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Java program to check the palindrome

2012-07-19T03:11:00.003-07:00

Following program checks whether a given string is palindrome or not.The logic of program is, first reverse the input string and then check for equality.

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;

public class CheckPalindrome
{
    public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
     {
       InputStreamReader isr=new InputStreamReader(System.in);
       BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
       String str1 = new String();
       str1 =br.readLine();
       str1 = str1.toLowerCase();
       String str2 = new StringBuffer(str1).reverse().toString();
       if(str1.equals(str2))
         System.out.println("Palindrome");

       else
        System.out.println("Not Palindrome");
     }
}

Output:

Download Ramakrishnan - Database Management Systems

2012-07-16T21:11:00.001-07:00

Ebook -Database Management Systems-by Ramakrishan

Download

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2012-07-16T11:17:00.005-07:00

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Program to print a triangular multiplication table for 0 through 9

2012-07-16T04:50:00.001-07:00

Following program written in java uses continue statement to print a triangular multiplication table for 0 to 9.
//using continue with the label
public class TriangularMultiTable
   {
      public static void main(String ar[])
        {
   o:for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
   {
for(int j=0;j<10;j++)
{
   if(j>i)
   {
System.out.println();
continue o;
}
System.out.print(" "+(i*j));
                  }
             }
            System.out.println();
         }
    }

Output:

How to delete recycle bin

2012-07-11T14:02:00.000-07:00

Here is the two simple procedure to delete the recycle bin.Follow simple steps shown below-

Method 1:

Start] [Run] [Regedit]

Registry Key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\BitBucket

Modify/Create the Value Data Type(s) and Value Name(s) as detailed below.

Data Type: DWORD // Value Name: NukeOnDelete

Setting for Value Data: [0 = Use Recycle Bin / 1 = Permanently Delete]

Exit Registry and Reboot

Method 2:

start->run->gpedit.msc-> user configuration ->desktop->remove recycle bin from desktop->double click->change it not configured to enable->apply and ok.
Now come to start->run->gpupdate.exe and press enter.

Your recycle bin icon is gone from desktop and you will need to revert your settings for get that back.After reverting setting make sure to run gpupdate.exe command.

Associavilty of operators in C

2012-07-10T06:33:00.003-07:00

When an expression contains two operators of same precedence the tie between them is settled using the associativity of operators.

Types of Associativity

Left to Right
Right to Left

Left to Right means that the left operand must be unambiguous(it must not be involved in any other sub-expression).

Right to Left means that the right operand must not be unambiguous.

Examples:

5/3*6
i=j=6

Hierarchy and Associativity of operators

2012-07-10T06:33:00.000-07:00

The priority or precedence in which the operations in an arithmetic statement are performed is called the hierarchy of operations. And when an expression contains two operators of equal priority the tie between them is settled using the associativity of operators.

This page lists C operators in order of precedence (highest to lowest). Their associativity indicates in what order operators of equal precedence in an expression are applied.

Operator	Description	Associativity
() [] . -> ++ --	Parentheses (function call) (see Note 1) Brackets (array subscript) Member selection via object name Member selection via pointer Postfix increment/decrement (see Note 2)	left-to-right
++ -- + - ! ~ (type) * & sizeof	Prefix increment/decrement Unary plus/minus Logical negation/bitwise complement Cast (change type) Dereference Address Determine size in bytes	right-to-left
* / %	Multiplication/division/modulus	left-to-right
+ -	Addition/subtraction	left-to-right
<< >>	Bitwise shift left, Bitwise shift right	left-to-right
< <= > >=	Relational less than/less than or equal to Relational greater than/greater than or equal to	left-to-right
== !=	Relational is equal to/is not equal to	left-to-right
&	Bitwise AND	left-to-right
^	Bitwise exclusive OR	left-to-right
\|	Bitwise inclusive OR	left-to-right
&&	Logical AND	left-to-right
\|\|	Logical OR	left-to-right
?:	Ternary conditional	right-to-left
= += -= *= /= %= &= ^= \|= <<= >>=	Assignment Addition/subtraction assignment Multiplication/division assignment Modulus/bitwise AND assignment Bitwise exclusive/inclusive OR assignment Bitwise shift left/right assignment	right-to-left
,	Comma (separate expressions)	left-to-right

The Conditiona operator in C

2012-07-10T06:31:00.001-07:00

C ternary operator is sometimes called conditional operator or ternary operator because it is a shorthand of combination of the if-else and return statement and has three operands. The syntax of C ternary operator is as follows:

Syntax:

condition ? expression 1 : expression 2

C first evaluates the condition. Based on the return value of the condition the second or third operand is evaluated:

If the condition is evaluated to true (1), only the second operand (expresion 1) is evaluated. Then the operator return the value of the expression 1.
If the condtion is evaluated to false (0), only the third operand (expression 2) is evaluated. The value of the expression 2 is returned.

Example:

/*Demonstration of Conditional Operator */

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int i,j,big;

printf("Enter values of i and j\n");

scanf("%d%d",&i&j);

big=(i>j)?i:j;

printf("Bigger number is %d",big);

return 0;

}

The ! operator in C

2012-07-10T06:30:00.002-07:00

The ! is the logical NOT operator. This reverses the result of the expression it operates on.For example, if expression evaluates to true, the applying ! operator to it results to false and vice versa.

Syntax:

!(expression)

Example:

i=9;

!(i>5)

Since i is greater than 5 , so expression evaluates to true but after applying ! operator, it results into false.

/*Demonstration of ! operator */

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int i=9;

if(!(i>6))

printf("Does ! operator amazing?");

else

printf("Does ! operator sound confusing?");

return 0;

}

Else-if statement in C

2012-07-10T06:28:00.005-07:00

else if condition is nothing but this this a way to arrange the else with the if that follows it.Every else is associated with its previous if. The last else goes to work only if all the conditions fail.Also, if the first condition is satisfied, other conditions are not checked.Last else is optional.

Syntax-

------------

if(condition)

{

---------

}

else if(condition)

{

---------

}

else if(condition)

{

---------

}

. .

else

{

--------

}

----------

Example-

/*Demonstration of else if */

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int i=5;

if ( i <5 )

   {
       printf ( "Less than 5." ) ;
   }

else if(j==5)
{

printf("Equal to 5.");

   else

       printf("Greater than 5.")

   return 0;

External Storage Class in C

2012-07-10T06:17:00.001-07:00

The feature of a variable defined to have a external storage class are as follows :

A external variable is declared by using keyword extern.
Syntax : static type var-name; or type static var-name;

Storage : Computer Memory

Scope                                    :               Global

Default Initial Value            :               Zero
Lifetime                                 :               Lifetime of the program

The variables of this class can be referred to as 'global or external variables.' They are declared outside the functions and can be accessed by all the functions that are willing to use them.

What are advantages and disadvantages of external storage class?

Advantages of external storage class

1)Persistent storage of a variable retains the latest value

2)The value is globally available

Disadvantages of external storage class

1)The storage for an external variable exists even when the variable is not needed

2)The side effect may produce surprising output

3)Modification of the program is difficult

4)Generality of a program is affected

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
void Display(void); 
extern int i=10; //global
int main()
 {
  int i=20;    // local to main()

printf("\n %d",i);
  Display();
  return 0;
}
void Display(void)
{
  printf("\n %d",i);
}

Output:

Nested if-else statements in C

2012-07-10T06:12:00.000-07:00

Nested if-else It is perfectly all right if we write an entire if-else construct within either the body of the if statement or the body of an else statement. This is called ‘nesting’ of ifs. This is shown in the following program.
/* A quick demo of nested if-else */
#include<stdio.h>

    int main( )
       {
           int i ;
           printf ( "Enter either 1 or 2 " ) ;
           scanf ( "%d", &i ) ;
           if ( i == 1 )
         printf ( "You would go to heaven !" ) ;
           else
             {
                if ( i == 2 )
               printf ( "Hell was created with you in mind" ) ;
              else
                 printf ( "How about mother earth !" ) ;
              }

return 0;

}

The if-else statement in C

2012-07-10T06:01:00.001-07:00

The if statement by itself will execute the single statement or a group of statement when the expression following ‘if’ evaluates true.It does nothing when the expression evaluates to false. To overcome this problem ,we use else statement, which is evaluated when expression within if evaluates to false.

Syntax-

-------------

if(expression)

{

------------

}

else

{

------------

}

------------

When expression within if evaluates to true, statements within the body of if are executed .Otherwise statements within body of else are executed.

Example-

/*Demonstration of if-else statement */

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int n=20;

if(n>20)

{

printf("Number is greater than 20.");

}

else

{

printf("Number is less than 20.");

}

return 0;

}

If statement in C

2012-07-10T02:49:00.001-07:00

Like most languages C uses the keyword ‘if’ to implement the decision control instruction. The general form of the ‘if’ statement is given below-

-------------

-------------
if (condition)

{
statement1;

statement2;

-----------

}

statement9;

-------------

When control reaches to the if statement , condition within if is evaluated.If condition evaluates true control goes inside the body of if and statements within the body of if are executed.If condition evaluates false, compiler executes the statement following the body of if statement, statement9 in this case.

If body of if has single statement instead of multiple statements ,then braces are not compulsory.But there is no restriction even though if you have single statement within the body of if ,you can still use braces.

the keyword if tells the compiler to follow the decision control instruction. Any condition which follow the if keyword, always enclosed within pair of parentheses. We express a condition using C’s relational operators which allow us to compare two values to see whether they are equal, unequal or one is greater than other.

Relational Operators and their meaning-
x == y read as x is equal to y
x != y read as x is not equal to y
x < y read as x is less than y
x > y read as x is greater than y
x <= y read as x is less than or equal to y
x >= y read as x is greater than or equal to y

Example-

/* Demonstration of if statement */

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int num ;
printf ( "Enter a number less than 10 " ) ;
scanf ( "%d", &num ) ;
if ( num > 10 )

{
printf ( "What an obedient servant you are !" ) ;

}

return 0;
}

Explanation- when we execute the above program then if you type the number greater than 10 then you will get a message on screen through printf(). If you type the number which is greater than 10 then program will do nothing.

Static Storage Class

2012-07-09T11:20:00.000-07:00

The feature of a variable defined to have a static storage class are as follows :

A static variable is declared by using keyword static.
Syntax : static type var-name; or type static var-name;

Storage : Computer Memory

Scope                                     :              Local to the block in which variable is defined

Default Initial Value              :                Zero
Lifetime                                 :               Value of the variable persists between different function calls

The static storage class specifier can only be applied to the following names:

Objects
Functions
Class members
Anonymous unions

You cannot declare any of the following as static:

Type declarations
Function declarations within a block
Function parameters

Example :

#include <stdio.h>

int increment(void) {
  static int i = 0;
  i++;
  return i;
}

int main(void) {
  int j;
  for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
    printf("Value of f(): %d\n", increment());
  }
  return 0;
}

Output:

Value of increment(): 1
Value of increment(): 2
Value of increment(): 3
Value of increment(): 4
Value of increment(): 5

This is Because i is a static variable, it is not reinitialized to 0 on successive calls to increment().

Register Storage Class

2012-07-09T11:12:00.002-07:00

A value stored in a CPU register can always be accessed faster than the value that is stored in computer memory. Therefore if a variable is used at many times within a program , it is better to declare its storage class as register. For example loop counter variable.Register variables occur in CPU and value of that register variable is stored in a register within that CPU. Thus, it increases the resultant speed of operations. There is no waste of time, getting variables from memory and sending it to back again.
The features of a variable defined to be of register storage class are as follows :
A register variable is declared by using keyword register.
Syntax : register type var-name;

Storage                                   :               CPU Registers
Scope                                     :              Local to the block in which variable is defined

Default Initial Value              :                Garbage Value
Lifetime                                 :               Till the control remains within the block in which   variable    is defined

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
   register int i;;
    for(i=1;i<6;i++)
     printf("%d\t",i);
    return 0;
   }
Output:
1 2 3 4 5

Limitations of register storage class :
1.It is not applicable for arrays, structures or pointers.
2.It cannot not used with static or external storage class.
3.Unary and address of (&) cannot be used with these variables as explicitly or implicitly.

Automatic Storage Class in C

2012-07-09T11:09:00.002-07:00

The features of a variable defined to have an automatic storage class are as follows :
An automatic variable is declared by using keyword auto.
Syntax : auto type var-name;

Storage                                   :               Computer Memory
Scope                                     :              Local to the block in which variable is defined
Default Initial Value              :                Garbage Value
Lifetime                                 :               Till the control remains within the block in which   variable    is defined

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
   auto int num=6;
    {
      printf(" %d",num);
    }
    printf("\n %d",num);
    return 0;
   }
Output:
6
6

Note: If no storage class is specified, by default it is auto.

Types of Storage classes in C

2012-07-09T11:08:00.002-07:00

There are four types of storage classes in C Which have listed below-
1.Automatic Storage Class
2.Register Storage Class
3.Static Storage Class
4.External Storage Class

Details of these storage classes have been given next topics.

Functions of Storage classes in C

2012-07-09T11:07:00.003-07:00

1.To determine the location of a variable where it is stored ?

2.Set initial value of a variable or if not specified then setting it to default value.

3.Defining scope of a variable.

4.To determine the lifetime of a variable.

Storage Classes in C

2012-07-09T11:06:00.002-07:00

'Storage' refers to the scope of a variable and memory allocated by compiler to store that variable. Scope of a variable is the boundary within which a variable can be used. Storage class defines the the scope and lifetime of a variable.
From the point view of C compiler, a variable name identifies physical location from a computer where variable is stored. There are two memory locations in a computer system where variables are stored as : Memory and CPU Registers.

Data type modifiers in C

2012-07-09T11:05:00.002-07:00

We have so far learned about the fundamental data types, why they are used, their default sizes and values. Now let us understand the need for data type modifiers and the way they can be used.

Let us consider an example of a program, which will accept an age from the user to do some processing. Because the age is represented in numbers, so we will have to use the integer data type int. We all know that even under exceptional case an age of a person cannot exceed more than 150. Now, that we are using an integer data type it occupies 2 Bytes of memory, which would not be required to represent the value 150. Instead the value 150 could easily be saved in an integer of 1 Byte in size, but the default size of an integer is 2 Bytes. So we have a problem here.

Well, not that we can't solve. To override the default nature of a data type, C has provided us with data type modifiers as follows:

signed
By default all data types are declared as signed. Signed means that the data type is capable of storing negative values.

unsigned

To modify a data type's behavior so that it can only store positive values, we require to use the data type unsigned.

For example, if we were to declare a variable age, we know that an age cannot be represented by negative values and hence, we can modify the default behavior of the int data type as follows:

unsigned int age;

This declaration allows the age variable to store only positive values. An immediate effect is that the range changes from (-32768 to 32767) to (0 to 65536)

long

Many times in our programs we would want to store values beyond the storage capacity of the basic data types. In such cases we use the data type modifier long. This doubles the storage capacity of the data type being used. E.g. long int annual salary will make the storage capacity of variable annual salary to 4 bytes.

The exception to this is long double, which modifies the size of the double data type to 10 bytes. Please note that in some compilers this has no effect.

short

If long data type modifier doubles the size, short on the other hand reduces the size of the data type to half. Please refer to the example of age variable to explain the concept of data type modifiers. The same will be achieved by providing the declaration of age as follows:

short int age;

This declaration above, will provide the variable age with only 1 byte and its data range will be from -128 to 127.

Primary data types in C

2012-07-09T11:01:00.002-07:00

Primary data types are those which are not composed of other data types. There are five primary data types:

1.Integer

2.Float

3.Character

4.Void

Integer types:

Integers are whole numbers with a range of values, range of values are machine dependent. Generally an integer occupies 2 bytes memory space and its value range limited to -32768 to +32767 (that is, -2¹⁵ to +2¹⁵-1). A signed integer use one bit for storing sign and rest 15 bits for number.

To control the range of numbers and storage space, C has three classes of integer storage namely short int, int and long int. All three data types have signed and unsigned forms. A short int requires half the amount of storage than normal integer. Unlike signed integer, unsigned integers are always positive and use all the bits for the magnitude of the number. Therefore the range of an unsigned integer will be from 0 to 65535. The long integers are used to declare a longer range of values and it occupies 4 bytes of storage space.

Syntax: int <variable name>; like

int num1;

short int num2;

long int num3;

Example: 5, 6, 100, 2500.

Floating Point Types:

The float data type is used to store fractional numbers (real numbers) with 6 digits of precision. Floating point numbers are denoted by the keyword float. When the accuracy of the floating point number is insufficient, we can use the double to define the number. The double is same as float but with longer precision and takes double space (8 bytes) than float. To extend the precision further we can use long double which occupies 10 bytes of memory space.

Syntax: float <variable name>; like
float num1;
double num2;
long double num3;

Example: 9.125, 3.1254.

Character Type:

Character type variable can hold a single character. As there are singed and unsigned int (either short or long), in the same way there are signed and unsigned chars; both occupy 1 byte each, but having different ranges. Unsigned characters have values between 0 and 255, signed characters have values from –128 to 127.

Syntax: char <variable name>; like
char ch = ‘a’;

Example: a, b, g, S, j.

Void Type:

The void type has no values therefore we cannot declare it as variable as we did in case of integer and float.
The void data type is usually used with function to specify its type. The concept of returning values will be discussed in detail when we will discuss functions.

Secondary data types in C

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Secondary data types are those which are composed of primary data types.These data types are derived from primary data types by using the declaration operators.This section briefly introduces the secondary data types in C. In details these types will be covered in subsequent chapters.

1.Arrays: An array in C language is a collection of similar data-type, means an array can hold value of a particular data type for which it has been declared. Arrays can be created from any of the C data-type.

Syntax: type arrayname[size];

where type is any valid C data type , arrrayname is the name of array and size is the number of elements array can hold of its type.

Example: int num[20]

2.Pointers: A pointer is a variable that holds a memory address. This address is usually the memory location of another variable in memory.If one variable contains the address of another variable, the first variable is said to point to the second.

Syntax: type *ptr

where is type any valid C data type and ptr is the name of pointer variable.

Example: int *next;

3.Structures: A structure is a secondary data type which can hold values of different types.It is declared by using keyword struct. We will provide explanation of the structure in the chapter Structure.

4.Union: A union is a memory location that is shared by two or more different variables, generally of different types at different times. It is declared by using keyword union.

5.Enumeration: An alternative method for naming integer constants is often more convenient that const..This can be achieved by using keyword enum.

Types of Data types in C

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C has different data types for different types of data and can be broadly classified as :

Primary data types
Secondary data types

Primary data types are those which are not composed of other data types. In contrary to this , secondary data types are composed of primary data types. These data types will be elaborated in next topic.

What is data type in C?

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Data types are the means to identify the type of the data and associated operations for handling it. In other words, data types means type of data , a variable can hold and associated operations can be performed on it. Data type also provide the information regarding the type of the value and range of the value of that type, the variable can have.

For example,

int a;

Above statement tells that variable 'a' can hold integer value falling within the range of integer.