alliance’s sign: point, etc… (Grade 10 book, pages 166)
Listening: Creating the vapor engine (Grade 10 book, pages 295)
Promise’s writing (Grade 12 book, pages 65)
10h

Identify the meaning of difficult words in the phases.
Identify the important detail points
Acknowledge and identify the meaning of alliance’s signs.
Explain the importance of research.
Be able to conduct the promise latter.
Unit6
Lessons:
1. Reading: Science and conscience (Grade 12 book, pages 221)
2. Speaking: Discussion (Grade 12 book, pages 221)
3. Discussing composition’s writing (Grade 12 book, pages 222)
8h

Explain the conscience of scientist.
The students are able to exchange their opinion.
The students are able to conduct the discussing composition
Final exam

Total

4. Computer

Name of the course: Computer
Professor in charge: CHAP Sophal
Number of hours: 2 hours per week, 80 hours in 1 year
Attending class: Vehicle Maintenance Training
Evaluation: Monthly exam, Quiz, Semester exam, Class participation, practice

Course description:

The computer class is one of the major subjects of Design layout taught to all the students of the Agriculture school when they need for design plan or reports.
Objectives:
At the end of the computer class, the student will be able to:

1. Apply fundamental of computer.
2. Mario typing
3. Apply Fundamental of Microsoft Office Word 2007
4. Store files and open files
5. Create new folder
6. Type text in English in Microsoft Office Word 2007
7. Alternate keyboard between Khmer Unicode and English.
8. Create table in Microsoft Office Word 2007
9. Print
10. Use internet and email

Computer Year1
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objectives of lessons
Unit1: Fundamental of of Computer
Lessons
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Turning computer on
4. Start menu
5. Using mouse
6. Using key board
7. Turning computer off
8h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Describe the fundamental of hardware and software
Turn computer on and off
Use start menu
Use mouse and keyboard
Unit2: Mario typing
Lessons
1. Open Mario typing
2. Function of keyboard
3. Adjust keyboard
4. Type in English up to 20-25WPM
5. Turn off Mario typing
10h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Turn Mario typing on and off
Identify function of keyboard
Adjust keyboard
Type English words up to 20-25wpm
Unit3: Fundamental of Microsoft Office Word 2007
Lessons
1. Open Microsoft Office Word 2007
2. Window of Microsoft Office Word 2007
3. Type English text in Microsoft Office word 2007
4. Turn off Microsoft Office Word 2007
5h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Turn Ms. word 2007 on and off
Identify window of Ms. word 2007
Type English words up in Ms. word 2007
Unit4: Saving and opening files
Lessons
1. Enter data in English
2. Save files in My Document, Drive D & server
3. Open files from My Document, Drive D & server
4. Identify extension of Word 2007
5. Cut, Copy, past and format painter the text
6. Edit, Delete and rename files
6h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Enter data in English
Save files
Open files
Recognize extension of Ms. word 2007
Cut, copy, past and format painter the text
Edit, delete and rename files
Unit5: Creating folder
Lessons
1. Create folder for storing files
2. Create folder in Window Explorer
3. Cut, Copy, past folder
4. Delete, Rename folder
4h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Create folder
Cut, copy and past folder
Delete and rename folder

Unit6: Typing English text in Ms. Word 2007
Lessons
1. Determine Page Setup
2. Use Format Font
3. Use Format Paragraph
4. Determine and Adjust Tabs
5. Insert Picture
6. Insert Clip Art
7. Insert Shapes
8. Format Picture
9. Group Picture
10. Insert Word Art
11. Determine Header and Footer
12. Create Drop Cap
12h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Set up page
Use format font
Use format paragraph
Adjust tabs
Insert pictures, clip arts, and shapes
Format picture
Group picture
Insert word art
Set up header and footer
Create drop cap
Unit7: Typing Khmer Unicode in Ms. Word 2007
Lessons
1. Define the function of keyboard
2. Adjust keyboard
3. Type text in Khmer in MS. Word 2007
4. Alternate keyboard between Khmer and English
5. Type in Khmer and in English
5h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Define function and adjust keyboard
Type Khmer text in Ms. word 2007
Switch Keyboard from Khmer to English and vise versa
Type Khmer and English

Unit8: Create and modify table
Lessons
1. Create table
2. Delete table
3. Delete and insert row and column
4. Select column, row or cell in a table
5. Merge cell
6. Create table in cell
7. Split table in two parts
8. Use cell alignment
9. Convert from table to paragraph
10. Arrange data
11. Justify table
12. Define border and shading
12h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Create and delete table
Delete and insert row and column
Select column, row and cell
Merge cell
Create table in cell
Split table into two parts
Use cell alignment
Convert from table to paragraph
Arrange data
Justify table
Define border and shading
Unit9: Print Ms. word 2007 document
Lessons
1. Print set up
2. Print document
6h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Set up for printing
Print document
Unit10: Internet and E-mail
Lessons
1. Use internet
2. Create E-mail address
3. Send E-mail
4. Receive E-mail
12h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Use internet and E-mail

Final exam

Total

Methodology:
Teacher demonstrations
Practical exercises
Theoretical exercises
5. Professional Life Training

Name of the course: PLT
Professor in charge: POCH Manith
Number of hours: 1 hour per week, 34 hours per year (32 hours of classes, 2 hours of exams)
Attending classes: Vehicle Maintenance Training
Evaluation: Monthly exam, Quiz, Class participation, practice

Course description:

This course is very important for all the students who are going to work with professional people in industry sectors or companies. The course aims at making the students adapt to the real professional work environment in term of communication and work attitude.

Objectives:

At the end of that course, the students will be able to:

q Perform general attitude, hygiene, to adapt working with professional people
q Communicate with people in public and special event
q Define the real problems and solve them
q Work independently and be self-confident
q Adapt to different environment in life
q Follow the professional working rule in their sector
q Use a Phnom Penh map
q Present him/her with professional people for working interview
q Write their CV, Cover letter, request and report etc.

Methodology:
Open conversations
Pictures
Maps
Transparencies
Newspaper articles
Magazine articles
Hotel documents
Academic documents
Role-plays

PLT for First Year Program

PLT Year1
Tittle of Modules
Module
Duration
Objectives of lessons
Unit1: PLT introdution
Lessons
1. Get to know students
2. Create the rule in Class
3. What is PLT?
4. Why students need to study PLT?
5. Advantage of study PLT
6h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Introduce oneself and others
Create some rules in class
Describe PLT
Tell the advantages of studying PLT

Unit2: Rules
Lessons
1. Roles of PSE for students
2. Roles of students for PSE
3. PSE Rules
4. Rule at working places
5. Risks of not following the rules
6h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Identify PSE’s roles for them
Identify their roles for PSE
Describe PSE rules
Recognize rules at work place
Recognize risks of not obeying the rules

Unit3: Using map and behavior of employer
Lessons
1. How to use map
2. Behavior of employer
3h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Use Phnom Penh map
Identify behavior of employer
Unit4: How to become a good person/staff
Lessons
1. Be honest
2. Have good characteristics
3. Internship Preparation
4. Follow the rules or policies at work place
5. Smart and hard work
6. Understand team work
7. Effective communication
8. Be responsible for your job
9. Self improvement
10. Self motivation
9h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Be honest
Show good characteristics
Prepare for internship
Follow the rules or policies at work place
Do smart and hard work
Recognize the benefits of team work
Indentify the benefit of effective communication
Responsible for their job
Motivated for self improvement
Motivated for their job
Unit5: How to write a CV
Lessons
1. Sample CV
3h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Identify good sample CV
Unit6: Interview process
Lessons
1. Recruitment process
3h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Prepare for interview
Unit7: Application form
Lessons
1. Filling an application form
2h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Fill an application form
Unit8: Critical points
Lessons
2. Criticals points experienced by previous students
2h
At the end of the unit the students will be able to:
Prepare for critical moments in recruitment process
Final exam

Total

VI. Methodology

1. Teaching principles and Intentions

a) Teaching principles
The following teaching principles constitute the fundamental aspects which have to be taken into account when choosing the strategies and the means which will be used in order to reach the goals and objectives of the program.
· Make the trainees participate in an active way and be responsible for their training.
· Take into account the rhythm and the way of learning of each trainee.
· Take into account and reinvest the material learnt at school.
· Consider that the possibility of learning is strongly related to the strategies and the means used to achieve the goals of the program.
· Support the reinforcement and the integration of the techniques learnt.
· Focus on practical learning devices and projects adapted to the reality of the labor market.
· Communicate with the trainees in correct Khmer and use the appropriate technical terminology in English and sometimes in French.
· Seek as much as possible the collaboration of the work environment through company relationship and advisory board.
b) Teaching intentions
The teaching objectives encourage the trainers to intervene in a given direction each time a situation is appropriate.
These intentions are as follows:
· Develop professional ethics and the personal respect.
· Develop autonomy, initiative, and sense of responsibilities.
· Develop personal discipline, effective organizational method of work.
· Develop attention and concern of well-done work.
· Develop the sense of oral and written communication with clarity and precision.
· Develop the sense of saving material and energy.
· Develop the concern of carefully using the tools and equipments.
· Develop the concern of preserving and protecting the environment.
2. General Training Approach

The program is organized around competencies. PSE applies Student-Centered Approach to all its pedagogic sections. These were defined, each in particular, from the analysis of the professional tasks while taking into account of the general goals of the training by adapting to the specific training context of learning at PSE’s Vocational Training Center.
The modules are structured and articulated in an integrated training project which aims at exposing the trainees to his future profession. The systematic organization of competencies makes it possible to obtain an overall result which goes beyond training with isolated objectives. It allows in particular a harmonious progression from one objective to the other, an economy in the learning process since it avoids useless repetitions, and allows as well the reinforcement and integration of the study material.
3. Role and Functions of the Trainers

The role of the trainers must be adapted to the changes brought to the professional training. This adaptation is required, in particular in order to take into account a more efficient way of: A teaching method defined by objectives, individual rhythm and way of learning from the trainers, an increased responsibility of the trainees towards what they are learning.

In this context, the trainers must organize their teaching in order to supervise the trainees who may be at different stages of their training. In order to reach this goal, the trainers have to be able to deal with the following functions:
a) Planning and Preparation:
This function consists of locating the modules he is in charge of: using the “logogram”, modifying or completing, if need be, the operational objectives, thinking of and producing specific activities to these modules using the tables, coordinating learning activities of each trainee, distributing the working stations and necessary materials, arranging and working out learning, examination, corrective teaching and fulfillment activities.

b) Information and motivation
This other function consists of: locating the trainees with regard to the whole program and to each module, providing the useful data to make trainees understand what they have to do, emphasizing the importance and relevance of the methods learnt. The first module is meant to locate and stimulate the trainees with regard to their whole training. In addition, each trainer is supposed to provide, at the beginning of each training session and each important activity, the necessary required teaching materials.
c) Animation, Support and Orientation
It is here about:
· Guiding the trainees by reminding them of the objectives, the identification of preconditions and the formulation of indications about the activities which will be done.
· Creating a climate of confidence based on the respect of the people and their autonomy as well as on the clarification of the real stakes.
· Maintaining the interest of the trainees throughout their progression by suggesting interesting and diversifying activities, by a judicious choice of the level of difficulty, by the use of examples or practical exercises by repeating encouragements and an interest to the personal concerns of the trainees.
· Supervising the learning activities by the establishment of a flexible and effective system of accompanying the trainees. This will lead to the list of strong and weak points which will be used to assist the trainees with difficulty toward an adequate learning direction, examination, corrective teaching and enrichment activities.
· Providing clear and right explanation to the group and the individual.
d) Examinations
Lastly, the trainer must:
· Deal with the accompaniment mentioned before producing and using formative evaluation and final examination instruments
· Manage these instruments
· Use and deal with data for the formative examination
· Provide the data to obtain the qualification.
4. Formative Examination

Concept of competency
The professional training is centered on examinations of the competency that has been developed. In this respect, two important aspects are focused on: the mastering of the job and fundamental training.
The mastering of the job directly aims at the execution of the tasks, the realization of the activities and adequate application to work. It refers to concrete, practical skills which are directly useful for the exercise of a profession.
The fundamental training, as for it, aims at more important developments, which are adapted to potential situation in professional life, but which may as well go beyond the immediate framework of the practice of the job. It refers to general skills that might be applied to other tasks, other activities or other situations in one’s professional life, such as the understanding of underlying principles in technology. These skills might even be applied to other situations in one’s personal or social life (for instance, the competency to solve problems).

Objectives and roles
The formative examination could be defined as a process aiming at ensuring a constant progress in the training stated in the programs of studies. Its purpose is to guide the trainee in his progress by continuously providing him with information about the evolution of the things he is learning. The formative examination is characterized by its integration to the teaching and learning processes. It also tends to support the progression of the trainees who will be able to reach their best performances. Moreover, the formative examination fulfils a diagnostic function in the sense that it gives the trainer and the trainee the opportunity to recognize the difficulties which emerge during the training. It thus makes it possible to point out their causes. Lastly the formative examination also has a function of enrichment because it makes it possible to quickly detect the trainees who need an extra activity in order to perfect certain techniques or simply to carry out other ones.
15th July 2010

Joking Picture

2010-07-15T19:09:00.000-07:00

Build Bright University Colleague

2010-07-15T00:23:00.000-07:00

Dear Build Bright University Colleague,
Thear are name, photo and contact phone number of Bachelor of Education in English promotion II, group D

Graduated day Group Photo

Photo with Som Samnang

Chhut Kaya with Van Sakiras

Photo with Ke Sokun

Photo with Luy Kim

Photo with Hort Kea

Group Photo

Group Lunch after Graduated

Happy Khmer New Year!

2010-06-30T01:53:00.001-07:00

Cambodia Map Before Angkor Period

2010-06-30T01:26:00.000-07:00

Cambodia Map

2010-06-30T01:00:00.000-07:00

ប្រភេទនៃសេចក្តីស្រលាញ់

2010-06-30T00:35:00.000-07:00

តើការស្រលាញ់របស់អ្នក និងដៃគូរបស់អ្នកជាការស្រលាញ់ប្រភេទណាដែរ? ជម្រៅ នៃសេចក្ដីស្រលាញ់ និងប្រភេទនៃការស្រលាញ់របស់មនុស្សម្នាក់ៗតែងតែមានកំរិត និងប្រភេទខុសៗគ្នា។ ខាងក្រោមនេះ គឺជាប្រភេទនៃសេចក្ដីស្រលាញ់មួយចំនួនដែល Dr. Loveបានស្រាវជ្រាវរកឃើញ។
សេចក្ដីស្រលាញ់រូម៉ែនទិច (Romantic Love) ៖ គូស្នេហ៍តែងតែគិតនឹកដល់ដៃគូជានិច្ច និង មានការប្រច័ណ្ឌដៃគូ ប្រសិនបើឃើញដៃគូនៅជាមួយស្រី រឺប្រុសផ្សេងៗ ប៉ុន្ដែចេះលើកលែងអោយគ្នាទៅវិញទៅមក។ ការស្រលាញ់បែបនេះ គឺជាការស្រលាញ់ដោយមានការទាក់ទាញចិត្ដ តាមរយៈរូបសម្បត្ដិខាងក្រៅ ហើយដៃគូម្ខាងៗតែងតែព្យាយាមធ្វើយ៉ាងណាអោយដឹងថាគេបានទទួល នូវការឆ្លើយតប ពីការស្រលាញ់របស់ដៃគូវិញ។
សេចក្ដីស្រលាញ់ស្មោះស្ម័គ្រ (Faithful love)៖ដៃគូស្នេហាហាន់លះបង់ និងបូជាចំពោះអ្នកដែលខ្លួនស្រលាញ់ស្មោះស្មគ្រ័ ដោយមិនគិតរំពឹងនូវការតបស្នងអ្វីឡើយ។ គូស្នេហ៍មានភាពទន់ភ្លន់ ចេះយល់ចិត្ដ និង យកចិត្ដទុកដាក់ ថែមទាំងមានការទទួលខុសត្រូវទៀតផង។
សេចក្ដីស្រលាញ់ដោយមត្ដិភាព (Best friend love)៖គឺជាចំណងមិត្ដភាពមួយ ដែលដៃគូមានការរីករាយ និងភាពស្និទ្ធស្នាលរវាង ចំណងមេត្រីភាពនឹងគ្នា។ ជាចំណងមិត្ដភាពមួយដែលមានផាសុខភាព សប្បាយរីករាយ ទុកចិត្ដគ្នា និងមានការតាំងចិត្ដ ក្នុងការថែរក្សាដើម្បីបង្កើនចំណងមិត្ដភាពនេះ។
សេចក្ដីស្រលាញ់ចំពោះឪពុកម្ដាយ (Parental love) ៖ ជាសេចក្ដីស្រលាញ់ថ្នាក់ថ្នមមួយដែលមិនអាចកាត់ថ្លៃបានរវាងឪពុកម្តាយទៅកូន ឬពីកូនទៅឪពុកម្តាយ។

វិធីសាស្ត្រប្រាំយ៉ាងសំរាប់ជួយអ្នកមានវិបត្តិស្នេហ៍
អ្នកមានអារម្មណ៍ថាក្រៀមក្រំចិត្ត ឯកោ មិនចង់ទទួលទានចំណីអាហារ រឺ ក៏ចង់សំងំខ្លួននៅក្នុងបន្ទប់ដោយមិនចង់ជួប នរណានៅពេលដែលសង្សារ រឺ ដៃគូរបស់អ្នកប្រាប់អ្នកថា រឿងយើងទាំងពីរនាក់ត្រូវចប់ហើយ? ការធ្វើបាបខ្លួនឯងបែប នេះគឺជាកត្តាមិនគួរគប្បីសោះ។ យ៉ាងណាម៉ិញ ប្រសិនបើអ្នកមានវិបត្តិស្នេហា អ្នកត្រូវចងចាំថាអ្នកមិនមែនជាមនុស្ស ឯកោឡើយ។ បើដូច្នេះខាងក្រោមនេះគឺជាយុទ្ធសាស្ត្រ ៥ យ៉ាងសំរាប់ជួយអ្នកមានវិបត្តិស្នេហាទាំងឡាយដើម្បីកាត់បន្ថយ នូវបញ្ហាផ្លូវចិត្តទាំងនោះ៖
1. ប្រាប់នរណាម្នាក់អោយយល់ពីអារម្មណ៍របស់អ្នក៖ ស្វែងរកមិត្តណាម្នាក់ដែលអ្នកទុកចិត្ត រឺក៏នរណាដែលអាចពិភាក្សាពីអារម្មណ៍របស់អ្នកបាន និង នរណាម្នាក់ដែលអាចយល់ពីអារម្មណ៍របស់អ្នក។

2. ថែរក្សាខ្លួនអ្នកអោយបានល្អ៖ ការមានវិបត្តិស្នេហ៍អាចធ្វើអោយយើងមានអារម្មណ៍ពិបាកក្នុងចិត្ត យ៉ាងខ្លាំងដូចនេះហើយ សូមកុំបណ្តោយខ្លួនអ្នកធ្លាក់ក្នុងអន្លង់ដ៏ជ្រៅបែបនេះអោយសោះ។អ្វីដែលអ្នកគួរ ធ្វើនោះគឺគេងអោយបានគ្រប់គ្រាន់ ទទួលទានចំណីអាហារឆ្ងាញ់ៗ និង អោយបានគ្រប់គ្រាន់ ធ្វើលំហាត់ ប្រាណជាប្រចាំ និងអោយតំលៃទៅលើខ្លួនអ្នក និងកុំអស់ស់ង្ឃឹមក្នុងចិត្តឡើយ។
3. រំលឹកនូវអ្វីដែលអ្នកធ្លាប់ទទួលភាពជោគជ័យកន្លងមក៖ រំលឹកនូវរាល់គុណសម្បត្តិ របស់អ្នក ដែលមានកន្លងមក និង គិតអ្វីដែលល្អអំពីអ្នក ហើយប្រសិនបើអ្នកគិតមិនឃើញដោយសារតែអ្នក មានវិបត្តិស្នេហ៍នោះអ្នកអាចអោយមិត្តរបស់អ្នក ជួយរកនឹកនូវអ្វីដែលអ្នកធ្លាប់បានទទួលជោគជ័យ កន្លងមក។ កុំបារម្ភសអ្វី អ្នកជាមនុស្សម្នាក់ដ៏អស្ចារ្យ ហើយក៏មានមនុស្សជាច្រើនដែលគេនៅចាំគាំទ្រ អ្នកផងដែរ។

4. កុំអោយខ្លួនឯងនៅទំនេរ៖ នេះគឺជាពេលវេលាដ៏ល្អសំរាប់ធ្វើការតុបតែងកែលំអបន្ទប់ អានរឿងកំប្លែងលេងកីឡា រឺ ក៏ស្វែងរកនូវសកម្មភាពថ្មីៗដើម្បីកំសាន្ត។ នេះមិនមែនមានន័យថាអ្នកមិនខ្វល់នូវអ្វីៗដែលកើតឡើងជុំវិញនោះទេ គឺ គ្រាន់តែអោយអ្នកផ្តោតទៅលើអ្វីប្លែកហើយល្អសំរាប់អ្នកតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ។
1.ការរំលោភបំពានលើផ្លូវភេទ៖ ការរំលោភបំពានលើផ្លូវភេទ គឺ ជាកាបង្ខិតបង្ខំនរណាម្នាក់ ដើម្បីសកម្មភាពផ្លូវភេទហើយវាជាកត្ដាមួយ ដែលមិនសក្តិសមទាល់តែសោះ ក្នុងការបង្ខំបុគ្គលណាម្នាក់ រឺ ដៃគូរបស់ខ្លួនអោយគេធ្វើអ្វីដែលគេមិនអាចទទួលយកបាន។
ហេតុអ្វីធ្លាក់ក្នុងអន្លង់ស្នេហ៍
តើអ្នកធ្លាប់មានអារម្មណ៍ស្រលាញ់នណាម្នាក់ បន្ទាប់ពីអ្នកបានជួប ឬនិយាយឆ្លើយឆ្លងជាមួយគេ មួយរយៈកន្លងមកដែរឬទេ? អ្នកអាចនឹងមានចម្ងល់ថា ហេតុអ្វីបានជាអ្នកមានអារម្មណ៍បែបនេះជាមួយតែបុគ្គលម្នាក់នោះ ខុសប្លែកពីអ្នកដ៏ទៃ ? អារម្មណ៍ទាំងនេះគឺជាសញ្ញាដែលបញ្ជាក់ថា អ្នកកំពុងចាប់ផ្ដើមស្នេហាទៅលើមនុស្សម្នាក់នោះដោយមិនដឹងខ្លួនហើយ ឬក៏គេហៅថាធ្លាក់ក្នុងអន្លង់ស្នេហ៍នោះឯង។
មានមូលហេតុជាច្រើនដែលជំរុញចិត្ដអ្នកអោយធា្លក់ក្នុងអន្លង់ស្នេហ៍ជាមួយ នឹងគេដោយមិនបានដឹងខ្លួន។ សំរាប់លេខនេះ ដុកទ័រឡូវសូមឡើកយកតែកក្ដាសំខាន់មកជម្រាបជូនដូចតទៅ ៖
រូបសម្បត្ដិ គឺជាចំនុចដំបូងដែលទាក់ទាញការចាប់អារម្មណ៍របស់អ្នក។ មានអ្នកខ្លះបានលង់ស្រលាញ់គេ ចាប់តាំងតែពីបានជួបគ្នា លើកដំបូងមកម្លេះ។ ហើយអ្នកខ្លះទៀតគឺលង់ស្រលាញ់គេ ដោយសារតែគេមានរូបរាងស្រដៀង ទៅនឹងមនុស្ស ឬនិមិត្ដរូបជាទីស្រលាញ់ ដែលធ្លាប់់ផ្ដល់ភាពកក់ក្ដៅ ភាពសប្បាយរីករាយដល់ខ្លួន នៅក្នុងគ្រាអតីតកាល ឬក៏តាំងពីនៅកុមារភាពមក។
ក្លិនក្រអូបៈ ក្លិនក្រអូបនៃ ផ្កា ទឹកអប និងសំភារៈផ្សេងៗទៀត គឺសុទ្ធតែជាកត្ដាជំរុញបន្ថែម នៅក្នុងពិភពទំនាក់ទំនង រ៉ូមែនទិចនេះផងដែរ។ - ការយក ចិត្ដទុកដាក់របស់គេចំពោះអ្នកៈ សកម្មភាពទាំងឡាយផ្សេងៗទៀតដែលគេបានធ្វើចំពោះអ្នក ឬដើម្បីអ្នក គឺសុទ្ធតែអាចទាញយកការចាប់អារម្មណ៍របស់អ្នកបន្ដិចម្ដងៗ រហូតធ្វើអោយអ្នកធ្លាក់ក្នុងអន្លងស្នេហ៍ជាមួយគេ។
សញ្ញាទាក់ទាញភេទផ្ទុយគ្នា (Love pheromones): សញ្ញាមួយចំនួនទៀត ដែលយើងមើលមិនឃើញ ក៏ជាចំណែកមួយ ធ្វើអោយអ្នកធ្លាក់ក្នុងអន្លងស្នេហ៍ផងដែរ។ សញ្ញាហ្វឺរឺម៉ូន (pheromones) គឺជាសញ្ញាដែលបញ្ចូនទៅ ខួរក្បាល តាមរយៈប្រព័ន្ធឃិនវិញ្ញាណ។ វាអាចសំដែងប្រាប់អំពី ទំនាក់ទំនងផ្លូវភេទ ការការពារ ការឈ្លានពាន និង ការភ័យខ្លាច។ នេះបើយោងទៅតាមសំដីរបស់លោក Dr Kristal។
ដូច្នេះ ចំណុចទាំងឡាយដែលបានរៀបរាប់ខាងលើបានប្រមូលផ្ដុំគ្នានៅក្នុងខួរក្បាលរបស់អ្នក ហើយក៏បង្កើតការវាយតំលៃដោយស្វ័យប្រវត្ដិអំពីរូបគេម្នាក់នោះ ដោយសាតែតំលៃរបស់ខួរក្បាលមើលឃើញថាគេល្អ ទើបធ្វើអោយអ្នកស្រលាញ់គេដោយមិនដឹងខ្លួន។

តើធ្វើដូចម្ដេចដើម្បីអោយដឹងថាគេស្រលាញ់ខ្ញុំ?
មានសញ្ញាមួយចំនួនដែលអាចប្រាប់អោយអ្នកដឹងថាគេកំពុងមានអារម្មណ៍គិតអំពីអ្នក ដោយគ្រាន់តែអ្នកធ្វើការអង្កេត លើចំនុចមួយ ចំនួនដូចខាងក្រោម ៖
- គេពន្យាយាមនៅក្បែរអ្នកច្រើនជាងអ្នកដ៏ទៃ
- គេតែងតែលើកសរសើរអំពីអ្នក និងយករឿងវិជ្ជមានរបស់អ្នកទៅប្រាប់មិត្ដភ័ក្ដដ៏ជារឿយ។
- គេតែងរៀបចំខ្លួន និងធ្វើទង្វើទាំងឡាយ ដែលអ្នកពេញចិត្ដ ទោះបីជាទង្វើនោះគេមិនសូវចូលចិត្ដក៏ដោយ
- គេច្រើនទូរស័ព្ទមករកអ្នកសូម្បីតែគ្មានការអ្វីសោះ ដោយគ្រាន់តែសួរទៅអ្នកថា តើអ្នកសុខសប្បាយ ឬទេ? ហើយកំពុងតែធ្វើអ្វី? ញ៉ាំបាយហើយឬនៅ? ចូលគេងហើយឬនៅ? ល។
- គេចាប់ផ្ដើមយកចិត្ដទុកដាក់អំពីមិត្ដភ័ក្ដ ឬមនុស្សដែលនៅជុំវិញអ្នក
- គេលុបចោលការណាត់ជួបរវាងគេ និងមិត្ដរបស់គេដើម្បីអ្នក។
ចំនុចខាងលើនេះមិនមែនសុទ្ធតែអាចបញ្ជាក់យ៉ាងពិតប្រាកដថាគេស្រលាញ់អ្នកនោះទេ វិធីសាស្ដ្រដែលល្អបំផុតនោះគឺរកពេលវេលាដើម្បីនិយាយជាមួយគេពីអ្វីដែលអ្នកចង់ដឹងនូវការពិត។

ប្រដាប់បន្តពូជនារី

2010-06-29T21:48:00.000-07:00

តើអ្នកមានឆ្ងល់ទេ ថាហេតុអ្វីពិភពលោកបង្កើតអោ្យមានប្រុស ស្រី — គឺដើម្បីបង្កកំណើត — ដូចជាឪពុកម្តាយរបស់អ្នក (អា ហា!) — បើមិនបង្កើតការបង្កកំណើតទេ, គ្រួសារនឹងរលាយ ហើ្យសញ្ជាតិមនុស្សនឹងត្រូវបាត់សាបសូន្យពីលើលោកយើងនេះ ។

ការបង្កកំណើត Reproduction

All living things reproduce. Reproduction — the process by which organisms make more organisms like themselves — is one of the things that set living things apart from nonliving matter. But even though the reproductive system is essential to keeping a species alive, unlike other body systems, it's not essential to keeping an individual alive.In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells, or gametes (pronounced: gah-meetz), are involved. The male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, the egg or ovum, meet in the female's reproductive system to create a new individual. Both the male and female reproductive systems are essential for reproduction. The female needs a male to fertilize her egg, even though it is she who carries offspring through pregnancy and childbirth.Humans, like other organisms, pass certain characteristics of themselves to the next generation through their genes, the special carriers of human traits. The genes that parents pass along to their children are what make children similar to others in their family, but they are also what make each child unique. These genes come from the father's sperm and the mother's egg, which are produced by the male and female reproductive systems.

តើ Female Reproductive System ជាអ្វី?

Most species have two sexes: male and female. Each sex has its own unique reproductive system. They are different in shape and structure, but both are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm.Unlike the male, the human female has a reproductive system located entirely in the pelvis (that's the lowest part of the abdomen). The external part of the female reproductive organs is called the vulva, which means covering. Located between the legs, the vulva covers the opening to the vagina (pronounced: vuh-jigh-nuh) and other reproductive organs located inside the body.The fleshy area located just above the top of the vaginal opening is called the mons pubis (pronounced: manz pyoo-bis). Two pairs of skin flaps called the labia (which means lips and is pronounced: lay-bee-uh) surround the vaginal opening. The clitoris (pronounced: klih-tuh-rus), a small sensory organ, is located toward the front of the vulva where the folds of the labia join. Between the labia are openings to the urethra (the canal that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body, which is pronounced: yoo-ree-thruh) and vagina. Once girls become sexually mature, the outer labia and the mons pubis are covered by pubic hair.A female's internal reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.The vagina is a muscular, hollow tube that extends from the vaginal opening to the uterus. The vagina is about 3 to 5 inches (8 to 12 centimeters) long in a grown woman. Because it has muscular walls it can expand and contract. This ability to become wider or narrower allows the vagina to accommodate something as slim as a tampon and as wide as a baby. The vagina's muscular walls are lined with mucous membranes, which keep it protected and moist. The vagina has several functions: for sexual intercourse, as the pathway that a baby takes out of a woman's body during childbirth, and as the route for the menstrual blood (the period) to leave the body from the uterus.A thin sheet of tissue with one or more holes in it called the hymen (pronounced: hi-mun) partially covers the opening of the vagina. Hymens are often different from person to person. Most women find their hymens have stretched or torn after their first sexual experience, and the hymen may bleed a little (this usually causes little, if any, pain). Some women who have had sex don't have much of a change in their hymens, though.The vagina connects with the uterus (pronounced: yoo-tuh-rus), or womb, at the cervixcervixcervix. The cervix has strong, thick walls. The opening of the cervix is very small (no wider than a straw), which is why a tampon can never get lost inside a girl's body. During childbirth, the cervix can expand to allow a baby to pass.The uterus is shaped like an upside-down pear, with a thick lining and muscular walls — in fact, the uterus contains some of the strongest muscles in the female body. These muscles are able to expand and contract to accommodate a growing fetus and then help push the baby out during labor. When a woman isn't pregnant, the uterus is only about 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) long and 2 inches (5 centimeters) wide.At the upper corners of the uterus, the fallopian (pronounced: fuh-lo-pee-un) tubes connect the uterus to the ovaries (pronounced: o-vuh-reez). The ovaries are two oval-shaped organs that lie to the upper right and left of the uterus. They produce, store, and release eggs into the fallopian tubes in the process called ovulation (pronounced: av-yoo-lay-shun). Each ovary measures about 1 1/2 to 2 inches (4 to 5 centimeters) in a grown woman.There are two fallopian tubes, each attached to a side of the uterus. The fallopian tubes are about 4 inches (10 centimeters) long and about as wide as a piece of spaghetti. Within each tube is a tiny passageway no wider than a sewing needle. At the other end of each fallopian tube is a fringed area that looks like a funnel. This fringed area wraps around the ovary but doesn't completely attach to it. When an egg pops out of an ovary, it enters the fallopian tube. Once the egg is in the fallopian tube, tiny hairs in the tube's lining help push it down the narrow passageway toward the uterus.The ovaries are also part of the endocrine system because they produce female sex hormones such as estrogen (pronounced: es-truh-jun) and progesterone (pronounced: pro-jes-tuh-rone).

តើ Female Reproductive System ធ្វើអ្វីខ្លះ?

The female reproductive system enables a woman to:
· produce eggs (ova)
· have sexual intercourse
· protect and nourish the fertilized egg until it is fully developed
· give birth

Sexual reproduction couldn't happen without the sexual organs called the gonads (pronounced: go-nadz). Although most people think of the gonads as the male testicles, both sexes actually have gonads: In females the gonads are the ovaries. The female gonads produce female gametes (eggs); the male gonads produce male gametes (sperm). After an egg is fertilized by the sperm, the fertilized egg is called the zygote (pronounced: zi-gote).When a baby girl is born, her ovaries contain hundreds of thousands of eggs, which remain inactive until puberty begins. At puberty, the pituitary gland, located in the central part of the brain, starts making hormones that stimulate the ovaries to produce female sex hormones, including estrogen. The secretion of these hormones causes a girl to develop into a sexually mature woman.

រដូវនារី Menstruation

Toward the end of puberty, girls begin to release eggs as part of a monthly period called the menstrual cycle. Approximately once a month, during ovulation, an ovary sends a tiny egg into one of the fallopian tubes. Unless the egg is fertilized by a sperm while in the fallopian tube, the egg dries up and leaves the body about 2 weeks later through the uterus. This process is called menstruation (pronounced: men-strew-ay-shun). Blood and tissues from the inner lining of the uterus combine to form the menstrual flow, which in most girls lasts from 3 to 5 days. A girl's first period is called menarche (pronounced: meh-nar-kee).It's common for women and girls to experience some discomfort in the days leading to their periods. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) includes both physical and emotional symptoms that many girls and women get right before their periods, such as acne, bloating, fatigue, backaches, sore breasts, headaches, constipation, diarrhea, food cravings, depression, irritability, or difficulty concentrating or handling stress. PMS is usually at its worst during the 7 days before a girl's period starts and disappears once it begins.Many girls also experience abdominal cramps during the first few days of their periods. They are caused by prostaglandins, chemicals in the body that makes the smooth muscle in the uterus contract. These involuntary contractions can be either dull or sharp and intense.It can take up to 2 years from menarche for a girl's body to develop a regular menstrual cycle. During that time, her body is adjusting to the hormones puberty brings. On average, the monthly cycle for an adult woman is 28 days, but the range is from 23 to 35 days.

Fertilization និង Pregnancy

If a female and male have sex within several days of the female's ovulation (egg release), fertilization can occur. When the male ejaculates (which is when semen leaves a man's penis), between 0.05 and 0.2 fluid ounces (1.5 to 6.0 milliliters) of semen is deposited into the vagina. Between 75 and 900 million sperm are in this small amount of semen, and they "swim" up from the vagina through the cervix and uterus to meet the egg in the fallopian tube. It takes only one sperm to fertilize the egg.About a week after the sperm fertilizes the egg, the fertilized egg (zygote) has become a multi-celled blastocyst (pronounced: blas-tuh-sist). A blastocyst is about the size of a pinhead, and it's a hollow ball of cells with fluid inside. The blastocyst burrows itself into the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium (pronounced: en-doh-mee-tree-um). The hormone estrogen causes the endometrium to become thick and rich with blood. Progesterone, another hormone released by the ovaries, keeps the endometrium thick with blood so that the blastocyst can attach to the uterus and absorb nutrients from it. This process is called implantation (pronounced: im-plan-tay-shun).As cells from the blastocyst take in nourishment, another stage of development, the embryonic stage, begins. The inner cells form a flattened circular shape called the embryonic disk, which will develop into a baby. The outer cells become thin membranes that form around the baby. The cells multiply thousands of times and move to new positions to eventually become the embryo (pronounced: em-bree-o). After approximately 8 weeks, the embryo is about the size of an adult's thumb, but almost all of its parts — the brain and nerves, the heart and blood, the stomach and intestines, and the muscles and skin — have formed.During the fetal stage, which lasts from 9 weeks after fertilization to birth, development continues as cells multiply, move, and change. The fetus (pronounced: fee-tus) floats in amniotic (pronounced: am-nee-ah-tik) fluid inside the amniotic sac. The fetus receives oxygen and nourishment from the mother's blood via the placenta (pronounced: pluh-sen-tuh), a disk-like structure that sticks to the inner lining of the uterus and connects to the fetus via the umbilical (pronounced: um-bih-lih-kul) cord. The amniotic fluid and membrane cushion the fetus against bumps and jolts to the mother's body.Pregnancy lasts an average of 280 days — about 9 months. When the baby is ready for birth, its head presses on the cervix, which begins to relax and widen to get ready for the baby to pass into and through the vagina. The mucus that has formed a plug in the cervix loosens, and with amniotic fluid, comes out through the vagina when the mother's water breaks.When the contractions of labor begin, the walls of the uterus contract as they are stimulated by the pituitary hormone oxytocin (pronounced: ahk-see-toh-sin). The contractions cause the cervix to widen and begin to open. After several hours of this widening, the cervix is dilated (opened) enough for the baby to come through. The baby is pushed out of the uterus, through the cervix, and along the birth canal. The baby's head usually comes first; the umbilical cord comes out with the baby and is cut after the baby is delivered.The last stage of the birth process involves the delivery of the placenta, which is now called the afterbirth. After it has separated from the inner lining of the uterus, contractions of the uterus push it out, along with its membranes and fluids.

កំហុសអាចកើតឡើងលើ Female Reproductive System

Girls and women may sometimes experience reproductive system problems. Below are some examples of disorders that affect the female reproductive system.
Things That Can Go Wrong With the Vulva and Vagina
vulvovaginitis (pronounced: vul-vo-vah-juh-ni-tus), an inflammation of the vulva and vagina. It may be caused by irritating substances (such as laundry soaps or bubble baths). Poor personal hygiene (such as wiping from back to front after a bowel movement) may also cause this problem. Symptoms include redness and itching in the vaginal and vulvar areas and sometimes vaginal discharge. Vulvovaginitis can also be caused by an overgrowth of candida, a fungus normally present in the vagina.
nonmenstrual vaginal bleeding, most commonly due to the presence of a vaginal foreign body, often wadded-up toilet paper. It may also be due to urethral prolapse, a condition in which the mucous membranes of the urethra protrude into the vagina and form a tiny, donut-shaped mass of tissue that bleeds easily. It can also be due to a straddle injury (such as when falling onto a beam or bicycle frame) or vaginal trauma from sexual abuse.

Things That Can Go Wrong With the Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes

ectopic (pronounced: ek-tah-pik) pregnancy, when a fertilized egg, or zygote, doesn't travel into the uterus, but instead grows rapidly in the fallopian tube. Girls with this condition can develop severe abdominal pain and should see a doctor because surgery may be necessary.
endometriosis (pronounced: en-doh-mee-tree-o-sus), when tissue normally found only in the uterus starts to grow outside the uterus — in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other parts of the pelvic cavity. It can cause abnormal bleeding, painful periods, and general pelvic pain.
ovarian tumors, although rare, can occur. Girls with ovarian tumors may have abdominal pain and masses that can be felt in the abdomen. Surgery may be needed to remove the tumor.
ovarian cysts, noncancerous sacs filled with fluid or semi-solid material. Although they are common and generally harmless, they can become a problem if they grow very large. Large cysts may push on surrounding organs, causing abdominal pain. In most cases, cysts will disappear on their own and treatment is unnecessary. If the cysts are painful, a doctor may prescribe birth control pills to alter their growth, or they may be removed by a surgeon.
polycystic ovary syndrome, a hormone disorder in which too many male hormones (androgens) are produced by the ovaries. This condition causes the ovaries to become enlarged and develop many fluid-filled sacs, or cysts. It often first appears during the teen years. Depending on the type and severity of the condition, it may be treated with drugs to regulate hormone balance and menstruation.

បញ្ហារដូវ Menstrual Problems

A variety of menstrual problems can affect girls. Some of the more common conditions are:
· dysmenorrhea (pronounced: dis-meh-nuh-ree-uh), when a girl has painful periods.
· menorrhagia (pronounced: meh-nuh-rah-zhuh), when a girl has a very heavy periods with excess bleeding.
· oligomenorrhea (pronounced: o-lih-go-meh-nuh-ree-uh), when a girl misses or has infrequent periods, even though she's been menstruating for a while and isn't pregnant.
· amenorrhea (pronounced: a-meh-nuh-ree-uh), when a girl hasn't started her period by the time she is 16 years old or 3 years after starting puberty, has not developed signs of puberty by age 14, or has had normal periods but has stopped menstruating for some reason other than pregnancy.
·
ការឆ្លងរោគលើ Female Reproductive System

Sexually transmitted diseases. These include infections and diseases such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), human papilloma virus (HPV, or genital warts), syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and genital herpes. Most are spread from one person to another by sexual intercourse.
Toxic shock syndrome. This uncommon illness is caused by toxins released into the body during a type of bacterial infection that is more likely to develop if a tampon is left in too long. It can produce high fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and shock.
If you think you have symptoms of a problem with your reproductive system or if you have questions about your growth and development, talk to your parent or doctor — many problems with the female reproductive system can be treated.

ប្រដាប់បន្តពូជបុរស

2010-06-29T21:42:00.000-07:00

Ever wonder how the universe could allow the existence of someone as annoying as your bratty little brother or sister? The answer lies in reproduction. If people — like your parents (ew!) — didn't reproduce, families would die out and the human race would cease to exist.All living things reproduce. Reproduction — the process by which organisms make more organisms like themselves — is one of the things that set living things apart from nonliving matter. But even though the reproductive system is essential to keeping a species alive, unlike other body systems it's not essential to keeping an individual alive.In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells, or gametes (pronounced: gah-meetz), are involved. The male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, the egg or ovum, meet in the female's reproductive system to create a new individual. Both the male and female reproductive systems are essential for reproduction.
Humans, like other organisms, pass certain characteristics of themselves to the next generation through their genes, the special carriers of human traits. The genes parents pass along to their children are what make children similar to others in their family, but they are also what make each child unique. These genes come from the father's sperm and the mother's egg, which are produced by the male and female reproductive systems.

What Is the Male Reproductive System?

Most species have two sexes: male and female. Each sex has its own unique reproductive system. They are different in shape and structure, but both are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm.Unlike the female, whose sex organs are located entirely within the pelvis, the male has reproductive organs, or genitals (pronounced: jen-ih-tulz), that are both inside and outside the pelvis. The male genitals include:
· the testicles
· the duct system, which is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens
· the accessory glands, which include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland
· the penis
In a guy who's reached sexual maturity, the two testicles (pronounced: tes-tih-kulz), or testes (pronounced: tes-teez), produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells. The testicles are oval-shaped and grow to be about 2 inches (5 centimeters) in length and 1 inch (3 centimeters) in diameter. The testicles are also part of the endocrine system because they produce hormones, including testosterone (pronounced: tes-tos-tuh-rone). Testosterone is a major part of puberty in guys, and as a guy makes his way through puberty, his testicles produce more and more of it. Testosterone is the hormone that causes guys to develop deeper voices, bigger muscles, and body and facial hair, and it also stimulates the production of sperm.Alongside the testicles are the epididymis (pronounced: ep-ih-did-uh-mus) and the vas deferens (pronounced: vas def-uh-runz), which make up the duct system of the male reproductive organs. The vas deferens is a muscular tube that passes upward alongside the testicles and transports the sperm-containing fluid called semen (pronounced: see-mun). The epididymis is a set of coiled tubes (one for each testicle) that connects to the vas deferens.The epididymis and the testicles hang in a pouch-like structure outside the pelvis called the scrotum. This bag of skin helps to regulate the temperature of testicles, which need to be kept cooler than body temperature to produce sperm. The scrotum changes size to maintain the right temperature. When the body is cold, the scrotum shrinks and becomes tighter to hold in body heat. When it's warm, the scrotum becomes larger and more floppy to get rid of extra heat. This happens without a guy ever having to think about it. The brain and the nervous system give the scrotum the cue to change size.The accessory glands, including the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland, provide fluids that lubricate the duct system and nourish the sperm. The seminal vesicles (pronounced: sem-uh-nul ves-ih-kulz) are sac-like structures attached to the vas deferens to the side of the bladder. The prostate gland, which produces some of the parts of semen, surrounds the ejaculatory ducts at the base of the urethra (pronounced: yoo-ree-thruh), just below the bladder. The urethra is the channel that carries the semen to the outside of the body through the penis. The urethra is also part of the urinary system because it is also the channel through which urine passes as it leaves the bladder and exits the body.The penis is actually made up of two parts: the shaft and the glans (pronounced: glanz). The shaft is the main part of the penis and the glans is the tip (sometimes called the head). At the end of the glans is a small slit or opening, which is where semen and urine exit the body through the urethra. The inside of the penis is made of a spongy tissue that can expand and contract.All boys are born with a foreskin, a fold of skin at the end of the penis covering the glans. Some boys have a circumcision (pronounced: sur-kum-sih-zhun), which means that a doctor or clergy member cuts away the foreskin. Circumcision is usually performed during a baby boy's first few days of life. Although circumcision is not medically necessary, parents who choose to have their children circumcised often do so based on religious beliefs, concerns about hygiene, or cultural or social reasons. Boys who have circumcised penises and those who don't are no different: All penises work and feel the same, regardless of whether the foreskin has been removed.

What Does the Male Reproductive System Do?

The male sex organs work together to produce and release semen into the reproductive system of the female during sexual intercourse. The male reproductive system also produces sex hormones, which help a boy develop into a sexually mature man during puberty (pronounced: pyoo-bur-tee).

When a baby boy is born, he has all the parts of his reproductive system in place, but it isn't until puberty that he is able to reproduce. When puberty begins, usually between the ages of 10 and 14, the pituitary (pronounced: pih-too-uh-ter-ee) gland — which is located near the brain — secretes hormones that stimulate the testicles to produce testosterone. The production of testosterone brings about many physical changes. Although the timing of these changes is different for every guy, the stages of puberty generally follow a set sequence.

· During the first stage of male puberty, the scrotum and testes grow larger.
· Next, the penis becomes longer, and the seminal vesicles and prostate gland grow.
· Hair begins to appear in the pubic area and later it grows on the face and underarms. During this time, a male's voice also deepens.
· Boys also undergo a growth spurt during puberty as they reach their adult height and weight.
Once a guy has reached puberty, he will produce millions of sperm cells every day. Each sperm is extremely small: only 1/600 of an inch (0.05 millimeters long). Sperm develop in the testicles within a system of tiny tubes called the seminiferous tubules (pronounced: sem-uh-nih-fuh-rus too-byoolz). At birth, these tubules contain simple round cells, but during puberty, testosterone and other hormones cause these cells to transform into sperm cells. The cells divide and change until they have a head and short tail, like tadpoles. The head contains genetic material (genes). The sperm use their tails to push themselves into the epididymis, where they complete their development. It takes sperm about 4 to 6 weeks to travel through the epididymis.The sperm then move to the vas deferens, or sperm duct. The seminal vesicles and prostate gland produce a whitish fluid called seminal fluid, which mixes with sperm to form semen when a male is sexually stimulated. The penis, which usually hangs limp, becomes hard when a male is sexually excited. Tissues in the penis fill with blood and it becomes stiff and erect (an erection). The rigidity of the erect penis makes it easier to insert into the female's vagina during sexual intercourse. When the erect penis is stimulated, muscles around the reproductive organs contract and force the semen through the duct system and urethra. Semen is pushed out of the male's body through his urethra — this process is called ejaculation (pronounced: ih-jak-yuh-lay-shun). Each time a guy ejaculates, it can contain up to 500 million sperm.When the male ejaculates during intercourse, semen is deposited into the female's vagina. From the vagina the sperm make their way up through the cervix and move through the uterus with help from uterine contractions. If a mature egg is in one of the female's fallopian tubes, a single sperm may penetrate it, and fertilization, or conception, occurs.This fertilized egg is now called a zygote (pronounced: zy-goat) and contains 46 chromosomes — half from the egg and half from the sperm. The genetic material from the male and female has combined so that a new individual can be created. The zygote divides again and again as it grows in the female's uterus, maturing over the course of the pregnancy into an embryo, a fetus, and finally a newborn baby.

Problems Affecting the Male Reproductive System

Guys may sometimes experience reproductive system problems. Below are some examples of disorders that affect the male reproductive system:
Disorders of the Scrotum, Testicles, or Epididymis
Conditions affecting the scrotal contents may involve the testicles, epididymis, or the scrotum itself.

Conditions affecting the scrotal contents may involve the testicles, epididymis, or the scrotum itself.
· Testicular injury. Even a mild injury to the testicles can cause severe pain, bruising, or swelling. Most testicular injuries occur when the testicles are struck, hit, kicked, or crushed, usually during sports or due to other trauma. Testicular torsion (pronounced: tor-zhun), when one of the testicles twists around, cutting off its blood supply, is also a problem that some teen guys experience — although it's not common.
· Varicocele (pronounced: var-uh-koh-seal). This is a varicose vein (an abnormally swollen vein) in the network of veins that run from the testicles. Varicoceles commonly develop while a guy is going through puberty. A varicocele is usually not harmful, although in some people it may damage the testicle or decrease sperm production, so it helps for a guy to see his doctor if he's concerned about changes in his testicles.
· Testicular cancer. This is one of the most common cancers in men younger than 40. It occurs when cells in the testicle divide abnormally and form a tumor. Testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body, but if it's detected early, the cure rate is excellent. All guys should perform testicular self-examinations regularly to help with early detection.
· Epididymitis (pronounced: ep-uh-did-ih-my-tus) is inflammation of the epididymis, the coiled tubes that connect the testes with the vas deferens. It is usually caused by an infection, such as the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia, and results in pain and swelling next to one of the testicles.
· Hydrocele. A hydrocele (pronounced: high-druh-seel) occurs when fluid collects in the membranes surrounding the testes. Hydroceles may cause swelling in the scrotum around the testicle but are generally painless. In some cases, surgery may be needed to correct the condition.
· Inguinal hernia. When a portion of the intestines pushes through an abnormal opening or weakening of the abdominal wall and into the groin or scrotum, it is known as an inguinal hernia (pronounced: in-gwuh-nul her-nee-uh). The hernia may look like a bulge or swelling in the groin area. It can be corrected with surgery.

Problems Affecting the Male Reproductive System (continued)

Disorders of the Penis
Disorders affecting the penis include the following:
· Inflammation of the penis. Symptoms of penile inflammation include redness, itching, swelling, and pain. Balanitis occurs when the glans (the head of the penis) becomes inflamed. Posthitis is foreskin inflammation, which is usually due to a yeast or bacterial infection.
· Hypospadius is a disorder in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, not at the tip.
If you think you have symptoms of a problem with your reproductive system or if you have questions about your growth and development, talk to your parent or doctor — many problems with the male reproductive system can be treated.

Writing a Good Project Proposal

2008-07-15T02:53:00.000-07:00

Improve Proposal Writing Skills of your organization
Describe Good Proposals
Describe Bad Proposals
Typical Proposal requirements and guidelines

A good project proposal will
Be in keeping with priority areas of the granter and the Request For Application
By part of your organization’s mission and capability
Enhance or complement existing initiatives

A good proposal will
demonstrate sustainability
Show how the project will contribute positively to the development of your organization and its overall program
Show how the results of the project will be maintained/continue to have effects over time
Cooperate and link with other organizations

Bad Proposals
Too general – does not address the objectives of the RFA
Does not meet proposal criteria
Few or no program activities
No results planned
No budget detail or budget does not comply with project details
(e.g., all of the budget is for food)
No experience
No background on the organization

Typical Proposal Requirements

Example of What to submit
Proposals must be typed in English using 12-point font
Pages must be numbered with margins 2.5cm from top/bottom and left/right
The original proposal, including all forms, must be signed by the authorizing officials at your organization
Submit two hard copies of the proposal
Submit an electronic copy on disk or CD using Word, Excel format
Faxed proposals will not be accepted

For further information contact:
[name], Grants Program Manager
Tel. [tel]
Email [email]

Proposal Format
READ THE DETAILS OF EACH RFA, BECAUSE EACH GRANTER HAS DIFFERENT REQUIREMENTS!!!
Smaller Grant Applications usually have simpler formats. Most Granters will use a Small Grants Application form
Often Granters make you use a Specific Application Cover Sheet

1. General Proposal Format and Guidelines
1. Application Cover Page
2. Project Summary
3. Project Description
4. Project Monitoring & Evaluation Plan
5. Project Sustainability
6. Project Personnel
7. Organizational Background
8. Budget
9. Attachments

2. Project Summary
A brief summary of your project (1 page)
Goal and objectives
Proposed activities
Expected results
Target audience and beneficiaries
How you will show that the project has achieved its objectives

3. Project Description Include
a. Background
b. Goal and objectives
c. Activities
d. Inputs
e. Results
f. Activities/Inputs/Results table

a. Background
What are the political, economic and social environment factors that affects the purpose of the proposal?
What are the needs or problems that your project will address?
How will your proposed project meet those needs or help to solve those problems? (1 page)

b. Goal and Objectives
What will the project achieve?Goal: general overall aim of the project
Objectives (3 objectives only)
• clearly and specifically define the project goal
• should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound (SMART)

The goal and objectives should be consistent with
The Granter’s overall goal and objectives
the corresponding RFA (request for application), and
your organization’s mission

c. Activities
Describe in detail planned project activities
How will activities accomplish the objectives and lead to the desired results
When possible, include numbers and types of participants, statistics on target audience, information on beneficiaries
Include a clear description of how the project will seek and guarantee the target group’s participation
Include a time frame or timeline for the activities (3 pages maximum)

d. Inputs
Resources the project will need
financial (in-kind, matching/cost share, or requested)
human (staff, volunteers, partnerships, networks, project participants, etc.)
physical (technology, equipment, etc. (1/2 page)

e. Results
What results do you expect from your project activities
Short-term (outputs)
Medium-term (outcomes)
Long-term (impacts)

Describe results in terms of the life of the project. It might not be realistic to expect long-term results from a small or short-term project.

4. Project Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Plan

It is a management tool for your project.
It is the information system used to assess project progress, performance and results.
It should guide your reporting.

Definitions
Monitoring
regular collection (analysis and use) of information within the project about its progress

Evaluation
periodic review of information about the project (‘formative evaluation’) and its performance (‘summative evaluation’)

Indicator
a quantitative or qualitative measure to describe whether the intended results have occurred and to show that you are reaching your objective

Indicators
A good indicator is direct, objective, adequate, practical, and reliable.
Quantitative or numerical indicators are easier to describe and interpret
Qualitative indicators are descriptive observations and may be used to add valuable information about your project

Progress Monitoring Plan
Copy the overall goal and specific objectives from Section b (above)
List a maximum of 3 indicators for each objective
Give details about how each indicator will be measured and the expected results for the short, medium and long term
Use the following format

5. Sustainability
Describe the plans to ensure the sustainability of the project after the
current funding ends.
Question to Answer: What if there are no donors left in Cambodia? How will your project survive? (1/2 page)

6. Project Personnel
List the personnel that will have a major role in the project
Give a brief description (one paragraph per person) of their
qualifications and experience as relevant to the proposed position

7. Organizational Background
Describe the history of the organization and type of work it has conducted in the past.
Describe the organization’s qualifications for this particular project.
Information about the size of your organization, annual budget, main sources of funding, geographical reach, and professional and political character.
If your organization has a Board of Directors or similar governing body, provide their names, and contact information for the Board chair or president.
Information on the total number of full-time and part time employees, including a breakdown by gender.
This section is not included in the page limit.

8. Budget
I: Budget Detail – Provide a complete breakdown of costs for
each summary line item. The budget detail should show unit
costs, number of units, total cost, and cost share (if any) for each
detail line item.
II: Global Budget – Provide a complete budget of the whole
organization. The global budget should show all income that your
organization, by donor, and how you plan to spend it.
III: Budget Narrative - Briefly justify each item in the budget. All items should be described in sufficient detail to enable Granter to determine that costs are reasonable and allowable for the project.
IV: Salaries History - Indicate the number of hours per month that each employee will spend working on the project; also, provide at least three years’ salary history for each employee listed in the budget.

I: Budget Detail
Complete breakdown of costs for each summary line item.
Unit costs, number of units, total cost, and cost share (if any) for each detail line item.

III: Budget Narrative
Justify each item in the budget.
All items should be described in sufficient detail to enable Granter to determine that costs are reasonable and allowable for the project.

IV: Salaries History
Indicate the number of hours per month that each employee will spend working on the project
Also provide at least three years’ salary history for each employee listed in the budget

9. Attachments
If you are applying to the Granter for the first time, please provide copies of the following documents:
Statute, charter, or other constitutional document of your organization
Registration certificate
Last annual report or similar document
Audited financial statements for the previous fiscal year (if available)

GENERAL BUDGET GUIDELINES

1/ Salaries
The budget should show the titles of those persons to be paid and note whether salaries are full or partial.
If partial, the percent of work time covered by the salary should be indicated.
This line item should not include consultants’ fees, honoraria, temporary personnel services and all other types of services: see
‘Contractual Services’ slide.

Fringe Benefits
Medical benefits, employer’s portion of income tax contributions, and any other social payments made by the employer (disability insurance,
pension plan, etc.) as required by local law.
Note: If the organization’s policy is to pay a 13th month salary, it should be budgeted as part of the Salaries line item.
Not included are income taxes withheld from employees’ salaries.

Rent and utilities
Rental of office space for the project and associated utilities payments.
The amounts for rent and utilities should be shown separately.

Supplies
Purchases of office supplies, such as paper, pens, folders, printer and photocopier cartridges, computer diskettes, pantry supplies and other office consumables for use in the project.
Equipment
The purchases of equipment to be used during project implementation.
Each piece of equipment should be listed separately and the price per unit indicated.

Communications and postage
Communications: telephone, fax, e-mail, and Internet expenses.
Postage: postage stamps, express mail services, and courier services.

Travel and per diem
Travel: transportation costs for local travel
Perdiem: accommodations, meals and incidental expenses incurred for travel on official business related to the project.

Contractual services
A contract basis, including: consultant fees, honoraria, temporary personnel services, translation services, rented or leased equipment, audit fees, legal fees, accounting and audit services (if performed by an outside contractor rather than in-house).

Other Direct Costs
Direct costs other than the ones mentioned the above cost items.
Items such as printing costs; training seminars, meetings, and conference expenses (room rental, equipment rental, coffee breaks and
meals, materials, etc.); reference materials related to the project; and bank fees.
Line items labeled “Miscellaneous” or “Contingency” will probably not be accepted.

General Unallowable Costs
Entertainment
Capital improvements
Other items such as kitchen help hired to prepare or serve refreshments for an event are unallowable
Gifts, gratuities, commissions, donations, fines, and penalties are not allowable expenses under most Grants.
“Miscellaneous” and “Contingency”
Conclusion
Proposal Requirements
Proposals are solicited for well-defined projects outlining:
a) Project description (summary of the project)
b) Project Purpose (general overall aim of the project; community and organization needs),
(b) Capacity of project (number of machines requested; locations to be supported with estimated size of target audience in each location,
(c) Inputs and Partnership Contribution (resources the project will need: financial (in-kind, matching, requested); human (staff, volunteers); physical)
(d) Results
(e) Project Monitoring and Evaluation
(f) Project Sustainability (continuation of the project)

Proposal Requirements
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Voluntary Private Organizations (VPOs), and other non-profit organizations operating in
Cambodia are eligible to propose projects for these grants.
Proposals should be submitted in English and be complete, clear and succinct; budgets must be accurate, transparent, and calculated in U.S. dollars.

Unallowable Costs
Grants may not be used for the following:
partisan political activity,
for general operating expenses and infrastructure costs,
for provide direct social services to populations.

How to Improve Reading Skills for Cambodian Students

2008-07-09T23:39:00.000-07:00

Build Bright University
Final of Project Paper

Topic: How to Improve Reading Skills
for Cambodian Students.

Advisor: Mr. Khiev Kim Chheng

Group’s members: In Viraleakhena
Kuy Socheat
Sean Thorninn
Song Mongtray

2001-2005

I. Introduction

1. General overview and English status in Cambodia

- Brief description (1953-present)
Foreign French - Language: French, Vietnamese,
Russian, and English (since 1985, supported by Australian Government, AIDAB or AusAID).(Sloper, 1999,p. 143)

2. Background
- English is an international language.
- Many materials are written in English.

3. Problem Statement
- Reader: poor in reading p g experience.
- Strategies: lack of effective reading strategies.
- Text: English written, complex concepts.

4. Purpose of Study
- To explain the importance of reading.
- To improve our Cambodian students’ reading competence with effective strategies.
- To help Cambodian students to be the effective and successful readers of English.

5. Scope and Limitation
Focuses on high school and university students.

II. Literature Review

1. Why reading?
- To improve career, study purpose, or for pleasure.
- To get general and new ideas, facts, and experiences.
- To improve English language such as vocabulary, grammar, and writing pattern.

2. Meaning of reading
“Reading is an exercise dominated by the eyes and the brain. The eyes receive messages and the brain then has to work out the significance of these massages.” (Harmer, 1998, p. 190)

2.1 Reading quickly and effectively: means that we read in a short time but still keep our comprehension.

2.2 Critical reading: means that when we read we should question and judge the merit and worth of the information it contains.

3. Types of reading

3.1 Intensive reading: readers have a purpose of reading and read thoroughly for comprehension.

3.2 Extensive reading: readers may have a necessarily general understanding without understand every word.

4. Reading Skills

4.1 Scanning: Fry suggested that Scanning is a reading skill you use when you want to locate a single fact or a specific but of information without reading every part of a story, article, list or document (1999, p. 40)

4.2 Skimming: “Skimming is very fast reading. When you skim, you read to get the main ideas and a few,
but not all, of the detail.” (Fry, 1999, p. 1)

4.3 Detail comprehensive reading: When looking for detail, readers should concentrate on the minutia of they are reading, and it involves reading a text what thoroughly.

III. Methodology

1. Collecting data: most of collected data are secondary data.

2. Answering method: inductive method.

3. Research design: this research is divided into six
main parts: Part I-Introduction, Part II Literature review, Part III-Methodology, Part IV-Factors that affect reading, Part V-Reading strategies or solution, and Part VI-Conclusion
and recommendation.

IV. Factors that Affect Reading

1. Language Problems: poor in vocabulary and grammar.
2. Lack of Reading Experience:
2.1. Individuals: rare in readin. . d v dua s: a e ead g
2.2 Culture: lack of reading habit
2.3 Teachers and schools: lack of supporting.

3. Unawareness of Reading Skills and Strategies

4. Lack of Interest and Motivation: attitude and interest are considered as the vital shaped factors of reading motivation (Conley, 1995, p.84).
This is resulted from:
- No objective
- Uninterested topic
- Bad reading environment
- Lack of background knowledge of reading.

V.Solutions or Reading Strategies

1. Language Improvement

1.1 Vocabulary:
- Guessing meaning from context.
- Using grammar to guess words meaning.
- Recognizing words that connect ideas.(through pronouns, synonyms, summary words)

1.2 Writing Structure or Pattern Understanding: we identify it through listing of related ideas or examples, sequencing information,comparison contrast and cause and effect
and contrast, effect.

2. How to Be Familiar with Reading

2.1 Setting objective:
- Knowing what you want to know from reading.

2.2 Choosing suitable text:
- Readers should select the text that suits to their degree, but it is not the easiest one because it can make you feel bored.

2.3 Read more often:
- Every time you read, you are teaching yourself how to read.

3. Reading Strategies
Reading Strategies

Pre-Reading

-Setting a purpose
-Reading abstract and content
-Activating prior knowledge
-Recognizing key words
-Making sense of topic
-Topic of paragraph
-Previewing and predicting.

While-Reading

-Pay attention
-QAR
-Main idea
-Note taking
-Underlining
-Fix-up
-Skimming or scanning
-Think aloud
-Context clue
-Inferring and Visualizing
-Restating

Post-Reading
-Summarizing
-Drawing
conclusion
-Evaluating

VI. Conclusion and Recommendation

1. Conclusion:
- Reading help g p us in various ways such as English competence, general knowledge, and career improvement.
- Reading means your eyes catch the messages and your brain makes sense.
- There are three main reading skills: skimming, scanning, and comprehension.
- Factors that shape reading: language problem, poor in reading experience, poor in reading skills and strategies, and lack of motivation.
- Solutions: language improvement (vocabulary and grammar), and to be familiar with reading (having objective, selecting
suitable topic and text, and read more often).
- Reading strategies: Pre-reading, While reading, and Post-reading.

2. Recommendation

- Before reading English text, make sure that you have enough of English knowledge.
-Readers should choose the books that fit to their own level.
- Some sub-reading strategies can be used either in pre-, while, or post reading. So readers should be flexible enough.
- Not all sub-reading strategies fit all readers. So readers should adopt those which suit to their aptitude, and their own style of reading and learning.
- The last, but not least, you should learn how to read by reading. Try to read as much possible as you can.

Thanks for your attention!

My Resume

2008-07-07T22:33:00.000-07:00

Name: SONG MONGTRAY
Sex: Male
Present Address: No. 32k Street 265, Phnom Penh
Tel: 012 993 658/016 244 571
Date of Birth: 05 Feb 1969
Place of Birth: Kandal Province, Cambodia
Nationality: Cambodian
Marital Status: Married

EMPLOYMENT BACKGROUND

Jan 2007-Present

Organization: Pour un Sourire d’Enfant (PSE), Phnom Penh
Title: Electricity Instructor
Supervisor: La Vibol, Director of Study
Duty:

1. Make curriculum for construction training. Make budget planning for operation cost per year. Identify the need of material or equipment using for training. Monitoring the construction operation cost budget. Responsible for the purchasing order.
2. Teach student 22 hours per week. Work with teacher of Mathematics, Khmer and English to set up and practical lesson. Responsible on tools, consumable, workshop performance. Participate class council every trimester. Individual interview with preparatory student in orientation program.
3. Make meeting with trainer team weekly. Monthly report and meeting supervisor. Participate in making the team dynamic.

Jul 2001- Dec 2006

Organization: American Embassy, Phnom Penh
Title: IRC Assistant/American Corner Coordinator
Supervisor: John J Daigle, Public Affairs Officer
Duty:
1. Responsible to identify and select appropriate new acquisitions to add it up to the collection. Cataloguing and classifying the materials by using Dewey Decimal Classification. Computerizing and organizing the library materials to make its accessible for public uses. Provide information research and reference assistance to patrons. Conduct library orientation to users and publicize library services and products. Conduct presentation on search engine, IRC databases and IRC related program to show about IRC facilities and programs available for use by publics.

2. Serve as Assistant to Information Resource Center (IRC) and other branches of Public Affairs Office (PAO). Provide outreach services and information products in a timely manner. Respond to requests for information and research services and selectively disseminates effective information services to Cambodian contacts who influence policy and public opinion on issues central to U.S. interest. Execute administrative functions of the IRC,
multiple American Corners (AC) resource centers, and targeted outreach programs. Provide technical support for Digital Video Conferences
and oversees technical maintenance of Post's Internet website.

3. Perform information outreach services, including routine e-mail and paper distribution of the daily Washington File, monthly Article Alert, and other International Information Program (IIP) products and services, as appropriate. Maintains contact databases to ensure accurate targeting and delivery of information. Assist in the administration of outreach activities to various Cambodian communities to fulfill Mission Program Plan (MPP) objectives, such as Post’s Muslim outreach program and the establishment of AC information centers. Regularly provides U.S Government, think tank, and periodical articles to target audience members. Assist in designing promotional materials and in developing marketing strategies highlighting PAO/IRC products, programs and services. Comply and duplicate Public Affairs printed materials for speaker programs, workshops, seminars and other activities.

4. Maintain an up-to-date inventory of English teaching materials and office supplies to insure sufficient quantities on-hand. Process orders for new books, pamphlets and other materials as needed in the Public Affairs Section (PAS).

5. Support and assist the IRC Director in the Information Resource Center with office management and servicing of IRC visitors. Perform technical reference and manages IRC circulation in support of patrons. Work closely with the Information Regional Officer (IRO) in Bangkok and PAS Phnom Penh, planning the IRO’s biannual training visits and assisting in the IRO’s presentations. Provide input in the drafting of the IRC Annual Work Plan and the quarterly IRC Report. Responsible for IRC operations during absence of IRC director.

6. Assists with the organization of public events and exhibitions. Coordinate with IMO and PDO to monitor and update U.S. Embassy Phnom Penh web page. Manage the daily pick-up/delivery of mail. Create promotion on products and services by power point presentation, folder and brochure, prepare guest list and invitation for reception.

7. Receive and deliver supplies and service to two American Corners (ACs). Periodically visit AC to monitor operations, support AC information and technical needs, such as computer, printer and audio visional equipments trouble shooting. Monitor the Government Furnished Property (GFP) provision of the grant including preparing itemized list of GFP showing serial numbers; ensure that delivery of the GFP to the ACs project is made in accordance with the grant; inspect each unit of GFP upon its return from the Grantee.

May 1994-Jun 2001

Organization: American Embassy, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Title: Electrician & Air-condition Supervisor
Supervisor: Stephen Druzak, General Service Officer
Duty:

1. Supervise electricians, air-condition technicians, carpenters, plumber, and group of
contractors.
2. Prepare weekly, monthly, annually report and statistics.
3. Supervise and conduct preventive maintenance program on electrical equipment, air-conditioner, refrigerator and freezer for Embassy and its Residences.
4. Examine wiring diagrams and installation areas to plan layout of wiring
system. Position and install electric switchboard, measure, cut and install plastic conduit and pull wire through, connect, install wires to circuit breakers, transformers, timers, washers, dryers and other electrical equipment. Connect electrical systems to power supply, tests continuity of circuit.
5. Install, modify, maintain and repair electrical equipment such as heaters,
lightings, motors, pumps, electric signs or switchboards and air-conditioner.
6. Service and repair circuitry in prototype and other non-standard units.
7. Estimate material costs and quantities.
8. Repair air-conditioner, fridge and vehicle air-conditioner and freezer
9. Upgrade electrical systems in Embassy and its residences.
10. Provide estimation on electric job and material.
11. Drive GSO vehicle from Embassy to its residences on regular basis.

June 1990-Apr 1994

Employer: Hotel Sofitel Cambodiana, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Title: Maintenance Supervisor/Asst. Manager
Supervisor: Paul Vannaker, Chief Engineering.
Duty:

1. Supervise air-conditioner technician, electrician, carpenter and plumber.
2. Manage work order and technician. In charge of electrical equipment,
air-conditioner and plumber equipment.
3. Air-conditioner, fridge and cooler maintenance.
4. Install, modify, maintain and repair electrical equipment such as heaters, lightings, motors, pumps, electric signs or switchboards. Connect and install wires to circuit breakers, transformer, timer, and other electrical equipment.
5. Set up sound and video system.
6. Provide estimation on electric jobs and materials.
7. Prepare weekly, monthly, annually reports and statistics.
8. Issue maintenance equipment to engineering staff. Control stock.
9. Raise purchase order for shortage stock equipment.
10 Issue electric, air-conditioner and mechanic spare parts.

Apr 1989- June 1990

Organization: Pang Luon Construction Company, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Title: Electrician
Duty:

1. Examine wiring diagrams and installation areas to plan layout of wiring
system. Position and install electric switchboard, measure, cut and install plastic conduit and pull wire through, connect, install wires to circuit breakers, transformers, timers, washers, dryers and other electrical equipment. Connect electrical systems to power supply, tests continuity of circuit.
2. Provide estimation on electric job and material.

Nov 1987- Apr 1989

Employer : Ministry of Industry (Shoe Factory), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Title: Electrician
Duty:

Examine wiring diagrams and installation areas to plan layout of wiring
system. Position, install and repair electric switchboard, measure, cut and install plastic conduit and pull wire through, connect, install wires to circuit breakers, transformers, timers and other electrical equipment. Connect electrical systems to power supply, tests continuity of circuit.

HONORS and AWARDS:

June 2006 Extra Mile Award
Nov 2005 Franklin Award
March 2004 Extra Mile Award
Nov 16, 2004 Extra Mile Award
Nov 16, 2004 Appreciation are tendered for completion of 10 years Service
Sept 2003 Ambassador’s Certificate of Appreciation
Mar 18, 2002 Group cash Performance Award
Sept 7, 2001 Group Meritorious Honor Award
Mar20, 2000 Cash Performance Award
Apr 6, 1998 Cash Performance Award
Mar 15, 1998 Certificate of Appreciation Award
Mar 20, 1997 Cash Performance Award
Jan 28 1993 Faithfully for 3 years Service (Hotel Sofitel Cambodiana)

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Nov 2001- Jul 2005 Bachelor of Education (English Literature)
Build Bright University, Phnom Penh.

Nov 2000-Jan 2001 English for Business III
Regent College, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Aug 2000- Oct 2000 English for Business II
Regent College, Phnom Penh.

May 2000- Jul 2000 English for Business I
Regent College, Phnom Penh.

Oct 1999- Jul 2000 Business & Organizational Administrative 2
Regent College, Phnom Penh.

Ju1 1997-Sept 1999 Completed level 12 of The ACE General English
Australian Center for Education, Phnom Penh.

Oct 1996- Jan 1997 Practical Business English
Regent College, Phnom Penh.

Jul 1996- Sept 1996 Business & Organizational Administrative
Regent College, Phnom Penh.

Jan 1996-Mar1996 Introduction to Management
Regent College, Phnom Penh.

Oct 1995-Dec1995 Working Internationally
Regent College, Phnom Penh.

Sept 1984-Aug 1987 Electrician Specialist Worker (Diploma)
Cambodia-Soviet Friendship Professional Training Center,
Phnom Penh.

JOB TRAINING

Sept 4-9, 2006 Website Managers Symposium
Information Resource Office, Vienna, Austria

February 1-4, 2005 American Corners Workshop
East-Asia Information Resource Center, Bangkok.

Sept 09-12, 2004 Digital Video Conference/Web Banner Training
Information Resource Center, Bangkok.

May 13-17, 2002 Basic IRC skills Work shop
East-Asia Information Resource Center, Bangkok.

25-27 Feb 1993 Train The Trainer part 2 (TTT 2)
Conducted by the trainer from Accor Office in BKK
Hotel Sofitel Cambodiana, Phnom Penh.

24-26 Jun 1992 Train The Trainer part 1 (TTT 1)
Conducted by the trainer from Accor Office in BKK .
Hotel Sofitel Cambodiana, Phnom Penh.

LANGUAGE

SPEAKING WRITING READING
Khmer Mother tongue Mother tongue Mother Tongue
English Good Good Good

HOBBIES

Sport, Travel, Reading, Watching TV

OTHER SKILLS

Driving
Operate Photocopier
Operate Fax machine
Computer (Microsoft Word, Excel, Publisher, Access, Database)
Computer Repairing (Hardware & Software)

REFERENCES

Chrea Vanrith Information Assistant.
American Embassy, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Tel 012 812454

Eng Po Information Resource Center Director
American Embassy, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Tel 012 944336

Ly Sakhoeun Resident Manager
Himawari Hotel, Phnom Penh Cambodia
Tel. 015 676111

Song Tray

2008-07-02T02:05:00.000-07:00

Welcome Every Body!

This is my new website to shaw you about my back ground.