<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768</id><updated>2024-11-01T02:30:59.150-07:00</updated><category term="Payroll Accounting in Turkey"/><category term="Payroll basics in Turkey"/><category term="4817 Sayılı Kanun"/><category term="AB Demokrasi"/><category term="Arsenal V. Reed"/><category term="Avrupa Birliği Demokrasi Açığı"/><category term="Bireysel Sendika Özgürlüğü"/><category term="Competition Law"/><category term="Gross Salary"/><category term="Ielts"/><category term="Kıdem Tazminatı Fonu"/><category term="Lex Loci Laboris"/><category term="Minimum living allowances"/><category term="Otel İşletmelerinde Performans Yönetimi"/><category term="Performance Management in Hotel Industries"/><category term="Performans Yönetimi"/><category term="Rekabet Hukuku"/><category term="Sendikalar Kanunu"/><category term="Social Security Premium"/><category term="Toplu iş İlişkileri Kanunu"/><category term="Yabancıların Sigortalılığı"/><category term="Çalışma İzni"/><title type='text'>Sözer Çizmeci</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>19</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-8871839142519564747</id><published>2014-01-05T04:35:00.005-08:00</published><updated>2015-03-27T09:07:37.516-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ÇEŞİTLİ SOSYAL GÜVENLİK MEVZUATLARI AÇISINDAN YABANCI ÇALIŞANLARIN GEÇİCİ GÖREVLENDİRİLME SÜRELERİ</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbswc8-xmw8D9PiL-i09kdcqyBJb6QC9dg1H8XJjlpJ5b52aahfDFMZfx3NKWPr4SiVq5cG6WKvkW4G1kJXdGMvdkVz-Ud0FbYtItNAmMv3i9WrMYpt3y9CN4sSTDjzaBzKp1uAP0heWo/s1600/f26.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbswc8-xmw8D9PiL-i09kdcqyBJb6QC9dg1H8XJjlpJ5b52aahfDFMZfx3NKWPr4SiVq5cG6WKvkW4G1kJXdGMvdkVz-Ud0FbYtItNAmMv3i9WrMYpt3y9CN4sSTDjzaBzKp1uAP0heWo/s1600/f26.png&quot; height=&quot;88&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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S.Sözer Çizmeci - Alomaliye.com, 05.12.2013&lt;/div&gt;
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Genel anlamda yabancı uyruklu iş görenlere uygulanacak olan mevzuat, yabancı uyrukluların bir başka ülkede hizmet akdi ile çalışmaları durumunda çalıştıkları ülkenin mevzuatına tabi olmaları yönünde belirlenmektedir. Bu ilke yabancı uyruklulara uygulanacak sosyal güvenlik mevzuatının belirlenmesi için de geçerlidir. 5510 sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanununun&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; 4. Maddesi ikinci fıkrası (c) bendi hükmünce, “&lt;i&gt;Mütekabiliyet esasına dayalı olarak uluslararası sosyal güvenlik sözleşmesi yapılmış ülke uyruğunda olanlar hariç olmak üzere, yabancı uyruklu kişilerden hizmet akdi ile çalışanlar&quot;,&lt;/i&gt; ülkemizde sigortalı sayılmaktadır. Ülkemizin taraf olduğu uluslararası sosyal güvenlik sözleşmeleri, taraf ülke vatandaşlarına uygulanacak olan mevzuatın belirlenmesi hakkında, çoğunlukla hizmet akdi ile çalışan yabancıların çalıştıkları ülkenin mevzuatına tabi olmaları yönünde hükümler içermektedir.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Fakat yabancı uyruklu işçilerin geçici süreliğine bir işin icrası için başka bir ülkede görevlendirilmeleri durumunda, özellikle mükerrer sosyal sigorta maliyetlerinin engellenmesi amacıyla, gerek uluslararası sözleşmeler aracılığı ile gerekse ülkelerin kendi iç hukuklarındaki düzenlemelerle, başka bir ülkede görevlendirilen personelin, normalde çalıştığı ülkenin (görevlendirmeyi yapan) sosyal güvenlik sistemi içerisinde kalmasına olanak sağlayacak yönde tedbirler alınmaktadır.  Genel olarak, çeşitli ülkelerin uygulamaları incelendiği zaman, uluslararası görevlendirme sürelerine ilişkin hükümler, belirli bir süre ile sınırlandırılmakta, bu sürelerinin aşımında ise yabancı uyruklu işçi, görevini icra etmek için bulunduğu ülkenin mevzuatına tabi olmaktadır. Bu uygulamalar, sosyal güvenlik sözleşmesi imzalanan ve imzalanmayan ülkelerin vatandaşları arasında farklılıklar göstermektedir.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;ÇEŞİTLİ ÜLKELERİN MEVZUATLARINCA GEÇİCİ GÖREVLENDİRME SÜRELERİ&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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5510 sayılı Sosyal Güvenlik Kanunu 6 (e) hükmü uyarınca, uluslararası görevlendirme, (geçici görevlendirme) &lt;i&gt;‘yabancı bir ülkede kurulu herhangi bir kuruluş tarafından ve o kuruluş adına ve hesabına Türkiye&#39;ye bir iş için’&lt;/i&gt; gönderilmeyi ifade etmektedir. Belirtilmelidir ki, sosyal güvenlik mevzuatımızda bu tip görevlendirmelerin ‘geçicilik’ arz edeceği hususuna herhangi bir vurgu yapılmamaktadır. Diğer taraftan bu kavram, özellikle ülkemizin imzalamış olduğu uluslararası sosyal güvenlik sözleşmelerin çoğunluğunda uygulanacak sosyal güvenlik mevzuatının belirlenmesini konu alan maddelerce, bu tip görevlendirmelerin zamansal kısıtlanmalara tabi olmasının belirtilmesi ile “geçicilik” kazanmaktadır. Ayrıca uluslararası uygulamalarda, gerek uluslararası sözleşmeler yoluyla, gerekse ülkelerin milli enstrümanları ile bu tip görevlendirmelere çoğu zaman, süre sınırlamaları getirilerek, görevlendirmelerin geçiciliği vurgulanmaktadır.&lt;/div&gt;
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Bu yönde, özellikle yoğunlukla yabancıların geçici süreliğine görevlendirilmelerine ev sahipliği yapan çeşitli ülkelerin mevzuatlarınca geçici görevlendirme süreleri aşağıda incelenmiştir.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Birleşik Devletler&lt;/i&gt; kanunlarınca ikili ve çok uluslu uluslararası sosyal güvenlik sözleşmelerine taraf olan ülke vatandaşlarının bir işin icrası için geçici süreliğine ABD’ye gönderilmesi ve ABD vatandaşlarının geçici süreliğine bu ülkelere gönderilmesinde (Detached Worker Rule), geçici görevlendirilme süresi, genel olarak 5 yıl olarak belirlenmiştir.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Türkiye ile ikili sosyal güvenlik anlaşması bulunmayan ülkelerden; &lt;i&gt;Hindistan&lt;/i&gt; yasalarına göre &lt;i&gt;yalnızca&lt;/i&gt; Hindistan’ın taraf olduğu uluslararası anlaşmalar dâhilindeki ülkelerden gelen yabancılar için geçici görevlendirme (Excluded Worker) süresi 3 yıl ila 72 ay&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; arasında değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu süreler zarfında, Hindistan ile uluslararası sosyal güvenlik anlaşması imzalamış olan ülkelerde bulunan işverenlerce görevlendirilen yabancı personeller kendi sosyal güvenlik sistemleri içerisinde yer almaktadır.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ülkemizin de taraf olduğu&lt;i&gt; Avrupa Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesince taraf ülkeler arasında işçilerin geçici görevlendirilmeleri için &lt;/i&gt;12 ay&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;’lık bir süre belirlenmiştir. &lt;i&gt;Avrupa Birliği&lt;/i&gt; müktesebatında üye devletler arasında geçici görevlendirme süresi (Posted Workers) ise 24 ay olarak belirlenmiştir.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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AB üyesi olmayan ülke vatandaşlarının, herhangi bir AB ülkesine geçici görevlendirilmelerinde, sürelerin belirlenmesi, üye ülkelerin kendi iç hukuklarına bırakılmıştır. AB üyesi ülkeler arasında geçici görevlendirme ile gönderilen üçüncü ülke işçilerinin hangi devletin sosyal güvenlik mevzuatına tabi olacağına dair uygulamalarda farklılıklar vardır. Örneğin &lt;i&gt;İngiliz&lt;/i&gt; kanunlarınca, İsviçre ve Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu ülkelerin haricinde ve İngiltere’nin sosyal güvenlik anlaşması imzalamadığı ülkelerde bulunan bir kuruluş adına ve hesabına İngiltere&#39;ye bir iş için gönderilen yabancılar için bu süre 52 hafta olarak belirtilmiştir&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Bu süre &lt;i&gt;İsveç&lt;/i&gt; kanunlarınca bir yıl&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;İsviçre&lt;/i&gt; kanunlarınca ise üç ay&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt; olarak tanımlanmıştır. &lt;i&gt; Fransız&lt;/i&gt; sosyal güvenlik mevzuatınca, Avrupa Birliği üyesi olmayan ve ikili veya çok taraflı sosyal güvenlik sözleşmelerine taraf olmayan ülkelerde bulunan işverenlerce görevlendirilen yabancılar için herhangi bir süre belirlenmemiş ve bu yabancıların Fransız sosyal güvenlik sistemine tabi olmaları sağlanmıştır.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt; Benzer bir biçimde, İtalyan mevzuatında, geçici görevle İtalya’da bulunan işçiler, herhangi bir ikili veya çok uluslu bir sosyal güvenlik sözleşmesine taraf olan ülkenin vatandaşı değiller ise, İtalyan sosyal güvenlik sistemi içerisinde yer almaktadırlar.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Macaristan,&lt;/i&gt; 01 Ocak 2012 tarihinde gerçekleştirdiği bir yasa değişikliği ile, daha önceleri sosyal güvenlik sözleşmeleri kapsamı dışında yer alan ülkelerin vatandaşları için uyguladığı kendi ülkelerinin sosyal güvenlik mevzuatına tabi olmaları yönündeki uygulamasını değiştirmiş ve bu ülkelerden geçici görevlendirme ile gelen işçileri en fazla 2 yıl süre ile Macaristan sosyal güvenlik mevzuatından muaf etmiştir.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Her ne kadar yukarıda belirtilen ülkelerin mevzuatlarınca geçici görevlendirme süreleri belirtilmiş olsa dahi, Almanya ve Belçika gibi ülkeler, ikili ve çok-uluslu uluslararası sözleşmelere taraf olmayan ülkelerin vatandaşları için geçici görevlendirmeler ile ilgili herhangi bir zaman sınırlandırması getirmemektedir.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Almanya &lt;/i&gt;iç hukukuna göre, Avrupa Birliği üyesi olmayan ve ikili ve çok uluslu uluslararası sözleşmelere tabi olmayan ülkelerin vatandaşlarının (Einstrahlung) Almanya’da geçici süreliğine görevlendirilmelerinde, kendi ülkelerinin sosyal güvenlik mevzuatı uygulanmaktadır. Diğer taraftan Dördüncü Sosyal Yasa’nın beşinci maddesi, bu tip görevlendirmelerin belli bir zaman aralığında olması gerekliğinin altını çizmektedir. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt; Aynı şekilde &lt;i&gt;Belçika&lt;/i&gt; örneğinde de ikili veya çok uluslu uluslararası sözleşmelere tabi olmayan üçüncü ülke işçilerinin, Belçika’da geçici görevlendirilme sürelerince, kendi ülkelerinin mevzuatlarına tabi olmaları söz konusudur. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt; Belçika ve Almanya örneklerinde, geçici görevlendirme kavramları geniş biçimde tanımlanmış ve koşullandırılmıştır. Sosyal güvenlik hükümleri açısından, görevin geçiciliği ve görevlendirmeyi yapan işverenin, işçinin görevlendirildiği ülke ile olan bağına özel vurgular yapılmıştır.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;TÜRKİYE’DE YABANCILARIN GEÇİCİ GÖREVLENDİRME SÜRELERİNE İLİŞKİN SON DEĞİŞİKLİKLER&lt;/b&gt;
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21 Ağustos 2013 tarihli Sosyal Güvenlik İşlemleri Yönetmeliği değişikliği&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt; öncesinde geçici görevlendirme ile ülkemize gelen yabancıların hangi ülkenin sosyal güvenlik mevzuatına tabi olacakları hususunda, uluslararası sosyal güvenlik sözleşmesi imzalanan ve imzalanmayan ülke vatandaşları arasında farklı uygulamalar göze çarpmaktaydı.  Pratikte, uluslararası uygulamalarla da paralel olan bu uygulama, yabancıların geçici görevlendirmelerine süre sınırlandırılmaları getirerek, sadece bu süreler zarfında, mükerrer sigortalılığı önleyerek, görevlendirilen yabancıların kayıtlı bulundukları sosyal güvenlik sistemi içerisinde kalmalarına imkân sağlamaktaydı. Bununla birlikte,  getirilen süre sınırlandırılması, bu tip geçici süreliğine yapılan uluslararası görevlendirilmelerinde, özellikle sosyal güvenlik hükümleri açısından sağlanan hakların kötüye kullanılmaması yönünde de teminatlar getirmekteydi.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ülkemizin sosyal güvenlik sözleşmesi imzaladığı ülkelerden gelen yabancılar, geçici görevlendirme ile ülkemizde çalışmaları halinde, ülkelerinde bulunan sosyal güvenlik sisteminde yer aldıklarını kanıtlamaları koşulu ile sözleşmelerde yer alan süreler&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt; göz önünde bulundurularak bu sürelerin aşımı halinde sigortalı sayılmakta ve ülkemiz mevzuatına tabi olmaktaydılar.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ülkemiz ile sosyal güvenlik sözleşmesi imzalanmayan ülkelerin uyruğunda bulunan yabancılar ise, geçici görevlendirme ile ülkemizde çalışmaları halinde en fazla üç ay süre ile sigortalı sayılmamakta, ‘üç aylık’ sürenin sonunda ülkemiz mevzuatına tabi olarak, sigortalı sayılmakta idiler. Bu uygulama ile herhangi bir uluslararası sözleşmeye taraf olmayan ülkelerin vatandaşları için geçici görev ‘3 aylık’ bir süre ile sınırlandırılmıştı.&lt;/div&gt;
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Son olarak, 21 Ağustos 2013’de gerçekleşen yönetmelik değişikliği ile yönetmelik&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt; ve genelge&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt; ile desteklenen 3 aylık kısıtlayıcı sürenin kaldırılması ile Sosyal Güvenlik İşlemleri Yönetmeliği, 5510 sayılı Sosyal Güvenlik uyumlu hale getirildi. Her ne kadar, bu değişiklik yönetmeliğin kanuna uygun hale getirilmesi yönünde gerçekleştirilmiş olsa dahi, geçici görevlendirilmelerin tanımlanması, sürelerinin ve koşullarının daha detaylı ortaya konulması yönünde herhangi bir değişiklik sağlamamıştır.&lt;b&gt;
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İşçilerin uluslararası geçici görevlendirilmeleri esnasında uygulanacak olan mevzuatın belirlenmesi, işin mutad olarak yapıldığı işyeri hukukunun geçerli olması ilkesine, bir istisna olarak görülse de, geçicilik vurgusu ile bu ilkenin bir parçası olarak yorumlanabilmektedir. İşçinin belirli süreliğine, belirli bir işin icrası için işini mutad olarak yaptığı işyerinden ayrılarak yurtdışında geçici süreliğine görevlendirilmesi durumunda, karşı devlette işverene ve işçiye yüklenebilecek olan prosedürle ilgili veya diğer vergisel yüklerin azaltılması, bu yönde özellikle yabancı sermayenin ve dış yatırımların teşviki yönünde öncelikli olarak uygulanmaktadır. Hiç şüphesiz, küresel iş gücü, küresel hareketlilik, uluslararası görevlendirme, işçilerin serbest dolaşımı gibi kavramların büyük önem taşıdığı günümüzde, yabancıların uluslararası görevlendirilmeleri hakkında daha geniş ve detaylı hukuki enstrümanların geliştirilmesi, özellikle hukuki öngörülebilirlik açısından önem arz etmektedir.&lt;/div&gt;
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Yönetmelik değişikliği sonrasında, geçici görevlendirmeler için, sosyal güvenlik mevzuatının belirlenmesinde, 5510 sayılı kanunun 6. maddesi,  (e) bendi&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt; uygulanmakta ve herhangi bir uluslararası sözleşmeye taraf olmayan ülke vatandaşları ülkemizde geçici görevlendirildikleri süre boyunca, ülkelerinde sosyal sigortaya tabi olmalarını belgelemeleri halinde sigortalı sayılmamaktadırlar. Bunun yanı sıra, hem uluslararası sözleşme hükümleri hem de sosyal güvenlik mevzuatımızın ilgili hükümleri&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt; gereğince, ülkemiz ile sosyal güvenlik sözleşmesi imzalamış ülke vatandaşları, sözleşmelerde yer alan geçici görevlendirme süreleri boyunca, ülkelerinde sosyal sigortaya tabi olmalarını belgelemeleri halinde, sigortalı sayılmamakta, bu sürelerin aşımı halinde ise ülkemiz mevzuatına tabi olmaktadırlar.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Uygulamanın bu yönde ele alınması, özelikle uluslararası sözleşme imzalamış ülkelerin vatandaşlarının Türkiye’de geçici görevlendirilmelerinde, herhangi bir uluslararası sözleşmeye taraf olmayan ülkelerin vatandaşlarının yararlandığı, süresiz olarak kendi ülkelerindeki sosyal güvenlik sistemi içerisinde yer alabilme hakkından yaralanamamaları anlamına gelmektedir.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;Resmi Gazete 16.06.2006&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;S. 26200&lt;/i&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; İngiltere ve İsviçre ile imzalanan uluslararası sözleşmeler bu hususta istisnalar içermektedir. İngiltere ile Türkiye arasında imzalanan Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesinin 4.  Maddesinin üçüncü fıkrası, Birleşik Krallık vatandaşlarının, geçici görevlendirme ile ülkemize gönderilmeme durumlarında dahi, kendi istekleriyle Türk Sosyal Sigorta merciine müracaatta bulunmadıkları sürece, Birleşik Krallık mevzuatına tabi olma tercihinde bulunabileceklerini belirtmektedir. İlgili sözleşmenin 4. Maddesinin 3. Fıkrasına göre; &lt;i&gt;“Kanuni ikametgâhı Birleşik Krallık ülkesinde olup Türkiye’de istihdam edilen ve hakkında (2) nci paragraf hükümleri tatbik edilmeyen bir Birleşik Krallık vatandaşı bir tercih yapıp Türkiye Sosyal Sigorta Merciine müracaatta bulunmadıkça, hakkında malûliyet, ihtiyarlık ve ölüm sigortaları ile ilgili Türk mevzuatı tatbik olunmaz. Bu kimse, aynı zamanda kendisi hakkında Birleşik Krallık mevzuatının tatbik edilmesini seçmek hakkını haizdir. Bu hakkı kullandığı takdirde, başka memleketlerden ihtiyarı olarak prim ödeme hakkını kazanmış bir sigortalı imiş gibi, o kimse hakkında Birleşik Krallık mevzuatı tatbik olunur”&lt;/i&gt; İsviçre ile Türkiye arasında imzalanan ikili Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesi de,  İngiltere ile imzalanan sözleşmeye benzer nitelikte hükümler içermektedir.  İlgili sözleşmenin 5, maddesinin 1. Fıkrası uyarınca “İsviçre vatandaşları Türkiye malullük, yaşlılık ve ölüm sigortalılarına, yalnız yazılı müracaatları üzerine tabi olurlar.

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;Detached Worker Rule, SSA, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ssa.gov/international/agreements_overview.html&quot;&gt;http://www.ssa.gov/international/agreements_overview.html&lt;/a&gt; (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013) , Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde, belirli vize tipleri ile bulunan yabancılara ve yabancı işçilere uygulanan sosyal güvenlik istisnaları için; Aliens Employed in the U.S. – Social Security Taxes  Internal Revenue Service (IRS), &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.irs.gov/Individuals/International-Taxpayers/Aliens-Employed-in-the-U.S.-%E2%80%93-Social-Security-Taxes&quot;&gt;http://www.irs.gov/Individuals/International-Taxpayers/Aliens-Employed-in-the-U.S.-%E2%80%93-Social-Security-Taxes&lt;/a&gt; (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; Excluded Worker kuralı gereğince, Uluslararası Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesi imzalanmamış ülke vatandaşları görevlendirilme süresince Hindistan mevzuatına tabidirler. Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation, Special Provisions for International Workers,

&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.epfindia.gov.in/IntWorkersNew/IWU_UpdtdFAQs_19112012.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.epfindia.gov.in/IntWorkersNew/IWU_UpdtdFAQs_19112012.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt; Avrupa Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesi, 14 Aralık 1972, Paris, m. 15 (a) (i)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt; Sosyal Güvenlik Sistemlerinin Koordinasyonu hakkında 883/2004 sayılı ve 29.4. 2004 tarihli Avrupa Topluluğu Yönetmeliği, m.12 ( Regulation (EC) No 883/2004,  29 April 2004, on the Coordination of Social Security Systems, art. 12. )

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;HM Revenue and Customs, National Insurance of People Coming To The UK, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/nic/work/ni-uk.htm&quot;&gt;http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/nic/work/ni-uk.htm&lt;/a&gt; (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013). KPMG, Thinking Beyond Borders, United Kingdom, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/thinking-beyond-borders/documents/uk-v2.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/thinking-beyond-borders/documents/uk-v2.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013).

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;Sweden Work Environment Authority, Posting in Sweden,  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.av.se/dokument/inenglish/books/h448.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.av.se/dokument/inenglish/books/h448.pdf&lt;/a&gt; ,  s.40 (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013).

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt; Federal Social Insurance Office, Social Security for Posted Workers, Non-contracting State &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bsv.admin.ch/vollzug/storage/documents/3305/3305_1_de.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.bsv.admin.ch/vollzug/storage/documents/3305/3305_1_de.pdf&lt;/a&gt;, s.4 (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013).

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt; Ministère du Travail, de l&#39;Emploi, Temporary posting of workers in France, Membership in a social security scheme, &lt;a href=&quot;http://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/informations-pratiques,89/les-fiches-pratiques-du-droit-du,91/detachement-de-salaries,407/temporary-posting-of-workers-in,8988.html&quot;&gt;http://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/informations-pratiques,89/les-fiches-pratiques-du-droit-du,91/detachement-de-salaries,407/temporary-posting-of-workers-in,8988.html&lt;/a&gt; (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013). Avrupa birliği dışındaki üçüncü ülkelerden geçi görevlendirilmeler ile ilgili, April International, Seconding employees to France, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.april-international.com/global/advice-information/seconding-employees-to-france&quot;&gt;http://en.april-international.com/global/advice-information/seconding-employees-to-france&lt;/a&gt; (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;Portale İntegrazione Migranti, The Blue Card and Other Particular Cases of Entrance Not Provided for in the Flow Decree  &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.integrazionemigranti.gov.it/en/latest-news/highlights/Documents/Focus%20blu%20card%20eng.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.integrazionemigranti.gov.it/en/latest-news/highlights/Documents/Focus%20blu%20card%20eng.pdf&lt;/a&gt; , (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013) , Gianni, Origoni, Grippo, Cappelli and Partners, The employment law concerning the “expatriates” in Italy, (August 2013) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gop.it/doc_pubblicazioni/245_clgqns2j5h_ita.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.gop.it/doc_pubblicazioni/245_clgqns2j5h_ita.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;Ernst &amp;amp; Young, HR and Tax Alert, Hungary, September 2011, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Alert_Hungary_280911/$FILE/Alert_Hungary_280911.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Alert_Hungary_280911/$FILE/Alert_Hungary_280911.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt; Dördüncü Sosyal Yasa, SGB IV, Madde 5, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/sgb_4/gesamt.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/sgb_4/gesamt.pdf&lt;/a&gt;  (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt; Federal Public Service, Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue, Posting within a Social Security context &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.employment.belgium.be/defaultTab.aspx?id=38358&quot;&gt;http://www.employment.belgium.be/defaultTab.aspx?id=38358&lt;/a&gt; (Erişim Tarihi:02.12.2013)

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt; Sosyal Sigorta İşlemleri Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik, RG. 21.8.2013/28742

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt; Uluslararası sosyal güvenlik sözleşmelerinde yer alan geçici görev ve uzatma süreleri için; Sözleşmelere Göre Geçici Görev Uygulamaları, Yabancı Uyrukluların Sigortalılıkları hakkında, 31.5.2011 Tarih ve 2011/43 Sayılı Genelge

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt; Sosyal Sigorta İşlemleri Yönetmeliği, RG. 12.5.2010/27579

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt; Yabancı Uyrukluların Sigortalılıkları hakkında, 31.5.2011 Tarih ve 2011/43 Sayılı Genelge.

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt;  5510 Sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu (R.G. &lt;i&gt;16.6.2006&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;/&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; 26200) m. 6 (e) &lt;/i&gt; “Yabancı bir ülkede kurulu herhangi bir kuruluş tarafından ve o kuruluş adına ve hesabına Türkiye&#39;ye bir iş için gönderilen ve yabancı ülkede sosyal sigortaya tâbi olduğunu belgeleyen kişiler ile Türkiye&#39;de kendi adına ve hesabına bağımsız çalışanlardan, yurt dışında ikamet eden ve o ülke sosyal güvenlik mevzuatına tâbi olanlar.”

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt; 5510 Sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu (R.G. &lt;i&gt;16.6.2006&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;/&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; 26200) m. 4 (2) (c), &lt;/i&gt;Sosyal Sigorta İşlemleri Yönetmeliği, RG. 12.5.2010/27579, m.10 (d)

&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/8871839142519564747/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2014/01/s.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/8871839142519564747'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/8871839142519564747'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2014/01/s.html' title='ÇEŞİTLİ SOSYAL GÜVENLİK MEVZUATLARI AÇISINDAN YABANCI ÇALIŞANLARIN GEÇİCİ GÖREVLENDİRİLME SÜRELERİ'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbswc8-xmw8D9PiL-i09kdcqyBJb6QC9dg1H8XJjlpJ5b52aahfDFMZfx3NKWPr4SiVq5cG6WKvkW4G1kJXdGMvdkVz-Ud0FbYtItNAmMv3i9WrMYpt3y9CN4sSTDjzaBzKp1uAP0heWo/s72-c/f26.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-8614317882803344540</id><published>2014-01-05T04:33:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2015-03-27T09:07:53.067-07:00</updated><title type='text'>PAYROLL PARAMETERS FOR 2014</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Following fixed parameters of 2014 represents basic payroll accounting in Turkey. There might be other benefits and allowances applicable to the workers. Below calculations excludes daily food, family and children allowances and other exemptions. Please consult to your accountant for detailed information. The following information is for informational purposes only.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PAYROLL PARAMETERS FOR 2014&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
I- Gross Salary:&lt;/h2&gt;
Gross Salary refers to amount of salary which is earned by employees according to Turkish Labor Law.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gross Salary = Net Salary + Total Deductions (Social Security Premium Employee&#39;s Share (including Unemployemnt Insurance) + Income Tax + Stamp Tax)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
II- Net Salary:&lt;/h2&gt;
It is the amount of salary actually received by the employees.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Net Salary = Gross Salary – Total Deductions&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
III- Employer&#39;s Cost:&lt;/h2&gt;
In addition to the gross salary, employer must pay the employer&#39;s share of social security and unemployment premiums.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Total Cost of Employee to Employer = Gross Salary + Social Security Premium Employer&#39;s Allocation (including Unemployement Insurance)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
IV-Social Security Premium and Unemployment Insurance:&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Total social security premium is 37.5% (including unemployment insurance) of Earning Subject to Premium. 15% of total is deducted from the gross salary as employee&#39;s allocation and 22.5% of Earning Subject to Premium is calculated additionally as the employer&#39;s allocation. (Unemployment Insurance is included)&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Insurance Branches&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Employee&#39;s Allocation (%&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Employer&#39;s Allocation (%)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Total Allocation (%)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Short Term Insurance Branch Premium&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Invalidity, Old Age and Death Insurance Premium&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;General Health Insurance&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;7,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;12,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Unemployment Insurance&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;22,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;37,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 509px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;355&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOCIAL SECURITY BASE AND CEILING
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;MONTHLY (TL)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;BASE (BETWEEN 01.01.2014 - 30.06.2014)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
1071,00&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;CEILING (BETWEEN 01.01.2014 - 30.06.2014)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
6961,50&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;BASE (BETWEEN 01.07.2014 – 31.12.2014)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
1134,00&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;CEILING (BETWEEN 01.07.2014 – 31.12.2014)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
7371,00&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
V- Income Tax:&lt;/h2&gt;
Employee&#39;s Wage Income is subject to income tax and employer is responsible to deduct, and pay to tax office on behalf of employee.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Income Tax Base (Taxable Income) = Gross Salary - Social Security Premium (Employee&#39;s Share)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Income Tax = Taxable income * Income Tax Rate (%)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 484px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Income Tax (Cumulative) &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;(Wage Income)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Rates&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Up to 11 000 TL&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%15&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Between 11 000 and 27 000 TL (For the 11 000 TL of the total amount, income tax is 1.650 TL) In excess&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%20&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Between 27 000 and 97.000 TL* (For the 27 000 TL of the total amount, income tax is 4850 TL) In excess&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%27&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Over 97.000 TL (For the 97 000 TL of the total amount, income tax is 23 750 TL) In excess&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%35&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;

*97 000 TL limit is applicable only for the taxation of wage income. Please consider that, for other  sources of income, 2014 taxation limit is 60 000 TL .
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
VI- Stamp Tax: (2013)&lt;/h2&gt;
Stamp tax is based on the gross salary. The rate of tax is 0,00759
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stamp Tax = Gross Salary * Stamp Tax Rate&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
VII- Minimum Living Allowance (MLA)&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Effective from January 1, 2008, a tax-free minimum living allowance is available for wage earners. Income tax payable is calculated by deducting MLA from the income tax.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Calculation is made on the basis of minimum wage regardless of the salary of employee. In calculation of the minimum living allowance, the marital status and the family composition of the employee is taken into account.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Calculation: 50% for the taxpayer, 10% for the spouse provided who is unemployed, 7.5% each for the first two dependent children, and 5% each for the following dependant children.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Calculation on the basis of Minimum Wage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Minimum Living Allowance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;2014&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Single&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
80,33 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Married, Employed Spouse&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
80,33 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Married, Employed Spouse, One Child&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
92,37  TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Married, Employed Spouse , Two Children&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
104,42&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Married, Employed Spouse , Three Children&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
112,46 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Married, Employed Spouse , Four Children&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
120,49 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Married, Unemployed Spouse&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
96,39 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Married, Unemployed Spouse , One Child&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
108,84TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Married, Unemployed Spouse , Two Children&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
120,49TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Married, Unemployed Spouse , Three Children&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
128,52 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;Married, Unemployed Spouse , Four Children&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
136,55TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
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&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;· Income Tax Payable = Income Tax - Minimum living Allowance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
VIII – Disablement Deduction&lt;/h2&gt;
The employee who lost working capacity at minimum 80 % is regarded as 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; degree disabled, minimum 60 % is 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; degree disabled, minimum 40 % is 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; degree disabled worker. In calculating income tax, the following monthly deductions are applicable to the taxable income of the employees (2014).
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;For the 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; degree 800 TL&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;For the 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; degree 400 TL&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;For the 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; degree 190 TL&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
 &lt;b&gt;MINIMUM WAGE CALCULATION&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;MINIMUM WAGE CALCULATION - SINGLE EMPLOYEE WITH NO CHILDIREN*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;( PERIOD BETWEEN 01.01.2014 – 30.06.2014)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 396px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gross salary&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1071TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Social Security Premium Employee’s allocation (14%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;149,94 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Unemployment insuranceEmployee’s allocation (1%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;10,71 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Income tax base&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;910,35 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Income tax (15%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;136,55 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Minimum living allowance
(Single and no children)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;80,33 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Income tax payable&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;56,22 TL &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Stamp tax (0,00759)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;8.13 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Total Deductions (Income tax payable +Stamp Tax + Social Security Premium Employee Allocation +Unemployment Insurance Employee Allocation)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;225 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;NET SALARY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;846 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;TOTAL COST OF EMPLOYEE TO EMPLOYER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gross salary&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1071 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;Social Security Premium Employer’s allocation (15.5%)*&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;166,01TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;Unemployment Insurance (2%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21,42TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;TOTAL COST&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.258,43 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
* Calculation is applicable to single employees with no children. Different Minimum Living Allowance amounts should be considered for other calculations. Those employees having at least three children wil be exempted from Income Tax.
*&quot;For the private sector employers who employ insurance holders under item (a) of paragraph one of Article 4 of this Law, the amount corresponding to &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;five points&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; of employer share in the premiums of invalidity, old - age and survivors insurances pursuant to item (a) of paragraph one of this Article shall be covered by the Treasury.&quot; SOCIAL INSURANCE AND UNIVERSAL HEALTH INSURANCE LAW (law no:5510 - Article 8-ı )&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/8614317882803344540/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2014/01/payroll-parameters-for-2014.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/8614317882803344540'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/8614317882803344540'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2014/01/payroll-parameters-for-2014.html' title='PAYROLL PARAMETERS FOR 2014'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-6924437226169527430</id><published>2013-03-13T09:10:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2015-03-27T09:08:04.847-07:00</updated><title type='text'>YABANCILAR VE ULUSLARARASI KORUMA KANUN TASARISININ 4817 SAYILI KANUN KAPSAMINDA GETİRECEĞİ DEĞİŞİKLİKLER</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Şu an Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi gündeminde bulunan
Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu tasarısı&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, ülkemizin ihtiyacı olan kapsamlı ve güncel bir yabancılar
kanununa kavuşması yönünde büyük önem arz etmektedir.&amp;nbsp; Tasarı,
yabancıların ülkeye giriş, çıkışlarını, vize ve ikamet izinleri ile
yabancıların sınırdışı edilmelerini, uluslararası koruma düzenlemelerini ve göç
yönetiminden sorumlu Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü&#39;nün kuruluş, görev, yetki ve
sorumluluklarını düzenleyen beş ana kısımdan oluşmaktadır. Tasarının genel
gerekçesinde de belirtildiği üzere &lt;i&gt;“uluslararası koruma dışında kalan ya­bancıların
ülkeye girişini, ülkede kalışını, ülkeden çıkışını, vize ve ikamet izni
işlemlerini, sınır dışı edilmelerini ve Türkiye’de bulundukları sürece sahip
oldukları hak ve yükümlülüklerini düzenleyen Pasaport Kanunu ile Yaban­cıların
Türkiye’de İkamet ve Seyahatleri Hakkında Kanun, 1950 tarihli olup, güncel
sorunlar ve gelişmeler karşısında yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bunun yanın­da, uluslararası
koruma alanında kanun düzeyinde temel bir düzenleme bu­lunmamakta, uygulamalar
idarî düzenlemeler doğrultusunda yürütülmekte­dir” &lt;/i&gt;Tasarının kanunlaşması
ile kapsamı dahilinde yer alan uluslararası koruma düzenlemelerinin ve
yabancıların Türkiye’ye giriş, Türkiye’den çıkış ve Türkiye’de kalışlarını
düzenleyen usul ve esasların güncellenmesi, çağdaşlaşması ve, ikincil
düzenlemelerden ziyade hukuki temellere dayanması amaçlanmaktadır.&amp;nbsp; 1/619
Esas numarası ile TBMM gündeminde bulunan tasarının önümüzdeki günlerde
yasalaşması beklenilmektedir. Bu çalışmada tasarının 4817 sayılı Yabancıların
Çalışma İzinleri Hakkındaki Kanun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; kapsamında mevcut yabancıların çalışma izinleri rejimine
getireceği değişiklikler ele alınacaktır. Tasarının incelenmesinde, İçişleri
Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen metin kullanılmıştır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Tasarının yasalaşması halinde, 4817 sayılı kanun
çerçevesinde oluşturulmuş olan yabancıların çalışma izni sistemindeki öngörülen
önemli değişiklikler aşağıda sıralanmaktadır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;ÇALIŞMA İZİN BELGELERİNİN İKAMET İZNİ YERİNE KULLANILMASI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;YUKK tasarısında dikkat çeken en önemli değişikliklerden
birisi, yabancıların çalışma izin belgelerinin ve Bakanlıkça düzenlenen Çalışma
İzin Muafiyet Teyit belgelerinin, ikamet izni olarak kullanılabilirliğidir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; Bu durum, eski uygulamada var olan Çalışma Amaçlı İkamet
tezkerelerini ortadan kaldırmaktadır. Nitekim, YUKK tasarısında, ikamet
çeşitleri başlığı altında, çalışma amaçlı ikamet tezkeresine yer verilmemiştir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Aynı zamanda, gerek yurtdışı gerekse yurtiçi
başvurular sonucunda edinilmiş olan çalışma izinlerinin geçerlilik
kazanmasında, yabancının “en geç bir ay içerisinde çalışma amaçlı ikamet
tezkeresi başvurusunda bulunması”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; yükümlülüğüne son verilmektedir. Tasarı, çalışma izni
muafiyet teyit belgelerinin de, ikamet tezkeresi olarak kullanılabilmesinin
önünü açmaktadır. Bilindiği üzere, 4817 sayılı kanun gereğince bazı yabancılar,
belirlenen görev ve süreler dahilinde ülkemizde çalışma izni almaksızın
çalışabilmektedirler. Çalışma izin muafiyetleri, &lt;i&gt;Yabancıların Çalışma
İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Uygulama Yönetmeliğinin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;55. maddesinde açıkça listelenmiştir. Çalışma izni
muafiyetlerinden yararlanacak olan yabancıların ülkeye &lt;i&gt;giriş yaptıkları
tarihten itibaren en geç otuz gün içerisinde ve her halükarda faaliyetlerine
başlamadan önce geliş amaçlarını, ne kadar süre ile ve nerede kalacaklarına
ilişkin bilgileri, bulundukları yerin emniyet makamlarına bildirerek&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; ikamet izni almaları esastır. Kanunun 10. maddesi ve
uygulama yönetmeliğinin 56. maddesi uyarınca çalışma izninden muaf olan
yabancılara &lt;i&gt;istekleri halinde&lt;/i&gt; şekli ve içeriği Bakanlıkça belirlenecek
“Çalışma İzni Muafiyet Teyit Belgesi” düzenlenmektedir. Tasarının yasalaşması
ile, çalışma izni muafiyet teyit belgelerinin, ikamet izni olarak sayılması söz
konusu olacağı için,&amp;nbsp; yabancıların bu belgeleri, faaliyetlerine başlamadan
önce edinmeleri zorunlu hale gelebilecektir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;ÇALIŞMA İZNİ BAŞVURUSUNDA BULUNAMAYACAK YABANCILAR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;YUKK tasarısının “Çalışma izninin ikamet izni sayılması”
adlı 27. maddesi ikinci bendi hükmünce, çalışma izni veya çalışma izni uzatma
başvurusunda bulunacak yabancıların, YUKK tasarısının 7. maddesi kapsamına
girmemeleri şartı aranmaktadır. Tasarının 7. maddesi Türkiye’ye girişlerine
izin verilmeyen yabancılar başlığı altında aşağıdaki durumlarda yabancıların
ülkeye girişlerine izin verilmeyeceğini belirtir. (i) Pasaportu, pasaport
yerine geçen belgesi, vizesi veya ikamet ya da çalışma izni olmayanlar ile bu
belgeleri veya izinleri hileli yollarla edindiği veya sahte olduğu anlaşılanlar.
(ii) Vize, vize muafiyeti veya ikamet izin süresinin bitiminden itibaren &lt;i&gt;en
az altmış gün süreli pasaport veya pasaport yerine geçen belgesi olmayanlar. &lt;/i&gt;(iii)
Vize muafiyeti kapsamında olsalar dahi, 15. maddenin &lt;i&gt;birinci fıkrasında&lt;/i&gt;
sayılan yabancılar. Tasarının 15. maddesinin birinci fıkrası ise, yabancılara
talep ettikleri vize süresinden en az altmış gün daha uzun süreli pasaport ya
da pasaport yerine geçen belgeye sahip olmamaları durumunda vize
verilmeyeceğini hükme bağlamaktadır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;ÇALIŞMA AMAÇLI İKAMET İZNİ BAŞVURUSU YAPMA ZORUNLUĞUNUN
ORTADAN KALKMASI &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Tasarı, 4817 sayılı kanunun çalışma izinlerinin
verilmelerini ve uzatılmalarını düzenleyen 12. maddesinin birinci fıkrasını
aşağıdaki gibi değiştirmektedir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;“Yabancılar, ilk çalışma izni başvurularını bulundukları
ülkelerdeki Türkiye Cumhuriyeti konsolosluklarına yapar. Konsolosluk, bu
başvuruları doğrudan Bakanlığa iletir. Bakanlık, ilgili mercilerin görüşlerini
alarak 5 inci maddeye göre başvuruları değerlendirir; durumu uygun görülen
yabancılara çalışma izni verir. Yabancılar, konsolosluklardan almış oldukları
çalışma izinlerinde belirtilen süre kadar Türkiye’de kalıp çalışabilir.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;İlk olarak, 12. maddeye getirilecek değişiklik ile
yurtdışında bulunan temsilciliklerimizden çalışma izni alan yabancıların,
ülkeye giriş yaptıkları tarihten itibaren en geç otuz gün içinde İçişleri
Bakanlığına ikamet tezkeresi almak için başvurmaları zorunluğu ortadan
kaldırılarak, çalışma izin belgelerinin, ikamet izni olarak&amp;nbsp; da
kullanılması sağlanmıştır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Değiştirilen 12. maddesi 1. fıkrası hükmü yabancıların ilk
çalışma izni başvurularını yurtdışından, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Konsoloslukları
aracılığı ile yapabileceklerini ön görmektedir. 4817 sayılı kanunun 12.
maddesi, birinci fıkrasının şu anki durumu ile ‘&lt;i&gt;Türkiye dışında ikamet eden
yabancılar&lt;/i&gt;’ yurtdışından temsilciliklerimiz aracı ile ilk başvurularını
gerçekleştirebilirken, kanunun 12. maddesi ikinci fıkrası gereğince ‘Türkiye’de
geçerli ikamet izni olan yabancılar veya bunların işverenleri’ başvurularını
yurt içinden, Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığına yapabilmektedirler. Her ne
kadar YUKK tasarısı 12. maddenin 2. fıkrasında herhangi bir değişiklik
öngörmese de, 4817 sayılı kanunun şu anki, mevcut metninde bulunan, yurt
dışında ikamet eden ve yurt içinde geçerli ikamet izni olan yabancı ayrımını
yapmamıştır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;ÇALIŞMA İZNİ BAŞVURULARINDA İKAMETTE ARANAN SÜRE İLE İLGİLİ
DEĞİŞİKLİKLER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;YUKK tasarısı, 4817 sayılı kanunun 5. maddesinde tanımlanan
süreli çalışma izinleri için çalışma izin süresinin belirlenmesinin yabancının
ikamet izninin ve iş sözleşmesinin süresinin göz önünde bulundurularak yapılması
hükmünde değişiklik yapmıştır. Tasarının 123. maddesi beşinci fıkrasının (a)
bendi uyarınca,&amp;nbsp; 4817 sayılı kanunun 5. maddesi (a) bendinde geçen “ikamet
izninin süresi ile” ibaresi metinden çıkartılmıştır.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mevcut durumda
4817 sayılı kanunun 5. maddesi (a) bendi süreli çalışma iznini tanımlayarak,
yabancıların ilk çalışma izni başvurularında edinebilecekleri bir yıllık üst
sınırı işaret etmektedir. Türkiye’nin taraf&amp;nbsp; olduğu ikili ya da çok
taraflı sözleşmelerde aksi öngörülmedikçe, ülkemizde yabancılara ilk
başvurularında &lt;i&gt;belirli bir işyeri veya işletmede&amp;nbsp; ve belirli bir
meslekte çalışmak üzere en çok bir yıl geçerli olmak üzere verilir. &lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;
Çalışma izni süresinin belirlenmesinde ise, yabancının ikamet izninin süresi
ile hizmet akdinin veya işin süresinin göz önünde bulundurulacağı aynı maddede
hükme bağlanmıştır. Uygulamada ise, yurtdışından yapılan çalışma izni
başvurularında, ikamete ilişkin süre göz önünde bulundurulmamaktadır. Nitekim,
mevcut uygulamada, çalışma vizesi ile ülkeye giriş yapmış yabancının, giriş
yaptığı tarihten başlayarak, en geç otuz gün içerisinde ikamet tezkeresi
başvurusunda bulunma zorunluluğu vardır. Diğer taraftan, yabancıların yurt
içinden başvuruda bulunabilmeleri için en az altı aylık geçerli ikamet
tezkerelerinin bulunması, Uygulama Yönetmeliğinin 7. maddesi birinci fıkrası
gereğince hükme bağlanmıştır. YUKK tasarısının getireceği değişiklik aracılığı
ile çalışma izin süresinin belirlenmesinde, sadece iş sözleşmesinin süresi göz
önünde bulundurulacak ve 4817 sayılı kanunun 5(a) bendi aşağıdaki gibi
değiştirilecektir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;“Türkiye’nin taraf&amp;nbsp; olduğu ikili ya da çok taraflı
sözleşmelerde aksi öngörülmedikçe süreli çalışma izni iş&amp;nbsp; piyasasındaki
durum, çalışma hayatındaki gelişmeler, istihdama ilişkin sektörel ve ekonomik
konjonktür değişiklikleri&amp;nbsp; dikkate alınarak, yabancının&amp;nbsp; hizmet
akdinin veya işin süresine göre, belirli bir işyeri veya işletmede&amp;nbsp; ve
belirli bir meslekte çalışmak üzere en çok bir yıl geçerli olmak üzere
verilir.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Diğer taraftan tasarı, 4817 sayılı kanunun 14. maddesi (c)
bendini tamamen değiştirmektedir. Mevcut kanunda 14. maddenin (c) bendi,
Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığının, yabancının geçerli ikamet izninin
bulunmaması durumunda, çalışma izin başvurusunu reddebileceği yönünde hüküm
belirtmektedir. Uygulamada ise, yurt dışından yapılan başvurularda, yabancının
geçerli ikamet izninin bulunması beklenmemektedir fakat, 4817 sayılı kanunu 12.
maddesi ikinci fıkrası ve uygulama yönetmeliğinin 7. maddesi birinci fıkrası
gereğince yurt içi başvurularında, başvuru sahibi yabancının (en az altı ay)
geçerli ikamet izninin bulunması şartı vardır. Bununla birlikte, uygulama
yönetmeliğinin izin isteminin reddini düzenleyen 21. maddesinin dördüncü
fıkrası,&amp;nbsp; 14 (c) kapsamındaki reddin, &lt;i&gt;turistik vize ya da çalışma amacı
dışındaki vizelerle veya iki ülke arasındaki vize muafiyeti programı ve diğer
vize kolaylıklarından yararlanarak Türkiye’ye gelmiş olan ve ikamet tezkeresi
olmayan&lt;/i&gt; yabancıların, izin istemlerinde uygulandığı yönünde hüküm
içermektedir. Tasarının bu haliyle yasalaşması durumunda geçerli ikamet izninin
bulunmadığı durumlarda izin istemlerinin reddini hükme bağlayan 14. madde (c)
bendi&amp;nbsp; “İçişleri Bakanlığının olumsuz görüş bildirmesi,” şeklinde
değiştirilecektir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Bu noktada tasarının, yurtiçinden &lt;i&gt;geçerli ikamet izni
olan&lt;/i&gt; yabancıların veya işverenlerinin çalışma izin başvurularına olanak
sağlayan 4817 sayılı kanunun 12. maddesi ikinci fıkrasında her hangi bir
değişikliğe gitmediğinin altı çizilmedir.&amp;nbsp; Tasarının yasalaşması halinde,
özellikle uygulama yönetmeliğinin yurt içi izin başvurularını düzenleyen 7.
maddesi ile izin isteminin reddini düzenleyen 21. maddesi yeni bir yönetmelik
değişikliğine konu olacaktır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;ULUSLARARASI KORUMA KAPSAMINDAKİ YABANCILARIN ÇALIŞMA İZNİ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;YUKK tasarısının “uluslararası koruma” başlığı altında
bulunan üçüncü bölümünde, uluslararası koruma kapsamında bulunan yabancıların
hak ve yükümlülüklerine yer verilmektedir. Uluslararası koruma, tasarıda
mülteci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, şartlı mülteci&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; veya ikincil koruma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; statüsünü ifade etmektedir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; Tasarının 89. maddesi dördüncü bendi, uluslararası koruma
kapsamında bulunan yabancıların Türkiye’de iş piyasasına erişimleri ile ilgili
hükümleri içermektedir. 4817 sayılı kanun ve uygulama yönetmeliğinin mevcut
hükümlerince, ‘&lt;i&gt;2510 sayılı İskan Kanununa göre muhacir, mülteci veya göçebe
olarak kabul edilen yabacılara’&lt;/i&gt; istisnai çalışma izni verilebilir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; Yönetmeliğin 7. maddesi dördüncü fıkrası uyarınca
‘İçişleri Bakanlığınca mülteci veya sığınmacı statüsü verilmiş yabancılardan
ikamette süre koşulu aranmaz’. Ayrıca mülteci ve sığınmacı statüsü verilmiş
yabancıların başvurularının değerlendirilmesinde, Bakanlık, yönetmeliğin 13.
maddesi 4. fıkrasında yer alan ‘işin özel niteliğini gösterir bilgiler ile
yabancının eğitim durumu, çalışacağı işyerinin ulusal ekonomiye katkısı ve bu
niteliklere uygun ücret düzeyi ile istihdam durumunu’ dikkate almaz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;YUKK tasarısı, 123. madde 5(b) bendi uyarınca “uluslararası
koruma başvurusunda bulunan ve İçişleri Bakanlığınca şartlı mülteci statüsü
verilen yabancı ve vatansız kişilere,” 4817 sayılı kanun gereğince öngörülen
sürelere bakılmaksızın, istisnai çalışma izni başvurusunda bulunabilme imkanı
getirilmiştir. Tasarının 89. maddesi 4. bendi, mülteci ve ikincil koruma
statüsündeki yabancıların, kanunla belirlenen yabancılara yasaklanmış meslekler
haricinde&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; diğer mesleklerde çalışabilmelerine olanak sağlamaktadır.
89. maddenin 4. bendi uyarınca &lt;i&gt;‘mülteci veya ikincil koruma statüsü sahibi
kişiye verilecek kimlik belgesi, çalışma izni yerine de geçer ve bu durum
kimlik belgesine yazılır.’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[18]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Tasarıya göre mülteci ve ikincil koruma statüsünde
bulunan yabancıların iş piyasasına erişimleri, 4817 sayılı kanunun 11. maddesi
ile uyumlu şekilde iş piyasasındaki durum ve çalışma hayatındaki gelişmeler ile
istihdama ilişkin sektörel ve ekonomik şartların gerekli kıldığı hâllerde,
belirli bir süre için, tarım, sanayi veya hizmet sektörleri, belirli bir
meslek, işkolu veya mülki ve coğrafi alan itibarıyla sınırlandırılabilir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; Fakat bu sınırlandırmaların, Türkiyenin de taraf olduğu
1951 tarihli Mültecilerin Hukukî Durumuna Dair Sözlesme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;’nin 17. maddesinin 2. fıkrası ile uyumlu olarak Türkiye’de
üç yıl ikamet eden veya Türk vatandaşıyla evli olan ya da Türk vatandaşı çocuğu
olan mülteci ve ikincil koruma statüsü sahipleri için uygulanmayacağı da
tasarıda yer almaktadır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; YUKK tasarısı ayrıca uluslararası koruma başvurusu
sahiplerinin ve şartlı mültecilerin, uluslararası koruma başvurusundan itibaren
&lt;i&gt;altı ay sonra&lt;/i&gt; çalışma izni almak için başvuruda bulunabilmelerini
öngörmektedir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;ÖĞRENCİLERİN ÇALIŞMA İZNİ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;YUKK tasarının yabancıların çalışma izinleri sistemine
getireceği diğer bir değişiklik ise ülkemizde öğrenim gören yabancıların
çalışmaları ile ilgilidir. Bilindiği üzere, Yabancıların Uygulama
Yönetmeliğinin 7. maddesi, ülkemizde öğrenim gören yabancı öğrencilerin,
yurtiçinden çalışma izni başvurusu yapmalarına olanak vermemektedir. Türkiye’de
öğrenim amacıyla verilen ikamet izinleri, yabancıların yurt içi başvurularında
istenilen “en az altı ay sürei ikamet izni” kapsamı dışında tutulmuştur.&amp;nbsp;
Yönetmeliğin 7. maddesi ikinci fıkrası uyarınca;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;“Türkiye’de öğrenim amacıyla verilen ikamet izinleri hariç,
herhangi bir sebebe istinaden en az altı ay süreli ikamet izni almış olup da bu
izin süresi içerisinde çalışma izni verilmiş yabancılardan, Türkiye’nin dış
temsilcilikleri kanalı ile çalışma vizesi alması koşulu aranmaz.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;İstisnai olarak, lisansüstü öğrenim gören öğrenciler,
araştırma yaptıkları yükseköğretim kurumlarında çalışabilmektedirler. YUKK
tasarısı ile, ülkemizde bulunan yabancı öğrencilerin çalışması yönündeki kısıtlamalar
ortadan kalkmaktadır. Tasarının 41. maddesi uyarınca;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;”(1) Türkiye’de öğrenim gören önlisans, lisans, yüksek
lisans ve doktora öğrencileri,çalışma izni almak kaydıyla çalışabilirler.
Ancak, önlisans ve lisans öğrencileri için çalışma hakkı, ilk yıldan sonra
başlar ve haftada yirmidört saatten fazla olamaz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;(2) Önlisans ve lisans öğrencilerinin çalışma hakkına
ilişkin usul ve esaslar, Göç Politikaları Kurulunca belirlenecek esaslar
çerçevesinde Bakanlık ile Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı tarafından
müştereken düzenlenir.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Görüldüğü üzere yüksek lisans ve doktora eğitimlerine devam
eden yabancı öğrencilere, her hangi bir çalışma süresi kısıtlaması
getirilmeden, çalışma izni alarak çalışabilme hakkı tanınmıştır. Diğer
taraftan, önlisans ve lisans eğitimlerine devam eden yabancı öğrencilere,
çalışma hakkı ilk yıldan sonra ve haftada yirmi dört saatten fazla olmamak
kaydıyla verilmektedir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;ÇALIŞMA İZİNLERİ İLE İLGİLİ SINIRDIŞI HÜKÜMLER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Yabancıların çalışma izinleri kanunu ve uygulama
yönetmeliği incelendiğinde, yabancıların izinsiz çalışmaları durumunda
uygulanacak cezai hükümler arasında, izinsiz çalışan yabancının sınır dışı
edileceğine dair bir hüküm bulunmamaktadır. 4817 sayılı kanunun 21. maddesi
çalışma izni bulunmadan çalışan bağımlı ve bağımsız yabancı çalışanlar ile
yanında çalışma izni olmaksızın yabancı çalıştıran işverenlere ve 18. madde
kapsamındaki bildirim yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmeyen bağımsız çalışan
yabancılara ve yabancı personel çalıştıran işverenlere idari para cezaları öngörmektedir.
Bu fillerin tekrarı halinde idari para cezaları bir kat arttırılarak
uygulanmaktadır. 21. maddenin son fıkrasına göre &lt;i&gt;idari para cezası ile
cezalandırılan&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; bağımlı veya bağımsız çalışan yabancılar ile yabancı
çalıştıran işverenler İçişleri Bakanlığına bildirilir.&lt;/i&gt; Yabancıların İkamet
ve Seyahatleri Hakkında Kanun, sınır dışı etme kararı alma yetkisini İçişleri
Bakanlığına vermektedir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; YİSHK 19. maddesine göre “&lt;i&gt;İçişleri Bakanlığınca
memlekette kalması umumî güvenliğe, siyasî veya idarî icaplara aykırı sayılan
yabancılar verilecek muayyen&amp;nbsp; müddet zarfında Türkiye’den çıkmağa davet
olunur. Bu müddetin sonunda Türkiye’yi terk etmeyenler sınır dışı
edilebilirler.” &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Her ne kadar, &lt;i&gt;umumi güvenlik, siyasi ve idari icaplar,&lt;/i&gt;
İçişleri Bakanlığına, sınır dışı etme kararı almada geniş bir yetki sağlasa da,
ne YİSHK’da ne de 4817 sayılı kanun ve uygulama yönetmeliğinde çalışma izni
bulunmaksızın çalışan yabancıların sınır dışı edilmeleri yönünde tek başına bir
hüküm bulunmamaktadır. Diğer taraftan bu hususa ilişkin, İçişleri
Bakanlığının&amp;nbsp; 02.10.2003 tarih ve 155 sayılı genelgesinde ‘&lt;i&gt;denetlemeler
sırasında kaçak çalıştığı belirlenen yabancıların Türkiye’ye girişi, pasaport,
vize ve ikamet izni konuları tetkik edilecek, durumları yasal olmayanların
sınırdışı işlemlerine süratle başlanacaktır’ &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[24]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; şeklinde bir hüküm yer almaktadır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;YUKK tasarısında ise, tasarının ‘Sınırdışı Etme Kararı
Alınacaklar’ başlığı altında, 54. maddesinde çalışma izni olmadan çalıştığı
tespit edilen yabancılar hakkında sınır dışı etme kararı alınacağı hükmü yer
almaktadır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftn25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;İlaveten YUKK tasarısı, 123. madde 5(d) bendi uyarınca 4817
sayılı kanunun ‘çalışma izninin geçerliliğini kaybetmesini’ düzenleyen 16.
maddesinin birinci fıkrasının (a) bendi “Yabancı hakkında sınır dışı etme
kararı alınmış olması veya Türkiye’ye girişinin yasaklanması,” şeklinde
değiştirilmiştir. 4817 sayılı kanunun mevcut halinde 16. maddenin (a) bendi
yabancının ikamet tezkeresinin geçerliliğinin kaybetmesi veya uzatılmaması durumunda
çalışma izninin de geçerliliğini kaybedeceğini hükme bağlamaktadır. Tasarı bu
anlamda, 4817 sayılı kanunun 16. maddesinin içeriğini genişletmiştir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;SONUÇ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Yabancıların çalışma izinlerini düzenleyen 4817 sayılı
kanun kapsamında yabancıların ikamet izin ve süreleri büyük önem
taşımaktadır.&amp;nbsp; Çalışma izinlerinin başvuru şekli, çalışma izin türleri,
istisnalar, izin ve uzatma başvurularının değerlendirilmesi, çalışma
izinlerinin geçerlilikleri gibi bir çok önemli maddesinde, 4817 sayılı kanun,
yabancıların ikamet izinlerini ve ikamet sürelerini dikkate almaktadır.
Bağımsız çalışma izni, süresiz çalışma izni veya yerleşik yabancılara
uygulanabilen istisnai izin gibi izin türleri için yapılabilecek başvurularda,
yabancının ülkemizde kanuni ve kesintisiz ikamet şartı aranmaktadır. Tasarı,
yabancıların çalışma izinleri sistemine, daha önce ülkemizde çalışmalarına izin
verilmeyen yabancılara çalışma hakkı verilmesi, çalışma izinlerinin ikamet izni
olarak kullanılabilirliği, izinsiz çalışan yabancıların sını dışı edilmelerinin
hükme bağlanması gibi değişiklikler getirmektedir. Önümüzdeki günlerde YUKK
tasarısının yasalaşması halinde çalışma izinleri mevzuatının uyumlaştırılması
yönünde bir dizi kanun ve yönetmelik değişikliği beklenilmektedir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu Tasarısı (YUKK
Tasarısı), Başbakanlık Ka­nunlar ve Kararlar Genel Müdürlüğü, 3. 5. 2012 tarih
ve B. 02. 0. KGG. 0. 10. 101-282/1981 sayı numaralı kanun tasarısı.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Kabul Tarihi: 27.2.2003, K. No: 4817 (RG: 6.3.2003-25040)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu Tasarısı ile İnsan
Haklarını İnceleme Komisyonu, Avrupa Birliği Uyum Komisyonu ve İçişleri
Komisyonu Raporları, TBMM, Dönem: 24, Yasama Yılı: 2, Sıra Sayısı: 310. Erişim
10 Mart 2013. &amp;lt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/sirasayi/donem24/yil01/ss310.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/sirasayi/donem24/yil01/ss310.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 27&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı 124. maddesi uyarınca 15/7/1950 tarihli ve 5683
sayılı Yabancıların Türkiye’de İkamet ve Seyahatleri Hakkında Kanunu
yürürlükten kaldırmaktadır. YISHK’dan farklı olarak, tasarıda ikamet çeşitleri
ayrıntılı olarak belirtilmiş ve hükme bağlanmıştır. Tasarının 30. maddesi
hükmünce kabul edilen ikamet çeşitleri şunlardır: i) Kısa dönem ikamet izni.
ii) Aile ikamet izni. iii) Öğrenci ikamet izni. iv) Uzun dönem ikamet izni. v)
İnsani ikamet izni. vi) İnsan ticareti mağduru ikamet izni. Bu noktada
Tasarının yabancıların ikamet izinleri açısından getirmiş olduğu en önemli
değişikliklerin başında, “süresiz ikamet izni” uygulamasının kabul edilmesidir.
Her ne kadar tasarının “&lt;i&gt;uzun dönem&lt;/i&gt; ikamet izni” başlığı altında 42. ve
45. maddeleri arasında tanımlansa da, tasarının 42. maddesi 1 inci bendinde
“Türkiye’de kesintisiz &lt;i&gt;en az sekiz yıl &lt;/i&gt;ikamet izniyle kalmış olan ya da
Göç Politikaları Kurulunun belirlediği şartlara uyan yabancılara, Bakanlığın
onayıyla valilikler tarafından &lt;i&gt;süresiz ikamet izni&lt;/i&gt; verilir.” hükmü yer
almaktadır.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt; 4817 Sayılı Kanun, Madde 12/1 ile&amp;nbsp; Yabancıların Çalışma
İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun Uygulama Yönetmeliği,&amp;nbsp; Madde 7/5 gereğince
çalışma izni edinen yabancının en geç otuz gün içerisinde çalışma amaçlı ikamet
iznine başvurma zorunluluğu vardır.&amp;nbsp; Yurtdışı başvurularda bu süre
yabancının ülkeye girişi itibariyle başlamaktadır. Bu zorunluluğu yerine
getirmeyen yabancının çalışma izni geçerlilik kazanmıyacaktır. Bahsedilen süre,
başvuru süresidir, yabancının otuz günlük süre içerisinde başvurusunu ilgili
emniyet müdürlükleri nezdinde tamamlaması gerekmektir. YUKK Tasarısı Madde
122/1 gereğince “Diğer mevzuatta geçen yabancılara mahsus “ikamet tezkeresi”
ibaresinden, bu Kanundaki “ikamet izni” anlaşılır.”&amp;nbsp; YUKK tasarısında
“İkamet Tezkeresi” kavramı yerine “İkamet İzni” kavramı kullanılmıştır.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt; 29/8/2003 tarihli ve 25214 sayılı Resmî Gazete’de yayımlanan
Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun Uygulama Yönetmeliği (YÇİY)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt; YÇİY, Madde 55 (4)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 123 (5/c)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 123 (5/a)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 123 (5/ç)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 61 “Avrupa ülkelerinde meydana gelen
olaylar nedeniyle; ırkı, dini, tabiiyeti, belli bir toplumsal gruba mensubiyeti
veya siyasi düşüncelerinden dolayı zulme uğrayacağından haklı sebeplerle
korktuğu için vatandaşı olduğu ülkenin dışında bulunan ve bu ülkenin
korumasından yararlanamayan ya da söz konusu korku nedeniyle yararlanmak
istemeyen yabancıya veya bu tür olaylar sonucu önceden yaşadığı ikamet
ülkesinin dışında bulunan, oraya dönemeyen veya söz konusu korku nedeniyle
dönmek istemeyen vatansız kişiye statü belirleme işlemleri sonrasında mülteci
statüsü verilir.”&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 62 “Avrupa ülkeleri dışında meydana
gelen olaylar sebebiyle; ırkı, dini, tabiiyeti, belli bir toplumsal gruba
mensubiyeti veya siyasi düşüncelerinden dolayı zulme uğrayacağından haklı
sebeplerle korktuğu için vatandaşı olduğu ülkenin dışında bulunan ve bu ülkenin
korumasından yararlanamayan, ya da söz konusu korku nedeniyle yararlanmak
istemeyen yabancıya veya bu tür olaylar sonucu önceden yaşadığı ikamet
ülkesinin dışında bulunan, oraya dönemeyen veya söz konusu korku nedeniyle
dönmek istemeyen vatansız kişiye statü belirleme işlemleri sonrasında şartlı
mülteci statüsü verilir. Üçüncü ülkeye yerleştirilinceye kadar, şartlı
mültecinin Türkiye’de kalmasına izin verilir.”&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 62 “Mülteci veya şartlı mülteci olarak
nitelendirilemeyen, ancak menşe ülkesine veya ikamet ülkesine geri gönderildiği
takdirde;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
a) Ölüm cezasına
mahkûm olacak veya ölüm cezası infaz edilecek,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
b) İşkenceye,
insanlık dışı ya da onur kırıcı ceza veya muameleye maruz kalacak,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
c) Uluslararası veya
ülke genelindeki silahlı çatışma durumlarında, ayrım gözetmeyen şiddet&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
hareketleri
nedeniyle şahsına yönelik ciddi tehditle karşılaşacak,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
olması nedeniyle
menşe ülkesinin veya ikamet ülkesinin korumasından yararlanamayan veya söz
konusu tehdit nedeniyle yararlanmak istemeyen yabancı ya da vatansız kişiye,
statü belirleme işlemleri sonrasında ikincil koruma statüsü verilir.”&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 3/r&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt; 19.9.2006 tarihli, 5543 Sayılı İskan Kanunu (RG:
29.9.2006-26301) 48. maddesi hükmünce 14.6.1934 tarihli ve&lt;i&gt;2510 sayılı İskân
Kanunu&lt;/i&gt; ek ve değişiklikleri ile birlikte &lt;i&gt;yürürlükten&lt;/i&gt;
kaldırılmıştır. 5543 sayılı yeni iskan kanununda, yürürlükten kalkan 2510
sayılı iskan kanununun aksine , mülteci ve muhacir kavramları yer almamaktadır.
5543 sayılı kanunun 3. maddesi (d) bendi uyarınca Göçmen: Türk soyundan ve Türk
kültürüne bağlı olup, yerleşmek amacıyla tek başına veya toplu halde Türkiye’ye
gelip bu Kanun gereğince kabul olunanlardır.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt; Çeşitli mevzuat hükümlerince bazı meslek ve görevler
yabancılara yasaklanmıştır. “(i) Diş tabipliği, dişçilik, ebelik,
hastabakıcılık – Tababet ve Şuabatı Sanatlarının Tarzı İcrasına Dair Kanun
uyarınca (ii) Eczacılık – Eczacılar ve Eczaneler Hakkında Kanun uyarınca
(iii)Veterinerlik (Veteriner Hekimleri Birliği ile Odalarının Teşekkül Tarzına
ve Göreceği İşlere Dair Kanun uyarınca) (iv)Özel hastanelerde sorumlu müdürlük
– Hususî Hastaneler Kanunu uyarınca (v) Avukatlık -Avukatlık Kanunu uyarınca
(vi)Noterlik&amp;nbsp; – Noterlik Kanunu uyarınca&amp;nbsp; (vii) Özel veya kamu
kuruluşlarında güvenlik görevlisi – Bazı Kurum ve Kuruluşların Korunması ve
Güvenliklerinin Sağlanması Hakkında Kanun uyarınca (viii) Kara suları dahilinde
balık, istiridye, midye, sünger, inci, mercan ihracı, dalgıçlık, arayıcılık,
kılavuzluk, kaptanlık, çarkçılık, katiplik, tayfalık vb. – Kabotaj Kanunu
uyarınca (ix) Gümrük müşavirliği – Gümrük Kanununun 227 nci maddesi gereğince”
Erişim 10 Mart 2013.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/sirasayi/donem24/yil01/ss310.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.csgb.gov.tr/csgbPortal/yabancilar.portal?page=yasak_meslekler&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 89 (4/b)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 89 (4/c)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt; 1951 tarihli Mültecilerin Hukukî Statüsüne İlişkin Cenevre
Sözleşmesi, Türkiye bu sözleşmeye 359 sayılı Onay Kanunu ile üye olmuştur. (RG:
5.9.1961- 10898)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 89 (4/c)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 89 (4/a)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt; 15.7.1950 tarihli, 5683 sayılı Yabancıların Türkiye’de İkamet
ve Seyahatleri Hakkında Kanun (RG: 24.7.1950-7564), Madde, 21&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt; İçisleri Bakanlığı Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü’nün 02.10.2003
tarih ve 155 no’lu Genelgesi ( Bölüm, N).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sozercizmeci.com.tr/2013/03/12/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun-tasarisinin-4817-sayili-kanun-kapsaminda-getirecegi-degisiklikler/#_ftnref25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt; YUKK Tasarısı, Madde 54 (ğ)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/6924437226169527430/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2013/03/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/6924437226169527430'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/6924437226169527430'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2013/03/yabancilar-ve-uluslararasi-koruma-kanun.html' title='YABANCILAR VE ULUSLARARASI KORUMA KANUN TASARISININ 4817 SAYILI KANUN KAPSAMINDA GETİRECEĞİ DEĞİŞİKLİKLER'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-5360501009892512440</id><published>2013-01-01T10:01:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2014-01-05T09:24:56.698-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Gross Salary"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Minimum living allowances"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Payroll Accounting in Turkey"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Payroll basics in Turkey"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Social Security Premium"/><title type='text'>2013 PAYROLL PARAMETERS IN TURKEY (MINIMUM WAGE)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gJIvAZW-J1E/UOMj0Et3NfI/AAAAAAAAAfM/jquAkqs20Jo/s1600/images.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gJIvAZW-J1E/UOMj0Et3NfI/AAAAAAAAAfM/jquAkqs20Jo/s1600/images.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Following fixed parameters of 2013 represents basic payroll accounting in Turkey. All parameters here are applicable to the employees over 16th years old. There might be other benefits and allowances applicable to the workers. Below calculations excludes daily food family and children allowances and exemptions. Please consult to your accountant for detailed information. The following information is for informational purposes only.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;I- Gross Salary:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Gross Salary refers to amount of salary which is earned by employees according to Turkish Labor Law
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Gross Salary = Net Salary + Total Deductions (Social Security Premium Employee&#39;s Share (including Unemployemnt Insurance) + Income Tax + Stamp Tax)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;II- Net Salary:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
It is the amount of salary actually received by the employees.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
Net Salary = Gross Salary – Total Deductions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;III- Employer&#39;s Cost:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
In addition to the gross salary, employer must pay the employer&#39;s share of social security and unemployment insurance premiums.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Total Cost of Employee to Employer = Gross Salary + Social Security Premium Employer&#39;s Allocation (including Unemployment Insurance)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;IV-Social Security Premium:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Currently total social security premium is between 36.5% to %42 of gross salary. 15% of total is deducted from the gross salary as employee&#39;s allocation and between 21.5% and 27% of gross salary is calculated additionally as the employer&#39;s allocation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Insurance Branches&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Employee&#39;s Allocation (%&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Employer&#39;s Allocation (%)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Total Allocation (%)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Short Term Insurance Branch Premium&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1 to 6,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1 to 6,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Invalidity, Old Age and Death Insurance Premium&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;20&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;General Health Insurance&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Unemployment Insurance&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;21,5 to 27&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;36,5 to 42&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 509px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;355&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOCIAL SECURITY BASE AND CEILING&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;MONTHLY (TL)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;DAILY (TL)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;BASE (BETWEEN 01.01.2013 - 30.06.2013)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
978,60&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
32,62&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 509px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;CEILING (BETWEEN 01.07.2013 – 31.12.2013)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
6360,90&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
212,03&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;BASE (BETWEEN 01.01.2013 - 30.06.2013)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
1021,50&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
34,05&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;CEILING (BETWEEN 01.07.2013 – 31.12.2013)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
6.639,90&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
221,33&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 509px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;V- Income Tax:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Employee&#39;s Wage Income is subject to income tax and employer is responsible to deduct, and pay to tax office on behalf of employee.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Income Tax Base (Taxable Income) = Gross Salary - Social Security Premium (Employee&#39;s Share)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Income Tax = Taxable income * Income Tax Rate (%)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 475px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Income Tax (Cumulative) &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;(Wage Income)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rates&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Up to 10.700 TL&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%15&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Between 10.700 and 26.000 TL (For the 10.700 TL of the total amount,&lt;br /&gt;
income tax is 1.605 TL) In excess&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%20&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Between 26.000 and 94.000 TL (For the 26,000 TL of the total amount,&lt;br /&gt;
income tax is 4,665 TL) In excess&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%27&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Over 94.000 TL (For the 94,000 TL of the total amount, income tax is 23,025&lt;br /&gt;
TL) In excess&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%35&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;VI- Stamp Tax: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(2013)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Stamp tax is based on the gross salary. The rate of tax is 0,00759&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stamp Tax = Gross Salary * Stamp Tax Rate &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;VII- Minimum Living Allowance (MLA)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Effective from January 1, 2008, a tax-free minimum living allowance is available for wage earners. Income tax payable is calculated by deducting MLA from the income tax.

Calculation is made on the basis of minimum wage regardless of the salary of employee. In calculation of the minimum living allowance, the marital status and the family composition of the employee is taken into account.

Calculation: 50% for the taxpayer, 10% for the spouse provided who is unemployed, 7.5% each for the first two dependent children, and 5% each for the following dependant children.

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Calculation on the basis of Minimum Wage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Minimum Living Allowance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;2013 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;* For the tax payer&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
73,40 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;* For the spouse who is unemployed&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
14,67 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;* For each first two dependent children&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
11,01 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;* For the Third and the following dependant children&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
7,34 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Income Tax Payable = Income Tax - Minimum living Allowance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;VIII – Disablement Deduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The employee who lost working capacity at minimum 80 % is regarded as 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; degree disabled, minimum 60 % is 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; degree disabled, minimum 40 % is 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; degree disabled worker. In calculating income tax, the following monthly deductions are applicable to the taxable income of the employees (2013).
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;For the 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; degree 800 TL&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;For the 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; degree 410 TL&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;For the 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; degree 190 TL &lt;/li&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;MINIMUM WAGE CALCULATION - EMPLOYEES OVER 16 YEARS OLD
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;

&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;( PERIOD BETWEEN 01.01.2013 – 30.06.2013)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 396px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gross salary&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;978,60 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Social Security Premium Employee’s allocation (14%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;137 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Unemployment insuranceEmployee’s allocation (1%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;9,79 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Income tax base&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;831,81 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Income tax (15%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;124,77 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Minimum living allowance
(Single and no children)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;73,40 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Income tax payable&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;51,37 TL &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Stamp tax (0,00759)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;7,43 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Total Deductions (Income tax payable +Stamp Tax + Social Security Premium Employee Allocation +Unemployment Insurance Employee Allocation)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;205,59 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;NET SALARY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;773,01 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;TOTAL COST OF EMPLOYEE TO EMPLOYER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gross salary&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;978,60 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;Social Security Premium Employer’s allocation (14.5%)*&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;141,90 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;Unemployment Insurance (2%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19,57 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;TOTAL COST&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.140,07 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
*&quot;For the private sector employers who employ insurance holders under item (a) of paragraph one of Article 4 of this Law, the amount corresponding to &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;five points&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; of employer share in the premiums of invalidity, old - age and survivors insurances pursuant to item (a) of paragraph one of this Article shall be covered by the Treasury.&quot; SOCIAL INSURANCE AND UNIVERSAL HEALTH INSURANCE LAW (law no:5510 - Article 8-ı )&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/5360501009892512440/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2013/01/2013-payroll-parameters-in-turkey.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/5360501009892512440'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/5360501009892512440'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2013/01/2013-payroll-parameters-in-turkey.html' title='2013 PAYROLL PARAMETERS IN TURKEY (MINIMUM WAGE)'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gJIvAZW-J1E/UOMj0Et3NfI/AAAAAAAAAfM/jquAkqs20Jo/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-1340456906964031193</id><published>2012-10-15T00:18:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-10-19T01:51:24.049-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bireysel Sendika Özgürlüğü"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sendikalar Kanunu"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Toplu iş İlişkileri Kanunu"/><title type='text'>SENDİKALAR VE TOPLU İŞ SÖZLEŞMESİ KANUN TASARISI AÇISINDAN BİREYSEL SENDİKA ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9L24fb-Pe7U/UHu4p0tLYkI/AAAAAAAAAXQ/_uJ101W0FbU/s1600/facts-about-labor-day88620507-aug-23-2012-1-600x400.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9L24fb-Pe7U/UHu4p0tLYkI/AAAAAAAAAXQ/_uJ101W0FbU/s1600/facts-about-labor-day88620507-aug-23-2012-1-600x400.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9L24fb-Pe7U/UHu4p0tLYkI/AAAAAAAAAXQ/_uJ101W0FbU/s1600/facts-about-labor-day88620507-aug-23-2012-1-600x400.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
İlk olarak II. Meşrutiyet
döneminde 1908 grevlerine karşı, yabancı sermaye göz önünde bulundurularak
çıkartılan Ta’til-i Eşgal (Grev Kanunu) kanunuyla yasaklanan Türk sendikal hareketi,
günümüzde yeni Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun tasarısı ile yeni bir
boyuta taşınma aşamasındadır. AB müktesebatına ve onaylanan Uluslararası
Çalışma Örgütü sözleşmelerine Türk sendikal ilişikleri mevzuatının uyumu sürecinde&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 2821
sayılı Sendikalar Kanunu&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ve 2822
sayılı Toplu İş Sözleşmeleri, Grev ve Lokavt Kanunu&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, tek bir
kanun altında birleştirilmektedir. Yeni Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun
tasarısı (eski adıyla Toplu İş ilişkileri Kanun tasarısı) kolaylaşan sendika
üyeliği, sendika üye ve yöneticilerinin güvencelerinin arttırılması ve iş
kollarının azaltılması, sendikaların yetki barajının düşürülmesi gibi,
endüstriyel ilişkiler sistemimizin yapı taşlarını ilgilendiren yeni önlemler
taşıması beklenilen bir yasa tasarısı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;İlk adıyla “Toplu İş İlişkileri Yasası” olarak
adlandırılan Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun tasarısı, 13 Mart 2012 tarihli
TBMM Sağlık, Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal İşler Komisyonu raporu ışığında 24. Dönem
3. Yasama yılı başında 197 sıra sayısı ile TBMM Genel Kurulu gündeminde görüşülmeye
başlanmıştır.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Yasalaşması
beklenilen kanun tasarısı üzerinde halen TBMM genel kurul gündeminde görüşmeler
sürdürülmektedir. 3 Ekim 2012 tarihinde TBMM Genel Kurulunda görüşülmesine
başlanılan Toplu İş İlişkileri Kanunu tasarısının adı Sendikalar ve Toplu İş
Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı olarak değiştirilmiştir. Tasarının 1 ila 30.
maddeleri 11 Ekim 2012 tarihinde Meclis genel kurulu tarafından kabul
edilmiştir. Görüşmeler sırasındaki en önemli değişiklik ise, tasarının 25.
Maddesinin önerge ile değiştirilmesi olmuştur. Tasarının, özellikle bireysel
sendika özgürlüğünü ilgilendiren ve sosyal tarafları arasında en çok tartışılan,
sendika üyelerinin güvencelerini düzenleyen 25&#39;inci maddesi, dördüncü
fıkrasındaki &quot;İşverenin&quot; ifadesinden sonra &quot;fesih dışında&quot;
ifadesi eklenerek ve beşinci fıkrasının ilk cümlesi &quot;Sendikal bir nedenle
iş sözleşmesinin feshi halinde işçi, 4857 sayılı Kanunun 18, 20 ve 21&#39;inci
madde hükümlerine göre dava açma hakkına sahiptir&quot; şeklinde değiştirilmiştir.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Aynı maddenin altıncı fıkrasının ikinci
cümlesinde yer alan &quot;ispat ettiği&quot; ifadesi &quot;ileri sürdüğü&quot;
olarak değiştirilmiştir. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Bu makale yeni
tasarının kabul edilen 1 ila 30. maddeleri arasında kalan ve özellikle bireysel
sendika özgürlüğünü hedef alan maddelerinin incelenmesini esas almaktadır.
Kanun tasarısı, TBMM Sağlık, Aile, Çalışma Ve Sosyal İşler Komisyonu tarafından
kabul edilen metin doğrultusunda, yürürlükte bulunan 2821 sayılı kanun ile
karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;YENİ SENDİKALAR VE TOPLU İŞ SÖZLEŞMESİ
KANUNUN GETİRDİKLERİ&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Türk sendikal ilişkileri, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;serbest kuruluş ilkesine&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; bağlı
kalınarak iş kolu düzeyinde örgütlenen tüzel kişilikleri esas alır. Ülkemizde
sendikaların üst kuruluşları konfederasyonlardır, Sendikaların federatif
örgütlenme biçimi ise uygulanmamaktadır. Sendika, Sendikalar ve Toplu İş
Sözleşmesi kanun tasarısına göre, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;İşçilerin veya işverenlerin çalışma
ilişkilerinde, ortak ekonomik ve sosyal hak ve çıkarlarını korumak ve
geliştirmek için en az yedi işçi veya en az yedi işverenin bir araya gelerek
bir işkolunda faaliyette bulunmak üzere oluşturdukları tüzel kişiliğe sahip
kuruluşları&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt; ifade etmektedir.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;İşkolları düzeyinde örgütlenebilen sendikaların kuruluşunda
2821 sayılı kanun uyarınca aranılan kurucuların &lt;/span&gt;Türk vatandaşı olma,&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;işkolunda fiilen çalışıyor olmaları koşulları Sendikalar
ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi kanun tasarısında kaldırılmıştır.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Diğer
taraftan 2821 sayılı kanun uyarınca 28 olan, sendikaların kurulabileceği iş
kolları tasarıda 20’ye düşürülmüştür.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Yeni Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi kanun tasarsısı
ile Türk Sendika ilişkilerinde ilk defa &lt;i&gt;Çerçeve Sözleşme&lt;/i&gt; ve &lt;i&gt;Grup
Toplu Sözleşmesi&lt;/i&gt; tanımları yapılmıştır.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Grup toplu iş sözleşmesi ile &lt;/span&gt;işçi sendikası ile işveren sendikası
arasında, birden çok üye işverene ait aynı işkolunda kurulu işyerleri ve
işletmeleri kapsayan toplu iş sözleşmesi yapılabilirliği tanımlanmıştır.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Diğer taraftan, çerçeve sözleşme, isteğe
bağlı olarak mesleki eğitim, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, sosyal sorumluluk ve
istihdam politikaları konularında, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Konseyde temsil edilen
işçi ve işveren konfederasyonlarına üye işçi ve işveren sendikaları arasında,
işkolu düzeyinde yapılan sözleşme olarak tanımlanmıştır.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;SENDİKALAR VE TOPLU İŞ SÖZLEŞMESİ KANUNU VE BİREYSEL SENDİKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Bireysel sendika özgürlüğü, olumlu (Pozitif) sendika
özgürlüğü ve olumsuz (Negatif) sendika özgürlüğü olmak üzere ikiye ayrılarak
incelenmektedir. Olumlu sendika özgürlüğü kapsamında bireylerin sendika kurup ,
üye olabilme özgürlüğünden, olumsuz sendika özgürlüğü ise bireylerin
sendikalara üye olmama ve sendikalardan ayrılabilme özgürlüğünü
tanımlamaktadır.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Şüphesiz ki iş sözleşmelerinin feshedilebileceği korkusu altında sendika
üyeliği veya sendikal faaliyet ’ten bahsedebilmek mümkün değildir. Bireysel
sendika özgürlüğünden bahsedebilmek için, üyelerin sendikal faaliyetlere
özgürce, herhangi bir kısıtlamaya veya ayrımcılığa uğramadan katılabilmeleri
veya katılmamayı tercih edebilmeleri ve bunun kanun koyucu tarafından güvence
altına alınması gerekmektedir. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Bireysel sendika özgürlüğü öncelikle T.C. Anayasasınca&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
güvence altına alınmaktadır. Anayasamızın 51/1 hükmü uyarıca;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;“Çalışanlar
ve işverenler, üyelerinin çalışma ilişkilerinde, ekonomik ve sosyal hak ve
menfaatlerini korumak ve geliştirmek için önceden izin almaksızın sendikalar ve
üst kuruluşlar kurma, bunlara serbestçe üye olma ve üyelikten serbestçe çekilme
haklarına sahiptir. Hiç kimse bir sendikaya üye olmaya ya da üyelikten
ayrılmaya zorlanamaz.”&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
2821 sayılı kanun 22/1 hükmü uyarınca bireyin olumlu sendika özgürlüğü &lt;i&gt;“&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Sendikaya üye olmak serbesttir. Hiç kimse sendikaya üye
olmaya veya olmamaya zorlanamaz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;”
ifadesiyle, 25/1 hükmü uyarınca da bireyin olumsuz sendika özgürlüğü, “&lt;i&gt;İşçi
veya işveren, sendikada üye kalmaya veya üyelikten ayrılmaya zorlanamaz&lt;/i&gt;.”
hükmü ile garanti altına alınmıştır.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sendikalar
ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi kanun tasarısı ile bu özgürlüklere 17/3 ve 19/1
hükümlerince aynı şekilde güvence getirilmiştir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;SENDİKA
ÜYELİĞİ VE ÜYELİĞİN KAZANILMASI&lt;/u&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sendikalar ve
Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun tasarısının en önemli etkilerinden birisi sendikalara
üyelik koşullarını belirleyen kriterlerde, sendika üyeliği üzerine önemli
değişikliklere gidilmiş olmasıdır. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;2821
sayılı Sendikalar kanunu uyarınca Sendika üyeliğini etkileyen temel koşullar;
üyelerin 16 yaşını doldurmuş olmaları, üyelerin işyerlerinin bağlı bulunduğu iş
kolunda çalışıyor olmaları, aynı iş kolunda ve aynı zamanda başka bir sendikaya
üye olamamaları olarak benimsenmiştir. Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi kanun
tasarısı, bu yapı taşlarını revize etmiş, bu yönde üyelik yaşı 15 yaşa
indirilmiştir.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
İşçi ve işverenlerin aynı iş kolunda aynı zamanda birden fazla sendikaya üye
olamamaları ilkesi korunmasına rağmen, aynı işkolunda aynı zamanda ikinci bir
işveren yanında çalışanlar, bu hükmün haricinde tutulmuştur. Dolayısıyla esnek
zamanlı çalışanların aynı zamanda birden çok sendikaya üye olabilmelerinin önü
açılmıştır. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Özellikle, 5982
sayılı kanun ile 2010 yılı Anayasa değişikliklerinden sonra, 1982 Anayasasının
51. Madde 4. fıkrası “Aynı zamanda ve aynı iş kolunda birden fazla sendikaya
üye olunamaz” hükmünün kaldırılması&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ile sistemin
nasıl işleyeceği yönünde oluşan soru işaretleri, Sendikalar ve Toplu İş
Sözleşmesi kanun tasarısında bu hükmün sadece esnek zamanlı çalışanlar (aynı
işkolunda, aynı zamanda birden çok işveren yanında çalışanlar) için kaldırılmış
olmasının belirtilmesi ile giderilmiştir. Sendika üyeliği ve üyeliğin
kazanılması yönündeki diğer bir değişiklik ise üyelik başvurusunda noter
şartının kaldırılmış olması ve üyelik başvurularının ve kabulünün ( ve sona
erdirilmesinin) e-devlet sistemi üzerinden gerçekleştirilecek olmasıdır.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;ÜYELİK (VE
DAYANIŞMA) AİDATLARI AÇISINDAN &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Şüphe yok ki
sendika üyeliğinde üyelik aidatı ödemek, üyelerin en temel borcudur. &lt;br /&gt;
2821 sayılı kanunun 23. maddesi aylık sendika aidatı tutarını; ‘&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;işçinin bir günlük çıplak ücretini geçemez’, işverenler
için ise ‘işyerinde işçilere ödediği bir günlük çıplak ücretleri toplamını
geçemez’ olarak belirtmektedir.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Bunun yanı sıra 2821 sayılı kanunun 23/4 hükmü
uyarınca &lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;sendika tüzüklerine, üyelik aidatı
dışında, üyelerden başka bir aidat alınacağına ilişkin hükümler konamaz. Yeni Sendikalar
ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi kanun tasarısında ise üyelik aidatının tutarı konusunda
yukarıda yapılan kısıtlamalar kaldırılmıştır. Tasarı, üyelik aidatı miktarının,
kuruluşların tüzüklerinde belirtilen usul ve esaslara göre genel kurul
tarafından belirleneceğini belirtmektedir ki&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
2821 sayılı kanunun 23. maddesinde yer alan ‘Sendika tüzüklerine, üyelik aidatı
dışında, üyelerden başka bir aidat alınacağına ilişkin hükümler konamaz’ hükmü
yeni kanunda kaldırılmıştır. İlaveten 2821 sayılı kanunda var olan toplu iş sözleşmelerinde,
üyelik aidatı dışında herhangi bir başka kesinti kararlaştırılamaz ibaresi de
tasarıda yer almamaktadır. 2821 sayılı kanununda da var olan Check-off sistemi,
sendikanın yazılı talebi üzerine üyelik ve dayanışma aidatlarının işçinin
ücretinden kesilerek, işveren tarafından ilgili sendikaya iletilmesi usulü&lt;/span&gt;,
tasarıda da devam ettirilmektedir. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ayrıca
tasarıda dayanışma aidatı, yani bir işyerinde var olan toplu iş sözleşmesine
taraf olan sendikaya üye olmayan işçilerin o toplu iş sözleşmesinden
yararlanmak için, ilgili sendikaya ödemek durumunda bulundukları aidat, 2822
sayılı kanun uyarınca, üyelik aidatının üçte ikisini oluşturmakta iken, üyelik
aidatı ile aynı miktara yükseltilmiştir. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;BİREYSEL
SENDİKA ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜNÜN GÜVENCE ALTINA ALINMASI&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Bireysel sendika özgürlüğünün güvence altına alınması,
sendika üyelerinin korunması, yöneticilerinin korunması ve sendika
temsilcilerinin korunması başlıkları altında incelenmektedir. Bireysel sendika
özgürlüğü ilkesi, kanun hükümlerince sendikal tazminat kavramıyla
güçlendirilmiştir. İşçilerin sendika üyeliğinden, belirli bir sendikaya üye
olmamalarından veya üye oldukları sendikadan çekilmelerinden ötürü, işe
alımlarda veya çalışma sırasında herhangi bir ayrımcılığa uğramamaları kanunca
öngörülmüştür. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;SENDİKAL AYRIMCILIĞA KARŞI GÜVENCE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Sendikal ayrımcılık, kısaca işverenin sendikalı -
sendikasız ayrımı yaparak çalışanlarına eşit davranmama halidir.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;İş Kanununun&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
eşit davranma ilkesi dahilinde,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;5.
maddesi uyarınca,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;“İş ilişkisinde veya sona ermesinde yukarıdaki fıkra
hükümlerine aykırı davranıldığında işçi, dört aya kadar ücreti tutarındaki
uygun bir tazminattan başka yoksun bırakıldığı haklarını da talep edebilir.
2821 sayılı Sendikalar Kanununun 31 inci maddesi hükümleri saklıdır.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt; Çalışanların sendikal ayrımcılıktan korunması, 2821
sayılı kanunun 31. maddesinde incelenir. İşçilerin işe alımları 2821 sayılı
kanun 31/1 hükmüne göre ’belli bir sendikaya girmeleri veya girmemeleri veya
belli bir sendikadaki üyeliği muhafaza veya üyelikten istifa etmeleri veya
sendikaya girmeleri veya girmemeleri şartına bağlı’ değildir. Yine 31. madde 3.
fıkra hükmüyle işçiler çalışma esnasında ve işe son vermede sendikalı-sendikasız
ayrımından korunmaktadır. 31. madde 5. fıkra hükmü ise işçileri, iş saatleri
dışında veya işverenin rızası ile iş saatleri içinde, sendikal faaliyetlere
katılmalarından dolayı ayrımcılığa uğramalarından korumaktadır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;2821 sayılı kanun 31/6 fıkrası uyarınca, işçinin
sözleşmesinin &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;sendikal nedenle feshi
dışında&lt;/i&gt;, işçilerin çalışma sırasında, işe son vermede veya sendikal
faaliyetlere (iş saatleri dışında veya işverenin rızası ile iş saatleri içinde)
katılma nedeniyle ayrımcılığa veya farklı muameleye uğramamaları hükmüne aykırı
davranılması durumunda bir yıldan az olmamak kaydı ile sendikal tazminata
hükmedilecektir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Sendikalar ve Toplu İş
Sözleşmesi kanun tasarısında, sendikal ayrımcılığa karşı koruma hükümleri de,
2821 sayılı kanun ile örtüşmektedir. Tasarının 25/4 hükmü uyarınca işçiye &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;sendikal nedenle feshi dışında&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; farklı
işlem uygulanması halinde sendikal tazminat öngörülmüştür. Fakat tasarı ile
sendikal ayrımcılık halinde öngörülen sendikal tazminatın sınırları işçilerin
işe başlamadan önce, işe alımları sırasında sendikal ayrımcılığa uğramaları
halinde bile geçerli olabilecek şekilde genişletilmiştir.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;SENDİKAL NEDENLE FESİHTE
SENDİKAL TAZMİNAT &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Sendikal tazminat 2821 sayılı kanunun 31/6 hükmü ile
belirtilmiştir. Buna göre, &lt;i&gt;sendika üyeliği veya sendikal faaliyetlerden
dolayı hizmet akdinin feshi halinde…iş Kanununun 18, 19, 20 ve 21 inci madde
hükümleri uygulanır&lt;/i&gt;. Ancak, İş Kanununun 21 inci maddesinin birinci fıkrası
uyarınca ödenecek tazminat işçinin bir yıllık ücret tutarından az olamaz. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Dolayısıyla 2821 sayılı kanuna göre sendikal
tazminat, 4857 sayılı iş kanunumuzda yer alan iş güvencesi kapsamında
değerlendirilmektedir. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
İş güvencesi dar
anlamıyla işverenin iş sözleşmesinin feshini zorlaştırarak, işçinin feshe karşı
korunması anlamı taşımaktadır. İş güvencesi kapsamında işverenin feshi geçerli
sebebe dayandırması, fesihte geçerli nedenin bulunmaması halinde ise, işçinin
yargı yolu ile işe iadesi veya tazminat alabilirliği ile işçinin güvence altına
alınması esastır. İş güvencesi bu yönde iş sözleşmesinin feshinin
sınırlandırılması ve fesihten kaynaklanan olumsuz etkilerin hafifletilmesine
ilişkin önlemleri içermesi nedeniyle, daha geniş bir anlam taşımaktadır.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 4857
sayılı kanun 18. maddesi uyarınca, işçinin iş güvencesi kapsamına girebilmesi
için o&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;tuz veya daha fazla işçi çalıştıran işyerlerinde
çalışıyor olması, en az altı aylık kıdeme sahip olması ve belirsiz süreli iş
sözleşmesi ile çalışıyor olması koşulları aranmaktadır. Bununla birlikte 4857
sayılı kanunun son bendi uyarınca &lt;i&gt;işletmenin bütününü sevk ve idare eden
işveren vekili ve yardımcıları ile işyerinin bütününü sevk ve idare eden ve
işçiyi işe alma ve işten çıkarma yetkisi bulunan işveren vekilleri&lt;/i&gt; kapsam
dışında tutulmuştur.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;İş kanunumuza göre
işveren, iş güvencesi kapsamında çalıştırdığı işçinin sözleşmesinin feshini
geçerli sebebe dayandırmalı&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
fesih bildirimini yazılı olarak yapmalıdır.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; İşçinin
feshin geçerli sebebe dayanmadığı yönünde açabileceği dava neticesinde feshin
geçerli bir sebebe dayandığının ispat yükümlülüğü işverene aittir.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Mahkemece, &lt;i&gt;‘feshin geçersizliğine karar verildiğinde, işveren, işçiyi bir ay
içinde işe başlatmak zorundadır. İşçiyi başvurusu üzerine işveren bir ay içinde
işe başlatmaz ise, işçiye en az dört aylık ve en çok sekiz aylık ücreti
tutarında tazminat ödemekle yükümlü’&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;olacaktır&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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2821 sayılı kanun ile sendikal nedenlerden ötürü iş
sözleşmesi feshedilen işçinin, iş güvencesi kapsamda bulunması halinde,
işverenin işçiye ödemesi gereken tazminatın işçinin &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;en
az dört aylık ve en çok sekiz aylık ücreti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;yerine
işçinin &lt;i&gt;bir yıllık&lt;/i&gt; ücretinden az olmayacağı hükme bağlanmıştır.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Fakat
2821 sayılı kanun kapsamında sendikal nedenle fesihte sendikal tazminat, iş
güvencesi kapsamında değerlendirildiği için, iş güvencesi kapsamında bulunan
işçi, sendikal nedenle fesihte, doğrudan sendikal tazminat talebinde
bulunamamaktadır. Nitekim sendikal tazminat hakkındaki Yargıtay kararları da,
iş güvencesi kapsamındaki işçilerin doğrudan sendikal tazminat davası
açamayacağını işaret etmektedir. Yargıtay 9. Hukuk Dairesinin konu
ile ilgili kararı&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; ‘2821 sayılı
Yasanın 4773 sayılı Yasa ile değisik 31. maddesine göre, is güvencesi
kapsamında olan isçiler yönünden is sözlesmesinin sendikal nedenle feshinde
doğrudan sendikal tazminat talep edilmesi mümkün değildir.’&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
şeklindedir. Yargıtay 9. Hukuk Dairesi iş güvencesi kapsamında yer alan
işçilerin işe iade davası açmadan sendikal tazminat talep edemeyeceğini,&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;’4857 Sayılı Yasanın 18-21 maddeleri gereği
iş güvencesinden yararlanması mümkün olan isçilerin ise iade davası açmadan
sendikal tazminat davası açması mümkün değildir.’&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;şeklindeki başka bir kararı ile belirtmiştir.&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Diğer taraftan 2821
Sayılı kanunun 31/7 hükmüne göre iş güvencesi kapsamı dâhilinde olmayan işçiler
de sendikal neden ile iş sözleşmelerinin feshinde, ispat yükümlülüğü işverene
ait olmak üzere, dava açabilecekler ve tazminat miktarı işçinin bir yıllık tazminatından
az olamayacaktır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Dolayısıyla 2821 sayılı kanunun 31/6 maddesi gereğince;
iş güvencesi kapsamı içindeki işçi sendikal feshe maruz kaldığı zaman, 4857
sayılı kanun gereğince doğrudan sendikal tazminat davası açamamaktadır. Diğer
yandan 4857 sayılı kanun gereğince önce işe iade davası açması, dava sonucunda,
işe iadesi, sendikal tazminat alamamasına, neticede sendikal feshin yaptırımsız
kalmasına neden olacaktır. Diğer taraftan 2821 sayılı kanunun 31/7 maddesi
uyarınca iş güvencesi kapsamı dışındaki işçi, doğrudan sendikal tazminat davası
açma hakkına sahiptir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Yeni Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi kanun tasarısının güvenceler
başlığı altında 25. maddede düzenlenen sendikal tazminat, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;2821 sayılı kanunun 31. maddesi ile aynı
şekilde, iş güvencesi ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sendikal nedenlerden dolayı fesihte, 4857
sayılı kanunun 18.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; ‘&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Feshin geçerli sebebe dayandırılması’,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt; 20. ‘Sözleşmenin feshinde usul’ ve 21. ‘Feshin
bildirimine itiraz ve usulü’ maddeleri uyarınca işçinin dava açma hakkına sahip
olacağı belirtilmiştir. Sadece, bir yıldan az olmamak kaydıyla hükmedilecek
sendikal tazminat, işverenin işçiyi işe başlatması veya başlatılmamasına bağlı
değildir&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ibaresi
konularak, sendikal feshin, işçinin işe başlatılması durumunda yaptırımsız
kalmasının önünde geçilmiştir. Bu noktada işçi feshin ardından işe iade edilse
dahi, sendikal nedenle fesih nedeniyle sendikal tazminat alabilecektir. İşçilerin
4857 sayılı kanunun iş güvencesi kapsamında dava açmamaları, ayrıca sendikal
tazminat talebini engellemeyeceği&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
belirtilerek,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;iş güvencesi kapsamında
olan işçilerin doğrudan sendikal tazminat talebinde bulunabilmelerine hak
tanınmıştır.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
İş güvencesi kapsamı içine girmeyen işçiler için ise, yeni tasarının, 2821
sayılı kanunda bulunan 31/7 gibi bir maddesi bulunmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla iş
güvencesi kapsamı içerisine girmeyen işçiler, sendikal nedenle fesih halinde
sendikal güvenceden yoksun bırakılmışlardır. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;SENDİKA YÖNETİCİLERİNİN VE SENDİKA TEMSİLCİLERİNİN GÜVENCESİ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;2821 sayılı kanunun 29. maddesinde yer alan, işçi
sendikası ve konfederasyon yöneticiliğinin teminatı, başlığı altında yer alan
sendika yöneticilerinin güvenceye alınması sistemine, Sendikalar ve Toplu İş
Sözleşmesi Kanun tasarısında, değişiklikler getirilerek, güvence
genişletilmiştir. 2821 sayılı kanun gereğince sendika veya konfederasyon yöneticiliği
görevi için işinden kendi isteği ile ayrılan yöneticilerin, yöneticiliklerinin
son bulması halinde, işverenin bir ay içerisinde eski işlerine veya eski
işlerine uygun diğer bir işe başlatmak zorunluluğu bulunmaktaydı. Yeni tasarının
23. madde hükümleri ile bu zorunluluk genişletilmiş, ilaveten sendika
yöneticilerine, yönetici bulundukları süre zarfında iş sözleşmelerini askıya
alma veya kıdem tazminatı talep ederek işten ayrılma seçenekleri tanınmıştır.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;İşçi, yönetici olarak seçilmesinin ardından
bildirim sürelerine uymaksızın veya sözleşme süresinin bitimini beklemeksizin
kıdem tazminatı talebinde bulunabilecektir. Ayrıca, yöneticiliği devam ederken,
istediği zaman fesih tarihindeki emsal ücretten hesaplanacak olan kıdem
tazminatını talep etme hakkına sahiptir. 2821 sayılı kanundaki gibi, iş
sözleşmesi askıya alınan yönetici, yöneticiliğinin sona ermesinin ardından, tekrar
iş başlatılmasını talep edebilecektir. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;Sendika temsilcisinin güvencesi, tasarıda, 2821 sayılı
kanunda bulunan işyeri sendika temsilcilerinin teminatı adlı 30. maddesinden
farklılık göstermemektedir. Buna göre, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;tasarının 24. maddesi uyarınca işyeri
temsilcisinin iş sözleşmesinin sendika temsilcisi olması nedeni ile feshinde,
iş kanunun 21 maddesi hükümleri uygulanarak, bir yıldan az olmamak kaydı ile
kıdem tazminatına hak kazanacağı belirtilmiştir. Diğer taraftan, 2821 sayılı
kanunda da belirtildiği gibi, işveren, işçinin yazılı rızası bulunmaksızın
işyeri temsilcisinin işyerini değiştiremeyecektir. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SONUÇ&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Bireysel Sendika Özgürlüğü, sendikalara üye olup, olmama
özgürlüğünden ibaret olmayıp, işçilerin sendikal ayrımcılığa veya sendikal
nedenle feshe tabi tutulmaları önüne güvenceler getiren geniş bir kanuni yapıyı
içinde barındıran bir kurumdur.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sendikal
özgürlüğün korunması sendikal tazminat kurumu ile güvence altına
alınmaktadır.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Tasarıda, yasalaşması
beklenilen önemli değişiklerden birisi de, 2821 sayılı kanunun 31/6 maddesi ile
sendikal tazminatın, 4857 sayılı iş kanunumuzun iş güvencesi kurumu ile
ilişkilendirilmesinin sona erdirilmesi ve böylece tüm işçilerin birden
sendikalar kanunca sendikal güvence kapsamına alınmaları yönündeydi. Nitekim
kanun tasarısının, TBMM Sağlık, Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal İşler Komisyonu
tarafından kabul edilen metni, sendikal tazminatı, iş kanunun 18. maddesi
dışında tutarak, iş güvencesi kapsamı dışında bırakmaktaydı. Fakat tasarının
yasalaşması sürecinde, tasarının 25. maddesinin 11 Ekim 2012 tarihinde
görüşülen TBMM genel kurulunca değiştirilmesinin ardından, sendikal tazminat
kurumu yine iş kanunumuz 18. maddesi dâhilinde değerlendirilmiştir. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;İş güvencesi kapsamı dahilinde olan işçilerin
doğrudan sendikal tazminat davası açabilmeleri, her ne kadar olumlu bir gelişme
olarak sendikal tazminat kurumunu güçlendirse dahi, iş güvencesi kapsamı
dışında olan işçilerin sendikal güvencelerinin ne şekilde yapılandırılacağı
hakkında soru işaretleri mevcuttur.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;
&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Özellikle&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;UÇÖ,
87 Sayılı Sendika Özgürlüğü ve Sendikalaşma Hakkının Korunması Sözleşmesi (RG.
25.02.1993/2150) ; UÇÖ, 98 Sayılı Örgütlenme ve Toplu Pazarlık Hakkı
Sözleşmesi, (RG.14.08.1951 /7884) ve &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: TR;&quot;&gt;UÇÖ, 158
Sayılı Hizmet İlişkisine İşveren Tarafından Son Verilmesi Hakkında Sözleşme
(RG.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;12. 10.
1994 / 22079)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
05.05.1983 tarih ve 2821 Sayılı SENDİKALAR KANUNU (RG. 07.05.1983/18040)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
05.05.1983 tarih ve 2822 Sayılı TOPLU İŞ SÖZLEŞMESİ, GREV VE LOKAVT KANUNU (RG.07.05.1983/
18040)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt; TBMM Genel Kurul Tutanağı, 24&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;. Dönem 3. Yasama Yılı&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;7.
Birleşim&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;11 Ekim 2012 Perşembe, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/Tutanak_B_SD.birlesim_baslangic_yazici?P4=21228&amp;amp;P5=H&amp;amp;page1=1&amp;amp;page2=110&quot;&gt;http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/Tutanak_B_SD.birlesim_baslangic_yazici?P4=21228&amp;amp;P5=H&amp;amp;page1=1&amp;amp;page2=110&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; UÇÖ, 87
Sayılı Sözleşme, (RG. 25.02.1993/2150), &lt;i&gt;“Çalışanlar ve işverenler herhangi
bir ayırım yapılmaksızın önceden izin almadan istedikleri kuruluşları kurmak ve
yalnız bu kuruluşların tüzüklerine uymak koşulu ile bunlara üye olmak hakkına
sahiptirler.” &lt;/i&gt;(m.2) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Default&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı, TBMM SAĞLIK, AİLE,
ÇALIŞMA VE SOSYAL İŞLER KOMİSYONUNUN KABUL ETTİĞİ METİN, Esas No: 1/567, m.2/ğ;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/sirasayi/donem24/yil01/ss197.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/sirasayi/donem24/yil01/ss197.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(&lt;span style=&quot;color: #060606;&quot;&gt;2821
sayılı Sendikalar Kanununda bulunan sendika tanımında her ne kadar sendikaların
kaç kişi tarafından kurulabileceğini belirtilmese de, aynı kanunun 63.
maddesinin 5253 sayılı Medeni Kanun ve Dernekler Kanununun 2/a hükmüne atıf
yapması nedeniyle, sendikaların en az yedi kişi ile kurulabileceği esası
tanınmakta idi.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı, m.6.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı, m.4, Tasarının 4. Maddesi, 10
Ekim 2012 tarihli TBMM Genel Kurulunca 21 olan iş kolu sayısı 20’ye indirilerek
kabul edilmiştir. . &#39;&#39;Avcılık, balıkçılık, tarım ve ormancılık&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;gıda
sanayi&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;madencilik ve taş ocakları&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;petrol, kimya, lastik, plastik ve
ilaç&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;dokuma, hazır giyim ve deri&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;Ağaç ve kağıt&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;iletişim&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;basın-yayın
ve gazetecilik&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;banka, finans ve sigorta&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;ticaret, büro, eğitim ve
güzel sanatlar&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;çimento, toprak ve cam&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;metal&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;inşaat&#39;&#39;,
&#39;&#39;enerji&#39;&#39;,&#39;&#39;taşımacılık&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;gemi yapımı ve deniz taşımacılığı, ardiye ve
antrepoculuk&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;Sağlık, sosyal hizmetler&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;Konaklama ve eğlence işleri&#39;&#39;,
&#39;&#39;Savunma ve güvenlik&#39;&#39; ile &#39;&#39;Genel işler&#39;&#39;&lt;span style=&quot;background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
İş kolu sendikacılığının en
önemli unsurlarından olan toplu iş sözleşmelerindeki yetki şartında 2822 sayılı
kanunun 12 maddesi ile aranan, o iş kolunda çalışan işçilerin yüzde on’unu
bünyesinde barındırma zorunluluğu tasarının 41. Maddesiyle yüzde üç’e
indirilmiştir. Diğer taraftan toplu iş sözleşmelerinde yetki sahibi olabilmek
için toplu iş sözleşmesi kapsamına girecek iş yerinde ve işletmede çalışanların
yarıdan fazlasının kendi üyesi bulunması yönündeki yetki şartı, yeni tasarıda
işletmelerde yüzde kırk’a düşürülmüş, fakat işyeri düzeyinde yüzde elli koşulu
korunmuştur. Toplu iş sözleşmelerinde yetki şartı ile ilgili görüşmeler TBBM
genel kurulunda halen devam etmektedir.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Sendikalar
ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı, m.2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Sendikalar
ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı, m. 2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Fazilet
Nurel Argun “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Sendikal Hak ve
Özgürlüklerin Hukuki Niteliği”,&lt;/i&gt; Türkiye Barolar Birliği dergisi, 1995,1,
s.9&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 1982
Anayasası, (RG.09.12.1982 / 17863)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı, m.17/1&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı, m.17/3&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
07.05.2010 tarih ve 5982 Sayılı Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasasının Bazı
Maddelerinde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkındaki Kanun (RG. 13.05.2010/ 27580) 5982
sayılı kanun ile, 1982 Anayasasında bulunan “Sendika kurma hakkı”, “Toplu iş
sözleşmesi hakkı”, “Grev hakkı ve lokavt” başlıklı 51, 53 ve 54. maddelerinde
türk toplu iş ilişkileri sitemini etkileyecek değişiklikler yapılmıştır.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bu değişiklikler kapsamında 5982 sayılı kanun
ile, 1982 Anayasasının 51. Madde 4. fıkrası “Aynı zamanda ve aynı iş kolunda
birden fazla sendikaya üye olunamaz” ve&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;53. maddenin 4. fıkrasındaki “Aynı işyerinde, aynı dönem için birden
fazla toplu iş sözleşmesi yapılamaz ve uygulanamaz.” hükümleri yürürlükten
kaldırılmıştır.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı, m.17/5 –m.19/2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı, m.18/1 &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 2822
sayılı Toplu İş Sözleşmesi, Grev ve Lokavt Kanunu, m. 9/4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;22/5/2003
tarih ve 4857 Sayılı İŞ KANUNU (RG. 10.06.2003/25134) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;m.25/4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Süleyman Başterzi, Türkiye’de Feshe
Karşı Koruma Hukuku Reformunun Sosyal Hukuk ve İstihdam Üzerine Etkileri,
Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi,2005, s. 53&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 4857
sayılı İş Kanunu, m.18/1&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 4857
sayılı İş Kanunu, m.19/1&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 4857
sayılı İş Kanunu, m.20/2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 4857
sayılı İş Kanunu, m.21/1&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 2821
sayılı Sendikalar Kanunu,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;m.31/6&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt; Y.9.HD.19.04.2006, E.2006/9–169, K.2006/221 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Y.9.HD.
29.05.2006, E.2005/35647, K.2006/15502&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı, m. 25/5&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: TR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Sendikalar ve Toplu iş Sözleşmesi Kanun Tasarısı, m.25/5&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/1340456906964031193/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2012/10/sendikalar-ve-toplu-is-sozlesmesi-kanun.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/1340456906964031193'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/1340456906964031193'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2012/10/sendikalar-ve-toplu-is-sozlesmesi-kanun.html' title='SENDİKALAR VE TOPLU İŞ SÖZLEŞMESİ KANUN TASARISI AÇISINDAN BİREYSEL SENDİKA ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9L24fb-Pe7U/UHu4p0tLYkI/AAAAAAAAAXQ/_uJ101W0FbU/s72-c/facts-about-labor-day88620507-aug-23-2012-1-600x400.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-4066525993492860974</id><published>2012-05-16T01:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-08-31T11:13:57.020-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Lex Loci Laboris"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Yabancıların Sigortalılığı"/><title type='text'>Türkiye&#39;de Yabancı İşçilerin Sigortalılığı (1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoTitle&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OwZ-4AklxxI/TzjesDqHSlI/AAAAAAAAAHI/KGUrKiHaBNY/s1600/images.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OwZ-4AklxxI/TzjesDqHSlI/AAAAAAAAAHI/KGUrKiHaBNY/s1600/images.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kural olarak yabancı işçilerin tabi olacakları Sosyal Güvenlik mevzuatının
belirlenmesine yönelik kurallar &lt;i&gt;lex Loci laboris&lt;/i&gt; prensibine göre belirlenir.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Bu prensibe
göre uygulanacak mevzuat, işçinin işini mutad olarak
yaptığı işyeri hukuku olarak belirlenmiştir. Normal koşullar altında
uluslararası sözleşmelerin ortak noktaları akit taraf ülkelerinden herhangi
birinde çalışan diğer akit taraf vatandaşlarının, işyerlerinin veya
kendilerinin ikamet ettikleri ülkelere bakılmaksızın, &amp;nbsp;istihdam
edildikleri ülkenin mevzuatına tabi olmaları yönündedir. Diğer taraftan ikili
veya çok uluslu anlaşmalar ile bu kurala istisnalar getirilmiştir. Bu istisnaların
oluşumunda en önemli koşul ise bir akit tarafta istihdam edilen yabancının,
diğer akit tarafta bulunan işyeri tarafından, istihdam edildiği ülkeye işvereni
adına belli bir işi icra etmek üzere gönderilmesi şeklindedir. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Bu koşul ikili veya çoklu anlaşmalar gereğince zamansal
kısıtlamalara tabidir.&amp;nbsp; Bu kısıtlamalar ışığı altında ülkemizde
yabancıların sigortalılığı, ülkemiz ile sosyal güvenlik sözleşmesine taraf olan
ülkelerin vatandaşı olan ve olmayan yabancı çalışanlar arasında farklılıklar
göstermektedir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Bu makale ülkemizin taraf olduğu uluslar arası anlaşmalar ve iç
hukukumuzca,&amp;nbsp; iş sözleşmesi ile yabancı veya yerli bir işverene bağlı
olarak çalışan yabancılara uygulanacak olan Sosyal Güvenlik mevzuatının
belirlenmesini konu almaktadır.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6666cc;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;balk1char&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #1f497d; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;Avrupa Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesi kapsamındaki Yabancı
Çalışanlara Uygulanacak olan Mevzuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;balk1char&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(51, 0, 153); color: #000099; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Sözleşmeye akit taraflardan her birinin sosyal güvenlik
mevzuatına göre akit tarafların vatandaşlarıyla,&amp;nbsp; mültecilere ve vatansız
kimselere eşit muamele yapılması prensibi&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; doğrultusunda 14 Aralık 1972’de
Paris’te oluşturan Avrupa Sosyal Güvenlik sözleşmesi, 01.03.1977 tarihinde 2023
sayılı kanun ile onaylanıp, yürürlülüğe girmiştir.&lt;b&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
Avrupa Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesi kapsamında uygulanacak
mevzuat, sözleşmenin 14. Maddesi hükümlerince belirlenmektedir. Sözleşme,&amp;nbsp;
yukarıda belirtilen &lt;i&gt;Lex Loci laboris&lt;/i&gt; prensibi çerçevesinde, işin icra
edildiği akit devletin mevzuatının geçerli olacağını açıkça belirtmektedir.
&amp;nbsp;Sözleşmenin 14. Maddesine göre;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 42.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;“Bir Akit Taraf ülkesinde çalışan işçiler, diğer bir Akit Taraf
ülkesinde ikamet etmiş olsalar veya bunları çalıştıran müessesenin iş merkezi
veyahut işverenin ikametgâhı diğer bir Akit Taraf ülkesinde bulunsa dahi,
ülkesinde çalıştıkları Akit Taraf mevzuatına tabi olurlar. “&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[4]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;default&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Uygulanacak mevzuatın belirlenmesinde 14. Maddeye olan istisna ise &lt;u&gt;“geçici
görevlendirme”&lt;/u&gt; şartı ile belirlenmiştir. &amp;nbsp;Sözleşmenin 15. Maddesi
uyarınca bir akit tarafta bulunan işverenleri tarafından başka bir akit devlete
bir işin icrası için görevlendirilen çalışanlar, gönderen devletin mevzuatına
tabi olacaklardır. Sözleşme’de geçici görevlendirme süresi &lt;u&gt;12 ay&lt;/u&gt; ile
sınırlandırılmıştır.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Dolayısıyla Avrupa Sosyal Güvenlik
sözleşmesine taraf olan ülkelerden geçici görevlendirme ile ülkemize gelen
yabancı işçiler, 12 aylık süre dilimini aşmamak kaydı ile Türkiye’de sigortalı
sayılmazlar ve kendi ülkelerindeki Sosyal Güvenlik hukukuna tabidirler. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;default&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d;&quot;&gt;AVRUPA SOSYAL GÜVENLİK SÖZLEŞMESİNE TARAF
OLAN ÜLKELER &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.8pt; margin-right: 4.8pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 7.05pt; mso-table-rspace: 7.05pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;ASGS Taraf
  Olan Ülkeler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;İmza Tarihi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Onay Tarihi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Yürürlüğe
  Girme&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Avusturya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;14/12/1972 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;10/6/1975 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;1/3/1977 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Belçika&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;26/11/1976 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;21/1/1986 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;22/4/1986 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Çek Cumhuriyeti &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;21/6/2002 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Fransa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;14/12/1972 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Yunanistan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;21/4/1977 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Irlanda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;23/2/1979 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;İtalya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;14/12/1972 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;11/1/1990 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;12/4/1990 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Lüksemburg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;14/12/1972 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;13/11/1975 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;1/3/1977 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 9;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Moldova &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;22/5/2002 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 10;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Hollanda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;5/11/1975 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;8/2/1977 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;9/5/1977 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 12.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; height: 12.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Portekiz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; height: 12.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;24/11/1977 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; height: 12.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;18/3/1983 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; height: 12.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;19/6/1983 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 12;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;İspanya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;12/11/1984 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;24/1/1986 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;25/4/1986 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.1%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;31%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Türkiye&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.96%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;14/12/1972 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.48%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;2/12/1976 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 22.46%;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;22%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 7.05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;1/3/1977 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Kaynak:&lt;/u&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Council of Europe, Treaty Office, (12/02/2012)&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d;&quot;&gt;,
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=078&amp;amp;CM=1&amp;amp;DF=&amp;amp;CL=ENG&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #4f81bd;&quot;&gt;http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=078&amp;amp;CM=1&amp;amp;DF=&amp;amp;CL=ENG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #4f81bd;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000099; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;balk1char&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;Ülkemizle
arasında Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesi bulunan ülkelerin vatandaşı olan yabancı
çalışanlar için uygulanacak mevzuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;balk1char&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Çok uluslu milletlerarası sözleşmelerin yanı sıra, ülkemiz ile ikili sosyal
güvenlik anlaşması&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
bulunan ülkelerin vatandaşlarına, Türkiye’de bir işverene bağlı çalıştıkları
sürece uygulanacak &amp;nbsp;olan Sosyal Güvenlik Mevzuatı, yine bu ikili
sözleşmeler ile belirlenmektedir. Sözleşmelerdeki istisnai haller değişmekle
beraber, İkili Sosyal Güvenlik Anlaşmaları da&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;Lex Loci Laboris&lt;/i&gt;
prensibini esas almaktadır. Yukarıda da belirtildiği gibi, işin yapıldığı akit
devletin Sosyal güvenlik mevzuatı, yabancı çalışanlar için uygulanmaktadır.
Buna göre Türkiye deki A şirketinin istihdam ettiği,&amp;nbsp; Türkiye’nin arasında
ikili Sosyal Güvenlik Anlaşması bulunan B ülkesinin vatandaşı, Türk Sosyal
Güvenlik Mevzuatına tabidir.&amp;nbsp; Yine aynı şekilde, bu kuralın istisnası
“geçici görevlendirme” ile söz konusudur.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 2011/43&amp;nbsp; Sayılı
Genelgede de belirtildiği gibi;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.4pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;“Ülkemiz ile taraf ülkeler arasında imzalanan ikili ya da çok taraflı sosyal
güvenlik sözleşmelerinde yer alan hükümler uyarınca, yabancı uyruklu kişilerin
akit ülkede kurulu kuruluş tarafından belirli bir işin icrası amacıyla geçici
olarak Ülkemize gönderilmesi halinde, sigortalının kendi ülkesinde çalışıyormuş
gibi iş merkezinin bulunduğu ülkenin mevzuatına tabi tutulması kuralı getirilerek
mükerrer sigortalılık önlenmiştir.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[7]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Ülkesinin Sosyal Güvenlik mevzuatına tabi olduklarını
belgeleyen ve Türkiye ile ikili Sosyal Güvenlik Anlaşması bulunan bir ülkede
bulunan işvereni tarafından geçici görevlendirme ile, Türkiye de çalışan yabancı
uyruklular, gönderen ülkenin Sosyal güvenlik mevzuatına tabi olup, ülkemiz
mevzuatından bağımsızdırlar. İkili Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmelerinde Geçici
Görevlendirme süreleri ve geçici görevlendirmelerin uzatılabileceği süreler
ayrı ayrı belirlenmiştir.&amp;nbsp; Bu sürelerin sonunda hala Türkiye de bulunan
akit devlet uyruğundaki yabancı çalışanlar için Türk Sosyal Güvenlik mevzuatı
geçerli olacaktır.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
SÖZLEŞMELERE GÖRE GEÇİCİ GÖREV UYGULAMALARI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;Sözleşmeli Ülke &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;/ Geçici Görev Süresi
  &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;/ Uzatılabilecek Süre&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;1
  İngiltere&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Geçici görevle bulunduğu sürece kayıtlı olduğu ülke mevzuatı uygulanır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;2 F.Almanya
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  5 yıl
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  3 Yıl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;3 Hollanda
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  24 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;4 Belçika
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  24 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar&amp;nbsp; (Uygulamada 60 ay ile sınırlı)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;5
  Avusturya&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;24
  ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;6 İsviçre &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  24 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;7 Fransa
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  3 yıl
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar (Uygulamada 6 yıl ile sınırlı)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;8 Danimarka
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  12
  ay&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  İşin bitimine kadar (mutabakat koşuluyla)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 9;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;9 İsveç
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  12 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  12 ay&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 10;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;10
  Norveç&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;12
  ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 11;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;11 Libya
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  1/9/1985 tarihinden sonra daimi geçici işçi uygulaması vardır&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 12;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;12 K.K.T.C
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  24 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 13;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;13 Makedonya
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 24 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  60 aya kadar uzatılabilir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 14;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;14 Azerbaycan&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  24 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  60 aya kadar uzatılabilir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 15;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;15 Romanya
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  24 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 60 aya
  kadar uzatılabilir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 16;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;16 Gürcistan
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  24 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  60 aya kadar uzatılabilir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 17;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;17 Bosna-Hersek&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  24 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  60 aya kadar uzatılabilir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 18;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;18 Kanada
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  24 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  60 aya kadar uzatılabilir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 19;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;19 Kebek
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  60 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 20;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;20 Çek Cumhuriyeti &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 24 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 21;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;21 Arnavutluk
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 24
  ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  60 aya kadar uzatılabilir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 22;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;22 Lüksemburg
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 12 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  12 ay&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 23;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;23 İtalya
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  12 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 24;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;24 Portekiz
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  12 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 25; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 460.6pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;614&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #365f91;&quot;&gt;25 İspanya
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  12 ay
  &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
  Mutabık kalınan süre kadar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Kaynak&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;B.13.2.SGK.0.10.03.01-358
31/5/2011 Sayılı “Yabancı Uyrukluların Sigortalılıkları” hakkında Genelge,
SOSYAL GÜVENLİK KURUMU BAŞKANLIĞI. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Yukarıda belirtilen genel istisnalar haricinde, &lt;u&gt;İngiltere&lt;/u&gt;
ile Türkiye arasında imzalanan Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesinin 4.&amp;nbsp;
Maddesinin üçüncü fıkrası, Birleşik Krallık vatandaşlarının, geçici
görevlendirme ile ülkemize gönderilmeme durumlarında dahi, kendi istekleriyle
Türk Sosyal Sigorta merciine müracaatta bulunmadıkları sürece, Birleşik Krallık
mevzuatına tabi olma tercihinde bulunabileceklerini belirtmektedir. İlgili
sözleşmenin 4. Maddesinin 3. Fıkrasına göre;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 35.4pt; margin-right: 35.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;“Kanuni ikametgâhı Birleşik
Krallık ülkesinde olup Türkiye’de istihdam edilen ve hakkında (2) nci paragraf
hükümleri tatbik edilmeyen bir Birleşik Krallık vatandaşı bir tercih yapıp
Türkiye Sosyal Sigorta Merciine müracaatta bulunmadıkça, hakkında malûliyet,
ihtiyarlık ve ölüm sigortaları ile ilgili Türk mevzuatı tatbik olunmaz. Bu
kimse, aynı zamanda kendisi hakkında Birleşik Krallık mevzuatının tatbik
edilmesini seçmek hakkını haizdir. Bu hakkı kullandığı takdirde, başka
memleketlerden ihtiyarı olarak prim ödeme hakkını kazanmış bir sigortalı imiş
gibi, o kimse hakkında Birleşik Krallık mevzuatı tatbik olunur.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[8]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;İsviçre&lt;/u&gt; ile Türkiye arasında imzalanan ikili Sosyal
Güvenlik Sözleşmesi de,&amp;nbsp; İngiltere ile imzalanan sözleşmeye benzer
nitelikte hükümler içermektedir.&amp;nbsp; İlgili sözleşmenin 5, maddesinin 1.
Fıkrası uyarınca “&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;İsviçre vatandaşları Türkiye
malullük, yaşlılık ve ölüm sigortalılarına, &lt;u&gt;yalnız yazılı müracaatları
üzerine&lt;/u&gt; tabi olurlar.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;balk1char&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;Ülkemizle
arasında Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesi bulunmayan ülke vatandaşı olan yabancı
çalışanlar için uygulanacak mevzuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Temel olarak ülkemizle sosyal güvenlik sözleşmesi
imzalamamış ülkelerden gelen yabancılar için Türk sosyal güvenlik mevzuatı
uygulanmaktadır.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
(Lex Loci Laboris).&amp;nbsp; Diğer taraftan 5510 sayılı Sosyal Güvenlik ve Genel
Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu’nun 6. Maddesi uyarınca; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;“Yabancı bir
ülkede kurulu herhangi bir kuruluş tarafından ve o kuruluş adına ve hesabına
Türkiye&#39;ye bir iş için gönderilen ve yabancı ülkede sosyal sigortaya tâbi
olduğunu belgeleyen kişiler ile Türkiye&#39;de kendi adına ve hesabına bağımsız
çalışanlardan, yurt dışında ikamet eden ve o ülke sosyal güvenlik mevzuatına
tâbi olanlar”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
ülkemiz Sosyal Güvenlik mevzuatına göre sigortalı sayılmamaktaydı. &lt;/div&gt;
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02/03/2011 tarihinde, &amp;nbsp;5510&amp;nbsp; Sayılı Kanunun bu
maddesi, Sosyal Güvenlik İşlemleri Yönetmeliğinin 10. Maddesi, d bendine
eklenen ek ibare ile, Ülkemiz &amp;nbsp;ile Sosyal Güvenlik sözleşmesi bulunmayan
ülke vatandaşı yabancı çalışanların, geçici görev ile gönderildikleri ülkede
sosyal sigortaya tabi olduklarını belgelemeleri halinde, &lt;u&gt;en fazla üç ay
süreyle&lt;/u&gt; sigortalı sayılmayacakları, üç aylık sürenin takibinde Türk Sosyal
Sigorta mevzuatına tabi olacakları şeklinde değiştirilmiştir.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Bu yönetmelik değişikliğinden sonra, Türkiye ile arasında
sosyal güvenlik Anlaşması bulunmayan ülkelerden gelen yabancı çalışanın Türkiye
deki istihdamı&lt;u&gt; geçici görevlendirme &lt;/u&gt;ile ise, &lt;u&gt;en fazla üç ay&lt;/u&gt; için &lt;u&gt;sigortalı
sayılmayacak&lt;/u&gt; ve bu süre zarfında kendisinin ve işvereninin kanuni olarak
ikamet ettiği ülkenin Sosyal Sigorta mevzuatına tabi olabilecektir. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;









&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;SONUÇ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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5510 sayılı Sosyal Güvenlik ve
Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanununun 4. Maddesi c bendi gereğince Mütekabiliyet
esasına dayalı olarak uluslararası sosyal güvenlik sözleşmesi yapılmış ülke
uyruğunda olanlar hariç olmak üzere, yabancı uyruklu kişilerden hizmet akdi ile
çalışanlar”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
sigortalı sayılmaktadır. Ülkemiz ile Sosyal Güvenlik sözleşmesi imzalayan
ülkelerin uyruğunda bulunan yabancı çalışanlar için ise, bu makalede incelenen,
çalışılan ülkenin Sosyal Güvenlik mevzuatına tabi olma ilkesiyle bağlantılı
olarak, Türk Sosyal Güvenlik mevzuatı uygulanmaktadır. İkili anlaşmalarda bu
genel kuraldan istisnalar söz konusudur. Fakat bu kuralın en önemli istisnası, &lt;i&gt;“geçici
görevlendirme”&lt;/i&gt; istisnasıdır. İşverenleri tarafından, işvereni adına Türkiye
de çalışmak üzere görevlendirilen çalışanların gönderen devletin mevzuatına
tabiiyetinin devam etmesi geçici görevlendirme istisnası olarak
tanımlanabilmektedir.&amp;nbsp; Geçici görevlendirme, zaman sınırlamalarına tabi
bir uygulama olarak mevzuatımızda karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ülkemizin taraf olduğu
uluslararası sosyal güvenlik sözleşmelerinde geçici görevlendirme süreleri
önceden belirlenmiştir. Türk sosyal güvenlik mevzuatı, bu sürelerin sonunda,
yabancı çalışanların ülkemizde aktif olarak çalışmalarının devamlılığında, Türk
mevzuatına göre sigortalı sayılmalarını gerektirmektedir. Diğer taraftan 2011
yılındaki yönetmelik değişikliği ile ülkemizle arasında sosyal güvenlik
sözleşmesi bulunmayan ülkelerden gelen yabancı işçiler, geçici görevle en fazla
üç ay sigortalı sayılmayacak, bu süresinin sonrasında Türk mevzuatına göre
sigortalı sayılacaklardır.&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;S. Sözer Çizmeci&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1f497d; font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Lex Loci
Laboris presibi, kişinin çalıştığı ülkenin mevzuatının geçerli olması anlamına
gelmektedir. Daha detaylı bilgi için:&amp;nbsp; Avrupa Birliğinde Sosyal Güvenlik
Hukuku El Kitabı, Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumunun Kapasitesinin Artırılması Projesi,
Türkiye, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sgk-kap.org/en/database/db/B2_C8_717.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;http://www.sgk-kap.org/en/database/db/B2_C8_717.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Avrupa Sosyal Güvenlik
Sözleşmesi, 14 Aralık 1972, Paris. Önsöz. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Avrupa Sosyal Güvenlik
Sözleşmesi, 14 Aralık 1972, Paris.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 42.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Avrupa Sosyal Güvenlik Sözleşmesi, 14 Aralık 1972,
Paris. M. 14 (a) Sözleşmenin aynı maddesi uyarınca gemi personelleri ile devlet
memurları, hizmetinde bulundukları ülkenin mevzuatına tabi olurlar. Bunun
haricinde kendi hesabına çalışanlar ise, ülkesinde çalıştıkları akit taraf
mevzuatına tabi olurlar (M.14 (b-c-d)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Avrupa Sosyal Güvenlik
Sözleşmesi, 14 Aralık 1972, Paris, m. 15 (a) (i)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Türkiye
Cumhuriyeti ile sosyal güvenlik anlaşması imzalayan ülkeler: Almanya,
Arnavutluk, Avusturya, Azerbaycan, Belçika, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, Çek
Cumhuriyeti, Danimarka, Fransa, Gürcistan, Hollanda, İngiltere, İsveç, İsviçre,
Kanada ve Kebek eyaleti, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, Libya, Lüksemburg,
Makedonya, Norveç, Romanya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 2011/43 Sayılı “Yabancı
Uyrukluların Sigortalılıkları” hakkında Genelge, SOSYAL GÜVENLİK KURUMU
BAŞKANLIĞI, 31/5/2011&lt;b&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/15746de0-d2c0-4a72-9557-05ee7afad050/31.05.2011+_+2011-43+_+Yabanc%C4%B1+Uyruklular%C4%B1n+Sigortal%C4%B1l%C4%B1klar%C4%B1.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&amp;amp;CACHEID=15746de0-d2c0-4a72-9557-05ee7afad050&quot;&gt;http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/15746de0-d2c0-4a72-9557-05ee7afad050/31.05.2011+_+2011-43+_+Yabanc%C4%B1+Uyruklular%C4%B1n+Sigortal%C4%B1l%C4%B1klar%C4%B1.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&amp;amp;CACHEID=15746de0-d2c0-4a72-9557-05ee7afad050&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İle
İngiltere Arasında Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkında Sözleşme, 6/1/1961, m.4 (3) &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/9d82aa94-4bee-4923-aed4-92da593e6eef/INGILTERE_SOSYAL_GUVENLIK_SOZLESMESI.doc?MOD=AJPERES&amp;amp;CACHEID=9d82aa94-4bee-4923-aed4-92da593e6eef&quot;&gt;http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/9d82aa94-4bee-4923-aed4-92da593e6eef/INGILTERE_SOSYAL_GUVENLIK_SOZLESMESI.doc?MOD=AJPERES&amp;amp;CACHEID=9d82aa94-4bee-4923-aed4-92da593e6eef&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İle İsviçre
Arasındaki Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkında Sözleşme, 1/1/1972,&amp;nbsp; m. 5 (1).&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/d3775804-b72c-4b76-818a-b1a592f34404/ISVICRE_SOSYAL_GUVENLIK_SOZLESMESI.doc?MOD=AJPERES&amp;amp;CACHEID=d3775804-b72c-4b76-818a-b1a592f34404&quot;&gt;http://www.sgk.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/d3775804-b72c-4b76-818a-b1a592f34404/ISVICRE_SOSYAL_GUVENLIK_SOZLESMESI.doc?MOD=AJPERES&amp;amp;CACHEID=d3775804-b72c-4b76-818a-b1a592f34404&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 5510 Sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar
ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu, 31/5/2006, m. 4 (Sigortalı sayılanlar)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 5510 Sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar
ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu, 31/5/2006, m. 6 (e) &lt;a href=&quot;http://mevzuat.basbakanlik.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=1.5.5510&amp;amp;MevzuatIliski=0&amp;amp;sourceXmlSearch&quot;&gt;http://mevzuat.basbakanlik.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=1.5.5510&amp;amp;MevzuatIliski=0&amp;amp;sourceXmlSearch&lt;/a&gt;=
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Sosyal
Sigorta İşlemleri Yönetmeliği, 12/05/2010, m. 10 (d) “Yabancı bir ülkede kurulu
herhangi bir kuruluş tarafından ve o kuruluş adına ve hesabına Türkiye&#39;ye bir
iş için &lt;b&gt;(Ek ibare:RG-2/3/2011-27862)&lt;/b&gt; &lt;u&gt;en fazla üç ay süreyle&lt;/u&gt;
gönderilen ve yabancı ülkede sosyal sigortaya tabi olduğunu belgeleyen kişiler
ile Türkiye&#39;de kendi adına ve hesabına bağımsız çalışanlardan, yurt dışında
ikamet eden ve o ülke sosyal güvenlik mevzuatına tabi olanlar”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 5510 Sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar
ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu, 31/5/2006, m. 4 &lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/4066525993492860974/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2012/02/turkiyede-yabanc-iscilerin-sigortallg.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/4066525993492860974'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/4066525993492860974'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2012/02/turkiyede-yabanc-iscilerin-sigortallg.html' title='Türkiye&#39;de Yabancı İşçilerin Sigortalılığı (1)'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OwZ-4AklxxI/TzjesDqHSlI/AAAAAAAAAHI/KGUrKiHaBNY/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-7695189462712454594</id><published>2012-03-03T10:16:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-03-04T13:21:08.057-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Kıdem Tazminatı Fonu"/><title type='text'>KIDEM TAZMİNATI FONUNDA AVUSTURYA MODELİ</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5SfNVqixr8I/Tndqv0aupoI/AAAAAAAAADo/RI975mcx-uY/s1600/c76bce352ba20d4b59b7fafb5859acb4_1295982274.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;223&quot; src=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5SfNVqixr8I/Tndqv0aupoI/AAAAAAAAADo/RI975mcx-uY/s400/c76bce352ba20d4b59b7fafb5859acb4_1295982274.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kıdem Tazminatlarının oluşturulacak bir fona devri şeklindeki reformlaşma, özellikle iş gücü piyasasının düzenlenmesinde bu yönde yapılan uluslararası uygulamalara paraleldir. Nitekim son günlerde Kıdem Tazminatı reformunun Avusturya modeline uygun olarak yasallaşabileceği fikri ivme kazanmıştır. Bunun en önemli nedeni ise, Avusturya sisteminin reformdan önceki yapısı itibariye ülkemizde uygulanan sisteme benzerliği ve reformdan sonraki sağlıklı işleyişi olarak nitelendirilebilir.&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bu yönde yapılan reformlaşma, işgücü piyasasındaki esnekliğin ve hareketliliğin arttırılması ve rekabete açık bir iş gücü piyasasının oluşturulmasını hedeflediğinden dolayı iş gücü piyasasını düzenleyici niteliktedir.&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;İşverenler tarafından gizli işçi maliyeti olarak gözlemlenen Kıdem Tazminatı, oluşturulacak yasa ile işverenlerin bu yönde, özellikle işten çıkışlardaki likidite problemlerine de bir çözüm sağlayarak, işçilerin Kıdem Tazminatlarını güvence altına almayı planlamaktadır. Her ne kadar Kıdem tazminatı, teorik olarak iş güvencesinin en önemli yapı taşlarından birisi olarak ele alınsa dahi, yüksek maliyetler nedeniyle işverenler tarafından işe alma ve işten çıkarma politikalarının belirlenmesinde, olmaması gereken öneme ve yere sahiptir. Aynı şekilde işçiler için kendilerine uygun olmayan, tatmin olmadıkları işlerde çalışmaları yönünde teşvikler sunan bir kurum olarak, yeni iş arayışlarının önünü kesebilmektedir. “FON” düşüncesi bu açıdan bakıldığında, anlamsal olarak ta Kıdem Tazminatı kurumuna güvence,&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;bağımsızlık ve işlevsellik getirmek için ortaya çıkmıştır. Diğer taraftan yeni sisteme geçişte, işverenin omuzlarından alınarak Fona devredilen Kıdem Tazminatlarının güvence altına alınması yükümlülüğü, dolaylı olarak işçi aleyhine de uygulamada bazı tedirginlikler doğurmaktadır. Özellikle işçi sendikalarının paylaştığı bazı hassasiyetler işçilerin olası hak kayıplarıyla ilintilidir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Son günlerde Kıdem Tazminatı Fonu yasasının, Avusturya menşeli olması düşüncesini temel alarak, Avusturya Reformunun yapısı ve etkisinin incelenmesi, hiç şüphesiz yeni Kıdem Tazminatı Fonu Yasası süreci, işçi ve işvereni bekleyen etkileri hakkında daha sağlıklı ve detaylı bilgilere sahip olmamızı sağlayacaktır. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;KANUNUMUZDA KIDEM TAZMINATININ HUKUKSAL NİTELİĞİ&lt;/b&gt;Kıdem tazminatı &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;kanunda belirlenen asgari&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;çalışma süresini dolduran işçinin iş sözleşmesinin yine kanunda belirtilen nedenlerden biriyle son bulmasına bağlı olarak, işverence işçiye ya da ölümü halinde mirasçılarına ödenmesi gereken ve kendine özgü niteliği olan paradır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; 4857 sayılı iş kanunun 120. Maddesi uyarınca işçilerin Kıdem Tazminatı haklarına dair düzenlemelerde eski &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;1475 sayılı İş Kanununun 14. Maddesi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; değiştirilmeden 4857 sayılı iş kanunu kapsamına alınmıştır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Diğer yandan 4857 sayılı iş kanunun geçici 6. Maddesine göre eski kanunun 14. maddesinin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Kıdem tazminatı fonuna&lt;/i&gt; ilişkin Kanunun yürürlüğe gireceği tarihe kadar geçerli olduğu belirtilmiştir. 1475 sayılı iş kanunu kapsamında Kıdem Tazminatı;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;“Bu &lt;i&gt;Kanuna tabi işçilerin &lt;/i&gt;hizmet akitlerinin:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;1. İşveren tarafından bu Kanunun 17 nci maddesinin II numaralı bendinde gösterilen sebepler dışında,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;2. İşçi tarafından bu Kanunun 16 ncı maddesi uyarınca,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;3. Muvazzaf askerlik hizmeti dolayısıyla,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;4. Bağlı bulundukları kanunla kurulu kurum veya sandıklardan yaşlılık, emeklilik veya malullük aylığı yahut toptan ödeme almak amacıyla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Feshedilmesi veya kadının evlendiği tarihten itibaren bir yıl içerisinde kendi arzusu ile sona erdirmesi veya işçinin ölümü sebebiyle son bulması hallerinde işçinin işe başladığı tarihten itibaren hizmet akdinin devamı süresince &lt;i&gt;her geçen tam yıl &lt;/i&gt;için işverence işçiye &lt;i&gt;30 günlük ücreti tutarında&lt;/i&gt; kıdem tazminatı ödenir. Bir yıldan artan süreler için de aynı oran üzerinden ödeme yapılır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;olarak belirtilmiştir. Eski Kanunda belirtilen 16. ve 17. Maddelere yapılan atıflar, yeni kanunla 4857 sayılı kanunda 24. ve 25. Maddeler yapılmış sayılmaktadır. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Özetlemek gerekirse Kıdem Tazminatı, Türk iş kanununa tabi işçiler için, kanunda belirtilen koşullar dâhilinde iş sözleşmelerinin sona ermesi ile kanunda belirtilen kıdem süresi hesaba alınarak, çalışanın son maaşı üzerinden hesaplanan ödeme olarak tanımlanabilir. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;AVUSTURYA KIDEM TAZMINATI REFORMU – &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;(Abfertigung Neu)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Ülkemizle benzer nitelikte bir Kıdem Tazminatı uygulamasına sahip olan Avusturya, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;2003 Ocak ayı itibariyle yeni Kıdem tazminatı yasasını uygulamaya başlamıştır. Bu tarihten önce, Kıdem tazminatı; kanunun belirttiği haller dâhilinde iş sözleşmesinin feshi halinde çalışma geçmişi 3 yılı aşan işçilere, çalışma süresi her ne kadar olursa olsun 12 aylık ücretini aşamayacak şekilde, son maaşları esas alınarak işverence, ölümü halinde mirasçılarına, yapılan ödeme olarak kabul edilmekteydi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Diğer yandan Avusturya sisteminde işçinin haklı nedenler ile iş sözleşmesini feshinde, kıdem tazminatı hakkı bulunmamaktadır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Eski sistemdeki Kıdem tazminatı oranları aşağıdaki tabloda açıklanmaktadır. Eski Kıdem Tazminatı mevzuatına göre işçiler 12 aylık maaşlarından fazla Kıdem Tazminatı alamamaktadırlar. Bu üst sınır yeni kanunda da değişmemiştir. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;“3 yıl ila 5 yıl arası çalışma karşılığı&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;2 aylık&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;5 yıl ila 10 yıl arası çalışma karşılığı&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;3 aylık&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;10 yıl ila 15 yıl arası çalışma karşılığı&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;4 aylık&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;15 ila 20 yıl arası çalışma karşılığı&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;6 aylık&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;20 ila 25 yıl arası çalışma karşılığı&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;9 aylık&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;25 yıldan fazla çalışma karşılığı&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;12 aylık ”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;2003 senesinde yürürlüğe giren sistemsel reform Avusturya da Kıdem tazminatı alabilme koşullarında gözle görülür bir değişiklik getirmezken&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Kıdem tazminatlarının, belirlenen özel finans şirketlerince oluşturulan fonlara&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (MVK) işverenler tarafından aktarılmasını ve bu fonlarda değerlendirilmesini esas alan bir yapıya dayanmaktadır. Reform işverenlerce, işçinin sözleşmesinin ikinci ayından itibaren, her ay işçi ücretlerinin % 1.53’ü tutarındaki miktarın, Kıdem Tazminatı pirimi olarak oluşturulan fona transferini öngörmektedir.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; İşçilerin oluşturulan fonlarda biriken Kıdem Tazminatlarına erişimleri ise işçinin Kanunda belirtilen şekilde asgari çalışma süresi olan 3 yıl boyunca hesabına prim ödenmesi ve bunu yanında en son çalıştığı işyerinden Kıdem Tazminatına hak kazanacak şekilde ayrılması ile mümkün olmaktadır. Yeni yasa ile Kıdem Tazminatına hak kazanılabilecek durumlar aşağıdaki gibi belirtilmiştir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;“İş ilişkisi, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;işveren tarafından fesih bildirim süresine uyarak bitirilmesi, sınırlı iş ilişkilerinin zamanının sona ermesi, işverenin haksız olarak iş ilişkisini derhal fesihle bitirmesi, iş sözleşmesinin anlaşmalı olarak bitirilmesi ve iş sözleşmesinin işçi ve hizmetlinin haklılığından dolayı fesih bildirim süresine uymadan derhal bitirilmesi durumlarında; en az üç yıllık çalışmışlık süresinin de olması halinde (aynı firmada olmayan süreler birlikte hesaplanırlar), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;kıdem tazminatının &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ödenmesi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;için başvurulur.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Bunun yanı sıra emeklilik ve işçinin işgücü piyasasından çekilmesi gibi hallerde de işçinin Kıdem Tazminatı hakkı doğabilmektedir. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Avusturya Kıdem Tazminatı reformu, fonda toplanan paranın işçiye kesin geri dönüşü üzerine kurulmuş bir sitemi ortaya çıkartmıştır. Yrd. Doc. Dr. Siyami Alp Limoncuoğlu ilgili makalesinde bu noktada reformun işçi lehine ikinci bir sosyal güvence sistemi yarattığına değinmiştir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;“Görüldüğü üzere, Avusturya’nın yeni kıdem tazminatı sisteminde, isçi hesabında toplanan paraların hiçbir şekilde işverene geri dönmeyeceği veya başka bir amaçla kullanılamayacağına ilişkin bir düzenleme yapılmıştır. Sonuç ne olursa olsun bu hesapta toplanan ve değerlendirilen para, isçiye veya en kotu ihtimalle olumu halinde mirasçılarına ulaştırılmaktadır. Bu düzenlemenin sebebi, kıdem tazminatı hakkı ile birlikte aynı zamanda isçiler lehine sosyal güvenliğin ikinci basamağında bir gelir kazandırıcı sistemin de kurulmak istenmiş olmasıdır.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Sistemin işçiler aleyhine hak kaybı doğurması ile ilgili eleştiriler genellikle yeni sistemde işçilerin kıdem tazminatı miktarlarının, eski sisteme göre düşük kaldığı ile ilgilidir. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Helmut Hofer, yeni reformu incelemesinde, eski sisteme göre işçilerin 25 yıl çalışma süresi boyunca kazandıkları Kıdem Tazminatı Miktarının, Fonda ancak 37 yıl gibi bir sürede birikebileceği yönünde hesaplamalara yer vermiştir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Aşağıdaki grafikte de görüleceği üzere bu hesaplama yapılırken &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;yıllık işçi ücretlerinde yüzde 3, yıllık fon değerlendirmelerinde ise yüzde 6’lık bir artış temel alınmıştır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Avusturya Kıdem Tazminatı reformu kural olarak 01.01.2003 tarihi itibariyle yürürlüğe girmiştir ve bu tarihinden sonra yapılan sözleşmeleri kapsamaktadır. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Bu tarihten önceki haklar ise işçi-işveren anlaşmasına dayanan üç ayrı seçenekle yeni sisteme uyumlaştırılmıştır. Yasaya göre 2003’den önce imzalanan sözleşmeler için, işçi eski sistemde kalabileceği gibi, yeni sisteme tamamen transfer olabilecek veya yeni sisteme kısmen transfer (Dondurma Seçeneği) olabilecektir. Yeni sisteme tamamen transfer seçeneği şeklinde, işçi ve işverenin anlaşmaları halinde, işveren işçinin anlaşma tarihine kadar olan kıdem tazminatı haklarını, işçinin fondaki hesabına yatırır ve daha sonra yeni sisteme göre aylık olarak fona pirim ödemesi yapmaya devam eder. Kısmen transfer veya dondurma seçeneğinde ise, işveren ile işçi anlaşma tarihine kadar olan kıdem tazminatı haklarını saklı tutmak kaydıyla, anlaşma tarihinden sonra işçi lehine pirim ödemeye devam eder. Bu gibi durumlarda iş ilişkisinin işçi tarafından feshi halinde veya kanunda Kıdem Tazminatına hak kazanacak haller dışında iş sözleşmesinin feshinde, işçinin kıdem tazminatı hakkı kaybolur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Görüldüğü üzere Kıdem Tazminatı Fonu sisteminin artıları ve eksileri mevcuttur. Özellikle Kıdem Tazminatının miktarı hususunda yeni sistem, eskisine oranla hak kaybına yol açabilmektedir. Fakat sanıldığının aksine Fon sistemi Kıdem Tazminatlarının ortadan kalkması anlamına gelmemekte, hatta Kıdem Tazminatı üzerindeki güvenceyi de artırmaktadır. Sistemsel olarak işçinin Kıdem tazminatı hak edebilmesi için tek bir işverenin yanında belirli süre çalışması gerekmemekte, işçinin prim ödemeleri sayesinde sözleşmesinin Kıdem Tazminatına hak kazanamayacak şekilde feshinde dahi, (örn. İşçinin istifası) işçinin Fonda biriken hesabındaki hakları korunmaktadır. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Yrd. Doc. Dr. Siyami Alp Limoncuoğlu’nun da belirttiği üzere &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;kıdem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; tazminatının bir fona bağlanması fikri de aslen istihdam güvencesi ile birlikte güvenceli esnekliğe sahip bir endüstri ilişkileri sisteminin yaratılması acısından önem arz etmektedir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;KAYNAKÇA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Dr. Sıddık Topaloğlu, Mehmet Zülfi Camkurt, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;İş Mevzuatında Kıdem Tazminatı,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;TÜHIS iŞ Hukuku ve iktisat Dergisi,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Kasım 2007 / Şubat 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;- Helmut Hofer ,Reform of Severance Pay Law in Austria,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Discussion Paper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), 30 Nov - 1 Dec 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Yrd. Doc. Dr. Siyami Alp Limoncuoğlu, Kıdem tazminatı Fonu Tartışmaları Işığında Avusturya Kıdem Tazminatı Reformu, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 9, Özel Sayı, 2007, s. 289-317&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;_______________, AK Vien, Eski ve Yeni Kıdem Tazminatı,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arbeiterkammer.at/bilder/d87/AbfertigungTuerkisch.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;http://www.arbeiterkammer.at/bilder/d87/AbfertigungTuerkisch.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;_______________, New Severance Pay Rules in Austria (Abfertigung NEU)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;, BAWAG Allianz Vorsorgekasse AG, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bawag-allianz-vk.at/mvk/export/sites/default/mvk/_downloads/pdf_wissenswertes/SeverancePayRulesInAustria.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;http://www.bawag-allianz-vk.at/mvk/export/sites/default/mvk/_downloads/pdf_wissenswertes/SeverancePayRulesInAustria.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Dr. Sıddık Topaloğlu, Mehmet Zülfi Camkurt, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;İş Mevzuatında Kıdem Tazminatı,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;TÜHIS iŞ Hukuku ve iktisat Dergisi,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Kasım 2007 / Şubat 2008, s.40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; 1475 Sayılı İş Kanunu, Madde 14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; 4857 Sayılı İş Kanunu, Geçici Madde 1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Yrd. Doc. Dr. Siyami Alp Limoncuoğlu, Kıdem Tazminatı Fonu Tartışmaları Işığında Avusturya Kıdem Tazminatı Reformu, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt: 9, Özel Sayı, 2007, s. 303. Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;asa uyarınca işçiler, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;- hizmet sozlesmesi isveren tarafından haklı bir sebep olmadan feshedilen - emeklilik amacıyla hizmet sozlesmesini kendisi fesheden - bes yıllık calısma gecmisi bulunmak sartı ile doğum, evlat edinme veya cocuk bakma sebebi ile hizmet sozlesmesini kendisi fesheden isci ile - iscinin olumu halinde mirascıları, kıdem tazminatına hak kazanacaklardır.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; Limoncuoğlu, a.g.e., s.296 - s. 305&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Hofer, Helmut; Reform of Severance Pay Law in Austria, Discussion Paper,Peer Review: Reform of Severance Pay Law in Austria, Viyana 2006. s.9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; Limoncuoğlu, a.g.e.,s. 303&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-layout-grid-align: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; Hofer, a.g.e.,s.14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Kıdem Tazminatı Fonunu oluşturan dokuz finas şirketi bulunmaktadır. Bunlar;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;“BAWAG Allianz Mitarbeitervorsorgekasse AG &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;http://www.bawag-allianz-mvk.at/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-layout-grid-align: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;APK-Mitarbeitervorsorgekasse AG &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;http://www.apk-mvk.at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-layout-grid-align: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;BONUS Mitarbeitervorsorgekassen AG &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;http://www.bonusvorsorge.at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-layout-grid-align: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;BUAK Mitarbeitervorsorgekasse GesmbH &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;http://www.buak-mvk.at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-layout-grid-align: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Niederösterreichische Vorsorgekasse AG &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;http://www.noevk.at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-layout-grid-align: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;ÖVK Vorsorgekasse AG &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oevk.co.at/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;http://www.oevk.co.at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;Siemens Mitarbeitervorsorgekasse AG &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;http://www.siemens.at/mvk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-layout-grid-align: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;VBV - Mitarbeitervorsorgekasse AG &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;http://www.vbv.co.at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;VICTORIA VOLKSBANKEN Mitarbeitervorsorgekasse AG &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vvmvk.at/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;http://www.vvmvk.at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; Aynı, s.11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-layout-grid-align: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;_______________, AK Vien, Eski ve Yeni Kıdem Tazminatı,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;http://www.arbeiterkammer.at/bilder/d87/AbfertigungTuerkisch.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-layout-grid-align: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;_______________, AK Vien, Eski ve Yeni Kıdem Tazminatı,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arbeiterkammer.at/bilder/d87/AbfertigungTuerkisch.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;http://www.arbeiterkammer.at/bilder/d87/AbfertigungTuerkisch.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;İş ilişkisinin bitirilmesine bakılmaksızın, ödemenin yapılmasının başka bir şartı da, beş yıldır herhangi bir işte çalışılmıyorsa ve bundan dolayı da kıdem tazminatına herhangi bir ödeme (Örneğin: yurtdışında bulunmaktan veya kendi işini kurarak, orada çalışmak gibi nedenlerden dolayı) yapılmıyorsa.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; Limoncuoğlu, a.g.e., s.305&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0px; mso-layout-grid-align: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;_______________, New Severance Pay Rules in Austria (Abfertigung NEU)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;, BAWAG Allianz Vorsorgekasse AG, s.5, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bawag-allianz-vk.at/mvk/export/sites/default/mvk/_downloads/pdf_wissenswertes/SeverancePayRulesInAustria.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;http://www.bawag-allianz-vk.at/mvk/export/sites/default/mvk/_downloads/pdf_wissenswertes/SeverancePayRulesInAustria.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/2011/sozer_cizmeci_kidem_tazminati_fonu.htm#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; Limoncuoğlu, a.g.e., s.312&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/7695189462712454594/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/normal-0-21-false-false-false-tr-x-none_19.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/7695189462712454594'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/7695189462712454594'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/normal-0-21-false-false-false-tr-x-none_19.html' title='KIDEM TAZMİNATI FONUNDA AVUSTURYA MODELİ'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5SfNVqixr8I/Tndqv0aupoI/AAAAAAAAADo/RI975mcx-uY/s72-c/c76bce352ba20d4b59b7fafb5859acb4_1295982274.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-9065550496429117428</id><published>2012-02-09T08:42:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-03-04T10:34:50.118-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Payroll Accounting in Turkey"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Payroll basics in Turkey"/><title type='text'>Payroll Basics in Turkey</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0VZyVOopIos/UIVqNIB0VeI/AAAAAAAAAYg/ZdaemRsukyc/s1600/images.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0VZyVOopIos/UIVqNIB0VeI/AAAAAAAAAYg/ZdaemRsukyc/s1600/images.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;I- Gross Salary:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Gross Salary refers to amount of salary which is earned by employees according to Turkish Labor Law
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Gross Salary = Net Salary + Total Deductions (Social Security Premium Employee&#39;s Share (including Unemployemnt Insurance) + Income Tax + Stamp Tax)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;II- Net Salary:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
It is the amount of salary actually received by the employees.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
Net Salary = Gross Salary – Total Deductions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;III- Total Cost of Employee to Employer:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
In addition to the gross salary, employer must pay the employer&#39;s share of social security premium.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Total Cost of Employee to Employer = Gross Salary + Social Security Premium Employer&#39;s Allocation (including Unemployemnt Insurance)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;IV-Social Security Premium:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Currently total social security premium is between 36.5% to %42 of gross salary. 15% of total is deducted from the gross salary as employee&#39;s allocation and between 21.5% and 27% of gross salary is calculated additionally as the employer&#39;s allocation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Insurance Branches&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Employee&#39;s Allocation (%&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Employer&#39;s Allocation (%)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Total Allocation (%)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Short Term Insurance Branch Premium&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1 to 6,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1 to 6,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Invalidity, Old Age and Death Insurance Premium&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;20&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;General Health Insurance&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;7,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;12,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Unemployment Insurance&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;21,5 to 27&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;36,5 to 42&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 509px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;355&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOCIAL SECURITY BASE AND CEILING&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;MONTHLY (TL)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot; width=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;DAILY (TL)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;BASE (BETWEEN 01.01.2013 - 30.06.2013)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
978,60&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
32,62&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;BASE (BETWEEN 01.01.2013 - 30.06.2013)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
6360,90&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
212,03&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;CEILING (BETWEEN 01.07.2013 – 31.12.2013)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
1021,50&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
34,05&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;CEILING (BETWEEN 01.07.2013 – 31.12.2013)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
6.639,90&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; valign=&quot;bottom&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
221,33&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;V- Income Tax:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Employee&#39;s Wage Income is subject to income tax and employer is responsible to deduct, and pay to tax office on behalf of employee.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Income Tax Base (Taxable Income) = Gross Salary - Social Security Premium (Employee&#39;s Share)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt; Income Tax = Taxable income * Income Tax Rate (%)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 475px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Income Tax (Cumulative) &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;(Wage Income)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rates&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Up to 10.700 TL&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%15&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Between 10.700 and 26.000 TL (For the 10.700 TL of the total amount,&lt;br /&gt;
income tax is 1.605 TL) In excess&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%20&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Between 26.000 and 94.000 TL (For the 26,000 TL of the total amount,&lt;br /&gt;
income tax is 4,665 TL) In excess&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%27&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;509&quot;&gt;Over 94.000 TL (For the 94,000 TL of the total amount, income tax is 23,025&lt;br /&gt;
TL) In excess&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td nowrap=&quot;nowrap&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
%35&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;VI- Stamp Tax:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Stamp tax is based on the gross salary. The rate of tax is 0.00759&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stamp Tax = Gross Salary * Stamp Tax Rate &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;VII- Minimum Living Allowance (MLA)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Effective from January 1, 2008, a tax-free minimum living allowance is available for wage earners. Income tax payable is calculated by deducting MLA from the income tax.

Calculation is made on the basis of minimum wage regardless of the salary of employee. In calculation of the minimum living allowance, the marital status and the family composition of the employee is taken into account.

Calculation: 50% for the taxpayer, 10% for the spouse provided who is unemployed, 7.5% each for the first two dependent children, and 5% each for the following dependant children.

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Calculation on the basis of Minimum Wage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Minimum Living Allowance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;2013 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;* For the tax payer&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
73,40 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;* For the spouse who is unemployed&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
14,67 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;* For each first two dependent children&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
11,01 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;* For the Third and the following dependant children&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
7,34 TL&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Income Tax Payable = Income Tax - Minimum living Allowance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;VIII – Disablement Deduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The employee who lost working capacity at minimum 80 % is regarded as 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; degree disabled, minimum 60 % is 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; degree disabled, minimum 40 % is 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; degree disabled worker. In calculating income tax, the following monthly deductions are applicable to the taxable income of the employees (2013).
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;For the 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; degree 800 TL&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;For the 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; degree 410 TL&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;For the 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; degree 190 TL &lt;/li&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;MINIMUM WAGE CALCULATION - EMPLOYEES OVER 16 YEARS OLD
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;

&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;( PERIOD BETWEEN 01.01.2013 – 30.06.2013)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 396px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gross salary&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;978,60 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Social Security Premium Employee’s allocation (14%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;137 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Unemployment insuranceEmployee’s allocation (1%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;9,79 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Income tax base&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;831,81 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Income tax (15%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;124,77 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Minimum living allowance
(Single and no children)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;73,40 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Income tax payable&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;51,37 TL &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Stamp tax (0,00759)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;6,46 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;Total Deductions (Income tax payable +Stamp Tax + Social Security Premium Employee Allocation +Unemployment Insurance Employee Allocation)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;204,62 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;213&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;NET SALARY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;183&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;773,98 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp;

&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;TOTAL COST OF EMPLOYEE TO EMPLOYER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gross salary&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;978,60 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;Social Security Premium Employer’s allocation (14.5%)*&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;141,90 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;Unemployment Insurance (2%)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19,57 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;307&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;TOTAL COST&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;88&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.140,07 TL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
*&quot;For the private sector employers who employ insurance holders under item (a) of paragraph one of Article 4 of this Law, the amount corresponding to &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;five points&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; of employer share in the premiums of invalidity, old - age and survivors insurances pursuant to item (a) of paragraph one of this Article shall be covered by the Treasury.&quot; SOCIAL INSURANCE AND UNIVERSAL HEALTH INSURANCE LAW (law no:5510 - Article 8-ı )&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/9065550496429117428/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2012/02/payroll-basics-in-turkey.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/9065550496429117428'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/9065550496429117428'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2012/02/payroll-basics-in-turkey.html' title='Payroll Basics in Turkey'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0VZyVOopIos/UIVqNIB0VeI/AAAAAAAAAYg/ZdaemRsukyc/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-3110032334429625158</id><published>2011-10-31T22:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-09-01T13:59:03.276-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="4817 Sayılı Kanun"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Çalışma İzni"/><title type='text'>YENİLENEN ŞEKLİ İLE YABANCILARIN ÇALIŞMA İZNİ KANUNU</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bu yazı &lt;u&gt;Anba Rapor&lt;/u&gt; dergisi Ağustos (2011) sayısında yayınlanmıştır. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-migfduXdJ9s/Tq-HTmj9asI/AAAAAAAAAEo/sabr1WCTAPc/s1600/Resim4.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;115&quot; src=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-migfduXdJ9s/Tq-HTmj9asI/AAAAAAAAAEo/sabr1WCTAPc/s320/Resim4.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;GİRİŞ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Hukukumuzda Türk vatandaşı olmayan kişi&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; olarak tanımlanan yabancıların ülkemizde çalışmaları, yabancıların iş gücü piyasasına girişlerini düzenleyen 4817 sayılı Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanun kapsamında düzenlenmiştir. Bu düzenlemeler Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun Uygulama Yönetmeliği’nce (YÇİKUY) yürütülmektedir. &lt;br /&gt;
Yabancı çalışma izinlerinin devlet eli ile düzenlenmesi, istenmeyen yabancıların Türkiye iş gücü piyasasına girişlerini engelleme ve yerel işçilere öncelik tanınmasını amaçlanmaktadır. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; Kural olarak, ihtiyaç duyulan işgücünün iç piyasadan karşılanamaması halinde yabancı isçilere çalışma izni verilmektedir.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı ‘başvurulan iş için ülke içinde, dört haftalık süre içerisinde o işi yapacak aynı niteliğe sahip kişinin bulunması’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; halinde başvuruyu reddedebilmektedir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Yabancıların çalışma izinlerin düzenlenmesi ile istenmeyen yabancıların iş gücü piyasasına girmelerinin engellenmesi kadar, ülkemizde ihtiyaç duyulan vasıflı yabancı personelin istihdamının sağlanabilmesi yönünde bazı süreçsel engellerin kontrollü olarak kaldırılmasında büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu yönde özellikle 2010 yılında yapılan düzenlemeler sayesinde yabancıların Çalışma izinlerinde sistemsel ve prosedürel kolaylık arz eden değişikliklere gidilmiştir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bu değişiklikler, 05.02.2010 tarih, 27484 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan 5951 sayılı Amme Alacaklarının Tahsil Usulü Hakkında Kanun ile Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun ile 4817 sayılı kanunda yapılan değişiklikler, Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun Uygulama Yönetmeliğinde 21.01.2010 tarih, 27469 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan yönetmelik değişikliği ve son olarak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; 28 Nisan 2011 tarih ve 27918 sayılı Resmî Gazetede de yayınlanan yönetmelik değişikliği&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;ile sağlanmıştır. &lt;br /&gt;
Mevzuatta yapılan değişiklikler genel olarak işveren lehinde düzenlenmiş ve yabancı çalışma izinleri başvurularında kolaylaştırmaya gidilmiştir. Çalışma İzni başvuru süresinin kısaltılması, başvuruların elektronik ortamdan alınmaya başlaması, değerlendirme kıstaslarının basitleştirilmesi gibi yenilikler yabancıların Türkiye de çalışma izinlerinin denetlenmesinde reform değerinde yeniliklere neden olmuştur.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bu yazının amacı çalışma izinleri mevzuatında süregelen yukarıda bahsedilen reformun kilit noktalarının altını çizmektir. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;BAŞVURU SÜRELERİNİN KISALTILMASI VE BAŞVURULARIN ELEKTRONİK ORTAMDA YAPILMASI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Amme Alacaklarının Tahsil Usulü Hakkında Kanun ile Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun ile 4817 sayılı kanunun 12. Maddesinde yer alan, Bakanlığın başvuruları en geç doksan gün içinde cevaplandırması fıkrası değiştirilmiş ve bu süre 30 güne indirilmiştir.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Yapılan bu düzenleme, yabancıların çalışma izni mevzuatındaki prosedürlerin azaltılmasına yönelik değişiklikler ile paralel olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu yönde &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun Uygulama Yönetmeliğinde yapılan en önemli değişikliklerden biriside başvuruların elektronik ortam aracılığı ile alınmaya başlaması yönünde yapılan değişikliktir. Bu bağlamda “Kanun kapsamında Bakanlığa yapılacak başvuruların &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;elektronik ortamda&lt;/i&gt; yapılması ve kâğıt ortamında imzalanarak Yönetmelik ekinde belirlenen diğer belgelerle birlikte Bakanlığa ulaştırılması gerekmektedir.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;AB uyum süreci çerçevesinde yabancıların çalışmasına ilişkin Türk Mevzuatının Avrupa Birliği müktesebatı ile uyumlaştırılması kapsamında&lt;span style=&quot;color: #009999;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;YOİKK teknik komiteler tarafından oluşturulan Yabancıların çalışma izinleri Otomasyon projesi&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; oluşturulmuş ve bu yönde çalışma ve sosyal güvenlik bakanlığı 2 Ağustos 2010 tarihinden itibaren başvuruları sadece elektronik ortamda almaya başlamıştır. Sistemsel olarak yabancıların çalışma izni edinmelerini kolaylaştıran projede, işverenler, e-devlet portalından yararlanarak Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Otomasyon sistemine giriş yapabilmekte ve istenilen bilgi ve belgeleri herhangi bir karmaşaya maruz kalmadan sisteme elektronik ortamda tarama yaparak yükleyebilmektedirler. Diğer taraftan yeni düzenlemelere göre&amp;nbsp; ‘Başvuru için istenilen belgelerin yapılan elektronik başvuruyu takip eden altı işgünü içinde Bakanlığa ulaştırılması’ gerekmektedir.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Aynı şekilde Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, yurtdışı başvurularını da elektronik ortamda almaya başlamıştır. Bu yönde yapılan değişiklikler ile Türkiye’de çalışmak isteyen yabancılar Türkiye Cumhuriyeti temsilciliklerine elektronik ortamda başvurabilecekler ve Türkiye’deki işverenleri ise yabancının temsilciliğe başvuru tarihini takip eden on işgünü içinde yine elektronik ortamda başvuru tamamlayıp ve istenilen belgeleri bakanlığa ulaştıracaklardır. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0iPsATyuiI4/Tq-P9WsYUHI/AAAAAAAAAE4/cFsBAtpqGfA/s1600/dscn03571.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;115&quot; src=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0iPsATyuiI4/Tq-P9WsYUHI/AAAAAAAAAE4/cFsBAtpqGfA/s320/dscn03571.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;“ÖN İZİN”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;4817 sayılı kanun kapsamında yapılan önemli yeniliklerinden birisi kanuna eklenen “ön izin” uygulamasıdır ki 4817 sayılı kanunun 12. Maddesine yapılan ekleme ile &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;“&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Mesleki hizmetler kapsamında&lt;/i&gt; çalışacak yabancılara akademik ve mesleki yeterlilik ile ilgili işlemleri tamamlanıncaya kadar, ilgili mevzuat hükümleri saklı kalmak kaydıyla bir yılı geçmemek üzere ön izin verilebilir.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Bu hüküm gereği yabancıların çalışma izinlerini düzenleyen 4817 sayılı kanunun 12. Maddesine yapılan ekleme ile açıkça; akademik ve mesleki yeterlilik gerektiren mesleklerde yabancılar, akademik ve mesleki yeterliliklerinin belirlenmesine kadar, bir yılı geçmemek üzere, ön izinle Türkiye’de çalışabilmektedirler.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bu yönde yapılan değişiklikler ile mesleki ve akademik yeterliliklerinin tespiti gerçekleştirilmeksizin, yabancı çalışanlara sağlanan haklar, özellikle Mimar ve Mühendis meslek odalarının eleştirilerine maruz kalmıştır. Yapılan eleştiriler, yeni düzenlemenin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasasının “Kanun Önünde Eşitlik” ve Uluslararası Hukukta Karşılıklılık ilkeleriyle bağdaşmamasından”&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; kaynaklanmaktadır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Diğer taraftan Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun Uygulama Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik kapsamında her ne kadar “Akademik Yeterlilik” ibaresi açıklanmış olsa dahi, Mesleki Yeterlilik kavramının tanımının esas olarak verilmemesi, bu yönde çelişkileri de beraberinde getirebilmektedir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bilindiği üzere yabancı çalışanların mesleki yeterliliğinin araştırılması suretiyle Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığınca birçok kamu kuruluşundan görüşler alınarak çalışma izni başvuruları değerlendirilmektedir. Son düzenleme ile 12. Maddede yapılan değişiklik sayesinde yabancı çalışanların mesleki yeterliliğinin değerlendirilmesinde diğer kurum ve kuruluşlardan alınan görüşlere sınırlama getirilmiştir. Yapılan değişiklik ile &amp;nbsp;“Mesleki eğitim alanı dışında istihdam edilecek yabancı uyruklu personel için bu Kanunda belirtilen görüşler alınmaz. Bu kişiler, akademik ve mesleki yeterlilik ile lisans talep ve yeterlilik uygulamasına tabi değildir.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Dolayısıyla mesleki yeterlilik alanı dışında istihdam edilen yabancılar için yapılan başvurularda değerlendirme süresi kısaltılmıştır.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ye4AguTA5Fo/Tq-QEz_YgdI/AAAAAAAAAFA/GHGaWhPYhWM/s1600/working-abroad-expat.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;118&quot; src=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ye4AguTA5Fo/Tq-QEz_YgdI/AAAAAAAAAFA/GHGaWhPYhWM/s200/working-abroad-expat.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;ÇALIŞMA İZNİ BAŞVURUSUNDA, &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;BAŞVURU SAHİBİ İŞYERLERİNİN VE YABANCILARIN KARŞILAMASI ZORUNLU OLAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; KISTASLAR YENİDEN BELİRLENDİ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Son düzenlemeler kapsamında çalışma izni başvurularının değerlendirilmesinde aranılacak kıstaslar özellikle üç ana alanda yeniden belirlenmiştir. Değerlendirme kıstaslarının ilki yabancı personel istihdamı gerçekleştirecek kuruluşların T.C. vatandaşları çalıştırmalarına ilişkin kotadır. &amp;nbsp;Her şeyden önce “Çalışma izni talep edilen işyerinde en az beş T.C. vatandaşının istihdamı zorunludur”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Bunun yanında işyerlerinde birden fazla yabancı çalıştıracak işverenler için ‘çalışma izni verilen ilk yabancıdan sonraki her bir yabancı için ayrı ayrı beş T.C. vatandaşı istihdamı’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; şartı aranmaktadır. Bu maddenin istisnası olarak 20 Nisan 2011 itibariyle Eğlence sektörünün ve turizm-animasyon organizasyon firmalarının uzmanlık ve ustalık gerektiren işlerinde istihdam edilecek yabancılar için en az 10 T.C. vatandaşı çalıştırılması halinde her bir yabancı için ayrı ayrı beş T.C. vatandaşı istihdamına ilişkin kota ayrıca uygulanmayacaktır.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Diğer yandan yabancının; Türkiye’nin taraf olduğu ikili ya da çok taraflı sözleşmelerde hüküm bulunan haller ile kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarınca sözleşme veya ihale usulleriyle mal ve hizmet alımı işlerinde&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; çalıştırılması durumunda veya ileri teknoloji gerektiren işlerde veya aynı vasıflarda Türk uzmanın bulunmadığı hallerde Genel Müdürlük Makamınca verilecek onay üzerine &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; en az 5 T.C personel çalıştırılması kotası uygulanmamaktadır. Eğitim sektöründe ve ev hizmetlerinde çalıştırılacak yabancılarda da kota uygulamasına gidilmemiştir.&lt;br /&gt;
Başvurunun değerlendirilmesinde ikinci önemli kıstas ise, işyerlerinin sahip olmaları gereken minimum ödenmiş sermaye ile ilgilidir. Bu noktada yabancı istihdamı talep eden işyerlerinin ödenmiş sermayesinin en az 100.000 TL veya brüt satışlarının en az 800.000 TL veya son yıl ihracat tutarının en az 250.000 ABD Doları olması gerekmektedir.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
Dernek ve vakıflarda istihdamı öngörülen yabancıların durumlarının değerlendirilmesinde ise yukarıda belirtilen sermayeye ilişkin kıstas uygulanmamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra &amp;nbsp;izin isteyen şirket ortağı yabancının, 40.000 TL’den az olmamak üzere sermaye payının en az yüzde 20 olması zorunludur.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
Değerlendirme kıstaslarını belirleyen üçüncü önemli faktör ise yabancı personelin hak etmesi öngörülen minimum aylık ücret ile ilgilidir. Yeni düzenlemeye göre;&lt;/div&gt;
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“İşveren tarafından yabancıya ödeneceği beyan edilen aylık ücret miktarının yabancının görev ve yetkinliği ile bağdaşır seviyede olması zorunludur. Buna göre, başvuru tarihi itibariyle yürürlükte bulunan asgari ücret tutarı dikkate alınmak suretiyle yabancıya ödenecek ücretin en az;&lt;br /&gt;
a.&amp;nbsp;Üst düzey yöneticiler, pilotlar ve ön izin talebinde bulunan mühendis ve mimarlar için asgari ücretin 6,5 katı,&lt;br /&gt;
b.&amp;nbsp;Birim veya şube müdürleri ile mühendis ve mimarlar için asgari ücretin 4 katı,&lt;br /&gt;
c.&amp;nbsp;Uzmanlık ve ustalık gerektiren işlerde çalışacaklar, öğretmenler ile psikolog, fizyoterapist, masör, masöz, müzisyen, sahne sanatçısı, akrobat ve benzeri unvanlarda çalışacak yabancılar asgari ücretin 3 katı,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;d.&amp;nbsp;Ev hizmetleri ile diğer mesleklerde ( Satış elemanı, pazarlama-ihracat görevlisi gibi görevler)&amp;nbsp; çalışacak yabancılar için asgari ücretin 1,5 katı olması gerekmektedir.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;SONUÇ &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eVvYKyoC41g/Tpn4Lr5pymI/AAAAAAAAAEE/oqzYJ__aX10/s1600/Resim1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;96&quot; src=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eVvYKyoC41g/Tpn4Lr5pymI/AAAAAAAAAEE/oqzYJ__aX10/s200/Resim1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Ülkemizde yabancıların işgücü piyasasına girişlerinin düzenlenmesi ihtiyaç duyulan vasıflı yabancı personelin çalıştırılabilmesi, kaçak yabancı çalışanların ve bu yönde oluşabilecek bir uluslararası göçün önlenebilmesi, ucuz yabancı işçi çalıştırılmasının engellenmesi gibi önemli amaçlara hizmet etmektedir.&amp;nbsp; Son yıllarda yabancıların çalışma izinlerini düzenleyen 4817 sayılı kanunda yapılan değişiklikler ile yabancıların çalışma izinleri yeni bir boyut almış ve işverenlerin kanuna uygun olarak vasıflı yabancı personelden yaralanabilme hakları önündeki prosedürsel engeller azaltılmıştır.&amp;nbsp; Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı ve işveren arasındaki iletişimi elektronik ortamda ve e-posta aracılığı ile hızlandıran sistemsel reform basit kullanım şekli ile de yabancı çalışma izinleri prosedürünü kolaylaştırmaktadır.&amp;nbsp; Diğer yandan yeni düzenlemeler ile çalışma izni başvuru sürelerinin doksan günden otuz güne indirilmesi, mesleki yeterlilik ve akademik yeterlilik gibi uzun prosedüre ait engellerin ön izin uygulaması ile aşılmaya çalışması, ülkemizde süregelen ulusal ve uluslar arası projelerin vasıflı personel kullanılarak verimlilikle devam ettirilmesi yönünde teşvikler sağlayabilmektedir. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;KAYNAKÇA &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;Araş. Gör. Dr. Mustafa Cin, Yabancı Çalışma İzinleri, KTU İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi,&amp;nbsp; Kamu-İş; C:8, S: 3/2005.&lt;/div&gt;
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Tevfik Bayhan, Yabancıların Çalışma İzni Uygulamasında Yeni Düzenlemeler Neler Getiriyor? Mali Çözüm, S: 97/2010.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;6/3/2003 tarihli ve 25040 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de yayımlanan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;4817 sayılı Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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29/8/2003 tarihli ve 25214 sayılı Resmî Gazete’de yayımlanan &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/yabanci_calisma_izin_yonetmelik.htm&quot;&gt;Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun Uygulama Yönetmeliğ&lt;/a&gt;i.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;
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4817 Sayılı Yabancıların çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun Uygulama Yönetmeliğinin 13 üncü Maddesi Uyarınca Belirlenen ve 2.8.2010 Tarihinde Uygulanmaya Başlanılan Yabancıların Çalışma izin Taleplerine İlişkin Olarak Başvuru Sahibi İşyerlerinin ve Yabancıların Karşılaması Zorunlu Olan Değerlendirme Kriterleri, Çalışma Genel Müdürlüğü Yabancıların Çalışma İzni Daire Başkanlığı, Ankara. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.csgb.gov.tr/csgbPortal/yabancilar.portal?page=izin_degerlendirme&quot;&gt;http://www.csgb.gov.tr/csgbPortal/yabancilar.portal?page=izin_degerlendirme&lt;/a&gt; (17/07/2011)&lt;/div&gt;
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2010/30 E. sayılı dosyaya ait CHP&#39;nin 25.3.2010 tarihli dava dilekçesi, Anayasa Mahkemesi, . &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/index.php?l=gundem&amp;amp;id=269&amp;amp;lang=0&quot;&gt;http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/index.php?l=gundem&amp;amp;id=269&amp;amp;lang=0&lt;/a&gt; (17/07/2011)&lt;/div&gt;
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YOİKK Teknik Komiteler 2010 Yılı Eylem Planında Ocak-Aralık Aylarında Sağlanan Gelişmeler, YOİKK, &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yoikk.gov.tr/dosya/up/2010.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.yoikk.gov.tr/dosya/up/2010.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (17/07/2011)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Yabancı Kelimesinin anlamı 4817 sayılı Yabancı Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun 3. maddesi uyarınca “403 sayılı Türk vatandaşlığı Kanununa göre Türk vatandaşı sayılmayan kişi” olarak tanımlanmıştır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Araş. Gör. Dr. Mustafa Cin, Yabancı Çalışma İzinleri, KTU İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi,&amp;nbsp; Kamu-Đs; C:8, S: 3/2005,s.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Araş. Gör. Dr. Mustafa Cin, Yabancı Çalışma İzinleri, KTU İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi,&amp;nbsp; Kamu-Đs; C:8, S: 3/2005,s.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; 4817 sayılı Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanun, (m.14/b);&amp;nbsp; 28 Nisan 2001 tarih ve 27918 Sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayınlanan yönetmelik değişikliği ile, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alomaliye.com/yabanci_calisma_izin_yonetmelik.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun Uygulama Yönetmeliğ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;inin&amp;nbsp; 13. Maddesinin üçüncü fıkrası gereğince&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; “Kanunun 12 nci maddesine göre Bakanlığın yapacağı değerlendirmelerde dikkate alınmak üzere, Türkiye’nin taraf olduğu ikili ya da çok taraflı sözleşmelerin hükümleri de dikkate alınmak suretiyle başvurulan iş için ülke içinde dört haftalık süre içerisinde o işi yapacak aynı niteliğe sahip kişinin bulunup bulunmadığı Türkiye İş Kurumu kayıtlarından kontrol edilir.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; 4817 sayılı Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanun ,(m.12/6)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; YÇİKUY&amp;nbsp; (m.5)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Otomasyon Projesinin amacı&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; “Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Otomasyon Projesi”nin tamamlanması ile çalışma izin başvurularının ve bilgi alışverişinin elektronik ortamda yapılması ve yapılan her işleme ilişkin olarak talep sahiplerine elektronik ortamda bilgi verilebilmesinin sağlanması; ayrıca, çalışma izni verilen yabancılara ilişkin AB tanım, norm ve standartlarına uygun olarak veri tabanının oluşturulması.” olarak açıklamıştır. YOİKK Teknik Komiteler 2010 Yılı Eylem Planında Ocak-Aralık Aylarında Sağlanan Gelişmeler,&amp;nbsp; http://www.yoikk.gov.tr/dosya/up/2010.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; YÇİKUY (m.7/1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; YÇİKUY (m.6/3) “Türkiye Cumhuriyeti temsilcilikleri ve Bakanlık, yurt dışından yapılacak çalışma izni başvuruları ile ilgili işlemleri elektronik ortamda yürütür. Yabancının temsilciliğe başvuru tarihini takip eden on işgünü içinde işverence elektronik başvurunun yapılması ve başvuru için istenilen belgelerin Bakanlığa ulaştırılması gerekir.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; 4817 sayılı Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanun (m.12/3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Ön izin uygulamasının süreye ilişkin şartları da bulunmaktadır. Süreye ilişkin şartların birincisi ön iznin “akademik ve mesleki yeterlilik ile ilgili işlemleri tamamlanıncaya kadar” verileceği, ikincisi ise, “ilgili mevzuat hükümleri saklı kalmak kaydıyla bir yılı geçmemek üzere” verilebileceğidir. Bkz. Tevfik Bayhan, Yabancıların Çalışma İzni Uygulamasında Yeni Düzenlemeler Neler Getiriyor? Mali Çözüm, Sayı : 97 – 2010, s. 300&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Bu yönde yapılan eleştiri ve itirazların büyük bölümü 2010/30 E. sayılı dosyaya ait CHP&#39;nin 25.3.2010 tarihli Anayasa Mahkemesi başkanlığına verdiği dava dilekçesinde yer almaktadır. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/index.php?l=gundem&amp;amp;id=269&amp;amp;lang=0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/index.php?l=gundem&amp;amp;id=269&amp;amp;lang=0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #666666; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; 4817 sayılı Yabancıların Çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanun (m.12/4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Tevfik Bayhan, Yabancıların Çalışma İzni Uygulamasında Yeni Düzenlemeler Neler Getiriyor? Mali Çözüm, Sayı : 97 – 2010, s. 300&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;4817 Sayılı Yabancıların çalışma İzinleri Hakkında Kanunun Uygulama Yönetmeliğinin 13 üncü Maddesi Uyarınca Belirlenen ve 2.8.2010 Tarihinde Uygulanmaya Başlanılan Yabancıların Çalışma izin Taleplerine İlişkin Olarak Başvuru Sahibi İşyerlerinin ve Yabancıların Karşılaması Zorunlu Olan Değerlendirme Kriterleri, (m.1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Başvuru Sahibi İşyerlerinin ve Yabancıların Karşılaması Zorunlu Olan Değerlendirme Kriterleri, (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;m.1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Başvuru Sahibi İşyerlerinin ve Yabancıların Karşılaması Zorunlu Olan Değerlendirme Kriterleri, (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;m.7)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Başvuru Sahibi İşyerlerinin ve Yabancıların Karşılaması Zorunlu Olan Değerlendirme Kriterleri, (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;m.8)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Başvuru Sahibi İşyerlerinin ve Yabancıların Karşılaması Zorunlu Olan Değerlendirme Kriterleri, (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;m.9)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Başvuru Sahibi İşyerlerinin ve Yabancıların Karşılaması Zorunlu Olan Değerlendirme Kriterleri, (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;m.2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Başvuru Sahibi İşyerlerinin ve Yabancıların Karşılaması Zorunlu Olan Değerlendirme Kriterleri, (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;m.4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Başvuru Sahibi İşyerlerinin ve Yabancıların Karşılaması Zorunlu Olan Değerlendirme Kriterlerinin &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;6. maddesi uyarınca Bünyelerinde izinli masaj salonu bulunduğunu kanıtlayan Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığından belgeli en az dört yıldızlı turizm işletmeleri ile belgeli tatil köylerinin, masör, masöz ve SPA terapisti gibi uzmanlık ve ustalık gerektiren talepleri değerlendirmeye alınacak, bu kapsamda bulunmayan işletme ve işyerlerinin talepleri ise uygun bulunmayacaktır.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Başvuru Sahibi İşyerlerinin ve Yabancıların Karşılaması Zorunlu Olan Değerlendirme Kriterleri, (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;m.5)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/3110032334429625158/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/10/yenilenen-sekli-ile-yabancilarin.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/3110032334429625158'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/3110032334429625158'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/10/yenilenen-sekli-ile-yabancilarin.html' title='YENİLENEN ŞEKLİ İLE YABANCILARIN ÇALIŞMA İZNİ KANUNU'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-migfduXdJ9s/Tq-HTmj9asI/AAAAAAAAAEo/sabr1WCTAPc/s72-c/Resim4.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-7246519566947902331</id><published>2011-10-31T04:14:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-12-17T09:32:34.848-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ielts"/><title type='text'>IELTS Sınavı büyümeye devam ediyor...</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O56-HXkRYBg/Tq6Cr0I2J2I/AAAAAAAAAEU/rXyLke5hnVo/s1600/ielts.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;175&quot; src=&quot;http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O56-HXkRYBg/Tq6Cr0I2J2I/AAAAAAAAAEU/rXyLke5hnVo/s200/ielts.gif&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
IELTS sınavı, ingilizcenin iletişim dili olarak kullanılanıldığı  yerlerde çalışmak veya eğitim görmek isteyen adayın, ingilizce dil  seviyesini ölçmek için dizayn edilmiş bir sınavdır.IELTS sınavı,  University of Cambridge ESOL sınavları (Cambridge ESOL), British Council  ve IDP Education Australia tarafından ortak olarak uygulanmaktadır.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
IELTS,  dünya çapında tüm kurslarda ve yüksek öğretim kurumlarında dil  gerekliliği olarak tanınmaktadır. Adaylar sınavda ya ‘Academic’ yada  ‘General Training’ modülünü seçmek durumundadırlar.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Academic&lt;/b&gt;:Akademik  Okuma ve yazma modülü adayın, öğrenim dili ingilizce olan lisans veya  yüksek lisans programlarında öğrenim görmeye hazır olup olmadığını  ölçer.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;General Training:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Genel Eğitim Okuma ve  yazma modülü ise akademik amaçlara yönelik bir değerlendirme için uygun  değildir. General Training modülü bazı akademik olmaya eğitim  programları veya iş deneyimi için istenilebilir. Bunun yanısıra  Avustralya ve Yeni&amp;nbsp; Zellanda gibi ülkelerde ikametgah izni içinde  istenilir.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Tipik IELTS sınavı dört modülden oluşur.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Listening&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;– Dinleme modülü 4 bölümden oluşur ve yaklaşık 30 dakikadır. Toplamda 40 soru vardır.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Reading&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;– Akademik Okuma modülü 3 okuma parçasından oluşur ve 60 dakika sürelidir. Toplamda 40 soru vardır.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writing&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;– AkademikYazma modülü 60 dakika sürelidir.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Speaking&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;– Konuşma modülü yaklaşık 11-14 dakika sürmektedir.&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://edu.tuciexpo.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;98&quot; src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BJsqgdvJ8Kk/Tq6C2I4OurI/AAAAAAAAAEc/aypSe0unEZA/s320/tuciapple.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
IELTS  sonuçları iki hafta içinde duyurulur ve öngörülen adreslere gönderilir  (sponsorlar veya üniversiteler gibi). Sonuçlar telefonla  duyurulmamaktadır.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Dinleme&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
İlk iki kısım  genelde sosyal ihtiyaçlarla ilgilidir. İki konuşmacı arasındaki  diyalogları ve daha sonra monologları içerir. Sonraki iki bölüm ise daha  çok eğitimsel konularla ilgilidir. En çok dört kişinin dialogları ve  daha sonra monolog lar dinlenir.Sınav ilerledikçe konular zorlaşmaya  başlar. Dinleme modülündeki konuşmalar sadece bir kere dinletilir ve bir  çok değişik soru çeşidi kullanılır. Çoktan şeçmeli, kısa cevap sorular,  cümle tamamlama, grafik veya tablo tamamlama, eşleştirme gibi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Akademik Okuma&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Bu  bölümde 2000 ila 2750 kelime uzunluğunda üç tane okuma parçası vardır.  Genelde&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; parçalar gazete, kitap veye dergilerden alıntıdır.Konular  geneldir. Parçalardan birisidiyagram veya garfik içerebilir. Okuma  bölümünde de çoktan seçmeli cevap, kısa cevap sorular, cümle tamamlama  tablo veya grafik tamamlama, eşleştirme gibi çeşitli sorularla  karşılaşılır.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Akademik Yazma&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Bu bölümde iki  kısım vardır. Birinci kısımda adaylar en az 150 yazmalıdırlar ve bu  kısıma yaklaşık 20 dakika kadar bir süre ayrılmalıdır. İkinci kısımda  ise adaydan en az 250 kelimelik bir kompozisyon yazması istenilir ve  tamamlama süresi 40 dakikadır.&lt;br /&gt;
Birinci kısımda adaya verilen tablo  veya grafikten yararlanarak kendi kelimeleriyle buradaki bilgiyi  aktarması istenilir.Adaylar grafik veya tablodaki bilgiyi organize  edişlerine, sunuşlarına veya mümkünse karşılaştırmalarına göre  değerlendirilir. Bunun yanısıra tablo veya grafikteki ilerleyişin veya  seyrin doğru olarak ifade edilmesi gerekmektedir.&lt;br /&gt;
İkinci kısmda  adayların bir bakış açısı,arguman veya probleme yönelik bir komposizyon  yazmaları istenir. Bu tip bir komposizyonda adayın fikrini nasıl  savunduğu veya probleme nasıl çözüm bulduğu, yapılan benzetme ve  karşılaştırmalar değerlendirme de önem taşır.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Konuşma&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Konuşma  modülü karşılıklı mülakat şeklindedir. Adayların akıcı bir şekilde  konuşmaları, verilen konu hakkında düzgün ve mantıklı ifadeler  kullanmaları değerlendirmede büyük rol oynar.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/7246519566947902331/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/10/ielts-snav-buyumeye-devam-ediyor.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/7246519566947902331'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/7246519566947902331'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/10/ielts-snav-buyumeye-devam-ediyor.html' title='IELTS Sınavı büyümeye devam ediyor...'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O56-HXkRYBg/Tq6Cr0I2J2I/AAAAAAAAAEU/rXyLke5hnVo/s72-c/ielts.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-8300595794673018776</id><published>2011-09-18T12:23:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-08-26T12:36:39.927-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AB Demokrasi"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Avrupa Birliği Demokrasi Açığı"/><title type='text'>PARAPHRASING THE DEMOCRACY IN EUROPEAN UNION TERMS</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://euroacademia.eu/presentation/paraphrasing-the-democracy-in-european-union%E2%80%99-terms/&quot;&gt;Draft Paper for the First Euroacademia Global Conference Europe Inside-Out: Europe and Europeaness Exposed to Plural Observers, Vienna, 22 – 24 September 2011&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-icBqFCqiOLE/TnZFAdJb6fI/AAAAAAAAADQ/u3gzGcwKNLs/s1600/images.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-icBqFCqiOLE/TnZFAdJb6fI/AAAAAAAAADQ/u3gzGcwKNLs/s1600/images.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;European
Union today stands on her continent as one of the most amazing human projects
of the world. At the same time Europe, as the
cradle of modern democracies has long been laid herself open to criticisms
about democratic deficit in this European Union. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;From the House of
Lords to the Bundestag, from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Lok Sabha (India) to Knesset (Israel); Parliaments all around the
world with their all pride and glory represents houses of &lt;i&gt;demos&lt;/i&gt;. The
most substantial criticism about the democracy in the European Union is related
to this fact; the weakness of European Parliament. However looking closely, it
might seem as though different dynamics of the European Union deserve a
different type of perception. This paper will consider the democracy in
European Union by analysing different points of view and solutions about the
Democratic Deficit in the European Union. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;SECTION I: DEFINITION OF
CONCEPTS &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;A) DEMOCRACY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;A well known definition of democracy is as simple as
the term’s simplest description: demos-kretain; &lt;i&gt;people and rule&lt;/i&gt;. It is
not within the scope of the paper to make a deep analysis about democracy
however it should be beneficial for the process of the paper to illustrate at
least what we are looking for within the European Union. The question of how do
we define the “rule by people” from the outset depends on defining a relevant
criteria for the democracy. A simple definition of democracy in the modern
world rests on ruler-ruled correspondence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;The main theme of this
paper is firstly built on this correspondence. One understandable definition in
this respect might be “Democracy is about &lt;i&gt;government&lt;/i&gt; by information
exchange and consent, where &lt;i&gt;organised publics&lt;/i&gt; have the &lt;i&gt;means to
conduct a dialogue&lt;/i&gt; with &lt;i&gt;government&lt;/i&gt; and thus hold it to account.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;(Emphasize added) Thus democracy at the outset necessitates an existence of
a government, an organised public and a means of conduct. Although among the
complex vocabulary of the democracy this definition might be simple, as the
paper’s aim is to scrutinize the democracy from the European Union perspective,
application of more complex, ambiguous variants of democratic theory into a &lt;i&gt;sui
generis&lt;/i&gt; structure &lt;i&gt;inter alia&lt;/i&gt; leads to confusion and deviation from
the core of the discussion. Thus the base of the discussion on whether there is
a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;TimesNewRoman,Italic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;democratic deficit within the European Union is
whether there is a democracy within the European Union.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;B) LEGITIMACY &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;From the outset the concept of legitimacy relies on &lt;i&gt;[t]rust
in institutional arrangements&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
which imaged itself as consent and in modern democracies dealt with the &lt;i&gt;[t]he
manner in which this consent is secured.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Scharph in definition of legitimacy spoke about two
sources of legitimacy, input legitimacy, as whether &lt;i&gt;[g]overning processes
are generally responsive to the manifest preferences of the governed&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
and output legitimacy, as whether &lt;i&gt;[p]olicies adopted will generally
represent effective solutions to common problems of the governed.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Accordingly the former one represents government
&lt;i&gt;by&lt;/i&gt; people and the latter one represents government &lt;i&gt;for&lt;/i&gt; people. Legitimacy
at the European level, then, considers both consent and also the way how this
consent is given to the Governance of European Union.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
However democracy is one of the most important distinguishing elements of
legitimacy from all other legitimate forms of governments. Therefore in
analysing the legitimacy problem without considering democratic parameters an
independent study can not be constructed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;C) GOVERNANCE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;In
defining governance, it is recognizable at the first point; the unit of
analysis is no more democratic government but the democratic governance. An
argument about the general definition is given by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Rhode as &lt;i&gt;[g]overnance&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;refers to ’self-organizing. Inter-organizational networks’ and … these
networks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;complement markets
and hierarchies as governing structures for authoritatively allocating
resources and exercising control and co-ordination.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; Whatever the
definition and usage of the term governance, it is not in the same footing with
the term of government.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; On
the other hand &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;neither inter-governmental, nor statal
characteristics are attributable to the &lt;i&gt;sui generis&lt;/i&gt; governmental
structure of the European Union,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
but preferably the European Union stands &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;[a]s
a complex web of policy and political relationship linking European, national,
and subnational institutions.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
Within this complex&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; web of policy and
political relationship&lt;/i&gt;, the European Union is usually defined as &lt;i&gt;Multi-Level
Governance&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Multi-level governance moreover refers to&lt;i&gt; [c]onnected processes of
governance incorporating both public and private actors in contextually defined
forms of exchange and collaboration.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;Within the European Union level this definition is supported with the
existence of sub-national, national and supranational actors in the policy
making mechanism&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;E) INPUT VERSUS OUTPUT: WHAT
IS DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;It
would be appropriate to explain what a deficit might be. The term &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;‘deficit’ &lt;/i&gt;may be&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;represents the negative
difference between an input and output. It can be used in economics as an
analysis tool, for example regarding the budget deficit or trade deficit. Therefore,
from this perspective the inevitable emphasis is on the imbalance between the
notion of democracy at the national level and at the European Union level.&amp;nbsp; Thus from the outset roles and functions of the
European Parliament is the ultimate source to determine such scope and from
this perspective it may be confidentially argued that there is already a &lt;i&gt;‘[g]ap
between the powers transferred from ‘more democratic’ national institutions to
‘less democratic’ European ones.’&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Another factor is that the problem is an institutional problem and the
institutions are scapegoats for the democratic deficit within the European
Union. Since as Craig and De Burca stressed; “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Democracy cannot be measured or calibrated in the same way as a budget&lt;/i&gt;”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, this
mere mathematical calculation is surely an illustrator, before drawing
attention to the discussion on the existence of a gap and proposed solution by
the academic literature on the subject matter. On the other hand the term of ‘&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;deficit&lt;/i&gt;’ also might indicate that something
is not complete or more appropriately something less. Thus logically it
addresses the existence of democracy on the European level below the accepted
standards&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
of classical democracy. That might mean that there is democracy but not enough
for the polity in question. From this point of view in order to talk about a
deficit one should clearly define the scope of that polity which democracy will
be fitted in. Actually the main debate in the academic literature in defining
democratic deficit stems from the difficulty in how and where to fit it. &amp;nbsp;However at least a slight consensus is achieved
about the problem and is a structural one rather than merely institutional.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;As Jörg Trenz Eder, pointed out &lt;i&gt;[&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;t]urn from functional to political spill-over
ultimately also implies the turn to democratic spill-over.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; That is democracy can no longer be attributable to
the member states but EU level democracy is the ultimate element of EU
legitimacy. Thus within the complexly integrated multi-level governance of the European
Union, at the outset &lt;i&gt;[&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;i]ndirect democratic
control via national parliaments&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
is not enough to create a controllable, legitimate European Union. Thus
democratic deficit can now be hardly thought just as this section at the
beginning tried to define – as a subtraction between inputs and outputs of
democratic controls within the EC level and national state level, but is
related to the structural design of European Union. &amp;nbsp;So far as a signal for structural problem
about assessing democracy is perceived, now the question turns to whether if
the democracy will be adapted to the European Union, or if whether the European
Union will be adapted to the democracy. Both approaches doubtless have
different calculation for the scope of deficit. In regard to the former one, if
someone agrees that there is democratic deficit within the EU due to the
input-output differences, some institutional reforms might be &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;sufficient&lt;/i&gt; to make the institutions more
accountable, representative and transparent to the citizens.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
However for the latter one a democratic deficit can only be narrowed by
satisfying its &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;necessary &lt;/i&gt;conditions&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;in the classic statal meaning of
democracy. Within this latter sense a so-called deficit is sought within an
ideal democracy in which&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; `[m]inimum
binding majoritarian decision making at the European level’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.
‘Where to fit democracy’ anxiety within the European Union is, nevertheless,
for both approaches at least one common unit of analysis; the &lt;i&gt;Demos&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;F) DEMOS &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Everything
ultimately turns around demos. As&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Weiler
put forward; “the very language of modern democracy, its grammar, syntax and
vocabulary, revolve around the state, the nation and the people – the &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;demos&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(Emphasis not added) The focal point of discussion is where the demos of the
European Union stand in the horizon of the democracy&lt;i&gt;. No demos&lt;/i&gt; thesis has
been constructed in a rigid rejection of democracy within the European Union
synonym to a nation-state democracy. Simply the thesis depends on as a
necessary condition of the democracy, the demos, it can not be created within
the multi-cultural, multi ethnic structure of the European Union.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Moreover, the thesis defends that neither &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;[l]ong
term relations with thickening economic and social intercourse&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
can be enough to create a European demos.&amp;nbsp;
As also &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Schmitter
&amp;amp; Karl &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;pointed
out&lt;i&gt; ‘&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;All regimes have
rulers and a public realm, but only to the extent that they are democratic do
they have citizens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;.’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Within
this strictness, the Treaty of Amsterdam and treaties establishing the European
Communities declared the European citizenship&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;as
a base for constructing democracy. For Weiler, the introduction of citizenship was
problematic in the sense of creation of a European people since the integration
process had been about &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;“‘lay[ing]
the foundations for an ever closer union among the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;peoples &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;of Europe’. Not
the creation of ‘one people’ but a union of many.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
However Weiler proceeds as &lt;i&gt;“European citizenship should not be thought of
either as intended to create the type of emotional attachments associated with
nationality-based citizenship. The coupling of nationality and citizenship
opens the possibility, instead, of thinking of co-existing multiple demoi.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;Thus within the context of Weiler’s demoi, European citizenship, in a
challenge to the no demos thesis, is the only source where the democracy might
be constructed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;SECTION
II: IS THERE ANY DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 55.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;“Any
attempt to strengthen the democratic dimension of the European Union is either
illusionary or likely to jeopardise the roots of democracy where they are at
their deepest and firmist- the nation state.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;A) &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform: uppercase;&quot;&gt;The worst case&lt;/span&gt; SCENARIO: Europe
as an ‘Iron Cage’ or not?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;“….bureaucracy
&quot;depersonalizes&quot; itself”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;As
Antony Orum pointed out ‘Although the parliament, or congress, represents the
elected officials, the state bureaucracy, consisting of civil servants, remains
decisive because it actually carries out the law that is formulated by
political officials’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn32&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(when the state established soon it
bureaucratises itself) Weber defines bureaucracies as goal oriented
rationally organized institutions in which &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;[i]n
the place of the old-type ruler who is moved by sympathy, favor, grace, and
gratitude, modern culture requires for its sustaining external apparatus the
emotionally detached, and hence rigorously &quot;professional&quot; expert.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn33&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;According to Weber this bureaucratization is inevitable and nothing can be
done to eliminate its effect on alienation of people.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn34&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Thus the rationalization of bureaucratization by efficiency and calculability
would put individuals into an &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;‘Iron Cage
of the institutions of the modern world’&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn35&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Synonymously this scenario might be quite applicable to the notion of comitology
within &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;‘an elite-led consensus democracy.’&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn36&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
The commission’s regulatory powers and committees’ technocratic decision making
capability&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn37&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(even restricted) further may support the Iron cage scenario for alienation of
the peoples of the Europe. Moravcsik, at this
point emphasized; EU regulatory powers is concentrated in those issues which
are not salient in the minds of European voters.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn38&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
The lack of saliency, most probably as Follesdal and Hix also argued, might be
as a &lt;i&gt;[r]esult of lack of democratic arenas for contestation&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn39&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
within this further thickened iron cage. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;B)
EXECUTIVE DOMINANCE &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Folllestal
and Hix called European integration as [a]n increase in executive powers and a
decrease in national parliamentary control.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn40&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Therefore
as they also argued classical control and balance mechanism provide by
parliaments are lacked.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn41&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; One
of the most important impacts of inadequate parliamentary controls, doubtless is
on the accountability. Hence as in put forward in the first section of the
paper, in the end the desired correspondence between the ruler and ruled rests
on accountability.&amp;nbsp; However for Moravcsik
“Constitutional checks and balances, indirect democratic control, via national
parliaments and the increasing powers of the European parliament are &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;sufficient&lt;/i&gt; to ensure that EU
policy-making is, in nearly all cases, clean, transparent, effective and
politically responsive to demands of European citizens.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn42&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; In
regard to parliamentary control over the executive, Paul Craig maintains a more
realist attitude. Craig’s first expression is about world wide tendency in &lt;i&gt;[i]ncreasing
executive power in most modern polities&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn43&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
hence he adds &lt;i&gt;“it is…by no means self-evident that the EP has less power
over the content of legislation than do national parliaments.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn44&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
Furthermore Craig, at the second stage, approached the problem by assuming that
if the European Union never exists. Craig from this perspective finds; in the
absence of EU, there will still be international coordination, and most of the
regulatory powers will be subject to the international multilateral or
bilateral treaties where parliaments have little control and most of burden is
on executives.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn45&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
The lack of European elections in a way to determine [t]he make-up of the
government at the European level&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn46&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
might be regarded as a sidestep of general acceptance of weakening of
parliamentary powers within the domestic sense as well as in approximating the
national level democratic controls with the European level democratic
controls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;MAJOR
DEFENCES OF THE DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;A)
…AS A MATTER OF SALIENCE&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Moravcsik’s
approach to the problem of the democratic deficit in the EU is constructed on
the argument of the Union should be perceived
as &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;[a] division of labour, in which
commonly delegated functions are carried out by the EU.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn47&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;Essentially on &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;what EU does.&lt;/i&gt; In
addition Moravscik further conceptualises the debate within the boundary of
delegated functions’ popularity.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn48&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
The argument’s very emphasis is on democratic deficit first of all might exist
in those areas where member states opted to delegate their powers to insulated
institutions of European Union, &lt;i&gt;[i]n which many advanced industrial
democracies, including most Member States of EU, insulate themselves from
direct political contestation.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn49&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
In an attempt to illustrate the necessity of insulated institutions, she lists
three convincing arguments as; insulated institutions, those that carry out
insulated delegated functions, at first reduce the cost of decision making
through specialization, they prevent majority tyranny through minority
participation and moreover they provide &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;unbiased
&lt;/i&gt;representation to the majorities in the means of immunity from the
distortion of &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;particularistic&lt;/i&gt;
minorities without any vote anxiety.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn50&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
This, less democratic but more representative and efficient thesis continues
with an emphasis that EU regulatory powers are concentrated in those areas
where a great degree of specialization is necessary at the same time on those
issues not salient in the minds of European voters.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn51&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;B)
…AS A MATTER OF STANDARDS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;The
standards issue is one of the crucial elements in the definition of democratic
deficit and in the attempts of measuring democratic deficit. So far as the
paper illustrates, as long as European democratic deficit is concerned,
democracy is free from its origin. We left behind first government, then demos
and turn to discuss the democracy of governance of &lt;i&gt;multiple demoi&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn52&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref52&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn52;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; Thus in determining standards not to
approximate the national level of institutions with the European level
institution but to recognize the multi-level standing of European Union and
rethink the legitimacy crisis and democratic deficit within this dimension, might
be the best way to measure the distance between the ruler and ruled. In
supporting this argument Majone sets four different types of standards of
legitimacy as; standards based on the analogy with national institutions;
Majoritarian standards; standards derived from democratic legitimacy of member
states and social standards.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn53&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref53&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn53;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The
first two types links member states and national parliaments with the European
Union, thus necessitates an approximation. The third one is an approach to the
legitimacy issues from the national parliament’s control over the Council and
thus has the same effect with the indirect legitimacy. Empowering the European
parliament and weakening the Council from this point of view can not be a
solution for the so-called legitimacy crisis. The famous &lt;i&gt;No-Demos &lt;/i&gt;thesis’s
implication on this point is as follows; without appropriate demos of Europe,
while in one hand a powerful Parliament in such sense become despotic, hence
maybe has &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;[s]lightly more legitimacy than
the writ of an emperor&lt;/i&gt;, on the other hand it reduces the &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;[v]oice of member states...&lt;/i&gt;[thus] &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;exacerbate the legitimacy problem of the
Community.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn54&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref54&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn54;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
That is &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;‘the real source of legitimacy,
namely national politicians and national parliaments’&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn55&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref55&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn55;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;should not be limited with elected
European Parliament. Majone’s very argument shaped within the fourth type of
legitimacy. By re-calling Scharph’s out-put legitimacy, Majone in the same
sense, sees European Union as a regulatory state&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn56&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref56&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn56;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
and bases his argument on &lt;i&gt;accountability on result&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn57&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref57&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn57;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;thesis.
The most important assertion in this thesis is that “efficiency-oriented policies
are basically legitimated by results.” Majone proceeds in a precise manner,
such in the competences delegated to the European Union level,
efficiency-oriented policies are subject to non-majoritarian sources &lt;i&gt;legitimacy;
expertise, procedural rationality, transparency and accountability by result.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn58&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref58&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn58;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
Thus as Moravcsik, Majone also believe in the efficiency of insulated
institutions. As an illustration, what is being stated as being the fuel of
democracy is &lt;i&gt;compromised &lt;/i&gt;however the efficiency only works with &lt;i&gt;truth.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;C)
…AS A MATTER OF BOUNDARY &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;“Even
if the Union were to replicate in its system
of governance the very same institutional set-up found in its constituent
states, there would be a diminution in the specific gravity, in the political
weight, in the level of control of each individual within redrawn political
boundaries.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn59&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref59&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn59;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
Weiler called this effect as inverted regionalism as the European Union is
enlarging, rather than a de-centralization effect of regionalism from the
center, as opposite Community reach expands into those [a]reas previously thought
to be the preserve of the state or of the individual&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn60&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref60&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn60;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
thus it centralized the power in Brussels.
This introduces another handicap; political boundaries of Europe.
The political boundary of the European Union, in this sense, is large enough to
create an obstacle for narrowing the gap between Demos and Kratein. As
Moravscik also argued; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“An organization
of the continental scope will of course, appear rather distant from the
individual citizens.” &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn61&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref61&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn61;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;MULTI-LEVEL
GOVERNANCE REVISITED; &amp;nbsp;“&lt;i&gt;no single
model of democracy”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn62&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref62&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn62;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Weiler,
in parallel to the notion of multi-level governance within the European Union,
introduced three modes of governance by which each of them correspond to different
models of governance. Accordingly Intergovernmental governance of the European
Union which is directly concerned with the fundamental system rules overlaps
with the consociational form of democracy. Consociationalism, as an
indispensable model for cleavage theory, provides functionality and stability
in a fragmented Europe by providing consensual
politics.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn63&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref63&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn63;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
In regard to supranational modes of governance, Weiler suggests competitive
elitism.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn64&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref64&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn64;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Craig
at this point, convincingly argues that competitive elitism in the
supranational decision making which is concerned with a primary legislative
agenda is not suitable for the European Union.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn65&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref65&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn65;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Finally
on infra-nationalism Weiler offers neo-corporatist governance and democracy.
Infra-nationalist governance of the European Union mostly overlaps with the
concept of comitology and the technocratic face of the European Union. Weiler,
in this regard believes that infra-nationalism about &lt;i&gt;[t]ransnational
interest groups, governance without governance, empowerment beyond
nationalities,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn66&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref66&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn66;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
from this point of view &lt;i&gt;[n]eo-corporatisim does not replace the parliament
and other institutions….but simply side-steps them in reaching public choice of
the polity.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn67&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref67&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn67;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Thus within those issue areas where
there is effective functioning of comitology, neo-corporatist model provides
reaching decisions be excluding the parliamentary controls. Weiler in regard to
the neo-corporatist model however accepts some problems are due to the lack of
transparency and absence of representatives in the means of limited
participation and excluding some public voices.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn68&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref68&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn68;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE AND WIDENING
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Whatever the
theoretical debates about the democracy within the EU, there has been one focal
point on the recognition of problems with the EU’s democratic legitimacy; &lt;i&gt;[t]he
Union is often seen as remote and at the same
time too intrusive.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn69&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref69&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn69;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
The Commissions white paper on the new governance of EU at this point,
illustrated the need to deviate from the classical community method on the
governance of EU to bridge the gap between peoples of the European Union and
its institutions. To reach the aim of an open, accountable, participative,
effective and coherent &lt;i&gt;Good governance&lt;/i&gt;; the Commission’s ‘&lt;i&gt;better use
of power’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn70&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref70&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn70;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
strategy involved introduction of wide range of tools from social dialogue to
open method of coordination, from involvement of civil society, to most often
use of secondary legislations (framework directives) from simplifying community
law to achieve more flexibility at the national level. &amp;nbsp;New governance is defined by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Scott
and Trubek &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;as; departures within the &lt;i&gt;“classic” Community Method (NOG) and
alternatives to that Method.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn71&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref71&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn71;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[71]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
Accordingly in defining new governance of the EU they&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
abstract two distinct categories of deviation from what is defined as old
governance, accordingly first departure is from the Classical Community Method
(what they label as New Old Governance “NOG”) and the second category is
alternatives to the Classical Community method.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn72&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref72&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn72;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[72]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; First
category includes development of flexibility phenomenon in the legislation
process via &lt;i&gt;[i]ncreasing recourse to directives&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn73&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref73&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn73;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[73]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
and non-binding soft laws; variation from the comitology by &lt;i&gt;[&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;i]ntroduction of
implementation committees into the decision-making process;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; and involvement of
range of actors in the legislation process, with a considerable emphasis on &lt;i&gt;‘civil
dialogue’&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn74&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref74&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn74;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[74]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
On the other in the second category, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Scott and Trubek,
lists four main alternatives&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn75&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref75&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn75;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[75]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
to the Classic Community Method. &lt;i&gt;Inter alia&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;social dialogue&lt;/i&gt; and an
&lt;i&gt;open method of co-ordination&lt;/i&gt; are both represent most radical
alternatives and which both carry essential potential for the solution of democratic
deficit literature. Both of these new governance tools are in their designs
possess inclusive elements. They are surely important innovation in the means
of widening citizen participation within the European Union. OMC in the white
paper defined as &lt;i&gt;[&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;a] way of encouraging co-operation, the
exchange of best practice and agreeing common targets and guidelines for Member
States, sometimes backed up by national action plans as in the case of
employment and social exclusion.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn76&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref76&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn76;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Lisbon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
strategy of the European Council on &lt;i&gt;[s]trengthen employment, economic reform
and social cohesion as part of a knowledge-based economy&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn77&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref77&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn77;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[77]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;
represented OMCs as a shining tool &lt;i&gt;[w]hich is designed to help Member States
to progressively develop their own policies.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn78&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref78&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn78;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[78]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
Within its terminology OMC embodies active inclusion of regional and local
level actors as well as social partners and civil society. Moreover its
structure is based on peer review, periodic monitoring, and social learning. All
these features, at the outset, represent the democratic potential of the Open
Method of Coordination. Beside these optimistic beliefs about the democratic
nature of the OMC, there are, also, sceptical approaches about democratization
through OMC and about its satisfactory usefulness. For &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Moravcsik; “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;[T]here is
some sketchy evidence that governments may have used the information exchange
to help plan social reforms, but no solid evidence either of any impact on or
policy learning with regard to substantive policy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn79&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref79&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn79;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[79]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Moreover Athur Benz even defends&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; that &lt;i&gt;[&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;O]MC is far from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;meeting the criteria of participatory or deliberative democracy.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn80&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref80&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn80;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[80]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; Benz argues &lt;i&gt;[i]n deliberation the share of responsibility of
individual actors in producing outcomes can not be determined,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn81&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref81&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn81;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[81]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
in this regard it can not be accountable.&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn82&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref82&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn82;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[82]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Social dialogue with its civil elements represents another shining tool
for the democracy within the European Union. A special meaning of Civil Society
within the Social dialogue,&amp;nbsp; in the means
of &lt;i&gt;[&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;d]elegating law making authority to representatives of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;parties to be affected by these laws&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn83&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref83&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn83;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[83]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Joanne Scott, David M
Trubek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;, &lt;i&gt;[s]eems to solve some of the democratic deficit problems in the
area it covers by essentially&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn84&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref84&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn84;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[84]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;It
would be unjust to call the European Union an undemocratic entity. It would be
also inappropriate to apply classical democratic theory within the European
Union terms. As the paper illustrated, at this point &lt;i&gt;no demos &lt;/i&gt;thesis
provides a substantial ground for the searching democracy within different
criteria rather than state centric classical democratic criteria. The main
theme of the paper focused on two main drawbacks of the European political
integration, Comitology and Executive Dominance. These two features of European
Union act against normally what we are familiar with the democratic elements:
representativeness, participation, competition for government, accountability
and transparency.&amp;nbsp; Efficiency on the
other hand constitutes the most important figure of the out-put oriented
legitimacy within the European Union. Since indirect legitimacy for almost all
intergovernmental organisations is a legitimizing function, as discussed in the
paper, should not be given main importance in regards to the European Union. However
rather then these abstract, collectivist considerations and by considering all
the realities of the European Union, democratic deficit in the Union should be
considered in an individual basis and from the perspectives of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;parties to be
affected &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;by the democratic deficit.&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;In this regard new governance
initiatives and attempts at the civilianization of political decision making,
at least, illustrates that political spill-over has a &lt;i&gt;democratic spill-over
effect&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn85&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref85&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn85;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[85]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;and
represents a very large potential for the progressive democratization of the
European Union.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
See Dahl’s criteria for Democratic process. Dahl, R,&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;On democracy&lt;/i&gt;,
(New Haven ;&amp;nbsp;London :&amp;nbsp;Yale University
Press,&amp;nbsp;2000) p3.37-38&amp;nbsp; i)Effective
participation, ii)Voting Equally,iii) Enlightened Agenda, iV)Inclusion of Adults
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Hirst, P. ( 2000). “Democracy and governance” in Kees Van
Kersbergen, Frans Van Waarden &#39;Governance&#39; as a bridge between disciplines:
Cross-disciplinary inspiration regarding shifts in governance and problems of
governability, accountability and legitimacy’ European Journal of Political
Research 43 (2) (2004) p.145&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Fritz W.
Scharpf, Problem Solving Effectiveness and Democratic Accountability in the EU,
Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna
(February 2006) p. 1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; John
Lewis John D. Lewis, &lt;i&gt;The Elements of Democracy&lt;/i&gt;, The American Political Science
Review, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Jun., 1940), p 467&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Scharpf,
supra note 3 at. 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
at. 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Thomas Banchoff and Mitchell P. Smith&lt;i&gt;“Legitimacy
and the European Union :&amp;nbsp;the contested polity”&lt;/i&gt; (London :&amp;nbsp;Routledge,&amp;nbsp;1999.) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;R. A. W.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Rhode, &lt;i&gt;The New Governance: Governing without Government, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Political Studies 44 (4) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;(1996). p.652&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ibid. p.652 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
Weiler, Joseph,&amp;nbsp;“The constitution of Europe
:&amp;nbsp;&quot;Do The New Clothes Have an Emperor?&quot; and Other Essays on
European Integration (Cambridge :&amp;nbsp;Cambridge University
Press,&amp;nbsp;1999.)p.270&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Thomas Banchoff and Mitchell P. Smith&lt;i&gt;“Legitimacy
and the European Union :&amp;nbsp;the contested polity”&lt;/i&gt; (London :&amp;nbsp;Routledge,&amp;nbsp;1999.) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p.12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Paul
Craig and Gràinne, &lt;i&gt;The evolution of EU law&lt;/i&gt;, (&amp;nbsp;Oxford :&amp;nbsp;Oxford
University Press,&amp;nbsp;1999) p.16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
Guy Peters and Jon Pierre, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&quot;Multiple-Level
Governance: A View From the Garbage Can&quot;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;European Policy and Research Unit (MPP 1/2002) [online]
available:
&amp;lt;http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/disciplines/politics/publications/workingpapers/documents/manchester_working_papers/MPP1.pdf.&amp;gt;
(accessed on 10 May 2008)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Paul Craig, supra note 12, at. 16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Lord, Christopher.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Democracy
in the European Union&lt;/i&gt; (Sheffield
:&amp;nbsp;Sheffield Academic Press,&amp;nbsp;1998.) p.14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Paul Craig, supra note 12, at. 24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See for
a non-exhaustive list of commonly accepted criteria, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Andreas Follesdal, and Simon Hix, Why There is a
Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravcsik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; ,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; JCMS, 44 (3) (2006) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p.547&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Allan
Rosas and Esko Antola, &lt;i&gt;A citizens&#39; Europe
:&amp;nbsp;in Search of a New Order&lt;/i&gt; (London :&amp;nbsp;SAGE Publications, 1995)
p.31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
Hans-Jörg Trenz and Klaus Eder,The Democratizing Dynamics of a European Public
Sphere Towards a Theory of Democratic Functionalism, E.J.S.T. 7(1) (2004) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p..12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Andrew
Moravcsik Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union, JCMS 40 (4),(2002)
p.605&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See
Andrew Moravcsik Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union, JCMS 40
(4),(2002) p.605&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Haltern,
Meyer and Weiler, ‘European Democracy and its Critique’ West European Politics,
18 (4) (1995)&amp;nbsp; p.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Weiler,
supra note 10, at.268&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Haltern,
Meyer and Weiler, Supra Note 24 at. 7 This is because ‘Neither the subjective
element (the sense of shared collective identity and loyalty) nor the objective
conditions which could produce these ( the kind of homogeneity of the
ethno-national conditions on which peoplehood depend) exists.’ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Haltern,
Meyer and Weiler, Supra Note 24 at. 7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Schmitter, P. Karl T, &lt;i&gt;What Democracy Is. . . and
Is Not&lt;/i&gt;, Journal of Democracy ,2 (3), Summer (1991),p.77&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
Article 17 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community ; “Citizenship of
the Union is hereby established. Every person
holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union.
Citizenship of the Union shall complement and
not replace national citizenship.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Haltern,
Meyer and Weiler, Supra Note 24 at. 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Haltern,
Meyer and Weiler, Supra Note 24 at. 32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Mancini F, &lt;i&gt;Constitutionalism and
democracy in the European Union:&amp;nbsp;collected essays&lt;/i&gt;, (Oxford :&amp;nbsp;Hart,&amp;nbsp;2000) p.55&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref31&quot; name=&quot;_ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
Coser, Lewis A. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Masters of Sociological
Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; Ed.&lt;/i&gt; Fort Worth, Texas:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977. p.231 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref32&quot; name=&quot;_ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Orum,
Anthony M.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Introduction to Political Sociology&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Ed. ,New Jersey: Upper Saddle
 River, 2001.p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref33&quot; name=&quot;_ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Coser,
Supra note 32,&amp;nbsp; at. 231 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref34&quot; name=&quot;_ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Orum,
Supra note 33,&amp;nbsp; at. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;42 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref35&quot; name=&quot;_ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref36&quot; name=&quot;_ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Lord,
Christopher.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Supra Note 14, at.129&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref37&quot; name=&quot;_ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Paul
Craig, supra note 12, at. 24, Craig refers this element of democratic deficit
as “bypassing democracy” through comitology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref38&quot; name=&quot;_ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Andrew
Moravcsik ,Supra Note 21, at. 606&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref39&quot; name=&quot;_ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Andreas
Follestal Simon Hix, supra note 18, at. 16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref40&quot; name=&quot;_ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid. 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref41&quot; name=&quot;_ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
Ibid.&amp;nbsp; 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref42&quot; name=&quot;_ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Andrew
Moravcsik,&amp;nbsp; Supra Note 21, at.605&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref43&quot; name=&quot;_ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Paul
Craig, supra note 12, at. 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref44&quot; name=&quot;_ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
at. 25, Craig further comments about the strength of parliament within the
context of co-decision procedure. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref45&quot; name=&quot;_ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Paul Craig, supra note 12, at. 25-26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref46&quot; name=&quot;_ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Andreas
Follestal Simon Hix , supra note 12, at. 6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref47&quot; name=&quot;_ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Andrew
Moravcsik,&amp;nbsp; Supra Note 21, at. 606&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref48&quot; name=&quot;_ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.
606&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref49&quot; name=&quot;_ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.
613&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref50&quot; name=&quot;_ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.
614&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref51&quot; name=&quot;_ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.
606&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn52&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref52&quot; name=&quot;_ftn52&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn52;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Weiler,
supra note 10, at.344&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn53&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref53&quot; name=&quot;_ftn53&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn53;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
Giandomenico Majone, &lt;i&gt;Europe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&#39;s
&#39;Democratic Deficit&#39;: The Question of Standards.&lt;/i&gt; E.L.J, 4(1) (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1998) p.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn54&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref54&quot; name=&quot;_ftn54&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn54;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Haltern,
Meyer and Weiler, Supra Note 24 at. 13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn55&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref55&quot; name=&quot;_ftn55&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn55;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;
Svein S. Andersen and Kjell A. Eliassen, The European Union, how democratic is
it? (London :&amp;nbsp;Sage,&amp;nbsp;1996) p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;62&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn56&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref56&quot; name=&quot;_ftn56&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn56;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Giandomenico Majone, Supra Note 54, at. 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn57&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref57&quot; name=&quot;_ftn57&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn57;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
at. 28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn58&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref58&quot; name=&quot;_ftn58&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn58;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
Ibid.at.28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn59&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref59&quot; name=&quot;_ftn59&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn59;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Weiler,
supra note 10, at.264&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn60&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref60&quot; name=&quot;_ftn60&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn60;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
at. 265&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn61&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref61&quot; name=&quot;_ftn61&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn61;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Andrew
Moravcsik,&amp;nbsp; Supra Note 21, at.604&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn62&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref62&quot; name=&quot;_ftn62&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn62;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Paul
Craig, supra note 12, at. 29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn63&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref63&quot; name=&quot;_ftn63&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn63;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid. at
30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn64&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref64&quot; name=&quot;_ftn64&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn64;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Weiler,
supra note 10, at 283 “Or aspirationally at least, with the reference to a
statal, federal version of pluralistic society.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn65&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref65&quot; name=&quot;_ftn65&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn65;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Paul Craig, supra note 12, at. 32-42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn66&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref66&quot; name=&quot;_ftn66&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn66;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Weiler,
supra note 10, at 224&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn67&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref67&quot; name=&quot;_ftn67&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn67;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
at.223&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn68&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref68&quot; name=&quot;_ftn68&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn68;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.at.
284&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn69&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref69&quot; name=&quot;_ftn69&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn69;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;EC White Paper on European Governance,
COM(2001) 428 final, at 33 (July 25, 2001)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn70&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref70&quot; name=&quot;_ftn70&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn70;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ibid.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn71&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref71&quot; name=&quot;_ftn71&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn71;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[71]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Joanne Scott, David M Trubek, Mind the Gap: Law and New
Approaches to Governance in the European Union, E.L.J. 8 (1) (2002) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p.5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn72&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref72&quot; name=&quot;_ftn72&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn72;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[72]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid p.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn73&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref73&quot; name=&quot;_ftn73&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn73;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[73]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid p.3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn74&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref74&quot; name=&quot;_ftn74&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn74;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[74]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid p.3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn75&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref75&quot; name=&quot;_ftn75&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn75;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[75]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
Ibid.3-5&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Those
alternatives are namely; wide range of partnership and autonomy in the
communities responsible for structural funding; environmental policy
integration; Social dialogue and Open Method of Coordination. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn76&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref76&quot; name=&quot;_ftn76&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn76;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;EC White Paper on European Governance,
COM(2001) 428 final, at. 22 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn77&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref77&quot; name=&quot;_ftn77&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn77;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[77]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; European
Council, Lisbon
Conclusions, B.E.U, 3-2000&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn78&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref78&quot; name=&quot;_ftn78&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn78;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[78]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; European
Council, Lisbon Conclusions, B.E.U, 3-2000&amp;nbsp;
point 38&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn79&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref79&quot; name=&quot;_ftn79&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn79;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[79]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Moravcsik, A. ‘The European Constitutional Compromise and the Legacy of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Neo-functionalism’.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Journal of European Public Policy 12 (2005) p. 366&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn80&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref80&quot; name=&quot;_ftn80&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn80;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[80]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Benz, Arthur, &quot;Accountable
Multilevel Governance by the Open Method of Coordination?”. E. L.J. , 13 (4)
(2007) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p. 515&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn81&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref81&quot; name=&quot;_ftn81&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn81;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[81]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;513&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn82&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref82&quot; name=&quot;_ftn82&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn82;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[82]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; 515&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn83&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref83&quot; name=&quot;_ftn83&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn83;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[83]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Joanne Scott, David M Trubek , Supra Note 72, at.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn84&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref84&quot; name=&quot;_ftn84&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn84;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[84]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
p.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn85&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref85&quot; name=&quot;_ftn85&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn85;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[85]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Hans-Jörg Trenz and Klaus Eder, Supra
Note 20, at 12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/8300595794673018776/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/paraphrasing-democracy-in-european.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/8300595794673018776'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/8300595794673018776'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/paraphrasing-democracy-in-european.html' title='PARAPHRASING THE DEMOCRACY IN EUROPEAN UNION TERMS'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-icBqFCqiOLE/TnZFAdJb6fI/AAAAAAAAADQ/u3gzGcwKNLs/s72-c/images.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-2059923699686160466</id><published>2011-09-18T12:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-12-17T09:32:38.467-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Arsenal V. Reed"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Competition Law"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Rekabet Hukuku"/><title type='text'>VICTORY TROUGH HARMONY - Arsenal V. Reed Case</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iw1h8vh43FY/TnY_2g_rrVI/AAAAAAAAADE/DEKc9I7Rtks/s1600/images.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iw1h8vh43FY/TnY_2g_rrVI/AAAAAAAAADE/DEKc9I7Rtks/s1600/images.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;VICTORY TROUGH HARMONY!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; This well known slogan
of the Arsenal F.C. came into reality after contradictory judgements of the
European Court of Justice and English High Court through ECJ’s interpretation
of harmonized European Trademark law. The Arsenal Court, with its historical
judgement rather than providing a clarification to the case before it, bring
out many crucial questions regarding to the European trade mark law from the
legitimacy of the post sale confusion to functions of trade mark, from
definition of trade mark use to merchandising rights and even to the real
competences of the European Court of Justice. Rather than answering questions
of the referring Court, ECJ’s reinterpretation of the facts and analysing the
case with its own facts by giving special focus on the functions of trade mark,
Advocate General’s wide, even in most part economical, considerations and
substantial justifications, High Court’s rejection but Court of Appeal’s
confirmation and interpretation of the ECJ judgement, all these development
reserved the Arsenal case one of the most discussed and extraordinary cases of
the European case law.&amp;nbsp; Within this
context one of the most important effects of the Arsenal case arguably was its
substance in a way to cause further questioning the rationale for the trade
mark protection. Arsenal court’s approach to the trade mark infringement &lt;i&gt;Sub
rose&lt;/i&gt; reminded the world wide anxieties about the propertization and erosion
in the public functions of the trade mark law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;The main argument of this
paper will be built on consumers are the legitimizing element of the trademark
protection in the trademark infringement cases. Thus very legitimate boundary
of the trademark protection in the infringement cases is determined by the
trademarks capability to perform its positive functions in regard to consumers.
In the part I, paper will discuss expansionist nature of European trademark law
in the light of Arsenal and subsequent case law. In the Part II expansion of
trade mark law and trend toward the propertization of trademark will be
analysed. Part III will focus on the indispensable place of confusion under the
trademark infringement law and will try to justify any attempt to ignore
confusion criteria in the infringement cases would undermine basic foundations
of the legal protection of trademarks. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Part I - THE ARSENAL CASE AND ITS AFTERMATH &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;The case concerned with defendant’s, Mr Reed’s, sale of unauthorised
Arsenal merchandise carrying Arsenal words and Logos in his stall where he also
located a large warning stating that ‘the words or logos on the goods offered
for sale, are used to adorn the product and does not imply or indicate any
affiliation or relationship with the manufacturer’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;. Case when came before
the English High Court, Laddie J dismissed the passing off claims of the
Arsenal F.C. due to plaintiff’s failure to prove the actual consumer confusion
and in regard to trade mark infringement claims of the plaintiff referred two questions
to the European Court of Justice.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 4.7pt; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Laddie J, asked whether
the trade mark use only indicate trade origin or use as a badge of support,
loyalty or affiliation can also amount a trade mark use, thus may lead to an
infringement?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; Court’s reply actually
did not provide clear guidance for the questions. Rather Court firstly focused
on the essential function of the trade mark. After defining the essential
function by referring the established case law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; [a]s &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;to guarantee the identity of origin of the marked
goods or services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Judgment proceed with reemphasizing the
absolute protection granted in the directive in regard to use of identical
signs in relations with identical products by the virtue of tenth recital of
the preamble and the protection in that sense should be granted [&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;a]gainst competitors wishing to take unfair
advantage of the status and reputation of the trade mark by selling products
illegally&lt;i&gt; bearing it. &lt;/i&gt;The crucial point in the Judgment was the para. 51
where the Court interpreted the rationale for the&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;article 5 (1)(a) of
the Directive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; as;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 33.05pt; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[e]xclusive right under Article 5(1)(a) of the
Directive was conferred in order to enable the trade mark proprietor to protect
his &lt;i&gt;specific interests&lt;/i&gt; as proprietor, that is, to ensure that the trade
mark can fulfil its &lt;i&gt;functions&lt;/i&gt;. The exercise of that right must therefore
be reserved to cases in which a &lt;i&gt;third party&#39;s use of the sign affects or is
liable to affect the functions of the trade mark, in particular its essential
function of guaranteeing to consumers the origin of the goods.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; (Emphasize added)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 33.05pt; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;In addition the
decision made it clear that the warning in the Mr. Reed’s stall, which is
designed to distinguish the official and non official products, can not effect
the conclusion that the function of trade mark to guarantee the indication of
origin jeopardized. That is within the meaning guaranteeing that [a]ll the
goods or services bearing it have been manufactured or supplied under the
control of a single undertaking which is responsible for their quality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; has been jeopardized. While in reaching this conclusion
Court introduced a new concept in the European Trade Mark law when it &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;highlighted that, the
warning in the Mr. Reed’s stall does not prevent the possibility for after sale
confusion in the mind of public&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;[i]f they come
across the goods after they have been sold by Mr Reed and taken away from the
stall where the notice appears, may interpret the sign as designating Arsenal
FC as the undertaking of origin of the goods.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Thus Court concluded that [i]t is immaterial that
in the context of that use the sign is perceived as a badge of support for or
loyalty or affiliation to the proprietor of the mark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;When the case came once before the High Court, Laddie J. interpreted the
answer and concluded that there is no infringement if there is no trade mark
use which is prejudicial to the essential function of registered trade mark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; On the other hand he
ignored ECJ’s final conclusion by finding that ECJ exceeded its jurisdiction by
finding facts instead of only providing guidelines about the law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; On Appeal, Court of
Appeal for England and Wales decided in favour of Arsenal by concluding &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;As found by the judge, the trade marks, when
applied to the goods, were purchased and worn as badges of support, loyalty and
affiliation to Arsenal, but that did not mean that the use by a third party
would not be liable to jeopardise the functions of the trade marks, namely the
ability to guarantee origin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
Court therefore interpreted as trade mark use is irrelevant if the use is jeopardizing
the functions, in particular essential function of the trade mark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;IMPLICATIONS OF THE ARSENAL &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;It is noteworthy to
simplify the essential underlying points of the Arsenal case. The case was
concerned with ordinary merchandising case which was necessitating
interpretation of the Article 5(1) (a) of the directive. On the other hand
because it was a Merchandising case, it was a very appropriate platform to
discuss the rationale for the trade mark protection. It is just because in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;a
Merchandising case a&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;[t]rade
mark is sold, not as a source indicator, but desirable feature of a product.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; There are many convincing arguments that granting
protection at this point, without an evidence of confusion, will harm the
consumers and competition which undermines the rationale for trade mark
protection.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Thus in its judgments in order to justify its findings, Court also
underlined the scope of protection under the European trade mark law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;At the first point Court
was simply transferred what article 5(1) (a) mandated.&amp;nbsp; If the marks and products are identical,
according to the wording of the article 5(1) (a) there is no requirement for
the existence of confusion in the minds of public&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; and there is &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;per se&lt;/i&gt; infringement. Secondly in
defining the scope of protection under European Trademark Law, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;not
surprisingly in the Arsenal case, ECJ did not limited itself to a narrower
scope of origin function in the trade mark use. As Barresi also underlined, the
[t]ext of the directive does not leave much room for a different approach.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Since the 10&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Recital reads that [t]he function is &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;in particular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; to
guarantee the trade mark as an indication of origin.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
According to Annett Wagner “&lt;i&gt;This shows that the origin function is not
considered to be exclusive, but that the Directive is open for a broader
understanding of the trade mark&#39;s performance.”&lt;/i&gt; Moreover Geigen at this
point argues that “&lt;i&gt;The Directive had to leave other functions open since it
provides for the possibility of wide protection of reputed marks even if no
confusion arises. Such protection can only be given if one accepts that the
trade mark has functions other than being an indicator of origin.” &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
Thus as a matter of law, Court clarified that directive mandates protection of
all functions of the trade mark. Within this scope, by the Arsenal case Court
also first time recognized the Post sale confusion as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;another actionable form
of confusion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;This without doubt Court’s endorsement of widened the scope of protection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;under the European trademark law rather than being restricted to
confusion as to origin function.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; In the remaining part
paper will discusses &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;longitudinal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;diversion of European trade mark law form the
consumer protection and orienting into trade mark owner centred orbit. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;PART II - PATRONIZING THE CONSUMER PATRONAGE OR
DEMOCRATIZING THE EXCLUSIVITY &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;This part will discuss the ebbs and flows
of Trade mark law between the consumers and trade mark owners. It is the
subject matter of the trade mark law is that law grants exclusive right to
protect trademark owners’ ability to use its reputation to sell its products. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
However as Shanahan put forward trade marks serves [t]wo complementary policy
objectives: the protection of the trader&#39;s business and the protection of the
consuming public.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
The underlying rationale for trademark protections is that trademarks fosters
competition and provides advantages to the consumers. These benefits are seen
as the most important justifications for the trademark protection. Trademarks
grant an exclusive right to its proprietor but it is generally accepted that
this right &#39;[a]ims to promote more
competitive markets by improving the quality of information in those markets&#39;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; Without doubt trademark
law does not there to protect firms from the competition. Surely it is not the
aim of the trade mark law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Landes
and Posner at this point outline the main pro-competitive essentials of the
trade marks as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;“the benefits of trademark in reducing consumer search costs require that
the producer of a trademarked good maintain a consistent quality over time and
across consumers.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; Therefore the
justification for the legal protection is competition and ultimately customer
oriented. Next part in turn will discuss this justification in order to asses
the legitimate boundaries of the trademark protection. To this end it would be
appropriate firstly to focus on the functions of trademark in order to
understand effective functioning of trademarks. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;FUNCTIONS
OF TRADEMARK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Although there are theoretically complex
views regarding to the performance of functions of trademarks, it is also
confirmed in the findings of ECJ’s Arsenal case law that the scope of
protection is determined by the true definition of these functions. There are
at least three accepted functions of the trademarks by which commentators
frequently underlines. Origin function, Quality or Guarantee function and
Investment or Advertisement function.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; The Origin function&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
of trademarks is traditionally explains that trademarks are the indicators of
the trade source.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Therefore trademark law emerged as the protection of origin function of
trademarks by enabling information transmission from the trade source to public
without being exposed to consumer confusion.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Furthermore there are certain views abut all other functions are relative and
derivative.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
However increasing complexity in the trade relations by inclusion of fragmented
distribution networks, changing foundations of the marketing techniques clearly
expanded the scope of protection and consequently studies on consumers’
behaviour expanded the boundaries of the trademark protection.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Trademarks then became indicators of liability&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn32&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
rather than indicators of origin. This fact is also underlined by ECJ in the Hag
II when the court emphasised the essential function of the trademarks as “For
the trade mark to fulfil its role, it must offer a guarantee that all goods
bearing it have been produced under the control of one single undertaking which
is accountable for their quality.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn33&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;The
advertisement function on the other hand represents a 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century
introduction to the trademark literature especially widely recognized after
Frank Schechter authorized his famous article on the &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Rational Basis of the Trademark Protection.&lt;/i&gt; The challenge toward
the classical expression of origin function at this point put forward by the
Schechter as; [&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;t]he true functions of the trademark are to identify a
product as satisfactory and thereby to stimulate further purchases by the
consuming public&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn34&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Schechter’s argument through ‘&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;the mark
actually &lt;i&gt;sells &lt;/i&gt;the goods’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn35&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
advocated for the expanded protection of the trademarks and prepared a
doctrinal background for the anti-dilution laws.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn36&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
One of the most important implications for the general acceptance of the
advertisement function of trademarks is the recognition of the goodwill of the
trademark rather than the goodwill of the product or its maker.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn37&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
This implication also repeated by the Advocate General Colomer in Arsenal
opinion when he indicated that a trademark ‘[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;a]cquires&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; a life of its own, making a statement about quality, reputation and even, in
certain cases, a way of seeing life.’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn38&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;TRADE MARK: &amp;nbsp;MONOPOLY OR PROPERTY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Trade marks are practically due to they confers exclusive right to use to
its owner at least by some commentators identified with the monopolies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn39&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; Most shared anxiety among
the ‘trademark as a monopoly’ proponents is that such monopoly would harm the
competition rather than expectedly fostering competition. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Timberg summarizes the main arguments
of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;‘trademark as a monopoly’ proponents by underlying the ideas of two
important figures Ralph Brown and Edward Chamberlain. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 70.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;“[t]he result of effective
trade-mark promotion is to differentiate the trade-marked article from other
trade-marked and nontrade-marked articles possessing the same general physical
and chemical characteristics and the same utility to the consumer, and to
create for the trade-marked article a monopoly and an immunity from the rigors
of competition. The trade-mark creates for its specific product an entirely
separate market, where demand becomes inelastic and prices are established
which are independent of the prices of other articles of the same class that
would otherwise be competitive with it.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn40&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Monopolists argued that distinguishing nature of the trademarks leads
trademark monopolies. &amp;nbsp;Since they are by
distinguishing certain product out of its general class and place them into
their own class, trade marks like the patents and copyrights have monopolistic
aspects.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn41&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; This monopoly based
approach strictly challenged by the Property based approach to the trade marks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn42&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;The property-based approach tends to assume
that the property right in a trade mark is the right to prevent confusion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn43&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; Under property-based
doctrine however&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; ‘confusion becomes not just a
question of probable confusion as to source, but possible confusion over any
connection between the plaintiff and the allegedly infringing use.’ &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn44&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Another major assumption of the property based school is that the approximation
of goodwill as a property.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn45&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;There are plenty of possible different
definitions of the Goodwill within the context of trade mark law, however a
common touch might be for all definitions is that Goodwill is something has to
do with the &lt;i&gt;Customer Patronage&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn46&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;. On the other hand one
important metaphor for the Goodwill is its vagueness but at the same time its
conclusiveness that it can not be &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;“seen, felt and tasted,”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn47&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;but exist only “in the minds of the buying
public.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn48&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; Bone explains the
difficulty in the definition of the Goodwill as [f]or one thing, any single
concept meant to capture all the factors that affect consumer choice was bound
to be vague and open-ended.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn49&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Proponents of t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;rademark law as the legal system of goodwill
protection come to recognize that trademarks are the merely symbols of goodwill
and without proper goodwill protection the trademark law is meaningless. To
this end Carter emphasize that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 56.55pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;“A trademark, then, is a
&quot;distinguishing&quot; mark, a way of identifying the good. The mark serves
no other function and enjoys no legal existence independent of the goodwill that
it symbolizes. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Without goodwill, marks
have no meaning, and the law has traditionally treated meaningless marks as
unworthy of protection.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn50&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;(Emphasize
added)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;However as accepted dual aim of the
trademarks necessitates both protection of public and trademark owner, trademarks
are neither confers property rights but, if it is appropriate as McCabe
underlines, ‘remain a quasi-property right.’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn51&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;It is the protecting
consumer interests that legitimate the protection of the trademarks. All the
grammar of the trademark law is rests on the concept of confusion&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn52&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref52&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn52;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; and as Beebe emphasis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;the ‘consumer, we are led to believe, is
the measure of all things in trademark law.’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn53&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref53&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn53;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Since it is well established that trade marks
foster competition, increase the quality, reduce customer search cost&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn54&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref54&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn54;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;, all these effects of
the trademark protection is at the end consumer oriented. Consumers are the one
of the core beneficiaries of the modern trade mark protection. It is the
consumers that are democratising the exclusivity provided by the legal
protection and [&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;t]rademarks deserve legal protection
to the extent that such protection allows them to serve the function of
communicating information to consumers.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn55&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref55&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn55;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Torremans at this point urges that; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 49.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;“Goodwill
essential element of a trade mark for its owner, but it will only exist if &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;the consumer distinguishes the product or
services labelled with the trade mark from other products or services. The
guarantee for consumers or users that the product or service labelled with the
trade mark is of a standard quality is essential in order for the goodwill, be
it negative or positive goodwill to be created.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn56&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref56&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn56;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;PART III – CONFUSION PREVENTION OR GOODWILL
PROTECTION&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Place of confusion in the law of trade mark
infringement has been set under the article 5 of the trade mark directive in a
following way; when there is an identical sign of defendant with the trade mark
proprietor’s in relation to the identical goods or services, &lt;i&gt;the confusion
is assumed&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn57&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref57&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn57;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;,
when the sign of the defendant identical or similar with the trade mark
proprietor’s in relation to identical or similar goods or services likelihood of confusion sought&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn58&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref58&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn58;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
and if the trade mark is in question is a trademark with reputation, then
confusion is no more a condition.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn59&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref59&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn59;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; The confusion criteria under directive find
its very application in Art. 5.1(b). Recent
  SABEL Court confirmed the expanded scope of
likelihood of confusion test &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;[T]he concept of likelihood of association is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;not an alternative to that of
likelihood of confusion, but serves to define its scope.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn60&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref60&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn60;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;In regard to article 5.2 cases, established
European case law indicate that although there is no need for confusion in the
mind of public, due to similarity between the sign and mark, a link has to be
established in the mind of public.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn61&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref61&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn61;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; The article 5.2 is considered as European
anti-dilution law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn62&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref62&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn62;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;A major expansion beyond
the dilution theory in the trademark protection occurred after the &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Davidoff&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Adidas cases&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn63&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref63&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn63;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Prior to Adidas case the article 5.2 of the Directive was applicable to the
trademarks with reputation in respect to the non-competing protects. Since it
is the Anti-Dilution theory in fact seeks protection of well-known trademarks,
try to extend protection against diluting acts such blurring or tarnishment.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn64&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref64&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn64;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
McCarthy handles this subject delicately when he argues that [d]ilution is and
should be a separate legal theory positing a different kind of damage to a mark
caused by a different form of consumer perception.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn65&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref65&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn65;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Furthermore he underlines that Davidoff and Adidas cases which ECJ confirmed
the application of anti-dilution statute to the competing goods would meant
unnecessary expansion of trademark protection and undermines the competitive
goals of the trademark protection. In this respect he also emphasises,
likelihood of confusion test is the sole test for the competing products and
for the sake of basic rationale of the trademark protection &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn66&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref66&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn66;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;should
not be expanded into the non-confusion bases. Beside the anti-dilution law,
expansion of the concept of confusion by the Courts assertion of more
actionable confusion forms can be explained as a matter of changing trade
relations, increasing recognition of the trademarks ability to the sell the
product as all discussed in part II of this paper. As Anne M. McCarthy argued
limitation on the scope of confusion alone might cause harm to the trade mark
proprietor.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn67&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref67&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn67;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;In
the last part, the proper limit of this expansion will be discussed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;IT IS MINE! ™&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;A Trade mark, in conformity with its functions
represents sense of expression which utters this basic phrase, “&lt;i&gt;it is mine”.&lt;/i&gt;
Although it might be called as a simplistic reductionism,&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn68&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref68&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn68;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
as seen even historically all the functions of the trademark have been built on
this phrase. &amp;nbsp;It is freedom of trade mark
owner to say with all its features, its pros and cons, this product belongs to
me. As an illustration what actually trade marks law attempt to protect is this
freedom of expression. Therefore the operation area of the trade mark is &lt;i&gt;between
&lt;/i&gt;the trade mark owner and customers where this expression has been flowed
and what the law actually protects neither the trade mark owner nor the
customers but provides a safe journey of the expression flow from the trade
mark owner without being exposed to any obstruction resulted from the
confusion.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn69&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref69&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn69;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
In this sense the trade marks enables informed customers by proving them
ability to distinguish one owner’s product from another and (but) set them free
in their choices. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;On the other hand Goodwill, as we have described
above, serve as a key tool for the customer patronage. It is created by the
customers repurchases resulting from their satisfaction by the product. It is
the goodwill turns the customers purchasing decision into a custom, a habit.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn70&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref70&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn70;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
However this custom, as every customs, subject to change by the Opinio Juris
depending on the customers’ satisfaction. Thus it is better to illustrate the
Goodwill as the fuel for the continuation of flow of expression from trade mark
owner to customer. Trademark law surely concerns with the appropriation of this
kind of fuel when it is asserted that one of the dual aims of the trademark law
is to protect sellers’ ability to use its reputation to sell its products.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn71&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref71&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn71;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[71]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
However there are at least two important reasons why the trademark infringement
law might not be focused to the goodwill protection. It is first because
protecting the “goodwill”, but only goodwill, is not within the scope of trade
mark infringement law, trade mark law deal with the safe delivery of the
expression which is possessed by the trade mark. On the other hand Goodwill is often
described as something created by the producers’ efforts and customer response
to this efforts and every time subject to change between these two dynamics.
Thus sole protection of this dynamic notion will both affect the producers’
efforts to gain and regain customer satisfaction and also would meant
interference to the customer choice. None of these are expected outcome of the
trade marks within the competitive markets.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn72&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref72&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn72;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[72]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Secondly protecting goodwill without any clue of confusion would put the
trademark law into the same foot with the manual or handbook of marketing
departments. Moreover it would lead, if not exaggeratedly intervention to the
consumer autonomy by law. It is generally accepted that [W]ithout advertising,
that is goodwill could hardly be established&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn73&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref73&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn73;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[73]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
For instance a more sceptical view on
this line was given nearly half decade before by Ralph Brown as ‘the choice
between one highly advertised dentifrice and another is, in important respect,
no choice at all.… It is only choice between one illusion and another’.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn74&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref74&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn74;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[74]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
What Ralph Brown indicated according to 1948’s advertisement techniques, was
that advertisements have a persuasion function and protection of this function
will meant interference to the consumer choice. Today persuasion function of
the advertising has turned into &lt;i&gt;manipulation&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn75&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref75&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn75;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[75]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;Thus logic can be established that&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;superfluous protection to
the goodwill will automatically lead protection of advertising function of the
trademark and so helps the manipulation of the public by law. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Arsenal case was a typical merchandising case, which is the reason why
the case was achieved to open Pandora’s Box about scope of protection of the
trade mark law. Should it be consumer oriented or proprietor oriented. In other
words should it be confusion based or property based. Balance of interest in
the trade mark law was the main issue before the Court; public interest and
proprietor’s interest. The Arsenal trademark, as in every merchandising case,
was&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; the product itself&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn76&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref76&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn76;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, just as
attracting consumer to purchase the product in question only because of the
Arsenal logo on it. That is the mark’s goodwill was the essential seller of the
product. Thus case might ease the Court to take a property-based approach.
Perhaps, in spite of critics regarding to Courts piddle of public interest in
the case, or its reluctance to concentrate on the typical trade mark use
question, Court’s judgement might be tolerated due to message given by the
case. Within the very ambit of a Merchandising case, Court recognized that
trademark owner needs to have a broader protection in the wake of developed and
complex marketing wars, changing selling methods. It is just because the
information flow from the trademark owner and the customer is now more vulnerable
to the confusion than ever before. &amp;nbsp;Moreover
court’s recognition of post sale confusion also illustrated this fact. Since
the existence of such kind of confusion was vital in the judgement.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn77&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref77&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn77;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[77]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
On the other hand the subsequent &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Opel case &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;somewhat provided
an evidence that Court is seeking a balance between the dual aims of the trade
mark protection. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;The Opel judgement of the Court made it clear that confusion has a vital
importance in assessing the infringement by determining the trade mark use.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn78&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref78&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn78;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[78]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Therefore
it would be appropriate to consider the Arsenal case as an opportunity before
the Court to illustrate the main rationale for the harmonised European trade
mark law by which the Court manifested its intention to not stick into a single
function of the trade mark but it will consider other functions of the trade
mark as well. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Confusion
is the primary criteria for the all the trade mark infringement cases, however
all the cause of actions which affects the core definitional functions of the
trade mark also should be also subject to greater scrutiny under every trade
mark regime. In the previous sections paper has been discussed the expansion of
the trade mark law due to globalization, increasing international commerce,
advancing marketing techniques, reshaping consumer behaviours, and complicated
advertisement techniques. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Without a shadow of doubt &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;all these late 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;
century developments effected the definition of trade mark as well. All these
developments, in order to enable trade marks active assistants of the
competitive markets, installed new functions to the trade marks. Furthermore
most importantly make the trade mark owners more vulnerable to an inf&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Case C-206/01, Arsenal Football Club plc v. Matthew
Reed, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[2002]
ECR I-10273&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -2.35pt; margin-top: 3.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;‘1. Where a trade mark is validly registered and (a) a third party uses in
the course of trade a sign identical with that trade mark in relation to goods
which are identical with those for [which] the trade mark is registered; and
(b) the third party has no defence to infringement by virtue of Article 6(1) of
[Directive 89/104/EEC]; does the third party have a defence to infringement on
the ground that the use complained of does not indicate trade origin (i.e. a
connection in the course of trade between the goods and the trade mark
proprietor)? 2. If so, is the fact that the use in question would be perceived
as a badge of support, loyalty or affiliation to the trade mark proprietor a
sufficient connection?’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Laddie J.&#39;s 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp; judgment at 6&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; April 2001 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Arsenal Football Club plc v. Matthew Reed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Case 102/77 Hoffman-La
Roche [1978] ECR 1139, para. 7, and Case C-299/99 Philips [2002] ECR I-0000,
para. 30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Case C-206/01, Arsenal Football Club plc v. Matthew
Reed, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[2002]
ECR I-10273.para. 48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Council Directive 89/104 of December 21, 1988 to approximate the
laws of the Member States relating to trade marks [1989] O.J. L40/1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
para.50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
para.48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
para.57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
para.62&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Laddie
J.&#39;s 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; judgment at para.20 at 12&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; December 2002 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Arsenal Football Club plc v. Matthew Reed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Case C-206/01, Arsenal Football Club plc v. Matthew
Reed, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[2002]
ECR I-10273. para.27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Arsenal Football Club plc v. Matthew Reed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; , 2003 CAEW Civ 696, para.48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Dogan,
Stacey L., Lemley, Mark A., &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;The
Merchandising Right: Fragile Theory or Fait Accompli?.&lt;/i&gt; Emory Law Journal,
Vol. 54, 461-505, 2005 p.465&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
p.465 Dogan and Lemley supports that &quot; When a trade mark is sold, not as a
source indicator, but desirable feature of a product, competition suffers -an
consumer pay- if other sellers are shut out of the market for that
feature.&quot; From this point of view the goodwill protected in the Arsenal
case nothing to do with the Arsenal&#39;s Goodwill. See also &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;CS&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Kilbey, Ian: &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;The Ironies of Arsenal v. Reed&lt;/i&gt;, European
Intellectual Property Review, 479-482, 2004 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p.480 Ian Kibley
pointed out Arsenal&#39;s reputation, like that any other sports club, is made on
the field, not in the market. Thus it is arguable at this point that increasing
the range of support to the team by providing more cheaper and affordable memorabilia
would harm the goodwill of the arsenal. Instead it might be argued that this
kind of use contributed to the Goodwill of the trade mark owner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;CS&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Case
C-291/00 &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;LTJ Diffusion v. Sadas
Vertbaudet&lt;/i&gt; [2003] ECR I-2799. para. 49 “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Article 5(1)(a) of the directive does not require evidence of such a
likelihood in order to afford absolute protection in the case of identity of
the sign and the trade mark and of the goods or services” There are also views about the presumption
of confusion within the context of article 5(1) (a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See in
particular AG Jacobs opinion in Case C-291/00 &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;LTJ Diffusion v. Sadas Vertbaudet&lt;/i&gt; [2003] ECR I-2799. at [35], See
also Paul L.C. Torremans, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;The likelihood
of association of trade marks: an assessment in the light of the recent case
law of the Court of Justice,&lt;/i&gt; Intellectual Property Quarterly, 3, 295-310,
1998, p. 300&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;CS&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Barresi, Francesca Romana: &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;The
&quot;Arsenal&quot; of the ECJ for the Protection of Trademarks Rights&lt;/i&gt;,
Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 157-165, 2003 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p.164&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;CS&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Annett
Wagner , &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Infringing trade marks:
function, association and confusion of signs according to the E.C. Trade Marks
Directive,&lt;/i&gt; European Intellectual Property Review, 21(3), 127-132, 1999,
p.131&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Charles
Gielen, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Harmonisation of Trademark Law in
Europe: The First Trademark Harmonisation
Directive of the European Council&lt;/i&gt;, European Intellectual Property Review 14
(8). 262-269, 1992 p.264&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See also&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Paul
Torremans, Holyoak and Torremans Intellectual Property Law, (4th edition,
Oxford University Press, United
  States, 2005) p.401 “that confusion element
is vital in this context”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Dyrberg,
P. and Skylv, M., &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Does Trade Mark
Infringement Require that the Infringing Use be a Trade Mark Use and, if so,
what is Trade Mark Use?,&lt;/i&gt; European Intellectual Property Review&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; 25(5), 229-233,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;2003
p.232 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Broad notion of origin function in the Arsenal case
[t]ends to encompass the other functions of trade mark. See &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;also &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Jukka Snell, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;European Courts and Intellectual Property: a
tale of Hercules, Zeus and Cyclops&lt;/i&gt;, European Law Review, 29(2), 178-197
p.184, 2004 Jukka Snell points out this fact as; “&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;According
to the Court, trade marks have more than one function, and the essential origin
function is to be interpreted broadly (and) use liable to affect this function
for example by undermining the distinctive character of the mark through
generalised use&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #8c0000;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;can be prohibited.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; The
subject matter of the European trademark law is defined by the ECJ in the
Centrafarm case. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Case 3/78
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Centrafarm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; BV &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;v American Home Products Corporation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;1978&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;] &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;ECR 1823&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;para&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;11
“[I]n particular the guarantee to the proprietor of the trade mark that
he has the exclusive right to use that trade mark for the purpose of putting
into circulation for the first time and therefore his protection against
competitors wishing to take advantage of the status and reputation of the mark
by selling products illegally bearing that trade mark.” See also Robert G.
Bone, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Hunting Goodwill: a History of the
Concept of Goodwill in Trademark Law&lt;/i&gt;, Boston University Law Review,&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Vol. 86(3), 547-622, 2006
p. 567&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; D.
Shanahan, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;The Trademark Right: Consumer
Protection or Monopoly? &lt;/i&gt;Trade Mark Reporter, 72, 233-251, 1982 p. 234&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Supra
Note 11 p.471&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See also
(Hag II)&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Case C-10/89 SA CNL-Sucal
 NV v Hag GF AG [1990] para.13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn25;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Landes,
William and Richard Posner, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Trademark
Law: An Economic Perspective&lt;/i&gt;, Journal of Law and Economics, 30, 265-309,
1987 p.269&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn26;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Cornish and Llewelyn, Intellectual Property: Patents, Copyright, Trade
Marks and Allied Rights (6th Ed., Sweet and Maxwell, 2006) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p.620.
Another accepted function of the trade marks is differentiation function. A
trademark distinguish product of one trader to another rather than simply
identification of product Although this function by some commentators accepted
as a part of origin function, there are different arguments regarding to the
differentiation function is a much broader and separate from the origin
function. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn27;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See in
particular Friedrich-Karl Beier “A Trademark serves to distinguish the goods of
one manufacturer from the goods of another. The trade mark should identify the
origin of the good with a particular company. The exclusive right to use
granted to the trademark owner by statute serves to protect only this function
and limited by this basic purpose of trade mark protection.” Friedrich-Karl
Beier, “Territoriality of Trade Mark Law and International Trade” [1970]
International Review of Industrial Property and Copyright Law 48-72 p. 61.
Cited in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Elson
Kaseke, Trademark Dilution: A Comparative Analysis, PhD Thesis, 2006, University of South Africa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p.7 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn28;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See
Cornish and Llewelyn, Supra Note 25, p.620&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn29;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See
Robert G. Bone, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Supra Note 20 , p. 550 see the so-called “information
transmission model”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn30;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See D.
Shanahan, Supra Note 21, pp. 238-241 D. Shanahan describes that primary
function of the trademark is source-origin function; other functions such as
what he defines descriptive and marketing functions are derivative or secondary
functions. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref31&quot; name=&quot;_ftn31&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn31;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Elson
Kaseke, Supra Note 26, p.10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref32&quot; name=&quot;_ftn32&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn32;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Lionel Bently and Brad Sherman, Intellectual
Property Law, (2nd edition, Oxford University &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Press, United States,
2001), p.694&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref33&quot; name=&quot;_ftn33&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn33;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Case C-10/89 SA CNL-Sucal NV v Hag GF AG [1990] para 13. See also &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Opinion
of Advocate General Colomer &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;delivered on 7 March 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
in &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Case C-48/05 Adam Opel AG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; v &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Autec AG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; [2007] ECR-I
1017. para. 26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;“According
to settled case-law, the essential function of a trade mark is to guarantee the
identity of the origin of the product or service to the final purchaser by
enabling him, without any possibility of confusion, to distinguish the product
or service from others which have another origin, confirming that they have
been manufactured or provided by a single undertaking which is responsible for
their quality.” Judgments inter alia in Case 102/77 &lt;i&gt;Hoffmann La Roche&lt;/i&gt;
[1978] ECR 1139, paragraph 7; Case C‑299/99 &lt;i&gt;Philips&lt;/i&gt; [2002] ECR I‑5475,
paragraph 30; and Case C‑40/01 &lt;i&gt;Ansul&lt;/i&gt; [2003] ECR&amp;nbsp;I‑2439), paragraph
&amp;nbsp;43.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref34&quot; name=&quot;_ftn34&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn34;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Frank I.
Schechter, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The Rational
Basis of Trademark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Protection, Harvard Law Review, 40, 813-833,
1927 p.819 Schechter defined trademark as the [m]ost effective agent for the creation of good will, imprinting upon
the public mind an anonymous and impersonal guaranty of satisfaction, creating
a desire for further satisfactions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref35&quot; name=&quot;_ftn35&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn35;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ibid. p. 819 (emphasize not added)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref36&quot; name=&quot;_ftn36&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn36;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768&quot; name=&quot;titre&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Opinion of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Advocate
General Jacobs delivered on 10 July 2003 in Case C-408/01 Adidas-Salomon AG and
Adidas Benelux BV
v Fitnessworld Trading Ltd. Para. 37 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref37&quot; name=&quot;_ftn37&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn37;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Spyros
M. Maniatis and Anselm Kamperman Sanders,&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;
A Consumer Trade mark: Protection Based on Origin and Quality, &lt;/i&gt;European
Intellectual Property Review, 15(11), 406-415, 1993, p.408&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref38&quot; name=&quot;_ftn38&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn38;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Opinion
of Advocate General Colomer &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;delivered on 13 June 2002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Case C-206/01, Arsenal Football Club plc v. Matthew
Reed, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[2002]
ECR I-7945.para. 46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref39&quot; name=&quot;_ftn39&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn39;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Rosler Hannes, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The
Rationale for European Trade Mark Protection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;, European Intellectual Property Review, 29(3), 100-107, 2007. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;p.100,
see in particular &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;Timberg Sigmund,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Trade-Marks,
Monopoly, and the Restraint of Competition&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;Law and Contemporary Problems, 14, 323-361, 1949&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;p. 325&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;See also Glynn&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Lunney&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Trademark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Monopolies&lt;/i&gt;, Emory Law Journal, 48(2),
367-488, p.368, 1999 see Spyros M. Maniatis, Supra Note 36, p.406&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref40&quot; name=&quot;_ftn40&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn40;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;Timberg, Sigmund, Supra Note 38, p.325&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref41&quot; name=&quot;_ftn41&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn41;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
Borchardt, Kurt, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Are Trademarks an
Antitrust Problem&lt;/i&gt;, Georgetown
Law Journal, 31(3), 245-261, 1942.&lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;p.245&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref42&quot; name=&quot;_ftn42&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn42;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See
Glynn &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Lunney&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;, Supra Note 38, p.&lt;/span&gt;369, “property refers to a set
of legal relationship or rights with respect to absence of substitutes for the
thing in the market.” See also &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;Swann, Jerre B.; Davis, Theodore H. Jr.,
Dilution, an Idea Whose Time Has Gone; Brand Equity as Protectable Property,
the New/Old Paradigm, &lt;/span&gt;Journal of Intellectual Property Law, &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;, 219-259, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1993&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.
p.225&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref43&quot; name=&quot;_ftn43&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn43;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;Bannon, Elizabeth Cutter&lt;/span&gt; “Revisiting the rational
basis of trademark protection: Control of Quality and dilution-estranged
bedfellows” John Marshall Law Review, 24, 65-117, 1990.p.71&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref44&quot; name=&quot;_ftn44&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn44;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See
Glynn&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Lunney&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;, Supra Note 38, p.&lt;/span&gt;369,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref45&quot; name=&quot;_ftn45&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn45;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See
Robert G. Bone, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Supra Note 20, p.571&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref46&quot; name=&quot;_ftn46&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn46;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Irene
Calboli, Trademark Assignment “With Goodwill”: A Concept Whose Time Has
Gone,&amp;nbsp; Florida Law Review, 57(4), 772-941,
2005.p. 801 See also Robert G. Bone, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Supra Note 20, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p.571
Bone underlines that ‘No one might know exactly what goodwill was, but everyone
could reason as if some thing actually existed which the term goodwill named
See also Irene Calboli for the difficulty in defining Goodwill and its
consequences. Calboli in page 814 emphasize that [&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;T]he uncertainty surrounding the idea of goodwill created many
misunderstandings in its application. Trademark owners used goodwill to protect
the investments in their brands and exploited the vagueness of its definition
to argue in favour of extended trademark protection.’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref47&quot; name=&quot;_ftn47&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn47;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; J.
Thomas McCarthy, McCarthy on trademarks and unfair competition, (4th ed. 2004)
cited in Irene Calboli, Supra Note 44,p. 809&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref48&quot; name=&quot;_ftn48&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn48;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.
809&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref49&quot; name=&quot;_ftn49&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn49;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See Robert
G. Bone, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Supra Note 20, p.570&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref50&quot; name=&quot;_ftn50&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn50;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Stephen
L. Carter, The Trouble with Trademark, Yale Law Journal, 99, 759 -765, 1990. &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;p.762&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref51&quot; name=&quot;_ftn51&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn51;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;McCabe, Kathleen B., Dilution-by-Blurring: A Theory
Caught in the Shadow of Trademark Infringement, &lt;/span&gt;Fordham Law Review, 68,
1827-1877, 1999. p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;1830 “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;A property-right-in-gross is one that is
similar to the rights attached to real property. On the other hand, a
quasi-property right in trademark is one with limited protections, based
primarily on the protection of the public from confusion.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn52&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref52&quot; name=&quot;_ftn52&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn52;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ibid. p.1828&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn53&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref53&quot; name=&quot;_ftn53&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn53;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;Beebe, Barton&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;Search
and Persuasion in Trademark Law, &lt;/span&gt;Michigan
Law Review, 103, 2020-2073, 2004. p.2021&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn54&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref54&quot; name=&quot;_ftn54&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn54;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See
Landes, William and Richard Posner, Supra Note 24, pp. 269-271 see economizing
function of trademark. See also Michael &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Pulos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;A
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Semiotic Solution to the
Propertization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Problem of Trademark&lt;/i&gt;, UCLA Law Review, 53, 854-861, 2006. p. 837 “The
consumer-search-costs rationale maintains that &quot;trademarks lower
consumers&#39; search costs by providing them with valuable information about
brands and encourage quality control rather than create social waste and
consumer deception.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn55&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref55&quot; name=&quot;_ftn55&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn55;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Michael &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Pulos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;A &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Semiotic
Solution to the Propertization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Problem of Trademark&lt;/i&gt;, UCLA Law Review,53, 854-861, 2006.&lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt; p.835&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn56&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref56&quot; name=&quot;_ftn56&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn56;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Paul Torremans, Holyoak and Torremans Intellectual Property Law, (4th
edition, Oxford University Press, United States, 2005), p.431&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn57&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref57&quot; name=&quot;_ftn57&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn57;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Article
5.1(a) of Trademark Directive See Supra Note 13. Case C-291/00 &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;LTJ Diffusion v. Sadas Vertbaudet&lt;/i&gt; [2003]
ECR I-2799. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn58&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref58&quot; name=&quot;_ftn58&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn58;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Article
5.1(b) of Trademark Directive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn59&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref59&quot; name=&quot;_ftn59&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn59;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Article
5.2 of Trademark Directive &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn60&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref60&quot; name=&quot;_ftn60&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn60;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Case
25/95 &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Sabel v. Puma&lt;/i&gt; [1997] ECR
I_6191. para.18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn61&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref61&quot; name=&quot;_ftn61&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn61;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Case
C-408/01 Adidas-Salomon AG and Adidas Benelux BV v Fitnessworld Trading Ltd, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[2003] 1 C.M.L.R. 14.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; para.41&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn62&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref62&quot; name=&quot;_ftn62&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn62;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Thomas J. McCarthy&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Dilution of a Trademark: European and
United States Law Compared&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;The
Trademark reporter, 94, 1163-1181, 2004. pp.1163-1164&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn63&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref63&quot; name=&quot;_ftn63&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn63;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
p.1177&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn64&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref64&quot; name=&quot;_ftn64&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn64;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;McCabe, Kathleen B&lt;/span&gt;, Supra Note 50, p.1828
“Trademark dilution occurs when a person or company uses a mark identical or
substantially similar to a pre-existing trademark, triggering a mental
association on the part of the consumer between&amp;nbsp;
the two marks, thereby eroding the strength of the original mark.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn65&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref65&quot; name=&quot;_ftn65&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn65;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Thomas J. McCarthy&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Supra Note 60&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;p.1177&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn66&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref66&quot; name=&quot;_ftn66&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn66;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid.
p.1177&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn67&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref67&quot; name=&quot;_ftn67&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn67;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sectionhighlight&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;McCarthy, Anne, M. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Post-Sale
Confusion Doctrine: Why the General Public Should Be Included in the Likelihood
of Confusion Inquiry&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Fordham Law Review, 67, 3337- 3371, 1998.
p. 3337&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn68&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref68&quot; name=&quot;_ftn68&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn68;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Opinion
of Advocate General Colomer &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;delivered on 13 June 2002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Case C-206/01, Arsenal Football Club plc v. Matthew
Reed, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[2002]
ECR I-7945.para. 46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn69&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref69&quot; name=&quot;_ftn69&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn69;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Lisa H. Jonston, “ Drifting Towards Trademark
Rights in Gross” The Trade Mark Reporter, 85, 19-54, 1995, p. 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; “In a
regulated free market economy; trademarks perform an important role in
facilitating the free flow of information to the consumer and thereby reduce
market transaction cost. “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn70&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref70&quot; name=&quot;_ftn70&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn70;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See
Supra Note 20.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn71&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref71&quot; name=&quot;_ftn71&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn71;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[71]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn72&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref72&quot; name=&quot;_ftn72&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn72;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[72]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; For a
more sceptical view regarding the protection without confusion See Robert G.
Bone, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Supra Note 20, p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;.619&amp;nbsp;
Bone further argues that &quot;As long as consumers are not confused or
misled -so the information that the defendant communicate is accurate - using
the plaintiff’s mark saves social resources that would otherwise have to be
invested in building the same meaning into different mark&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn73&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref73&quot; name=&quot;_ftn73&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn73;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[73]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;
International Bureau of WIPO,&amp;nbsp; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Economic Importance of Trademarks and
Geographical Indications and Their Use in Commerce, &lt;/i&gt;Wipo National Seminar
on the Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications, Beirut, March 17
to 19, 2003. p.13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn74&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref74&quot; name=&quot;_ftn74&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn74;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[74]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See &lt;span class=&quot;a&quot;&gt;Ralph S. Brown Jr, Advertising&lt;/span&gt; and the Public Interest: Legal
Protection of Trade Symbols, &lt;span class=&quot;a&quot;&gt;Yale Law Journal, 57, 1165-1206,
1948.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;a&quot;&gt;Reprinted in Yale Law Journal, 108, 1619-1659, 1999.
p.&lt;/span&gt;1636 For Ralph Brown advertising has two main functions; Information
function and Persuasion function. The latter can not be protected by the trade
mark law. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn75&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref75&quot; name=&quot;_ftn75&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn75;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[75]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Graeme
W. Austin, Tolerating Confusion About Confusion: Trademark Policies And Fair
Use, The University of Arizona,
Arizona Legal
Studies, Discussion Paper No. 07-18, November 2007. p.4 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn76&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref76&quot; name=&quot;_ftn76&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn76;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;See Dogan, Stacey L., Lemley, Mark A., Supra
Note 11, p.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn77&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref77&quot; name=&quot;_ftn77&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn77;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[77]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; See also&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Paul
Torremans, Supra Note 19, p.401&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn78&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref78&quot; name=&quot;_ftn78&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn78;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[78]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Case C-48/05 Adam Opel AG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; v &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Autec AG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; [2007] ECR-I 1017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; In the &lt;i&gt;Adam
Opel AG v Autec AG&lt;/i&gt; case which was concerned with the defendant’s (Autec), a
toy car manufacturer, copying Opel’s car model in which Opel has registered
trade mark for motor vehicles as well as toys, German court referred a
remarkable question to the European Court of justice which shed some lights to
the Arsenal turbulence. German court directly asked whether such kind of
copying of a real car in a reduced scale including the trade mark of the
proprietor of the trade mark as applied to the real car, is a trade mark use.
Interestingly this time Court after revisiting its Arsenal judgement, held in
para. 24 that “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;If, by those explanations,
the referring court intended to emphasize that the relevant public does not
perceive the sign identical to the Opel logo appearing on the scale models
marketed by Autec as an indication that those products come from Adam Opel or
an undertaking economically linked, it would have to conclude that the use at
the issue in the main proceedings does not affect the essential function of the
Opel logo as a trade mark registered for toys&lt;/i&gt;.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/2059923699686160466/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/victory-trough-harmony-arsenal-v-reed.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/2059923699686160466'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/2059923699686160466'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/victory-trough-harmony-arsenal-v-reed.html' title='VICTORY TROUGH HARMONY - Arsenal V. Reed Case'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iw1h8vh43FY/TnY_2g_rrVI/AAAAAAAAADE/DEKc9I7Rtks/s72-c/images.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-5929937395979064965</id><published>2011-09-17T02:30:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-11-21T04:30:31.920-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Otel İşletmelerinde Performans Yönetimi"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Performance Management in Hotel Industries"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Performans Yönetimi"/><title type='text'>OTEL İŞLETMELERİNDE YETKİNLİK BAZLI  PERFORMANS DEĞERLENDİRME ÖRNEĞİ</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;margin: 12px auto 6px auto; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none; display: block; text-decoration: underline;&quot; title=&quot;View Performance Management System - Kopya on Scribd&quot; href=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/doc/114006560/Performance-Management-System-Kopya?secret_password=7k1yb73gkkthq448c43&quot;&gt;Performance Management System - Hotel Industry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;iframe id=&quot;doc_33770&quot; src=&quot;http://www.scribd.com/embeds/114006560/content?start_page=1&amp;amp;view_mode=scroll&amp;amp;access_key=key-1ehtheza9dcxqlupa0jf&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;600&quot; data-auto-height=&quot;true&quot; data-aspect-ratio=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/5929937395979064965/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/otel-isletmelerinde-yetkinlik-bazli.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/5929937395979064965'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/5929937395979064965'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/otel-isletmelerinde-yetkinlik-bazli.html' title='OTEL İŞLETMELERİNDE YETKİNLİK BAZLI  PERFORMANS DEĞERLENDİRME ÖRNEĞİ'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-4120745028634815594</id><published>2010-09-25T09:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-09-01T14:03:29.907-07:00</updated><title type='text'>CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AND HOMICIDE</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Capital Punishment, its morality, constitutionality and more importantly its functionality is subject to centuries old academic debates. Literature on arguments for and against capital punishment has vast resources and defenses from moral and religious arguments to statistical and economic arguments. From human right concerns to moral, ethical, religious oppositions to the capital punishment, from discrimination to risk for executing innocent people, one side believes in the abolition of death penalty. On the other side believers of the well functioning of the death penalty mainly meet on such arguments of retribution, economic costs of imprisonment. Both side’s arguments and counter arguments, on the other hand, are based on the deterrence function of the capital punishment for certain types of homicide. The question then turns to whether the severity of punishment diminishes certain types of homicides. This paper mainly will analyze the arguments against and for capital punishment within the perspective of deterrence theory. As of the punishment is justifiable if it can realize its aims.&amp;nbsp; That is sure that beyond the other reasons, deterrence effect of the capital punishment is its most important consequential aim. Accordingly first part of the paper will be vested to the ascertainments of the Van den Hagg. Hagg’s arguments for the deterrence effect of dealth penalty, the Best Bet Argument, describe the real benefits of the society by saving the lives of innocent future victims. Then the paper will process to evaluate the arguments for and against to the capital punishment within the perspective of the deterrence theory just after given definition of the terms as capital punishment and deterrence theory.. Last remark will be Third part of the paper will reconsider and evaluate findings of these three arguments.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;VAN DEN HAGG AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;When we consider that there is a fact that capital punishment is deterrent, and then we could find the only legitimization for the capital punishment. Who deserves to dies for some kinds of homicide, only can be answered if there is deterrent effect of capital punishment. It is somehow a cost-benefit analysis beside the mathematical or qualitative analysis of the deterrence effects of the capital punishment.&amp;nbsp; While this debate is continuing in various grounds from economy to religion, most abstract point of view for the deterrence effect of the capital punishment is its severity. Certain crimes will be punished with the lives of its offenders. By taking this into consideration it is assumed that criminals will deter for committing certain actions to save their own lives. On the other hand in the literature there is no agreed evidence for this assumption. Capital punishment will deter murder. Actually all types of punishments have deterrence. Even prosecution and short – term imprisonment may deter the drug users or other such kind of criminals.&amp;nbsp; At the end, capital punishment is a consequence and people most often did not think about the consequences when they commit certain types of crimes. Although there might be a link between the homicide rate and the execution of capital punishment, there are cases where the homicide rate is high with the capital punishment and less without capital punishment.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Proponents of death penalty mainly believe in deterrence theory as a justifying ground. The deterrence theory is used to rationalize that homicides will diminish when the punishment is severe.&amp;nbsp; Within this perspective, cost of the crime for the potential committers will provide him/her a deterred factor. Moreover severe punishments like capital punishment removes offenders’ chance for repetition of his/her act.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; Preserving future innocent lives with these two factors is the main argument for the proponents of deterrence theory. At this point Van den Hagg support that “If one does not believe capital punishment can be just, discrimination becomes a subordinate argument, since one would object to capital punishment even if it were distributed equally to all the guilty. If one does believe that capital punishment for murderers is deserved, discrimination against guilty black murderers and in favor of equally guilty white murderers is wrong, not because blacks receive the deserved punishment, but because whites escape it.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; Van den Hagg’s point is death penalty has noting to do with the discrimination. These are two different things. Thus objecting to the death penalty just because for the risk of discrimination is not the concern of whether death penalty is leagl, moral or deterrent. The remedy is correcting the discrimination not the death penalty for the deservers. The point made by van den Hagg is very clear however not fully convincing but rather abstract. Deciding who deserves to die for what action. Is every guilt will face with the same conviction? Although these questions cane be answered by the legal statutes, legislation and execution of those statutes can not be hundred percent free from errors. Reinman’s conclusion at this point deserves a quote; “Killing is a morally acceptable penalty only if it is essential, and only if it provides substantial benefits that cannot be gained by any other means. Capital punishment is not just a moral abstraction. It is a reality that must be evaluated on the basis of benefits and costs.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Pojmain in his defense for death penalty supports deterrence theory by giving reference to the Haag’s Best Bet argument. For Hagg &quot;Even though statistical demonstrations are not conclusive, and perhaps cannot be, capital punishment is likely to deter more than other punishments because people fear death more than anything else.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; On the other hand Hagg accepts that there are risks and uncertainties with the death penalty and call for’ betting’ for the best. For Hagg even in the uncertainties about the deterrence effect of the death penalty the saved lives of future victims precede over the loss life of the murderer because the life of the future victims are more valuable then the life of the victim. He, in a clear way explains this as;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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If we do not know whether the death penalty will deter others, we are confronted with two uncertainties. If we impose the death penalty, and achieve no deterrent effect thereby, the life of a convicted murderer has been expended in vain (from a deterrent viewpoint). There is a net loss. If we impose the death sentence, and thereby deter some future murderers, we spare the lives of some future victims (the prospective murderers gain, too: they are spared punishment because they were deterred). In this case, the death penalty has led to a net gain, unless the life of a convicted murderer is valued more highly than that of the unknown victim, or victims (and the non-imprisonment of the deterred non-murderer).&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Hagg concluded as; “To be sure, we must risk something certain-the death (or life) of the convicted man, for something uncertain the death (or life) of the victims of murderers who may be deterred. This is in the nature of uncertainty.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;CAPITAL PUNISHMENT PROS AND CONS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The term Capital, originally comes from the Latin term caput, the head. Historically the capital punishment refers to the death by decapitation but today refers to the punishment by death executed by the state and those crimes require the death penalty legally known as capital crimes.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The deterrence theory is in the hearth of the capital punishment. The validity of the theory firstly tested by Sellin, who has concluded as capital punishment is no less deterrent than long term imprisonment. Second reference point for the economical and mathematical study, on the other hand, is the famous “regression analysis” of Ehrlich. His study was one of the major turning points in the scientific evaluation of deterrence effect of the capital punishment. Ehrlich’s model challenged the Sellin’s statistical study but was no free than critiques due to its validity. Ehrlich, in the 1970s conducted a research with controlled data including unemployment, age distribution, and per capita income that are accepted as the factors for homicide.&amp;nbsp; His study was covering the homicide rates between 1930 and 1970. This cross sectional analysis from various American states brought Ehrlich into a conclusion that each execution deterred between seven and eight homicides. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;However Ehrlich model was criticized due to its complexity and validity. &lt;/span&gt;Manski here indicates that;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;“[b]ecause the data likely to be available for such analysis have limitations and because criminal behavior can be so complex, the emergence of a definitive behavioral study lying to rest all controversy about the behavioral effects of deterrence policies should not be expected.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;One other leading defense for the death penalty is the retribution. Since the retribution has its roots in religion, the balance in the justice is achieved to punish the committer in the severity of his/her punishment. The defenders of the death penalty often cited the word “eye for an eye” for restoring the balance. &amp;nbsp;However there are many concerns regarding to the use of retribution as a source of revenge. There is no doubt that there should be more standardized approach to the wrongdoers else then seeing that they had the same pain. Because it is temporary and as discussed somewhere in this document, open to the risk for taking lives of the innocent people.&amp;nbsp; As indicated by Michigan State  University notes on death penalty,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“The emotional impulse for revenge is not a sufficient justification for invoking a system of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;capital punishment, with all its accompanying problems and risks. Our laws and criminal justice system should lead us to higher principles that demonstrate a complete respect for life, even the life of a murderer. Encouraging our basest motives of revenge, which ends in another killing, extends the chain of violence. Allowing executions sanctions killing as a form of &#39;pay-back.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;On the other hand Michigan  State University notes also indicate that “many victims&#39; families denounce the use of the death penalty.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The main risk for the execution of death penalty is the risk for errors and mistakes. That is the death penalty itself is an irrevocable process. If one considers that no legal system is free from mistakes and errors, the absolute risk for the killing innocents can be seen. At this points persuasively Michigan State University notes provides that;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“Since 1973, at least 88 people have been released from death row after evidence of their innocence emerged. During the same period of time, over 650 people have been executed. Thus, for every seven people executed, we have found one person on death row who never should have been convicted. These statistics represent an intolerable risk of executing the innocent. If an automobile manufacturer operated with similar failure rates, it would be run out of business.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;One other ascertainment is also indicates the same fact; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“Our capital punishment system is unreliable. A recent study by Columbia University Law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;School found that two thirds of all capital trials contained serious errors. When the cases were retried, over 80% of the defendants were not sentenced to death and 7% were completely acquitted.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The man governed justice system as indicated above can not be out of mistakes. The attitudes of the judges, policeman even outside from the justice system, the witnesses’ behaviors are the determinant factor for the establishment of the justice. Within all these variable factors, the risk for sentencing innocent people is seen quite high. One remark at this point made as;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“Recently, journalism students in Illinois were assigned to investigate the case of a man who was scheduled to be executed, after the system of appeals had rejected his legal claims. The students discovered that one witness had lied at the original trial, and they were able to find the true killer, who confessed to the crime on videotape. The innocent man who was released was very fortunate, but he was spared because of the informal efforts of concerned citizens, not because of the justice system.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;It is sure that there are many safeguards in the criminal justice such as appeals, and one might consider that all these arguments against to the death penalty is pessimistic. However as we examined in the previous part, in the thoughts of the Haag, the risk is not might be the gambling with the lives of people. The long term imprisonment if gives no less deterrence than the capital punishment, the rationality should vote or bet on the rational, less risky position. Prisons, at the end can be emptied. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“There is no proof that any innocent person has actually been executed since increased safeguards and appeals were added to our death penalty system in the 1970s. Even if such executions have occurred, they are very rare. Imprisoning innocent people is also wrong, but we cannot empty the prisons because of that minimal risk.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;One last thought in regard to the capital punishment is its arbitrariness. It is most often happens in the United   States and even in the international arena. There is a fact that, there is no common agreement internationally about which crime is capital crime. A crime can be capital crime in Iran but not in London. Moreover a crime can be capital crime in Texas but not in another US state. Thus a discretionary power of the prosecutors in the societies where the crime receives that penalty but comparable crime does not receive death penalty in other state creates inequalities.&amp;nbsp; This arbitrariness has been captured as;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“It is arbitrary when someone in one county or state receives the death penalty, but someone who commits a comparable crime in another county or state is given a life sentence. Prosecutors have enormous discretion about when to seek the death penalty and when to settle for a plea bargain. There is no doubt with this bargaining power vested in their hands, the prosecutors might be vulnerable to the outside influences such as race, ethnicity, economy and so on. “&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; style=&quot;mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;One last remark is held by Jesse L. Jackson, when he claims that; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“The death penalty is essentially an arbitrary punishment. There are no objective rules or guidelines for when a prosecutor should seek the death penalty, when a jury should recommend it, and when a judge should give it. This lack of objective, measurable standards ensures that the application of the death penalty will be discriminatory against racial, gender, and ethnic groups.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The capital punishment and its deterrent effect have been evaluated throughout the paper. It has been seen that there is no solid record that the existence of the death penalty de jure or de facto has a negative effect in the diminishment of the homicide in a given society. There is common indicator for the abolishment of the death penalty in a given society boomed certain types of homicide.&amp;nbsp; However either there is no such ground that indicating the capital punishment has no deterrent effect. Since all types of punishment consequently aimed to have deterrence. The papers at this point go through the analysis of whether more severe punishment results with more deterrent behaviors in a given society. There absolutely a crystal clear dividing line between two. More severity of the state sanctioned punishment will lead authoritarian state in the expense of controlling crime. The severity, on the other hand, is very vulnerable to the corruptions, political and cultural inequalities, racist discrimination, and execution of weakest parties. Here the unequal justice and equal injustice of discourses of Haag remains inconclusive. Where he pointed out that if there is a discrimination in the legal system, this nothing to do with the functionality of the death penalty. However this risk theory becomes invalid if there is an argument, like Sellin’s which indicates capital punishment is not more deterrent than the long imprisonment.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;BIBLIOGRAPHY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;Dane Archer, Rosemary      Gartner, Marc Beittel, Homicide and the Death Penalty: A Cross-National      Test of a Deterrence Hypothesis The Journal of Criminal Law and      Criminology (1973-), Vol. 74, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 991-1013&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;Walia, Ivneet Kaur,      Reference of Deterrent Theory in Capital Punishment (December 18, 2009).      Available at SSRN: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ssrn.com/abstract=1525415&quot;&gt;http://ssrn.com/abstract=1525415&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;Michigan State University      Comm Lab and Death Penalty Information Center, Arguments for and Against      the Death Penalty, available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://deathpenaltyinfo.msu.edu/&quot;&gt;http://deathpenaltyinfo.msu.edu/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;Ted Goertzel, Econometric      Modeling as Junk Science, The Skeptical Inquirer, Volume 26, No 1,      January/February 2002, pp. 19-23 available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://crab.rutgers.edu/%7Egoertzel/mythsofmurder.htm&quot;&gt;http://crab.rutgers.edu/~goertzel/mythsofmurder.htm&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;Pojman, Louis P. and      Jeffery Reiman. The Death Penalty: For and Against. Lanham, MD: Rowman and      Littlefield, 1998.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;Ernest Van Den Haag, On      Deterrence and the Death Penalty, Ethics, Vol. 78. No. 4 (July 1968)      pp.280-288&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;Ernest van den Haag, from      &quot;The Death Penalty Once More,&quot; &lt;i&gt;U.C. Davis Law Review&lt;/i&gt;      Summer 1985, available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/english/allwrite3/seyler/ssite/seyler/se04/capital2.mhtml&quot;&gt;http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/english/allwrite3/seyler/ssite/seyler/se04/capital2.mhtml&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Dane Archer, Rosemary Gartner, Marc Beittel, Homicide and the Death Penalty: A Cross-National Test of a Deterrence Hypothesis The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), Vol. 74, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), p. 999&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; The idea of deterrence has two components: (1) specific punishment dispensed to the wrong doer to prevent them from recommitting the crime and (2) the presumed affect that fear of punishment will prevent others from committing similar crimes. ”Walia, Ivneet Kaur, Reference of Deterrent Theory in Capital Punishment (December 18, 2009). Available at SSRN: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ssrn.com/abstract=1525415&quot;&gt;http://ssrn.com/abstract=1525415&lt;/a&gt; “ p. 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ernest van den Haag, from &quot;The Death Penalty Once More,&quot; &lt;i&gt;U.C. Davis Law Review&lt;/i&gt;, Summer 1985, available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/english/allwrite3/seyler/ssite/seyler/se04/capital2.mhtml&quot;&gt;http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/english/allwrite3/seyler/ssite/seyler/se04/capital2.mhtml&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Pojman, Louis P. and Jeffery Reiman. The Death Penalty: For and Against. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998. p.39&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Ernest Van Den Haag, On Deterrence and the Death Penalty, Ethics, Vol. 78. No. 4 (July 1968) p.286&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Ibid. at.286&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Supra Note 2. at.4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;MsoTitle&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; Ted Goertzel, Econometric Modeling as Junk Science, The Skeptical Inquirer, Volume 26, No 1, January/February 2002, pp. 19-23 available at http://crab.rutgers.edu/~goertzel/mythsofmurder.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Michigan State University Comm Lab and Death Penalty Information Center, Arguments for and Against the Death Penalty, available at http://deathpenaltyinfo.msu.edu/&lt;span style=&quot;color: #1b1c12;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ibid&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/4120745028634815594'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/4120745028634815594'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2010/09/capital-punishment-and-homicide.html' title='CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AND HOMICIDE'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-1144340417238052180</id><published>2010-06-18T21:06:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T11:25:55.392-07:00</updated><title type='text'>RATIONALE FOR THE RIGHT TO DEROGATE – ARTICLE 15 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&quot;The European Convention on Human Rights, as&amp;nbsp;well as&amp;nbsp;its interpretation by the Strasbourg bodies, is so riven with exceptions, derogations and state &#39;get-outs&#39; that the protection afforded by it has been far inferior to what one would have anticipated at its inception.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Individual rights are not absolute. This very clear assertion assumes that, the individual rights are subject to some reasonable restriction for the sake of community interests. The international conventions, covenants, treaties reflects this rationality with the some ‘derogation clauses’ where accepts restricting individuals rights to preserve national security, public order, moral values. The authors of the European Convention on Human Rights also guaranteed this rationality in the convention. The very rationality of protecting public interest and national security in line with individual rights in the most international conventions has brought a compromise between state parties of the conventions and the international organs. While the state parties to the international instruments protecting human rights in one hand attempting to retain their sovereign powers, the international organs are in the tendency to achieve maximum application of treaty or convention terms. This compromise between states and the international organs has long been achieved by the so called derogation clauses. These clauses in the international instruments, mainly, provides states with a wide discretion to determine whether there is a threat to their national security or public order and provides a right to derogate from their treaty obligations. Sure each treaty safeguards some main rights as non-derogable rights. And obligations under international law also secured in the treaty terms. One of the oldest and effective international instruments, European Convention on Human Rights also contains such clause. Article 15 of the ECHR precisely deals state right to derogate. The article put forwards the main requirements that should be satisfied and a notification procedure should be followed. The main concern with the derogation article is that window of vulnerability in the application of article. The very clear assumption that international organs’ lack of supervision powers especially in the time of emergencies strengthened the concerns regarding the abuse of the derogation articles. The wide margin of appreciation provided states in the assessment of emergencies on the other hand creates another important excuse to claim that there is insufficient human rights protection. Nonetheless there are also many advantages of the derogation articles, which at least provide temporary limitation of international conventions rather than total abandonment of treaties or wide reservations of treaty terms. This paper will analyze the ECHR article 15 in accordance with subsequent case law. On the other hand pros and cons of derogation articles will also be discussed in the second part of the paper.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;DEROGATION CLAUSE ARTICLE 15:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The convention provides state parties exceptional right for derogation. Convention permits derogations of from the obligations prescribed in the text of convention however this exclusive right firstly limited to the certain situations and this right is not exclusive in the time of emergencies as well. Article 15&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; puts forwards that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;States Parties do not have any right to derogate from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Article 2, &quot;except in respect of deaths resulting from lawful acts of war&quot;. On the other hand the second paragraph does not permit any derogation form article 3, 4 and 7. &amp;nbsp;The third paragraph of the article 15 reads the procedure applicable. Accordingly the State Party should keep the Secretary General fully informed of the measures taken and the reasons behind it. It should be noted that the measures taken by the state parties should be exceptional and temporary. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Thus what that it mean to derogate from certain human rights in the time of emergency? It is very clear that the Human rights in essence subject to vast violation in the time of emergencies and should be protected well enough than the time of peace. It is sure that the article 15 can be used to extend the state of emergency and crises as well. The very answer of this question is firstly relies on defining the state of emergency. In the Lawless case&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; after IRA’s declaration of war to Great Britain, Irish government issued 1940 act for giving detention powers to the ministers of state. When IRA attacks intensified during 1956-1958, Irish government acted according to 1940 act and informed Secretary – General of the Council of Europe for the invocation to the article 15, the derogation clause. Lawless arrested according to 1940 act fro being member of the IRA, after his release he took the case before Strasbourg Court. The court in this first case before it found an opportunity to discuss the terms of article 15. Whether there was a public emergency threaten the nation? The very definition of this requirement for the satisfaction of article 15 held by Judge Maridakis, in his individual opinion. He stated that;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“By ‘public emergency threatening the life of the nation’ it is to be understood a quite exceptional situation which imperil the normal operation of public policy established in accordance with the lawfully expressed will of citizens, in respect alike of the situation inside the country and of relations with foreign powers.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; The commission identified the public emergency within four main topics; accordingly; “it must be actual or imminent; its effects must involve the whole nation; the continuance of the organized life of the community must be threatened; and the crisis or danger must be exceptional, in that the normal measures or restrictions, permitted by the Convention for the maintenance of public safety, health and order, are plainly inadequate.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;In he Lawless case, the Court unanimously concluded that the Irish government satisfied the requirements under article 15, the right to derogate from the treaty obligations. However one of the most important points here that should be underlined is the paragraph 27 of the case; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Whereas the Commission, following the investigation carried out by it in accordance with Article 28 (art. 28) of the Convention, expressed a majority opinion in its Report that in &quot;July 1957 there existed in Ireland a public emergency threatening the life of the nation within the meaning of Article 15, paragraph 1 (art. 15-1), of the Convention&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The commission’s investigation can be conducted after the cease of emergency situation so its fact finding ability is obviously limited. Thus the convention’s ability to protect what it ought to protect in the time of emergency seems limited. A more precise description n the terms of defining and determining the emergency situation is held in the Ireland v. United Kingdom case where the court held that; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“it falls in the first place to each Contracting State, with its responsibility for ‘the life of [its] nation’, to determine whether that life is threatened by a ‘public emergency’ and, if so, how far it is necessary to go in attempting to overcome the emergency. By reason of their direct and continuous contact with the pressing needs of the moment, the national authorities are in principle in a better position than the international judge to decide both on the presence of such an emergency and on the nature and scope of derogations necessary to avert it. In this matter Article 15(1) leaves the authorities a wide margin of appreciation.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Then in the Lawless case, court turned to the question of as whether the measures taken in derogation from obligations under the convention were &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;‘strictly required by the exigencies of the situation’. &lt;/i&gt;Article 15 of the treaty provides that the state parties may derogate from their obligations only ‘to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation’. This requirement to use the derogation clause is rest on the principle of proportionality. Courts first focus in the Lawless case was on the whether the ordinary law is able to check the growing danger which threatened the Nation. Court concluded that;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“In 1957 the application of the ordinary law had proved unable to check the growing danger which threatened the Republic of Ireland; whereas the ordinary criminal courts, or even the special criminal courts or military courts, could not suffice to restore peace and order.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The second point of the proportionality was does the measures taken is proportional with the situation. This requirement has been discussed in the Greek case.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;In the Greek Case; Commission in one hand find that the circumstances did not satisfied the conditions for public emergency, on the other hand concluded that ‘even on the assumption that an emergency existed, the sweeping and unspecified derogations and the measures taken went beyond what was strictly required’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;One other center of focus in the application of article 15, the derogation clause, is the court’s attention to the so called “alternative safeguards”. In the Lawless case court found that if the detention commission (which is established according to Act 1940); ‘reports that no reasonable grounds exist for the continued detention of the person concerned, such person shall, with all convenient speed, be released.’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; That is establishment of a check and supervision body also required essential for the legitimate application to the derogation clauses. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;In order to be applicable the measures taken under the derogation clauses should be inconformity with the international law, that is should not be inconsistent with the other obligations of international law. In regard to other obligations of international law, the article 15 provides a safety mechanism in which violation of other international obligations also violates the treaty obligations. In the case of public emergencies, most importantly the provisions of international humanitarian law, precisely the international humanitarian law has been mentioned.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; On the other hand the state parties’ derogation from the convention terms should not be in conflict with the states other obligations under international law. &amp;nbsp;At the last point the article 15 continues with the notification requirement. Accordingly; “&lt;/span&gt;Any High Contracting Party availing itself of this right of derogation shall keep the Secretary General of the Council of Europe fully informed of the measures which it has taken and the reasons.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;AKSOY V. TURKEY&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Turkish government due to PKK terrorist activities in South- East of Turkey announced public emergency and noticed the Secretary General in 1990. The applicant Aksoy had been arrested on 26 November  1992 for being member of PKK terrorist organization and held in custody for fourteen days. The Turkish law was permitting thirty days custody in the emergency regions. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;After Aksoy’s detention for fourteen days, the applicant brought the case before the Strasbourg on the basis of Turkish government’s violation of article 3 of the convention. As described above, the convention and the case law provides a wide margin of appreciation to the state to determine the existence of public emergency. However Aksoy case illustrated that this wide margin of appreciation does not mean the state parties have unlimited discretion. In the Aksoy case court emphasized that the most important limit applied to the states is Court’s ability to rule [w]hether &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;inter alia, &lt;/i&gt;the states have gone beyond the ‘extent strictly required by the exigencies’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. It is thus [t]he domestic margin of appreciation is…accompanied by a European supervision. On the question of whether the measures were strictly required by the states; the Court considered that the detention period of the Aksoy which was undeniably long and could not be justified on the basis of article 15. In this instant case; Court held that “[t]he investigation of terrorist offences undoubtly presents authorities with special problems; it can not accept that it is necessary to hold a suspect for fourteen days without judicial intervention. This period is exceptionally long and left the applicant vulnerable not only arbitrary interference with his right to liberty but also to torture.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; In this instant case Turkish governments’ allegation was necessity of police investigation in the time of terror in the South East of Turkey. However the Court held that the length of the unsupervised detention was not legitimate and proportional under the convention, article 15.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;On the safeguard matters, court held that Turkish state on the lawful detention against torture was inadequate. The applicant allegation at this point was “unsupervised detention together with the lack of safeguards…facilitated the practice of torture”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Moreover Court found that “the reports of Amnesty International (Turkey; a policy of denial, February (1995)) the European Committee against torture and United Nations Committee against torture showed that the safeguards contained in the Turkish criminal code, which were in any case inadequate, were routinely ignored in the state of emergency region.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; In considering notification procedure described in the paragraph 3 of article 15, Court’s main focus was on the whether there was sufficient information about the emergency and the measures taken noticed to the Secretary General. Court at this point held that although the notice of derogation contained sufficient information, the long tern unsupervised detention does not meet with the requirement described under paragraph 3 of article 15.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;THE MARGIN OF APPRECIATION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;One other limitation may be regarded as “margin of appreciation” whereby the doctrine developed as a balancing mechanism between the international protection of human rights and the states sovereign actions. Application of doctrine&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;introduced on three basic steps. First an essential phase of the doctrine is to investigate if there are common existing state practices among the state parties. Thus a European consensus is sought for the application of margin of appreciation doctrine. On the second phrase some narrow margin of appreciation is granted to the state governments for the sake of protecting democratic governments and basic liberties such as freedom of press in the Sunday Times case. On the third occasion, Court advocates using ‘the textual analysis of relevant convention provisions to determine the breadth of the margin in different cases’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Although the margin of appreciation doctrine mainly assumes the use of the convention in a realistic way and renders it generally applicable there are some skeptical views for the application of doctrine in a way to escape form the state obligations. For instance Judge Macdonald expressed once that;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“The argument assumes that there is still a need for some pragmatic device which can accommodate the sovereignty concerns of the Contracting States. But perhaps the Convention system is now sufficiently mature to be able to move beyond the margin of appreciation and grapple more openly with the questions of appropriateness which that device obscures…The margin of appreciation should not permit the court’s evasion of its responsibility to articulate the reasons why its intervention in particular cases may or may not be appropriate. Until this responsibility is taken more seriously, the principled reasons which both justify and limit the Court’s role will remain buried beneath the pragmatism of the margin of appreciation, and the emergence of a theoretical vision of its role in the European legal order will continue to be limited.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;WHY DEROGATION CLAUSES ARE NEEDED IN THE ECHR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;It is not only European Convention on Human Rights but other international instruments related with the human rights protection also have such derogation clauses which permit state parties temporary suspension of the treaty terms in the time of emergencies which threaten the public order and national security. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Thus what is the rationale behind the authors of the convention placed such derogation clauses to the international treaties. The very reason behind this given right to the states to abstain from treaty terms in the times of emergency might be hindered in the term of &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“temporary.” &lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;It is sure that temporary suspension of treaty obligations is much more advantageous than the permanent denouncement of treaty terms.&amp;nbsp; According to Christoph Schreuer;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“In the absence of such a legal safety valve, states might hesitate to join convention or might attach more significant reservations to their accession. Moreover, in situations of actual emergency, such as war, civil strifes or revolution, national elites may regard compliance as a low priority and may resort to broader claims to derogation like “necessity” or may even denounce the convention altogether.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;As Schreuer also indicated, derogation clause of the ECHR (this is also applicable to the other conventions) provides an attractive nature to the convention to become party, otherwise governments’ willingness to join to the convention might diminish. Thus the derogation articles provide an encouragement to the state parties to adhere international treaties to protect the human rights. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Schreuer in his article Derogation of Human Rights in Situations of Public Emergency; the Experience of European Convention on Human Rights, listed six main points where derogation clauses can be used; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Foremost and most      fundamental is the principle of reasonable accommodation between the      necessities of community interest and justified particular individual      interests.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Derogations must      be accompanied by official proclamations and notifications giving all      relevant details.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Derogations must      be subject to effective outside supervision in order to prevent abuse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Derogations must      be used only in the situations of absolute necessity in which other means      can not be reasonably be expected to safeguard public order.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Derogations must      be applied subject to strict proportionality. This means ;(1) that the      derogation should only apply to those rights which have to be limited to      cope with emergency; and (b) that the limitation should only apply to the      extent absolutely required.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Derogation should      be withdrawn as soon as circumstances permit.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;As all these points listed in the Schreuer’s article illustrates how an effective international protection of human rights can be achieved at national level, does the international organs are empowered likewise?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The derogation articles actually refer to a compromise between national authorities and international bodies for the enactment of the obligations listed in the international instruments protecting Human Rights. International protection of human rights, ipso facto, requires national cooperation. States, in regard to joining to the international human right treaties, most often tends to protect their sovereignty. This tendency, not surprisingly related with their national security and public order. Derogation clauses, also margin of appreciation given to the national authorities in these circumstances are the compromises between the international and national organs for the protection of human rights. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;However does the ECHR or other international treaties offers grounds for valid reasons for declaration of emergencies? In analyzing the article 15 of ECHR, the guaranteeing tools for valid application of article 15 will be discussed. However in general does international bodies are really powerful to analyze the legitimacy of the emergency situation? Put simply the emergency situations are those situations where vast violation of human rights occurred. According to Joan F. Hartman; there are five basic reasons why the international bodies are powerless to balance the emergency situations properly. For Hartman &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“first derogation situations are so sensitive ones …in such situations states concerned with their sovereignty… and not pay heed to, the limits imposed by the international organs”.&lt;/i&gt; As Hartman pointed correctly, the sovereignty matters where the states are mostly tend to control in the time of emergency gains tremendous importance and any international limitation to it can be easily disregarded by the states.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; For Hartman, other two important deficiencies of international organs are their lack of fact-finding ability in the emergency situations and their failure to review derogation claims. On the forth point, Hartman emphasized a fact that;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;“the international organs make no sua sponte review of suspected derogations even though massive violations may be occurring, and those derogation notices which are submitted to the organs are scrutinized only through delay-ridden complaint and reporting procedures.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;This practical and procedural gap might be the most important deficiency for the international protection of human rights. This fact merely put international conventions into uselessness tool in the times of emergencies. The final point made by Hartman is that lack of efficient sanctions against to the violator states. For Hartman; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“the lack of effective sanctions against states breaching their obligations is the most substantial and insoluble deficiency in the treaty system”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights is one of the key articles of the convention. Authors of the convention, there is no doubt, considers the encouragement embodies in the article for the states to join to the treaty with minimum reservations. Although the article 15, the right to derogate from the treaty obligations, as discussed above has many inefficiencies for the superior protection of human rights, the case law have been shown that Courts, and also commission’s assessment criteria for the application of article 15 is relatively high. Although the margin of appreciation provided to the state parties might limit the ECHR’s ability to protect what it intended to protect, the realities and states willingness to participate with the treaty terms can only be achieved with the established compromise. The ECHR is a living instrument, that is should always be interpreted with the days conditions and circumstances, The Court’s activism, as in all articles of the convention,, is also applicable to the article 15 and its requirements. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;As the paper in many parts assumed, the tools such as derogation, the margin of appreciation creates a balance between the national and international organs and this balance should not be denied. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;BIBLIOGRAPHY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;BOOKS AND ARTICLES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Alastair Mowbray, Cases and Materials on the European Convention on Human Rights, Oxford, 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; eds., Fresh Perspectives on the&#39;War On Terror&#39;, ANU E-press, Canberra, July 2008, retrieved from the web &lt;a href=&quot;http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch07s02.html&quot;&gt;http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch07s02.html&lt;/a&gt; accessed on 28/06/2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Hartman, Joan F., ‘Derogation from Human Rights Treaties in Public Emergencies--A Critique of Implementation by the European Commission and Court of Human Rights and the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations’, 22 &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Harv. Int&#39;l. L. J.&lt;/i&gt; (1981)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times-Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Christoph Schreuer, “Derogation of Human Rights in Situations of Public Emergency: The Experience of the European Convention on Human Rights,” (1982) 9 Yale J. World Pub.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times-Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;CASES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Aksoy v Turkey&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; (1996) 23 EHRR 553.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Lawless v Ireland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; (No 3) (1961) 1 EHRR 15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;I&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;reland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; v United Kingdom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; (1978) Series A No 35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Greek Case&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; (1969) 12 Yearbook ECHR 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times-Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; “Derogation in time of emergency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;1. In time of war or other public emergency threatening the life of the nation any High Contracting Party may take measures derogating from its obligations under this Convention to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with its other obligations under international law. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;2. No derogation from Article 2, except in respect of deaths resulting from lawful acts of war, or from Articles 3, 4 (paragraph 1) and 7 shall be made under this provision. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;3. Any High Contracting Party availing itself of this right of derogation shall keep the Secretary General of the Council of Europe fully informed of the measures which it has taken and the reasons therefor. It shall also inform the Secretary General of the Council of Europe when such measures have ceased to operate and the provisions of the Convention are again being fully executed.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Lawless v Ireland&lt;/i&gt; (No 3) (1961) 1 EHRR 15;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Alastair Mowbray, Cases and Materials on the European Convention on Human Rights, Oxford, 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;p. 840&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Miriam Gani and Penelope Mathew&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; eds., Fresh Perspectives on the&#39;War On Terror&#39;, ANU E-press, Canberra, July 2008, retrieved from the web &amp;lt;http://epress.anu.edu.au/war_terror/mobile_devices/ch07s02.html&amp;lt; accessed on 28/06/2010, See also &lt;i&gt;Greek Case&lt;/i&gt; (1969) 12 Yearbook ECHR 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Supra Note 3. p. 836&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; I&lt;i&gt;reland&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; v United Kingdom&lt;/i&gt; (1978) Series A No 35, [78]‑[79].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Supra Note 3, p.837&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Greek Case&lt;/i&gt; (1969) 12 Yearbook ECHR 1, Christoph Schreuer, “Derogation of Human Rights in Situations of Public Emergency: The Experience of the European Convention on Human Rights,” (1982) 9 Yale J. World Pub.p.124&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times-Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Supra Note 3, p. 838&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Christoph Schreuer, “Derogation of Human Rights in Situations of Public Emergency: The Experience of the European Convention on Human Rights,” (1982) 9 Yale J. World Pub .p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;130&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times-Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Aksoy v Turkey&lt;/i&gt; (1996) 23 EHRR 553. Supra Note 3, p. 853-857&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ECHR, Article 15, Paragraph 3&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Supra Note 3, p.854&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Ibid, p.855&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Ibid, p.855&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Ibid, p.856&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Supra Note 3, p.630&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; İbid.p. 630&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.631&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Supra Note 10. P. 115&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.116&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Hartman, Joan F., ‘Derogation from Human Rights Treaties in Public Emergencies--A Critique of Implementation by the European Commission and Court of Human Rights and the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations’, 22 &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Harv. Int&#39;l. L. J.&lt;/i&gt; (1981)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;, p. 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn24;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/1144340417238052180/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/rationale-for-right-to-derogate-article.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/1144340417238052180'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/1144340417238052180'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/rationale-for-right-to-derogate-article.html' title='RATIONALE FOR THE RIGHT TO DEROGATE – ARTICLE 15 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-3826581169380006640</id><published>2010-06-17T11:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-08-20T11:50:45.048-07:00</updated><title type='text'>GLOBALIZATION , HEGEMONIC STABILITY AND IMPERIALISM   CROSSING ROADS</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Since
the end of twentieth century the term of ‘global’ started to use so much in
many activities including cultural, economic and political. Global politics,
global culture, global economy and so on. All those concepts traditionally
attributable to the states (nation-states) slowly become a global matter. From
Mc Donald’s hamburgers to education, from trade to crime, nearly everything
influenced by the ‘global’ phenomenon. Global! This term has become to
something refers to the internationalization of all of these terms or the
universalization of the well established norms and regimes. On the other hand
globalization for some refers to deterritorialization since it is the
abolishment of the artificial state borders for the ease of the global
activities such as erect of the trade barriers or barriers against to the free
capital flow. No doubt, high technology and revolution in communication and
transportation are the main reasons why the things become global. Contemporary globalization
has reached levels unseen since before 1914. The main motivations behind the
changes associated with globalization unsurprisingly have become one of the
most important subjects of academic debate. This in an effort to define this
new process will seek answers to the questions; D&lt;i&gt;oes the viability of the
globalisation process necessarily imply the hegemony of a great power? &lt;/i&gt;And &lt;i&gt;Use
the analyses of imperialism from the late 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; to the early 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;
century as the basis for considering whether contemporary globalisation a form
of imperialism? &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;DEFINING GLOBALIZATION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;United Nations General Assembly&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;
in the Fifteenth session defined globalization as “&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Globalization has different meanings to different people. Some analysts
prefer to use the more specific term “international economic integration”
thereby focusing on the economic and financial aspects. On the other hand,
globalization has reached into political, social and cultural dimensions.
Modern States need to deal with all dimensions&lt;/i&gt;.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Since the end of twentieth century the term of global
started to use so much in the many activities including cultural, economic and
political. Global, in its term refers to increase in the speed and intense of
these activities across the national borders. Scholte distinguished the concept
of globalization as; globalization as internationalization; globalization as
universalization; globalization as westernization and globalization as
deterritorialization.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Globalization may be used as the internationalization of cultural, economic and
political activities or the universalization of the well established norms and
regimes. On the other hand globalization for some refers to
deterritorialization since it is the abolishment of the artificial state
borders for the ease of the global activities such as erect of the trade
barriers or barriers against to the free capital flow. Scholte defined the term
of &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;globalization as a process of
deterritorialization. He means that territorial location becomes less important
to a particular activity. It concerns the growth of supranational relations
between people.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Also globalization is often described
as the westernization as the spread of westernized ideas and the norms. In some
respect as the globalization is a process it is the continuance if the
imperialism. Its achievement to realize its meaning simply depends on the
support of the international institutions after the end of twentieth century.
Organizations such International Monetary Fund, United Nations, World Trade
Organization has played a pivotal role for the spread of the notion of
Globalization. On the other hand the term of globalization often called with
term of Liberalization. Especially in the globalization of the economic
activities, liberalization of the economic activities such as reducing the
power of state in the economic activities and the fostering the role of the
supply and demand mechanism or reducing all the barriers for the full and
effective achievement of the International trade.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;However Globalization can be all of them. As Ravenhill clearly explained;
“Globalization is an uneven process whereby the barriers of time and space are
reduced, new social relations between distant people are fostered and new centers
of authority are created.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;As
far as the world becomes globalized, there have been many advantages and
disadvantages as the result of this process. Beyond the theoretical discussions
about the meaning of globalization, it surely refers to increasing global
consciousness to an activity. Shortly when an activity has global effects or it
has been started to be used in global manner it become global.&amp;nbsp; Global trade, global culture is the examples
to this. On the other hand global warning, global terror is the bad side of
story. In short according to me things became global when the members of the
globe from different locations agree and ready for the application these
things. For example trade may become global when the nations are willing to
increase their links. On the other hand terror may become global if the
terrorist organizations agreed upon that. Depletion of ozone layer may provide
a global effect because it really effects all over the world so it can be named
as global warning. On the other hand say American nationalism can not be global
because there would be no effect globally nor the people of different nations
would agree to behave as an American Nationalist. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Globalization
is without doubt is the byproduct of revolution in communication. While the things
became more global by the further ease the communication between people. More
importantly the increasing interactions between nations and people causes
emergence of new concept interdependence. Interdependence is a situation
whereby actions and events in one society or part of the world affect peoples
elsewhere.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
The interdependence of nations with the mutual links reduces the likelihoods of
wars and leads universally established norms and values which are applicable to
all nations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;As
it has been observed that the process of increasing interactions between states
was termed with internationalization. Thus the main starting point of the
globalization is then the internationalization. However the term global refers
to one step more than the international. This fact was underlined by OECD in
1994 as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;“The
word “internationalization”…has proved too limited …Globalization is more
recent phenomenon, a more advanced and complex form of internationalization
which implies a degree of functional integration between internationally – dispersed
economic activities.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Defining globalization, on the other hand, is not
free from its underlying force. Those underlying forces such as hegemonic
stability of internationalization through the imperialism, often termed with
the globalization as well. In the remaining part of the essay, to come into a
clear conclusion for the globalization, these two forces behind the
globalization will be discussed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;GLOBALIZATION OR IMPERIALISM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The
term “imperialism” often refers to ‘extension of sovereignty or control by one
people over another.’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
The seeds of imperialism thrown by the discovery of America and invention of new
sea routes during the rise of colonial and naval powers in Europe, such as
Spain, Portugal and Netherlands. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;On
the other hand the new imperialism refers to empire building process of the
European powers and later Japan’s
by conquest and domination of new territories in Africa
and Asia. The main differentiation point
regarding to the old colonial movements and late 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century
imperialism is the intensification of those colonial movements in the forms of
more active conquests. Expansionist strategies of European Powers were mostly
depending on three main reasons; first and utmost reason was economic. The
implications of industrial revolution necessitated increased trade relations
and new markets, moreover cheap raw materials. On the other hand rise of
nationalism and consequently increasing militarism among the European empires
were accepted as other motivations behind the imperialism.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Internationalisation of domination and subordination, within this process let
the rise of new international theories explaining implications of new
imperialism. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The
question of whether the new imperialism during the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;
century is thereby depends on very result of implications of imperialism. No
doubt the internationalization of state activities has provided a very fertile
ground for the globalization. To understand this fact discussing two important
international theories of imperialism has crucial importance. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-right: 3.6pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;WORLD
SYSTEM THEORY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;One
famous theory in describing economic interpretation of new imperialism is the
World System Theory. This theory is one of the Marxist theories of
international relations. It is origins come from the works of Immanuel Wallestein’s
and as a critique of imperialism. The main rationale behind the Wallestein’s
theory is that, “a dominant core which is exploiting a less developed
periphery,”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
who is called this structural world as a world system. He argues that up to now
world empires and world economy and according to him the main distraction
between those two systems is how decision about the resource distribution is
made.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
In the former one a centralized political system uses its power to
re-distribute resources from peripheral areas to the central core area. This is
the imperialism what change to the now is the distributor’s name. There is no
more central authority but markets serve as a new re-distributor. In the world
system theory thus peripheries backwardness is relational. What we define as
periphery is non-democratic governments, raw material exporters, manufacture
importers. Wages are below the subsistence there is any more welfare state.
However in the core democratic government provide high wages, import raw
materials, export manufactures and so provide chance for high investment and
welfare states. In the World System Theory the semi-periphery is an area in
which some manufacturing occurs, and some capital concentrate but not to extend
of most advantages areas in the core. Eastern Europe
and Russia
are commonly considered to be semi-peripheral”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
This unequal trade relationship obviously widens the gap between north and
south. According to the Schwartz, in the periphery wages and national income
stagnate while the core benefits from low cost inputs that raise the rate of
capital accumulation&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
This is called transfer of surplus by unequal exchange.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;LENINIST THEORY OF
IMPERIALISM &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;One of the most important and
reliable work in the means of interpretation of economics of new imperial age
is developed by the study of Lenin on theory of imperialism. Lenin in his
famous work&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;, Imperialism, the highest
stage of capitalism&lt;/i&gt;, defines the new imperialism as the monopoly stage of
capitalism.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Leninist theory on imperialism mostly focuses on five important symptoms to
describe the monopolistic stage of capitalism. The five common features of this
stage are; creation of monopolies in the capitalist societies, thus creation of
financial oligarchies, export of capital, formation of international capitalist
associations and territorial division of the world by the capitalist powers.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Thus for Lenin imperialism is nothing more than result of inherent competition
among the capitalist states to divide world territories among them. In his
words Lenin defined this highest stage of capitalism as;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 66.6pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&quot;Capitalism has grown into a world system of colonial oppression
and of the financial strangulation of the overwhelming majority of the people
of the world by a handful of &#39;advanced&#39; countries.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;In
establishing such framework for the rationale behind the imperialism, Lenin
also indicated that ‘the end of this process would be in any case being the
self destruction of capitalism, probably by the way of imperialist wars.’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Leninist theory on imperialism that is why shed light to the main reason of
World War I. After WWI, imperial policies and capitalist competition let the
mercantilist tendencies and resulted with the long world wide economic crises
and Second World War. Nevertheless after the control of capitalist competition
with the establishment of new regimes in post world war give raise to the
globalisation of capitalism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;GLOBALIZATION
OF HEGEMONIC POWER &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Hegemony
may be defined as domination of international system one or more states. The
dominant state or states clearly influence the foreign policies of the other
state in the system. With the rise of new imperialism&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;British hegemony in the world politics declined by the end of 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;
century, just after consolidation of United States and the Germany as the new
import markets. Loss of its import share and related to this export share also
new financial institutions undermined the United Kingdoms financial control
over the international system. Rise of new powers as a challenger of hegemonic
power, let them to instal their own stystm of international relations.
Eventually the legitimacy of such system has brought stability. This part of
essay will deal with the implications of hegemonic powers in the establishment
and maintenance of the globalized international order.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;HEGEMON THEORIES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;One
of the most famous theories is hegemonic stability theory. It argues that
hegemony provide stability, thus for international stability existence of a
hegemony is necessary. According to Robert Gilpin, &lt;i&gt;“An international system
is established for the same reason that any political system is created; actors
enter social relations and create social structures in order to advance
particular sets of political, economic or other interests. Because the
interests of some of the actors may conflict with those of other actors, the
particular interest that are most favored by the social arrangements tend to
reflect the relative powers of the actors.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;Thus all the norms and rules also the international organizations represent
the hegemons ideas and values other states due to stability and the benefits
provided by hegemon accepts the superiority of the dominant. It was like that
in the formation of United Nations and the Bretton Woods System as United Kingdom,
United States of America
also follows free trade. That’s why Bretton Woods’s international economy was
in favor for United States
  of America. Since it can provide more
efficient products by the luxury given it by its technological competitive
advantage there was no loss in the free trade competition. Actually one of the
main reasons behind the United
  Kingdom hegemonic decline was loss of free
trade before and after the World War One. Hegemons very large import market
automatically attracts other countries for following Ricardian Strategies.
Otherwise Caldorian Strategies may establish a core or new import market in the
periphery of the hegemon. The same process challenged United Kingdom
during the industrialization of Germany
and United States of America.
By the end of World War Two United States began to act as a hegemon and Bretton
Woods system provide these fertile environment. Both International Monetary
Fond ( IMF ) and the World Bank (1944 ) established with the conference held in
Bretton Woods. International Monetary Fund’s objective was promoting
international monetary cooperation. On the other hand World Bank established as
an agency for the development and construction of Europe.
Finally General Agreements Trade and Tariff (GATT
) designed to liberalized trade all these instruments was reflecting the norms
and the commitments of hegemons. Another important theory is Long Cycle Theory
that argues simply hegemons emergence and decline in the cyclical periods. Thus
after every World War or a great war a hegemon emerged as the winner and
creates organization. These organizations reflect, values, norms, and laws of
new international system afterward hegemon invites other states to the
organizations that it created. By joining those organizations other states
automatically accepts the very existences of hegemons and its rules. This
acceptance may derive from military interests, security interests, political
interests or more importantly economic interests. Westphalia Treaty and the
emergence of modern nation states reflected international law, and the
sovereignty as new international order. Congress of Vienna was the declaration
of concert members, United
  Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Russia and latterly France
domination over Europe and the rules at the
some put by British hegemony although not all emerged from a total war.
Actually it emerged from industrial revolution, United Kingdom become very powerful
after the defeat of France
in the Napoleonic Wars. This hegemony also forced other states to follow up United Kingdom’s
rules and norms. All of those come from very powerful nature of hegemons. Their
military capabilities, their economies and political powers channel remaining
the states into the may that hegemon or hegemony pursue. The League
 of Nations emerged with the some logic that Long Cycle theory has
provided League established by victories powers. On the other hand long cycle
theory argues that hegemonic decline started with diplomatic challenge of other
powerful states. These diplomatic means soon turn the military means and the new
war emerged against to hegemon and the states in its sides.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Such kind of attitude happened in the
beginning of World War II when the revisionist powers challenged the victorious
powers of World War I. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Beyond
all of these political explanations obvious economic power of the hegemon should
link its hegemony with the economics. Swartz uses the economic cycles as a
linkage to the hegemony. In all cases new leading sector clusters first emerge
in an existing hegemon or in the country that became hegemonic soon after&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.Those
benefits of the leading sectors of course creates obvious and unchallenged
economic and military power. Swartz clearly assets that all the hegemon has
military superiority like Holland, Britain, us and the Portugal had however, it
is also arguing that it is not a sufficient conditions for a hegemony, however
it is a necessary condition. “The wealth and purchasing power created by a new
cluster of leading sector also creates a form of hegemon that is more durable
than military dominance.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Another differentiated part of hegemonies they are mostly lender of last
resold. They can credit globally and this is way of maintain global finance. According
to Swartz all the new institutionalized innovations such industrial production
of machines, unionization, and emergence of taylorist methods of production,
electrification of production or Japanese Kanban and Kreitsu, not surprisingly emerges
firstly in potential hegemons. For instance British created first mills and
mill towns. United States
and German entrepreneurs proliferated stock companies controlling multiple
plants in the late 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century. US firms created the assembly line
and conglomerate.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Spread
of all these economic innovations, eventually lead the economic and later
military superiority of Hegemonic power. Subsequently Hegemonic power gains
legitimacy with the applications of these innovations by other states.&amp;nbsp; Thus the term globalization, from this point
of view, is the byproduct of internationalization of legitimacy of a Hegemon &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;It
is not possible to define the globalization without influencing a number of
theories which are stated above. It is also not possible to not share the
comments of Scholte when he describes the term as&amp;nbsp; “a new line on an old story.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
On the other hand reducing globalization into the imperialism or a hegemonic order
would undermine the very existing of a new age. There is no doubt the term
global is clearly associated with these two forces. As Mittleman described the &lt;i&gt;“US
domestic economy become increasingly enmeshed in international trade as well as
host to foreign direct investment, heralding a new mode of global organization
and this caused emergence of a series structural changes in the global
political economy, called the period of globalization.” &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
However as he also rightfully argued the term globalization is, in fact, much
more appropriate the era after the decline of American Hegemony.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Thus globalization can be seen as the effects of internationalization resulted
form the imperial movements and the stability achieved by the US Hegemony
especially after WWII. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; United Nations
General Assembly, Globalization and State: an overview, Fifteenth session, 8-12
May 2000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Scholte Jan A., Globalization, a critical
introduction, Macmillan Press, New
  York, 2000, pp. 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Ravenhill,
John.Global Political Economy, Oxford University Press, Oxford ;New York, 2005,
pp.132&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Ravenhill,
John.Global Political Economy, Oxford University Press, Oxford ;New York, 2005,
pp.132&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Viotti, Paul R. and Mark V. Kauppi. International Relations Theory: Realism,
Pluralism, Globalism, and Beyond . (Third Edition). Allyn and Bacon: Boston ,
1999&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
OECD,&amp;nbsp; ‘Investment Patterns in Longer
Term Perspective’ Worrking Papere on International Investment no. 2000/2 OECD
Paris April 2000. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 3.7pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Lecture Notes by Professor Henry, Western Civilization Since 1648, Available at
&amp;lt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wpunj.edu/%7Ehistory/study/ws2/set10b.htm&quot;&gt;http://www.wpunj.edu/~history/study/ws2/set10b.htm&lt;/a&gt;&amp;gt;
accessed on 15 December
 2008. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Lecture Notes by Professor Henry, Western Civilization Since 1648, Available at
&amp;lt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wpunj.edu/%7Ehistory/study/ws2/set10b.htm&quot;&gt;http://www.wpunj.edu/~history/study/ws2/set10b.htm&lt;/a&gt;&amp;gt;
accessed on 15 December 2008.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Baylis J, Smith S., The Globalisation of world politics, 2nd edition,Oxford
University Press, 2001, &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;P206&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Baylis J, Smith S., The Globalisation of world politics, 2nd edition,Oxford
University Press&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; p206&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Baylis J, Smith S., The Globalisation of world politics, 2nd edition,Oxford
University Press p323&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Schwartz H.
States versus Markets, 2nd ed., Mac Millan Press ltd., 2000,&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;p45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; V.I.
Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, Resistance Books, 1999, P.
9&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Mommsen J.M.,
Falla P.S, Theories of Imperialism, University of Chicago Press, 1982, P. 48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; V.I. Lenin,
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, Resistance Books, 1999, P. 9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Mommsen J.M.,
Falla P.S, Theories of Imperialism, University of Chicago Press, 1982, P. 49&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Pease Kelly,
International Organizations, New York, Routledge,1999 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;P47&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Schwartz H. States versus Markets, 2nd ed., Mac Millan Press ltd., 2000, p71&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; Schwartz H. States versus Markets, 2nd ed.,
Mac Millan Press ltd., 2000, p72&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Schwartz H. States versus Markets, 2nd ed., Mac Millan Press ltd., 2000, p71&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Scholte Jan A., Globalization, a
critical introduction, Macmillan Press, New
  York, 2000 pp.34&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Mittleman, J., Globalization,Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, London,1996 pp.
231&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn23;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Mittleman, J.,
Globalization , Boulder, London,1996 p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;217 See also &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Mittleman,
J (1996) p.236 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;“The US hegemony started with the Bretton Wood system until the end of
1970s. Thus abandonment of gold parity and the fixed exchange rate created a
new monetary order, this followed by the United States economical decline as
the lender of last resort. While U.S. shares of world output dropped
from one third in the 1950s and 1960s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/3826581169380006640/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/globalization-hegemonic-stabiliry-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/3826581169380006640'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/3826581169380006640'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/globalization-hegemonic-stabiliry-and.html' title='GLOBALIZATION , HEGEMONIC STABILITY AND IMPERIALISM   CROSSING ROADS'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-6305878972406862525</id><published>2009-11-19T11:49:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-13T00:44:46.863-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Churchill - Into the Storm</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; color: black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tPKFtp5lEJ0/TnY9B5p080I/AAAAAAAAAC8/wdSMx4Yqx4E/s1600/churchill.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tPKFtp5lEJ0/TnY9B5p080I/AAAAAAAAAC8/wdSMx4Yqx4E/s320/churchill.jpg&quot; width=&quot;276&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;End of world war two in one hand was the official end of British hegemony and the collapse of British Empire was the starting point of the bipolarization of world order for next 45 years with two super powers Soviet Union and United States. On 11 February 1945, Yalta conference agreed the &#39;Declaration of Liberated Europe&#39; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; with free elections and friendly governments to Soviets in Eastern Europe. However the notion of &#39;friendly&#39; was refers not less than controlled communist government for Soviets. When the Churchill drawn the Iron Curtain between East and West,&amp;nbsp; Eastern Europe long since has been under the control of USSR. Going back to 1939, it was the second time when British Prime Ministers disappointed in their agreements which they sacrificed and gave concessions. Munich agreement of Chamberlain was also concluded some similar motivations such Yalta conference, to limit the expansion of threat by providing limited concessions. That is may be regarded as innocent as the Yalta accords. Churchill, as one of the most important figure in its critics against the appeasement, at the end of Yalta indicated his trust to its ally by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;‘&lt;i&gt;Poor Neville Chamberlain believed he could trust Hitler. He was wrong. But I don’t believe I’m wrong about Stalin’&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;However his policies toward Soviets did not prevent eventual unification of Eastern Europe with the soviet bloc. By 1949 his ally turned into a &#39;wicked but much more formidable&#39; enemy than Hitler. This paper while in one hand compare the Yalta concessions with the 1939 appeasement, on the other hand illustrate the fluctuations in Churchill’s approach to the Soviet Union.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;CONCESSIONS TO HITLER OR CONCESSION TO STALIN: WHO IS MORE QUALIFIED?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Speaking in the House of Commons, on 14 April 1937, Churchill announced that; &quot;&lt;i&gt;I will not pretend that if I had to choose between Communism and Nazism, I would choose Communism.&lt;/i&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; That is in such a decision Communism would be the rational choice among the worst cases. In fact it might be argued that the worst case would be a probable alliance between those two which will cause to make theme more powerful. On the other hand the best case would be a war between them which lead eventual destruction of both or at least make them as ineffective as to constitute a threat. Since during Second World War, the best scenario had realized, but contradiction ally soviets left the World War II as a superpower, however the empire of sun never set become an end. &#39;Poland&#39;, the just cause of war, freeing it from a totalitarian regime resulted with only replacement of one totalitarian regime with another.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In calculating the rationality for Churchill; the Bolsheviks, a &#39;disease&#39;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; of 1917 became an antibiotic at 1942 with the Anglo-Soviet Alliance. The German troops proposed to be used in an intervention to Bolsheviks at 1919&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; now planned to stop by an Eastern front of Soviet Union.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Kettenacker, at this point emphasized that;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&quot;Even before the war Churchill had repeatedly referred to the corresponding interests of Britain and Russia. &#39;Without an effective Eastern Front,&#39; he had said on 19 May 1939, &#39;there can be no satisfactory defence of our interests in the West, and without Russia there can be no effective Eastern Front.&#39;&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;(Kettenacker)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;It is certain that while after Bolshevik revolution the immediate threat was expansionist Bolsheviks so concession might be given to Germany in the expense of Versailles, after Hitler’s come to power, immediate threat was Nazism and concession might be given to the Russia in the expense of their expansionist policies and desires in the Eastern Europe.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Appeasement policy was in fact not so far away from rationality. Merely Hitler&#39;s Germany tried to be limited by such concessions. Parker lists the rationale behind the appeasement as; &quot; &lt;i&gt;Purpose of appeasement to keep things broadly as possible as they were, an in particular to keep British empire secure from military threat by making limited concessions to Hitler&lt;/i&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; The concessions nevertheless was legitimizing the interests of the Hitler&#39;s Germany in its expansionism. Churchill himself made a distinction between two types of appeasement between appeasement of legitimate grievances and appeasement resulted from fear. &quot;Appeasement from weakness and fear which we saw as futile and fatal and appeasement form a position of strength which (is) noble&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;What he saw the appeasement of Munich treaty as a consequence of relative weakness and fear from Hitler&#39;s Germany, on the other hand the concession of Yalta viewed as a response to the legitimate interests of Soviets. The President (Roosevelt) realized that the Kremlin had legitimate interests in Eastern Europe that had to be accommodated if there were to be any hope for post-war cooperation.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; While in fact the 1939 appeasement was perceived as &quot;&lt;i&gt;A clever plan to selling off your friends in order to buy off your enemies&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, in the Yalta, Soviets were ally rather than enemy. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;That is the fact however the aim behind the appeasement was not to free the Hitler within Europe. Although it gives legitimation by approving its expansionist policies, it was ultimately aiming his further expansion in the era were the diplomatic means for dispute settlement exhausted. According to Parker, Chamberlain used this policy after exhaustion of range of alternatives and in the purpose of [l]imited concession of appeasement could bring peace only if reduced support inside Germany for Hitler and his warlike policies.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; It is true that appeasement had a considerable influence on legitimating, encouraging the Hitler&#39;s goals but it was altogether a strategy, a planned trade-off.&amp;nbsp; Parker points out that They (limited Concessions) did not however succeed in strengthening opposition to Hitler because they seemed to be concessions made to Germany because of Hitler&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;As Nazi Marshall Keitel in Nuremberg Tribunal announced the purpose of Munich agreement perceived by Hitler’s as &quot;&lt;i&gt;to get Russia out of Europe, to gain time&amp;nbsp; and to complete the German armament&lt;/i&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;If the appeasement refers to a sacrifice from the strict values, there is no need for whom you are sacrificing an enemy of an ally; on the other hand as a consequence if the concessions create more powerful enemies, anti-appeaser Churchill would not do so much different from the Chamberlain.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;YALTA; MUNICH OF CRIMEA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Yalta Conference, held just before the victory of allies, to ensure the post war world order and arrangements. The existing situation on the date of conference was indicating inevitable victory of the allied powers. Since [i]n so far as the Soviet military grip on Eastern Europe was in large measure established (and) it can not realistically challenged&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in regard to Europe, the bargaining power of the Soviets was slightly more than Roosevelt and Churchill. On the other hand western allies only manage to save the France. In Yalta, post war Europe was now under the discussion to prevent further expansion of Soviets and to limit its post war ambitions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&quot;Roosevelt evidently hoped that Yalta might allow Stalin to safeguard Soviet strategic interests without too overtly violating American principles.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;While Roosevelt primarily interesting with creation of post world United Nations and declaration of war by Soviets against Japan, Churchill’s primary concerns were the Poland, German and Balkan questions and their future in the post war era.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Most importantly since free Poland was the main reason for the WWII, Churchill especially about the fate of Poland was in trouble. Poland was in that respect in an idealist manner defended by Churchill. Also as it s indicated by Warren &quot;shortly after Roosevelt’s death, Americans viewed the Polish-settlement as &quot;a symbol of our ability to work out problems with the Soviet Union.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(Warren) In the Yalta a serious progress had been taken; &#39;Soviets secured Poland’s eastern frontier... they got the better of the bargaining with respect to the composition of provisional polish government...it was agreed that elections eventually would take place in Poland.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; Although elections in Eastern Europe accepted by Stalin, &quot;&lt;i&gt;they were to be held without allied supervision and under the aegis of provisional governments that were for the most part the creation of Soviet occupation forces. &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In his return to the Britain, in the House of Commons, Churchill announced that; &quot;&lt;i&gt;Marshall Stalin and the Soviets leaders wish to live honourable friendship and equality with western democracies&lt;/i&gt;&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;However the fact was that; soviet interpretation of Yalta agreement was to be bring Poland noting more than a soviet satellite.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;It can be implied that if the Munich was the beginning of the Second World War, Yalta was the beginning of the Cold war. Both concessions given were more or less has similar motivations as to get some more time and limiting the expansion of threat. In regard to British politics although the Yalta conference held in more favourable conditions than Munich conference, the relative weaknesses of the Roosevelt and Churchill vis a vis Stalin has played important role in the concessions and future of Europe. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The result of Yalta was assessed by Roosevelt as; &lt;i&gt;&quot;I didn&#39;t say the result was good. I said it was the best I could do.&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; This quote was the main indicator to assess the nature of concessions and their necessity. Bearing in mind Churchill&#39;s rationale for appeasements; &quot;appeasement form a position of strength which (is) noble&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, surely concessions of the Yalta was not noble more than the concession of Munich.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;BIBLIOGRAPHY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;BOOKS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Carlton,      David.&amp;nbsp;1938-&amp;nbsp;Churchill&lt;i&gt; and the Soviet Union, &lt;/i&gt;Manchester:&amp;nbsp;Manchester      University Press,&amp;nbsp;2000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Kitchen,      Martin.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;British policy towards the Soviet Union during the      Second World War&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;nbsp;London:&amp;nbsp;Macmillan,&amp;nbsp;1986.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;McDonough, Frank. &lt;i&gt;Neville Chamberlain,      Appeasement, and the British Road to War. New Frontiers in History Series&lt;/i&gt;.      Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Parker,      R. A. C. &lt;i&gt;Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of      the Second World War, &lt;/i&gt;New York: St. Martin&#39;s Press, 1993. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;ARTICLES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;L. Kettenacker,&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;The Anglo-Soviet Alliance and The      Problem of Germany 1941-45&lt;/u&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/i&gt;Vol.17,      No.3. (.July, 1982), pp. 435-458&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Melvyn      P. Leffler,&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;Adherence to      Agreements: Yalta and the Experiences of the Early Cold War&lt;/u&gt;, &lt;i&gt;International      Security&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 11, No. 1. (Summer, 1986), pp. 88-123.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin: 5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;WORLD WIDE WEB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;color: black; margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Warren F. Kimball, &lt;i&gt;Principles      and Compromises: Churchill, Roosevelt and Eastern Europe&lt;/i&gt;, Annual      Churchill Conference; Boston, [Online], 28 October 1995, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;[Cited 3 Jan. 2008]; available from World Wide Web: &amp;lt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;ttp://winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=62&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; [one screen]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Schoenherr Steven, Called War Begins, [Online], 28      March 2006, [Cited 3 Jan. 2008]; available from World Wide Web: &amp;lt;      http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/20th/coldwar1.html&amp;gt; [one screen]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt; &lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Kitchen, Martin.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;British policy towards the Soviet Union during the Second World War,&amp;nbsp;London:&amp;nbsp;Macmillan,&amp;nbsp;1986. p.193&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Warren F. Kimball, &lt;i&gt;Principles and Compromises:Churchill, Roosevelt and Eastern Europe&lt;/i&gt;, Annual Churchill Conference; Boston,&amp;nbsp; [Online], 28 October 1995, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[Cited 3 Jan. 2008]; available from World Wide Web: &amp;lt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ttp://winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=62&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; [one screen]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Carlton, David.&amp;nbsp;1938-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Churchill and the Soviet Union, &lt;/i&gt;Manchester :&amp;nbsp;Manchester University Press,&amp;nbsp;2000.p.57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Kitchen, Martin.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;British policy towards the Soviet Union during the Second World War&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;nbsp;London:&amp;nbsp;Macmillan,&amp;nbsp;1986. p.60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;L. Kettenacker,&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;The Anglo-Soviet Alliance and The Problem of Germany 1941-45&lt;/u&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Journal of Contemporary History &lt;/i&gt;Vol.17, No.3. (.July, 1982), pp. 435-458&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Parker, R. A. C. Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War, New York: St. Martin&#39;s Press, 1993. p.13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;McDonough, Frank. &lt;i&gt;Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement, and the British Road to War. New Frontiers in History Series&lt;/i&gt;. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998, p.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Melvyn P. Leffler,&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;Adherence to Agreements: Yalta and the Experiences of the Early Cold War&lt;/u&gt;, &lt;i&gt;International Security&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 11, No. 1. (Summer, 1986), pp. 88-123.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;McDonough, Frank. Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement, and the British Road to War. New Frontiers in History Series. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998, p.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Parker, R. A. C. Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War, New York: St. Martin&#39;s Press, 1993. p.13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;McDonough, Frank. Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement, and the British Road to War. New Frontiers in History Series. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998, p.122&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Kitchen, Martin.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;British policy towards the Soviet Union during the Second World War,&amp;nbsp;London:&amp;nbsp;Macmillan,&amp;nbsp;1986. p.193&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Melvyn P. Leffler,&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;Adherence to Agreements: Yalta and the Experiences of the Early Cold War&lt;/u&gt;, &lt;i&gt;International Security&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 11, No. 1. (Summer, 1986), pp. 88-123.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Carlton, David.&amp;nbsp;1938-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Churchill and the Soviet Union, &lt;/i&gt;Manchester :&amp;nbsp;Manchester University Press,&amp;nbsp;2000.p.128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Warren F. Kimball, &lt;i&gt;Principles and Compromises:Churchill, Roosevelt and Eastern Europe&lt;/i&gt;, Annual Churchill Conference; Boston,&amp;nbsp; [Online], 28 October 1995, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[Cited 3 Jan. 2008]; available from World Wide Web: &amp;lt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;ttp://winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=62&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; [one screen]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn18;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Carlton, David.&amp;nbsp;1938-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Churchill and the Soviet Union, &lt;/i&gt;Manchester :&amp;nbsp;Manchester University Press,&amp;nbsp;2000.p.129&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn19;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Melvyn P. Leffler,&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;Adherence to Agreements: Yalta and the Experiences of the Early Cold War&lt;/u&gt;, &lt;i&gt;International Security&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 11, No. 1. (Summer, 1986), pp. 88-123.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn20;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Carlton, David.&amp;nbsp;1938-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Churchill and the Soviet Union, &lt;/i&gt;Manchester :&amp;nbsp;Manchester University Press,&amp;nbsp;2000.p.130&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn21;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Schoenherr Steven, Called War Begins, [Online], 28 March 2006, [Cited 3 Jan. 2008]; available from World Wide Web: &amp;lt; http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/20th/coldwar1.html&amp;gt; [one screen]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn22;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;McDonough, Frank. &lt;i&gt;Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement, and the British Road to War. New Frontiers in History Series&lt;/i&gt;. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998, p.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/6305878972406862525/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/churchill.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/6305878972406862525'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/6305878972406862525'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/churchill.html' title='Churchill - Into the Storm'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tPKFtp5lEJ0/TnY9B5p080I/AAAAAAAAAC8/wdSMx4Yqx4E/s72-c/churchill.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-6215246561759951553</id><published>2009-11-06T11:50:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-09-01T14:02:50.419-07:00</updated><title type='text'>DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) is maybe the
most important global convention just because it deals with world’s largest
resource. Whereas it is most probable and inevitable that, world’s largest
resource, its waters is the very potential area for the emergence of disputes.
In regard to these disputes, by the virtue of peaceful settlement of
international disputes regime created by charter, UNCLOS in Part XV has
established a settlement of disputes mechanism. Part XV foresees a wide range
of dispute settlement method from diplomatic settlement methods such as
diplomatic negotiations, mediation, good office, enquiry or conciliation to
binding jurisdictional methods. It is another importance of the UNCLOS is the
creation of an International tribunal for the law of the Sea disputes
(ITLOS).&amp;nbsp; ITLOS’s main function is to
adjudicate disputes arising out of the interpretation and application of the
Convention. Beyond ITLOS the part XV recognizes other binding adjudication
methods such as settlement of disputes by international court of justice or by
arbitration courts. The paper therefore firstly outline the essential features
of the dispute settlement mechanism put forward by the UNCLOS III, and then
will conclude by questioning why a complex, but flexible dispute settlement
mechanism needed under UNCLOS III.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;There is no doubt that seas and oceans which cover enormous parts of
the earth surface has very important role in the economic, social and political
life of the human. That is why the importance of the rule of law governing
these resources of the world can not be underestimated. UNCLOS III therefore
clarifies those rules and norms, and outlines the rights and obligations in
regard to use of world’s largest resources. From territorial sea to internal
waters, from oceans to Exclusive economic zones, from fishing to scientific
research, from sea bed to high seas, it covers every potential usage areas of
the world primary resources; Waters. Besides providing a control mechanism on
waters, the UNCLOS also provides a dispute settlement mechanism by taking into
consideration the very potential nature of the seas for disputed claims. If one
considers that most of the global wars fought in the seas, a dispute settlement
mechanism developed by the UNCLOS III can be easily rationalized, in the era
when the use of force formally prohibited. Part XV of the convention, in this
means provides dispute settlement mechanisms that may be invoked by the state
parties. Simply the section I of the part XV lists the diplomatic means and
section II provides adjudication methods for the dispute settlement mechanisms.
Moreover the Section III of the Part XV provides exceptions and Limitations to
the adjudication methods provided by the convention.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;DIPLOMATIC MEANS OF DISPUTE SETTLEMENT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Under the dispute settlement procedure of the UNCLOS, states are
allowed to use their own initiatives for the settle their disputes. There is no
doubt this could be in a peaceful way which has been developed and prescribed
by the international law. That is in one hand while states may invoke to
compulsory jurisdiction mechanism created by the UNCLOS III, they may also use
the traditional methods for the peaceful settlement of dispute. it is known
that besides the judicial settlement of disputes, diplomatic means for the
resolution of dispute might be more preferable. On the other hand sometimes
might be more efficient and practical just because it provides compromise
opportunity among the disputed states. Moreover UNCLOSIII also allowed states
to solve their disputes in particular regions by concluding some bilateral or
multilateral treaties.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
For instance the Montreux Convention might be a good example for this. On the
other hand the UNCLOS III embodies a compulsory procedure with its binding
decisions for the dispute settlement. The main reason for this mandatory system
can be understood if one considers the fact that, the primary aim of the UNCLOS
III is to protect the compromise reached in the conclusion of treaty. UNCLOS
III is a product of long historical debates. Therefore its effective
application and interpretation is essential. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Nevertheless before invoking these compulsory procedures provided by
the UNCLOS III, states are encouraged to resolve their disputes in their own
decided means which is comfort to international law. That is the first section
of the Annex XV gives states an opportunity to settle their disputes through
diplomatic means prior to invoking to the procedures laid down under section
II.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
As underlined the chosen method should be in conformity of the rules of
international law. In this respect the article 279 of the UNCLOSS III refers to
the article 33(1) of the United Nations Charter.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Moreover the article 280 also confirms and reinforces states flexibility in
their choice of ‘&lt;i&gt;consent-based’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
diplomatic methods.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Rather than imposing a valid solution to a dispute; given consent to
a solution by a state might be more reliable, effective and practical. Article
283(1) of the UNCLOS III also emphasises this fact by starting “When a dispute
arises between states parties concerning the interpretation or application of
this Convention, the parties to the dispute shall proceed expeditiously to an
exchange of views regarding its settlement by negotiation or other peaceful
means”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Therefore UNCLOS III requires at least ‘exchange of views’ about a
dispute is essential before invoking any kind of judicial settlement method. This
exchange of vies in particular can as mentioned in the art 283 be negotiation,
also can be advance to the other recognized methods such as inquiry, mediation
and conciliation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;JUDICIAL MEANS OF DISPUTE SETTLEMENT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;When states by invoking to the methods described under section I,
could not managed to reach any settlement, section II of the part XV is put
into use. Since the states by ratifying the UNCLOS III have given their
consents to the convention, the consent of the states is not a precondition for
the compulsory mechanism. To this end Article 287 of the UNCLOS III established
varity of forums that to be invoked for the use of compulsory mechanisms.
Article 287(1) mention that the forums might be one of the followings;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;(a) the
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea established in accordance with
Annex&amp;nbsp;VI;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;(b) the
International Court of Justice;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;(c) an arbitral
tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex&amp;nbsp;VII;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;(d) a special
arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex&amp;nbsp;VIII for one or
more of the categories of disputes specified therein.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;The UNCLOS III also created a new permanent international court for
the compulsory settlement of disputes. Moreover one of the distinguishing
feature of the ITLOS is, it may also hear the cases coming from the &lt;i&gt;‘other
entities’&lt;/i&gt; rather than states.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Other than the forums laid down in the article 287, arbitration is
also constitutes another means for the judicial settlement under the UNCLOS
III. That also provides flexibility to the states; when one considers the fact
that by enabling states a kind of control over the settlement procedure and
mechanism, arbitration itself provides a flexile way than the adjudication.
Annex VII in regard to arbitration requires that; arbitration court should be
composed with the ‘persons experiences in maritime affairs and enjoying the
highest reputation for fairness, competences and integrity’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Furthermore Article 287(3) states that; &lt;i&gt;If
the parties to a dispute have not accepted the same settlement procedure, the
dispute may be submitted only to arbitration in accordance with Annex VII,
unless the parties otherwise agree.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;That is in a situation where states had chosen different forums for
the adjudication for the settlement of a dispute; arbitration constitutes a
very alternative and reliable forum for the settlement of disputes.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;A) Exceptional Circumstances – Limits of Compulsory Jurisdiction –&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In some areas where the historical disputes are continuing states
mostly reluctant to bind themselves with the compulsory binding decisions of
the international tribunals. Malanczuk, here points out that; “in areas which
are traditionally sensitive from the viewpoint of territorial sovereignty and
military activities, or with regard to fishing and research (from perspectives
of developing countries), states have shown themselves unwilling to accept
binding third party decisions.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;In this respect the convention itself provides some opportunities to
opt-out jurisdictional clauses in some specific circumstances. These
exceptional disputes are determined in the article 298 of the convention.
Accordingly, disputes related with the ‘sea boundary delimitations’, related to
‘historic bays or titles’, disputes concerning ‘military activities’, ‘disputes
concerning law enforcement activities in regard to the exercise of sovereign
rights or jurisdiction’ and ‘disputes in regard to Security Council of United
nations is exercising the functions assigned to it’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;B) Compulsory Conciliation in the Exceptional Disputes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;UNCLOS II provides an opt-out regime on specific dispute areas by
considering sensibility of the disputes especially historical disputes. However
some of these exceptions are subject to mandatory conciliation under the UNCLOS
II regime. According to article 297(3b) that in the disputes related; to the
management of living resources in EEZ or fishing mandatory conciliation is
required.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
However the mandatory conciliation mechanism does not provides binding
decisions. The main reason for its compulsory nature is may be explained as to
put pressure on the states in order to prevent arbitrary acts. According to
Natalie Klein; “&lt;i&gt;Compulsory conciliation can be viewed as an appropriate
compromise in light of the broad discretionary powers granted to coastal states
and the lack of substantial law on particular question.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; On the other hand Article 298 (1a), which is
discussed above, also requires compulsory conciliation. According to Judge
Rüdiger Wolfrum, the president of International Tribunal for the Law of the
Sea; &lt;i&gt;“The fact that a State has excluded maritime delimitation disputes from
compulsory procedures by virtue of article 298, paragraph 1(a) of the
Convention does not mean that the dispute is entirely exempted from settlement
under the Convention The State concerned will be bound to refer the dispute to
compulsory conciliation.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;It is also discussed above that the UNCLOS III with itself also
created an international court with compulsory jurisdiction arising from the
application of the convention. However in the dispute settlement mechanisms, it
is also clearly discussed that UNCLOS III provide a very flexible environment
to the state parties for their choice on the settlement of disputes.&amp;nbsp; Nonetheless this flexibility can be rationalized
when one considers the huge application area of the convention. One of the main
significance of the convention is the creation of ITLOS. Main function of the
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea is ‘&lt;i&gt;to adjudicate disputes
arising out of the interpretation and application of the Convention.’&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
However the flexibility of choice between the parties among the determined
forums and conditions to exhaust the remedies provided under section I, clearly
limits the adjudication of the tribunal created by the convention itself.
However this does not reduces the significant of the tribunal. For example in
comparison to the International Court of Justice, the tribunal have more
expertise composition. According to Alan Boyle;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;“Most obviously, the composition of the Tribunal is different. The
judges must have ‘recognised competence in the field of the law of the sea’
.They may thus have greater expertise in that area than some judges of the
Court”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Another important example may be, as discussed above, access to the
tribunal is also open to the entities else than states. This feature provides
the tribunal with an important distinction than such adjudication of the
International Court of Justice.&amp;nbsp; Article
20 of the convention states that: &lt;i&gt;“The Tribunal shall be open to entities
other than States Parties in any case expressly
provided for in Part&amp;nbsp;XI or in any case submitted pursuant to any other
agreement conferring jurisdiction on the Tribunal which is accepted by all the
parties to that case.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Roman;&quot;&gt;Peter Malanczuk, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Italic;&quot;&gt;Akehurst’s
     Modern Introduction to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Italic;&quot;&gt;International Law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Roman;&quot;&gt;, (7th ed.) ,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Roman;&quot;&gt;London:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot;&gt; Routledge,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Roman;&quot;&gt; 1997&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Klein Natalie, “Dispute Settlement in the UN Convention on the
     Law of the Sea”, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Alan E. Boyle Dispute Settlement
     and the Law of the Sea Convention: Problems of Fragmentation and
     Jurisdiction, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1997; 46: 37 -
     54. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;H.E. Judge Rüdiger Wolfrum, The
     competence of the Tribunal in maritime delimitation cases, New York, [online]
     23 October 2006 ttp://www.itlos.org/news/statements/Wolfum/Wolfrum%20Statement%20Legal%20Advisors%2023.10.06%20E.doc,
     accessed on 12-12-2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December
     1982&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Statute of the International
     Tribunal for the Law of the Sea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea General
     Information – Overview -&amp;nbsp;
     Introduction [Online] 26.11.2002, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.itlos.org/start2_en.html&quot;&gt;http://www.itlos.org/start2_en.html&lt;/a&gt;,
     accessed on 12-12-2007&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Klein Natalie, “Dispute
Settlement in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea”, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2005, p 30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Klein Natalie, “Dispute Settlement in the UN Convention on the Law
of the Sea”, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2005, p 31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Klein Natalie, “Dispute Settlement in the UN Convention on the Law
of the Sea”, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2005, p 32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Klein Natalie, “Dispute Settlement in the UN Convention on the Law
of the Sea”, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2005, p 26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;
Art 283 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December
1982, Art 287&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Klein Natalie, “Dispute Settlement in the UN Convention on the Law
of the Sea”, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2005, p 52&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Klein Natalie, “Dispute Settlement in the UN Convention on the Law
of the Sea”, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2005, p 53&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;International Tribunal for the Law of the
Sea General Information – Overview -&amp;nbsp;
Introduction [Online] 26.11.2002, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.itlos.org/start2_en.html&quot;&gt;http://www.itlos.org/start2_en.html&lt;/a&gt;,
accessed on 12-12-2007&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Peter Malanczuk, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Akehurst’s Modern
Introduction to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;International
Law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;, (7th ed.) ,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;London:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot;&gt; Routledge,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; 1997, p.300&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Peter Malanczuk,
“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times-Italic; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;International Law”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;, (7th ed.) ,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;London:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;&quot;&gt; Routledge,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; 1997, p.300&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982,
Art 297&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Klein Natalie, “Dispute Settlement in the UN Convention on the Law
of the Sea”, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2005, p 122&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;H.E. Judge Rüdiger Wolfrum, The competence
of the Tribunal in maritime delimitation cases, New York, [online] 23 October 2006 ttp://www.itlos.org/news/statements/Wolfum/Wolfrum%20Statement%20Legal%20Advisors%2023.10.06%20E.doc,
accessed on 12-12-2007 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn15;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea General Information –
Overview -&amp;nbsp; Introduction [Online]
26.11.2002, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.itlos.org/start2_en.html&quot;&gt;http://www.itlos.org/start2_en.html&lt;/a&gt;,
accessed on 12-12-2007&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn16;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Alan E. Boyle Dispute Settlement and the
Law of the Sea Convention: Problems of Fragmentation and Jurisdiction,
International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1997; 46: 37 - 54. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn17;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Statute of the International Tribunal for
the Law of the Sea, Art. 20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/feeds/6215246561759951553/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/dispute-settlement-under-united-nations.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/6215246561759951553'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/6215246561759951553'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2011/09/dispute-settlement-under-united-nations.html' title='DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4782769921934493768.post-3074872813142410310</id><published>2009-05-16T15:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-18T11:26:08.878-07:00</updated><title type='text'>TORTURE ARTICLE OF THE ECHR</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Article 3, the most precise article of the convention reads that &lt;i&gt;&quot;No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.&quot;&lt;/i&gt; Within this short article neither the definition of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is given nor does the article provide the exact limits with us to define the torture and other forms of mal-treatment. On the other hand article itself provides an absolute right in which no derogation is permitted even in the war times.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Simply “&lt;i&gt;No One&lt;/i&gt;” generalization while encompasses everyone, neither does exclude any matters nor any kind of necessity or circumstances. Thus in one hand the nature of article 3 is open ended in the terms of answering what constitutes torture or other forms of mal-treatment, on the other hand it is absolute and specific in the terms of providing absolute guarantee to those it protects. These two important features of the article 3 provide the European Court of Human Rights (Hereafter the Court) with a very broad sense of discretionary interpretation power in the application of article. It’s the Court’s judicial discretion determines the standards and criteria for what constitutes torture or other forms of ill-treatment. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;JuPara&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;In regard to article 3, The Court has developed a very comprehensive case law. The Court’s case law is the primary source for the analysis of Court’s interpretation of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. In such analysis however an inconsistency easily may be noticed. The Court itself has recognised this fact in the Selmouni v. France case by the reading that “&lt;i&gt;Court considers that certain acts which were classified in the past as “inhuman and degrading treatment” as opposed to “torture” could be classified differently in future.&lt;/i&gt;” &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;However such inconsistency should not be understood as a result of lack of limited and narrow article on the subject. On contrary, this inconsistency may be the inevitable and the positive result of constantly changing definition of nature of the article and as a result the most significant indicator of the dynamic nature of the Court’s interpretation. Therefore the inconsistency in the Court’s interpretation while is the result of a pragmatic and practical approach of the Court to enable the article to be workable and functional to cope with its changing and difficult nature, but also is the most important proof to show us how the convention is a living instrument. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;DYNAMIC NATURE OF ARTICLE 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Article 3 reads mainly four types of abuses: torture, inhuman treatment, degrading treatment and degrading punishment. That is the article deals with variety of wide range of acts those from Palestinian hanging to corporal punishment, from rape to poor detention conditions. In the article &#39;degrading treatment or punishment&#39; is the most general and &#39;torture&#39; the most specific form of abuse.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; In regard to torture the Court, still not so specific, has put forward some main standards. Beyond all torture should involve very intense suffering and also intention. The Court defined torture as &lt;i&gt;“a &lt;u&gt;deliberate&lt;/u&gt; inhuman treatment causing very &lt;u&gt;serious and cruel suffering&lt;/u&gt;”&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;However the dividing line between torture and inhuman and degrading treatment and degrading punishment is so indefinite. Determination of either an act constitutes torture or in human or degrading treatment depends on variety of conditions. Court’s case law in regard to this difference provides that;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 37.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 37.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;“The Court also recalls that ill-treatment must attain a minimum level of severity if it is to fall within the scope of Article 3. The assessment of this minimum is relative: it depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as the duration of the treatment, its physical and/or mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, age and state of health of the victim.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 37.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;For example in the Price v. UK case the detention conditions for an applicant who is four-limb deficient as a result of phocomelia and also suffers from problems with kidneys, is constituted degrading treatment contrary to Article 3, although Court also stated in its judgement that &lt;i&gt;`there is no evidence in this case of any positive intention to humiliate or debase the applicant`.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;There is no doubt that without any evidence for the intention to humiliate applicant, the same conditions&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;would not constitute a degrading treatment for a healthy applicant. In an analysis of Court’s case one can easily increase the number of such examples. Such as, one comparison may be made between the &lt;i&gt;Tyrer &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;Costello-Roberts &lt;/i&gt;cases.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; On these two similar cases the Court made different conclusions. About this comparison Michael K. Addo and Nicholas Grief stated that; &lt;i&gt;“The one real difference between the two cases lay in the fact that Tyrer was sentenced by a Court and Costello-Roberts by his headmaster. The other factors were either similar or only superficially different.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Another good example may be the comparison between the &lt;i&gt;Soering V UK&lt;/i&gt; case and &lt;i&gt;Cruz Varas V. Sweden&lt;/i&gt; case. Where in the former case reasoned that extradition of the applicant would violate the article 3 on the other hand the Court the latter case reasoned that there is no real risk that the applicant would be ill treated in his return.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; It is seen that Court’s application of article 3 may change form case to case. As Clare Ovey pointed out “expulsion to a country with poor medical facilities may constitute &quot;inhuman or degrading treatment&quot; for a man dying of AIDS, but not for someone in good health.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Thus it is seen that the Article 3 itself is flexible enough which may be applied differently to different persons under different conditions or in different times. Its dynamic nature inevitably does not accept formative standards. Court’s discretion is the most important determinant in the application of article to the cases. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;ECHR as a Living Instrument&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 19.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;“…the convention is a living instrument which…must be interpreted in the light of present day conditions.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;In the &lt;i&gt;Tyrer V UK&lt;/i&gt; case, Court reasoned that corporal punishment whether was acceptable by the inhabitants for years (Isle of Man), is not suitable with the present day conditions and should be regarded as degrading punishment. Whereas the Court as called in the &lt;i&gt;Ireland V. UK&lt;/i&gt; case an inhuman and degrading treatment could be classified differently in the future, just like an act which was even legal, in the light of present circumstances may be regarded as illegal and may constitute a breach of the convention. Thus what may present day conditions encompasses, determines the operation area of the article 3. The Court’s case law in one hand consistently follows its precedents, on the other hand modernises itself by setting up new precedents for the future in the light of present day conditions. Thus as A Mowbray mentioned “…the living instrument doctrine has enabled the Court to creatively update the interpretation of a number of convention articles in varied situations.”&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Article 3 of the convention, as mentioned has unclear and general terminology. It is not certain that whether the authors of the convention thought about the Court’s creativity in the interpretation of this article, but it is also sure that article itself provides the Court with an excellent opportunity to use its creativity and interpret the article in conformity with the rising contemporary standards of Human Rights. As it is argued in the paper, the inconsistency in the case law of the Court may be understood by the impacts of two important reasons. First one is the changing nature of the article according to conditions and circumstances which are like those mentioned in the &lt;i&gt;Ireland v. UK&lt;/i&gt; case.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Second one is the changing nature of the article according to present day conditions (thus according to rising contemporary human right standards as well) Simply the dynamic nature of the article causes dynamic interpretation of the Court which results in an inconsistency among decisions of the Court. However this does not mean that inconsistency has an effect on the legal quality of the article. Contrary, the article itself by providing &lt;i&gt;‘everyone’&lt;/i&gt; with an absolute freedom from torture and other forms of ill-treatment, &lt;i&gt;‘irrespective from victim’s conduct’ &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;constitutes one of the strictest prohibitions in the convention. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Therefore paper put forward an argument by claiming the inconsistency of the Court’s decisions is the cause of dynamic nature of the Torture Article of the convention. The justice and legal quality of article accordingly depends on whether the degree of inconsistency in the decisions of the Court is compensated by the degree of the efficiency of the application of the article in those decisions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Alastair Mowbray, “The      Creativity of the European Court of Human Rights”, &lt;u&gt;Human Rights Law      Review.&lt;/u&gt; 5: 1 (2005) p:57-79&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Ovey, C. (2001) &lt;u&gt;Prohibition      of Refoulement: The meaning of Article 3 of the ECHR,&lt;/u&gt; ELENA      International Course on the European Convention on Human Rights in      relation to Asylum, 26-28th January 2001, Strasbourg, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;[cited 7 Nov. 2007]; available from      World Wide Web: &amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;http://www.ecre.org/elenahr/art3.pdf&lt;u&gt;      &lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;      [one screen].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;M. O&#39;Boyle, C.      Warbrick, D.J. Harris, &lt;u&gt;Law of the European Convention on Human Rights&lt;/u&gt;      (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;London:      Butterworths, 1995) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Michael K. Addo and      Nicholas Grief, “Does Article 3 of The European Convention on Human Rights      Enshrine Absolute Rights?” &lt;u&gt;European Journal of International Law&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt;      &lt;/i&gt;9 (1998) p:510-524&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Art 15(2), ECHR, No derogation from Article 2, except in respect of deaths resulting from&amp;nbsp; lawful acts of war, or from Articles 3, 4 (paragraph 1) and 7 shall be made under this provision.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Selmouni v. France (25803/94) [1999] ECHR, para 101&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn3;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Michael K. Addo and Nicholas Grief, “Does Article 3 of The European Convention on Human Rights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Enshrine Absolute Rights?” &lt;u&gt;European Journal of International Law&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;9 (1998) p. 515&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn4;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ireland V. UK (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;5310/71) [1978], &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;para 167, Aksoy v. Turkey (21987/93) [1996] ECHR, para 63&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn5;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ireland V. UK (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;5310/71) [1978], &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;para 162&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn6;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Price V. UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; (33394/96)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; [2001], para 30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn7;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Michael K. Addo and Nicholas Grief, “Does Article 3 of The European Convention on Human Rights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Enshrine Absolute Rights?” &lt;u&gt;European Journal of International Law&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;9 (1998) p. 518&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn8;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; Ibid. p.518&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn9;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; M. O&#39;Boyle, C. Warbrick, D.J. Harris, &lt;u&gt;Law of the European Convention on Human Rights&lt;/u&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;London: Butterworths, 1995) p.75-78&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn10;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Ovey, C. (2001) &lt;u&gt;Prohibition of Refoulement: The meaning of Article 3 of the ECHR&lt;/u&gt;, ELENA International Course on the European Convention on Human Rights in relation to Asylum, 26-28th January 2001, Strasbourg, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[cited 7 Nov. 2007]; available from World Wide Web: &amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;http://www.ecre.org/elenahr/art3.pdf&lt;u&gt; &lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; [one screen].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn11;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Tyrer V. UK (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;5856/72) [1978]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;, para 69&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn12;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; Alastair Mowbray, “The Creativity of the European Court of Human Rights”, &lt;u&gt;Human Rights Law Review.&lt;/u&gt; 5: 1 (2005) p. 69&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn13;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; “…such as the duration of the treatment, its physical and/or mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, age and state of health of the victim.” (Ireland V. UK (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;5310/71) [1978], &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;para 162)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=4782769921934493768#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn14;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #292526;&quot;&gt;Ireland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #292526;&quot;&gt; v. UK &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;5310/71) [1978], &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: #292526; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;para 163&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/3074872813142410310'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4782769921934493768/posts/default/3074872813142410310'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sozercizmeci.blogspot.com/2009/05/torture-article-of-echr.html' title='TORTURE ARTICLE OF THE ECHR'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry></feed>