Space News- Trendig Technologies

The Evolution of Space Technology Development

2024-08-31T21:22:00.000+05:30

Space technology has evolved dramatically since the mid-20th century, driven by the ambitions of nations, the curiosity of scientists, and the dreams of explorers. This article delves into the key milestones, current trends, and future prospects of space technology development.

1. The Dawn of Space Exploration

The space race between the United States and the Soviet Union marked the beginning of modern space technology. It started with the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, by the Soviet Union in 1957. This breakthrough was followed by the United States' successful Apollo missions, culminating in the historic moon landing of Apollo 11 in 1969. These early achievements were driven by geopolitical rivalry and national pride, but they laid the foundation for future space exploration.

2. Advancements in Satellite Technology

Satellites are among the most impactful technologies to emerge from space exploration. Initially developed for military and scientific purposes, satellites are now integral to global communications, weather forecasting, navigation, and environmental monitoring. Advancements in miniaturization, propulsion, and power systems have enabled the launch of smaller, more cost-effective satellites, such as CubeSats, which have democratized access to space.

3. The International Space Station: A Collaborative Achievement

The International Space Station (ISS) represents one of the most significant achievements in space technology, highlighting international cooperation in space. Launched in 1998, the ISS serves as a laboratory for scientific research in microgravity, testing new technologies, and fostering international collaboration among space-faring nations. It is a symbol of what can be achieved when nations work together towards a common goal.

4. Commercial Spaceflight and the Rise of Private Companies

The 21st century has witnessed a paradigm shift with the emergence of private companies in the space sector. Companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic are pioneering commercial spaceflight, reducing the cost of launching payloads into orbit, and even developing the technology for space tourism. SpaceX's development of reusable rockets, such as the Falcon 9, has significantly lowered launch costs, making space more accessible than ever before.

5. Exploring the Final Frontier: Mars and Beyond

Mars has become the next major target for human exploration. NASA's Perseverance rover, launched in 2020, is part of a broader effort to understand the Martian environment and search for signs of ancient life. Meanwhile, SpaceX's Starship project aims to transport humans to Mars, with an ambitious goal of establishing a sustainable human presence on the Red Planet. These missions are not only about exploration but also about preparing humanity for life beyond Earth.

6. Technological Innovations Driving the Future of Space Exploration

Several cutting-edge technologies are shaping the future of space exploration:

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics: AI and robotics are playing critical roles in automating tasks, analyzing data, and operating spacecraft in remote environments. Autonomous rovers and drones are increasingly used for planetary exploration.
Nuclear Propulsion: To travel deeper into space, new propulsion methods are being developed. Nuclear thermal and nuclear electric propulsion systems could significantly reduce travel time to Mars and other distant destinations.
Space Mining: The concept of mining asteroids for valuable resources is gaining traction. Companies are exploring technologies to extract water, metals, and other materials from celestial bodies, which could support long-term space missions and even lead to the development of off-Earth industries.
Space Habitats: Developing habitats that can sustain human life in space is critical for long-duration missions. Research is ongoing into life support systems, radiation protection, and the psychological aspects of living in space.

7. The Challenges Ahead

Despite the progress, numerous challenges remain in space technology development. These include:

Space Debris: The growing amount of space debris poses a significant threat to satellites and spacecraft. Solutions for debris mitigation and removal are being researched to ensure sustainable space operations.
Regulation and Governance: As more entities enter the space domain, the need for international regulations and governance frameworks becomes increasingly important to prevent conflicts and ensure the responsible use of space.
Sustainability: The environmental impact of space launches and the sustainability of space resources are emerging concerns that need to be addressed to ensure the long-term viability of space exploration.

8. The Future of Space Technology

The future of space technology is poised to be transformative, with aspirations that include human settlements on Mars, advanced space telescopes peering into the origins of the universe, and new technologies that could one day enable interstellar travel. As space technology continues to advance, it will not only expand our knowledge of the cosmos but also provide solutions to some of Earth's most pressing challenges, from climate change to resource scarcity.

Conclusion

Space technology development is a testament to human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of knowledge. From the first steps on the moon to the prospect of humans living on Mars, the journey of space exploration is one of the most exciting frontiers of the 21st century. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, space technology will play a crucial role in shaping the future of humanity.

Indian Drone Industry Potential Emerges In Defense Sector

2022-02-15T09:00:00.081+05:30

Drone Future

According to sources, we notice that the indigenous drone industry has grown at a faster rate than expected. However, more exclusive development and investment encourage more entrepreneurs comes with great hope for nurturing the future of India's drone industry.

The impressive achievement has been seen after the post-pandemic responsible for changing the trend toward starting startups in various industries like Information Technology(IT), Electric Vehicle(EV), and much more.

Apart from them, the drone industry also gets lots of funding and investment through direct and indirect modes in India. Since global economies start to recover from pandemics, throughout that journey drones played a vital role in distributing necessary medical supplies in remote areas.

With this potential, India announcing various schemes namely, the Production-Link Incentive Scheme(PLI) which accelerates the growth of not only the drone industry but also this scheme helps almost all startups in technological areas.

Indigenous development still faces various challenges from infrastructure development and technological advancement through the easiest mode. The hope remains till some drastic changes in policies and budget are taken by the Indian government.

The Indian startup from the drone industry comes from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi(IITD), name BotLab which has the potential to encroach from ground development and find the potenial.

How can one become a quantum physicist in India ?

2020-11-15T09:00:00.027+05:30

Career In Astronomy

Quantum physics govern the way the universe behaves at the scale of atoms, electrons and photons.

Quantum physicists put the rules of this quantum world to the test and devise ways to stretch their boundaries.

What do quantum physicists do at their jobs?

What kind of quantum physicists?

Most physicists using quantum mechanics are applying it, not studying it by itself, in areas such as quantum computing, ion trapping, Bose-Einstein condensate research, superconduction research, etc.

Quantum mechanics probably comes up in more areas of physics than not, but these are some areas where it is the central concern.

Experimental physicists spend time building instruments, running instruments, fixing instruments, analyzing data, and writing papers.

One such instrument is an optics table which you'll find in pretty much any AMO lab.

On an optics table, lasers are sent through a bunch of fancy optical devices and, ultimately, a measurement is taken.

If the experiment is done involves trapped ion qubits, for example, the laser is going to be used to cool ions down so that they can be trapped (low temperature, combined with small size, is what you want in order for quantum mechanical effects to become significant).

The output measured will probably be the state of the qubit after some sort of quantum mechanical manipulation is done to it.

Theoretical quantum physicists won't be doing any instrumentation and will spend more time, well, theorizing (I'll admit that I know more about the day-to-day lives of experimentalists than theorists).

This might include reading papers (note that experimentalists also read papers), writing papers, running simulations, looking at data, building models, testing models, and doing things on Mathematica.

Additionally, physicists are often professors and, thus, often teach classes in addition to research which will add preparing lectures, giving lectures, grading assignments, and holding office hours their list of daily/weekly activities.

Although not exactly day-to-day activities, physicists also attend colloquiums, speak at colloquiums, visit conferences, apply for grants, apply for tenure, meet with university officials and grant committees, advise graduate students, write letters of recommendation, and, once a year, hold graduate open houses.

As a quantum physicist, I can see that the whole field is gonna explode.

Here in the US, there are already a few companies willing to hire quantum physicists (both in theory and experiment).

Here are some examples:

Quantum computing companies based on superconducting Qubits:

• D-Wave

• Rigetti

• Google, IBM

I also know that UK and China have invested HUGE amounts of money in quantum-related stuff, so jobs as a quantum researcher won’t lack in the future.

If for “jobs” you mean what you see yourself doing in the future.

I’ll tell you this:

The first quantum revolution happened several decades ago, our understanding of the microscopic world opened our eyes to a whole new realm.

I call this the first revolution since we started to understand what's up.

Now the second involves what we do with this knowledge.

Quantum is behind lasers, computers, sensors, materials, etc. Now the quantum physics community also thinks about ways to harness such concepts.

That is not to say that there aren’t things we don’t know, and most of the weird and obscure aspects of quantum theory are still being researched.

Certainly, there won’t be that many opportunities in basic research, but I feel confident enough to say that this is true in any field.

Science is awesome and we do it because it's a pleasure, but it's also too romanticized, there is people willing not to worry about future finances and there are others looking for money.

What I think is that as long as a shot gets done, we grow as a society and our understanding of what can be or cannot be done/explored will expand as a consequence.

An acute need for young scientists in the field of Astronomy is present.

The following possibilities are open for a career for a physics/mathematics/engineering graduate with a specialization or a PhD in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Job Opportunities & Career Prospects:

• Research Scientist

Several research institutes and government organizations employ research scientists in various academic grades for research-oriented programmes.

• University Faculty

There will be more openings in the universities, especially in physics departments, for specialists in Astronomy & Astrophysics

• Industry

Experience with sophisticated astronomical instrumentation and the expertise gained in computer programming and handling data can serve as valuable assets for jobs in the industry.

Careers with a physics degree

• Astronomer.

• Clinical scientist, medical physics.

• Lecturer.

• Nanotechnologist.

• Radiation protection practitioner.

• Research scientist.

• Teacher.

• Sound engineer.

Teaching & Research Programmes

Universities that offer Astronomy & Astrophysics specialization at M.Sc., and in some cases, a PhD programme are:

• Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab.

• Osmania University - Full M.Sc. Course in Astronomy & Astrophysics.

• Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Allahabad.

• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

• Swami Ramanand Teerth University, Nanded.

• Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Roorkee.

• Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Pune.

and so on.

Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA)

IIA has a full-time PhD programme for which the students are selected through an entrance exam, followed by an interview.

The exam is conducted in November every year and is advertised around September.

Students are also selected through Joint Entrance Screening Test, conducted annually in the month of February, followed by an interview.

The advertisement appears in all leading newspapers.

Posters are sent to various institutions, universities and colleges all over India.

Highly motivated candidates with an M.Sc. degree in Physics / Maths or M.Tech. in Engineering & exceptional candidates with B.E. /B.Tech. degree and a good background in physics are eligible to apply for admission to the PhD programme.

ISRO scientist who has been removed from ISRO recently

2020-11-12T09:00:00.058+05:30

According to recent news in media that S. Nambi Narayanan (is an Indian scientist and aerospace engineer of ISRO) removed from ISRO.

Image: Nambi Narayanan (Former ISRO Scientist)

'Source Said' , Due to he was falsely charged with espionage and arrested.

The charges against Nambi Narayanan were dismissed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in April 1996.

The Supreme Court of India declared Nambi Narayanan not guilty in 1998 when court bench releases noticed.

The senior official at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and he was in-charge of the cryogenics division.

First off, the year was 1994.

Coming to the facts:

-In 1992, India had signed an agreement with Russia for transfer of technology to develop cryogenic-based fuels.

The agreement was signed for Rs 235 crore, when the US and France were offering the same technology for Rs 950 crore and Rs 650 crore respectively.

But under threats from the then U.S President George Bush, Russia had to deny cryogenic technology to India.

To overcome this hurdle, India signed a new agreement with Russia to fabricate four cryogenic engines without any transfer in technology and this was when the spy scandal came up.

There was nothing to show in any sorts of gains, monetary or otherwise for Mr. Narayanan.

All those accused working on cryogenic engine development in ISRO and Russian scientists who supported India and the Russian private airline (Ural Aviation) had been made accused(from the case diary of the Kerala Police).

Mr. Narayanan believes that the CIA is to be blamed.

This is from an article by The Hindu:

Mr. Narayanan reiterated that Mr. Mathews had a definite plan that all persons working for development of cryogenic engine technology should be arrested to demoralise them.

That was the reason why he was arrested in November 1994 without conducting any search of his office or residence and also without seizure of any incriminating evidence from him.

He said he did not earlier raise the allegation that his arrest was part of an agenda of the U.S. accomplished by the CIA conniving with Intelligence Bureau officials, Mr. Mathews and other Kerala police officials because he realised the agenda and criminal conspiracy only later when he himself investigated the entire episode once again.

Then he realised the fact that one Rattan Sehgal, who was the counter intelligence chief of the IB and was associated with the ISRO case investigation, was caught red-handed by the then IB chief Arun Bhagath.

He was accused of having worked for the CIA, which led to his unceremonious exit from the IB in November 1996.

To quote our dear own Abdul Kalam :

If people think that rocket technology can be sold in a few drawings and papers, they are fooling themselves.

--The first hint there was a foreign hand trying to destroy – or at the very least slow down – India's space programme surfaced in 1997 when five leading scientists – Satish Dhawan, U.R. Rao, Yashpal, Rodham Narasimha and K. Chandrasekhar – along with former Chief Election Commissioner T.N. Seshan wrote a joint letter to the government, saying the espionage charges against Nambi Narayanan and Sasi Kumaran were fabricated.

- And to whom was Mr.Narayanan accused of selling the documents to?

He was charged for having transferred the technology to Pakistan through two Maldivian women. Later it was found out, one of the accused Maldivian woman could just about converse in English but was not well educated. Another one could'nt speak a word of English. She came purely for the purpose of putting her child in a school in Bangalore. She also had a health problem and wanted to go through heart surgery.

- Another reason I read the whole scandal was made up was to remove the IG Raman Shrivastava by concocted links to a Maldivian lady.

Now after having said all that, the theory that foreign hands are involved in Indian research is not new.

Two Indian scientists in the past have died under mysterious circumstances. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, father of India’s nuclear energy programme, died in an aircrash at Mont Blanc in France on January 24, 1966. The crash occurred at a time when India was on the verge of conducting a peaceful nuclear explosion in response to China’s nuclear weapons test to be held on October 16, 1964. Due to Bhahbha’s untimely death, India had to wait for eight years before it could test the nuclear device at Pokhran in Rajasthan.

Vikram Sarabhai, who set up India’s space programme, was found dead in his hotel room at Kovalam on December 30, 1971. He was only 52 and in good health. The country’s space programme suffered a major setback yet again. Interestingly, it was Sarabhai who initiated India’s mission to develop its own communication satellites and launch vehicles after watching live images of the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games transmitted with the help of satellites.

Well, I did not intend to make this answer this long but had to include everything that I wanted to and there is even more I have omitted. Now while writing this, in 2015 those who made up the scandal are free and those accused have to still live with the spy tag. Hope nothing like this ever happens again.

And by the way,we did develop our own cryogenic engine and India is one of only six countries in the world having this technology but this could have been much earlier if not fr this. :)

Achievements of ISRO from 2008 to 2019

2020-10-16T11:38:00.000+05:30

ISRO's Timeline from 2008 to 2019

1. PSLV-C10 Launch

Date: January 21, Launch

PSLV-C10 successfully lauches TECSAR satellite under a commercial contract with Antrix Corporation (January 21, 2008).

2. PSLV-C9/CARTOSAT-2A Mission Launch

Date: April 28, 2008

PSLV-C9 successfully lauches CATROSAT-2A, IMS-1 and 8 foreign nano satellites from Sriharikota (April 28, 2008).

3. PSLV-C11/Chandrayaan-1 Launch

Date: October 22, 2008

PSLV-C11 successfully launches CHANDRAYAAN-1 from Sriharikota (October 22, 2008).

4. PSLV-C12/RISAT-2 Launch

Date: April 20, 2009

PSLV-C12 successfully launches RISAT-2 and ANUSAT from Sriharikota.

5. PSLV-C14/OCEANSAT-2 Launch

Date: September 23, 2009

PSLV-C14 successfully launches Seven Satellites - OCEANSAT-2, Four CUBESAT Satellites and Two RUBIN-9 from Sriharikota.

PSLV-C14 heatshield being closed

6. GSLV-D3/GSAT-4 Launch

Date: April 15, 2010

GSLV-D3 launched from Sriharikota. GSAT-4 satellite could not be placed in orbit as flight testing of the Indigenous Cryogenic Stage in GSLV-D3 Mission was not successful.

Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage being lifted at Vehicle Assembly Building.

7. PSLV-C15/CARTOSAT-2B Launch

Date: July 12, 2010

PSLV-C15 successfully launches Five Satellites - CARTOSAT-2B, ALSAT-2A, two nanosatellites-NLS-6.1 & 6.2 and a pico-satellite- STUDSAT from Sriharikota (July 12, 2010).

CARTOSAT - 2B After Assembling to PSLV-C15.

8. HYLAS Launch

Date: November 27, 2010

Successful launch of advanced communication satellite HYLAS (Highly Adaptable Satellite), built by ISRO on a commercial basis in partnership with EADS-Astrium of Europe, by Ariane-5 V198 from Kourou French Guiana.

9. GSLV-F06 / GSAT-5P Launch

Date: December 25, 2010

GSLV-F06 was launched. GSAT-5P has not been installed in the classroom. GSLV F06 mission failed.

10. PSLV-C16/RESOURCESAT-2 Launch

Date: April 20, 2011

PSLV-C16/RESOURCESAT-2 Launch

PSLV-C16 successfully launches Three Satellites - RESOURCESAT-2, YOUTHSAT, X-SAT from Sriharikota.

11. GSAT-8 Launch

Date: May 21, 2011

Successful launch of GSAT-8 by Ariane-5 VA-202 from Kourou French Guiana, (May 21, 2011).

12. PSLV-C17/GSAT-12 Launch

Date: July 15, 2011

PSLV-C17 successfully launches GSAT-12 from Sriharikota.

13. PSLV-C18/Megha-Tropiques Launch

Date: October 12, 2011

PSLV-C18 successfully launches Megha-Tropiques, Jugnu, SRMSat and VesselSat-1 from Sriharikota.

14. PSLV-C19/RISAT-1 Launch

April 26, 2012

PSLV-C19 successfully launches RISAT-1 from Sriharikota.

15. PSLV-C21/SPOT-6 Launch

Date: September 9, 2012

ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C21 successfully launches SPOT 6 and PROITERES from Sriharikota.

Panoramic view of PSLV-C21 at First Launch Pad.

16. GSAT-10 Launch

Date: September 29, 2012

Successful launch of GSAT-10 by Ariane-5 VA-209 from Kourou French Guiana.

GSAT-10 getting ready for entering into thermovacuum chamber.

17. PSLV - C20 / SARAL Launch

Date: February 25, 2013

PSLV - C20 successfully launches SARAL and six commercial payloads from Sriharikota (Feb 25, 2013).

Panoramic view of SARAL (top) and smaller satellites (below) attached.

18. PSLV C22 / IRNSS-1A launch

Date: July 1, 2013

PSLV- C22 successfully launched IRNSS-1A from Shriharikota.

Two Halves Of The PSLV-C22 Heat Shield Enclosing IRNSS-1A Satellite.

19. INSAT-3D Launch

Date: July 26, 2013

Successful launch of INSAT-3D by Ariane-5 VA-214 from Kourou French Guiana.

INSAT-3D Satellite on its way to Kourou.

20. GSAT-7 Launch

Date: August 30, 2013

Successful launch of GSAT-7 by Ariane-5 VA-215 from Kourou French Guiana.

GSAT-7 with Solar Panel Deployed.

21. PSLV - C25 / Mars Orbiter Mission Launch

Date: November 5, 2013

PSLV - C25 successfully launches Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft from Sriharikota.

PSLV-C25 Lift Off.

22. GSLV-D5 / GSAT-14 Launch

Date: January 5, 2014

GSLV-D5 successfully launches GSAT-14 from Sriharikota.

GSLVD5 lift off.

23. PSLV - C24 / IRNSS-1B Launch

Date: April 4, 2014

PSLV - C24 successfully launches IRNSS-1B from Sriharikota.

PSLV-C24 Lifft off View.

24. PSLV-C23 Launch

Date: June 30, 2014

PSLV-C23 successfully launches SPOT 7 and four co-passenger satellites - AISAT, NLS 7.1, NLS 7.2 and VELOX-1 from Sriharikota .

PSLV-C23 Lifft off View.

25. PSLV-C26/IRNSS-1C Launch

Date: October 16, 2014

PSLV-C26 successfully lauches IRNSS-1C from Sriharikota.

PSLV-C26 Lift off View.

26. GSAT-16 Launch

Date: December 7, 2014

GSAT-16 is launched by Ariane-5 VA-221 launch vehicle from Kourou, French Guiana.

27. LVM3-X / CARE Mission

Date: December 18, 2014

Experimental suborbital flight of India's next generation launch vehicle that tested the vehicle for the crucial atmospheric phase of its flight. The payload - CARE Module - reentered the atmosphere and was slowed using parachutes before splashdown in Andaman Sea.

LVM3 X Lift Off.

28. PSLV - C27 / IRNSS-1D Launch

Date: March 28, 2015

29. PSLV-C28 / DMC3 Launch

Date: July 10, 2015

Panaromic view of fully integrated PSLV-C28 at Launch Pad.

30. GSLV-D6 / GSAT-6 Launch

Date: August 27, 2015

GSLV-D6 at LaunchPad.

31. PSLV-C30/ASTROSAT Launch

Date: September 28, 2015

PSLV-C30 launched 1513 kg ASTROSAT into the orbit. Along with ASTROSAT, six satellites from international customers - 76 kg LAPAN-A2 of Indonesia, 14 kg NLS-14 (Ev9) of Canada and four identical LEMUR satellites of USA together weighing about 28 kg – were launched in this PSLV flight.

32. GSAT-15 Launch

Date: November 11, 2015

Deployment test of GSAT-15 reflector at French Guiana.

33. PSLV-C29 / TeLEOS-1 Mission

Date: December 16, 2015

PSLV-C29 on the First Launch Pad with Vehicle Assembly Building in background.

34. PSLV-C31/IRNSS-1E Launch

Date: January 20, 2016

IRNSS-1E propellant filling operation in progress.

35. PSLV-C32/ IRNSS-1F Launch

Date: March 10, 2016

36. PSLV-C33/IRNSS-1G Launch

Date: April 28, 2016

37. Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) Launch

Date: May 23, 2016

38. PSLV-C34 / Cartosat-2 Series Satellite Mission Launch

Date: June 22, 2016

39. ISRO's Scramjet Engine Technology Demonstrator

Date: August 28, 2016

40. GSLV-F05 / INSAT-3DR Mission Launch

Date: September 8, 2016

41. PSLV-C35 / SCATSAT-1 Launch

Date: September 26, 2016

42. GSAT-18 Mission

Date: October 6, 2016

43. PSLV-C36 / RESOURCESAT-2A Mission

Date: December 7, 2016

44. PSLV-C37 / Cartosat -2 Series Satellite Launch

Date: February 15, 2017

45. GSLV-F09/GSAT-9 Launch

Date: May 5, 2017

46. GSLV Mk III-D1/GSAT-19 Mission

Date: June 5, 2017

47. PSLV-C38 / Cartosat-2 Series Satellite Mission Launch

Date: June 23, 2017

48. GSAT-17

Date: June 29, 2017

49. PSLV-C39/IRNSS-1H Mission

Date: August 31, 2017

PSLV-C39 Flight Carrying IRNSS-1H Navigation Satellite Unsuccessful

PSLV-C39 Liquid Stage at the Vehicle Assembly Building during Vehicle Integration.

50. PSLV-C40/Cartosat-2 Series Satellite Mission

Date: January 12, 2018

51. GSLV-F08/GSAT-6A Mission

Date: March 29, 2018

GSLV-F08/GSAT-6A.

52. PSLV-C41/IRNSS-1I

Date: April 12, 2018

53. SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT TESTING OF CREW ESCAPE SYSTEM - TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATOR

Date: July 5, 2018

54. PSLV-C42 successfully launches NovaSAR & S1-4 in Sun Synchronous Orbit

Date: September 16, 2018

55. GSLV MkIII-D2 successfully launches GSAT-29 into Orbit

Date: November 14, 2018

56. PSLV-C43 / HysIS Mission

Date: November 29, 2018

57. GSAT-11 Mission - India’s heaviest Communication Satellite

Date: December 5, 2018

58. GSLV-F11 / GSAT-7A Mission

Date: December 19, 2018

59. PSLV-C44 / Microsat-R Mission

Date: January 24, 2019

60. GSAT-31

Date: February 6, 2019

61. PSLV-C45 / EMISAT Mission

Date: April 1, 2019

62. PSLV-C46 / RISAT-2B Mission

Date: May 22, 2019

63. GSLV-Mk III - M1 / Chandrayaan-2 Mission

Date: July 22, 2019

64. PSLV-C47 / Cartosat-3 Mission

Date: November 27, 2019

65. PSLV-C48/RISAT-2BR1 Mission

Date: December 11, 2019

Courtesy: All data given here is take from ISRO official website and it is used for educational purposes.

Further any doubt, comment below. Or Mail onnmy email address, E-MAIL: ypbhamare07@gmail.com.

Thanks for Reading.

isro future missions till 2030?

2020-10-11T09:00:00.005+05:30

Today's News is that ISRO plans to mine energy from the Moon by 2030 to help meet India's needs.

From launching 104 satellites at one go, enabling commercial roll out of lithium-ion batteries, to taking the lead in providing energy security, the Indian Space Research Organization (Isro) is firing on all cylinders.

Image Source: Bank Exam Today

Apart from planning for manned missions toMoon, Mars and even aircraft development, Isro is now working on a plan to help India Meet its energy needs from the Moon by 2030.

The premier space agency, credited with launching225 satellites till date, plans to mine Helium-3 rich lunar dust, generate energy and transportit back to Earth.

This comes in the backdrop of successful testing of lithium-ion batteries developed by Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre by the Automotive ResearchAssociation of India (Arai).

This is expected to provide a fillip to India electric vehicles (EV) push. The government is now planning to transfer the technology to companies for commercial production of these batteries, reported Mint.

Isros lunar dust mine plans were revealed by Dr Sivathanu Pillai, professor at the space agency, in February. Speaking at a conference in New Delhi, Pillai,former chief of BrahMos Aerospace, said that mining lunar dust was a priority program for his organisation.

In a written reply to the Lok Sabha on 29March, minister of state in charge of atomic energy and space Jitendra Singh said, Technology Is ready for transfer to Indian industries for undertaking the production of Li-ion batteries.

BHEL has expressed interest in the transfer of technology. This lunar dust mining plan comes in the backdrop of India's plan to cut down import dependence in hydrocarbons by 10 percentage points by 2022.

India's energy demand growth is expected to outpace that of the other Bric (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries, according to the latest BP Energy Outlook.

Isro's success on this front will also help reduce pollutants and India's fuel imports. This assumes significance given India's energy import bill of around $150 billion, which is expected to reach $300 billion by2030.

India imports around 80% of its oil and 18%of its natural gas requirements. India imported 202 million tonnes of oil in 2015-16.

When you think of space exploration, NASAor the European Space Agency probably leap to mind.

But a lot of incredible missions come from other parts of the world, too. Like, Japan’s JAXA returned the first samples from an asteroid, and Russia’s Roscosmos has a flawless record delivering astronauts to the International Space Station.

One country you may not have thought of isIndia, but the Indian Space Research Organisation, or ISRO, is on its way to becoming a leader in space exploration and they’re just getting started.

When it comes to launching spacecraft, ISROhas a great track record. Back in February, they made global headlines when a single Indian rocket launched 104 satellites a new record.

Most were shoebox-sized cubesats, but the rocket successfully put them all on the right paths, one every few seconds all while traveling at more than 27,000 kilometers per hour!

Thanks to their growing reputation, these satellites came from all over the world, including the U.S., Switzerland, Israel, and Kazakhstan. In 2008, ISRO also sent their first spacecraft to the Moon, where it did some basic science and proved their technology worked.

But they truly arrived on the world space scene in 2014, when their Mars Orbiter Mission entered orbit around you guessed it! Mars.

That put them in a tiny club of interplanetary nations alongside Russia, the U.S., and the European Union. And on top of that, ISRO were the only ones to get into Mars orbit successfully on their first try!

That by itself is a real accomplishment, butISRO also had big plans to collaborate with NASA’s MAVEN spacecraft. MAVEN showed up at Mars at about the sametime, and both orbiters were tasked with studying the thin Martian atmosphere.

While MAVEN’s orbit was designed to ski near the planet, the orbit for the ISRO mission could take the spacecraft more than 500 times farther away, allowing researchers to piece together a complete view of the atmosphere.

The Mars Orbiter Mission even contained akey piece of technology NASA’s satellite didn’t have: a methane detector.

Here on Earth, methane is primarily created from life like farting and burping cows and with ISRO’s methane detector, researchers hoped to map the global distribution of the gas all around Mars.

At least, that was the plan. Unfortunately, because just getting to Mars Is such a challenge, ISRO considered the whole mission a so-called “technology demonstration”.

So most of their efforts went into thingslike interplanetary communication… not scientific instruments. Some of their equipment worked great, butthings probably didn’t turn out so well for the methane detector.

As of 2016, the mission hadn’t found anymethane in the Martian atmosphere. But since other missions, like Curiosity,have found trace amounts of it, that could mean the ISRO orbiter just wasn’t sensitiveenough, or that there was another issue.

Now, ISRO is developing a much more capableMartian satellite, so they could learn a lot more in the 2020s. And the ESA and Roscosmos’s Trace Gas Orbiter Will be investigating the methane situation in the meantime.

Still, ISRO’s first Mars mission was a success in a lot of ways, and the organization is now ready for even more exploration.

And until then, they’re also making major contributions to astronomy, with a space telescope called AstroSat that launched in 2015.

You can think of AstroSat kind of like a mash-upof NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-Ray Observatory.

It’s way smaller than either of those, but can still accomplish something really cool: observing a single astronomical source in a whole bunch of wavelengths at once!

“Astronomical source” is just fancy science-talk for something in space that emits, well, anything.

In this case, AstroSat can find something we see in the sky and study it in visible, ultraviolet, and X-ray light all at the same time!

To do something like that with Hubble andChandra would require tons of coordination, but AstroSat makes it happen for everything.

And earlier this year it contributed behind the scenes to a story you probably heard a lot about. This June, LIGO detected gravitational waves,or ripples in space-time caused by merging black holes, for only the third time.

a day after they detected them, an observatory in Hawaii saw a flash in the very same part of the sky. At first, scientists thought this flash was probably the afterglow of the merging black holes but it wasn’t.

Follow-up observations from AstroSat helped determine that a distant gamma ray burst probably from a supernova had just happened to appear in the same part of the sky at almost the exact same time.

Talk about astronomical odds, am I right? Without AstroSat, it probably would have beena lot harder to figure out what that flash was.

Squishing two space telescopes into one is just one example of how ISRO puts its own unique twist on space exploration, and they're not slowing down anytime soon.

In addition to their planned Mars mission,ISRO is getting ready to land on the Moon, and is working on missions to explore Venus,the Sun, and even Jupiter.

It’s an ambitious plan, but they’re off to a great start and, when it comes to exploring space, it’s always the more, the merrier!

What is the future of ISRO till 2025?

2020-10-10T09:00:00.003+05:30

What is the future of ISRO?

From the Mars Orbit Mission (Mangalyaan) to launching 20 satellites through a single rocket, ISRO has made great strides.

ISRO Deadline

Its success has been unprecedented.

ISRO has gained popularity in commercial space industry for 2 reasons :

1. 100% successful foreign satellite launches using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

2. Charging just 60% of the fees charged by foreign space agencies. Event companies like Google have chosen ISROto launch its satellites.

Since May 1999, it has successfully launched 57 international customer satellites from 20 countries on board the PSLV.

In this blog, we will look at 5 future missions of ISRO. Chandrayaan-1 was India's first lunar probe. It was launched by the ISRO in October 2008.

Chandrayaan-2 will be India’s second mission to the Moon, carrying both an orbiter and lander-rover module.

It is to be launched on India’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-MkII) in 2018.

• People also search for

Achievements of ISRO from 2008 to 2019

ISRO Achievements

The mission is expected to improve our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon.

It includes a lunar orbiter, lander and rover,all developed by India. The wheeled rover will move on the lunar surface and will pick up soil or rock samples for on-site chemical analysis.

The data will be relayed to Earth through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.

As the name suggests, Aditya that is Sun inSanskrit, will be launched to study sun.

This will be the first Indian space mission to study the Sun. The Advisory Committee for Space Research conceptualized it in January 2008.

It is being designed and will be built byISRO in collaboration with various Indian research organizations.

It’s expected to be launched by ISRO around 2019-2020.

It will also be the first Indian mission to be placed at Lagrangian point L1 which is far away from the Earth, from where continuous solar observations are possible.

Only NASA and ESA have successfully placed satellites at the L1 point as of date.

AVATAR (Aerobic Vehicle for Trans atmospheric Hypersonic Aerospace Transportation) is a manned single-stage reusable space plane capable of horizontal takeoff and landing.

Its liquid air cycle engine would collect Air in the atmosphere on the way up, liquefy it, separate oxygen and store it on board for subsequent flight beyond the atmosphere.

The full-fledged manned AVATAR flight is scheduled for 2025. This has immense commercial and military potential.

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation(SAARC) is a regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union in South Asia.

Its member states include Afghanistan, Bangladesh,Bhutan, India, Nepal, the Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC satellite is Prime Minister NarendraModi’s brainchild.

The SAARC Satellite is a communication-cum-meteorology satellite for the SAARC region.

It was announced last year and its launch is likely in December 2016. The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)mission will be the biggest collaboration between the two space agencies yet.

The mission involves building a 2,600 kg dual frequency synthetic aperture radar satellite that will“effectively make a time-lapse movie of the earth”.

It will be used to keep a close eye on disturbances in the ecosystem, ice-sheet collapses and natural hazards.

It is notable for being the first dual band radar imaging satellite with both L and S-Band.

Under the terms of the agreement, NASA will provide the mission's L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), a high-rate communication subsystem for science data, GPS receivers,a solid-state recorder, and a payload data subsystem.

ISRO will provide the satellite bus, an S band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), the launch vehicle and associated launch services.

Currently ISRO doesn’t use cryogenic engine in the the lower stage GSLV or GSLV Mk3 because

The current payloads that ISRO launches are almost entirely covered by these two rockets (along with PSLV).

GSLV Mk3 can launch up to 4 ton to Geosynchronous/Geostationary orbit (and most GSO/GTO satellites are communication satellites and within this weight category) and up to 10 ton to Low Earth Orbit (the heaviest payload planned to be launched to LEO in near future is the crewed ‘Gaganyaan’ in 2022 which will weight around 8 ton).

So most of the current requirements are fulfilled with the present capacity of GSLV rockets.

Cryogenic engines are highly complex and costly.

GSLV rockets are not reusable. So it would have been an expensive design if Cryogenic engine was included in the lower stage(s) in GSLV and GSLV Mk3 from the beginning.

ISRO always prefers cheap frugal engineering. Solid and conventional liquid stages are far cheaper options.

So both GSLV rockets are designed to use conventional liquid and solid propellants in boosters and first/core stages.

L40= (Conventional) Liquid Strap-on boosters

S125/S139= Solid first-stage

GS2= (Conventional) Liquid second-stage (Vikas engine)

[Only 3rd stage is Cryogenic (CE-7 engine)]

S200= Solid boosters

L110= (Conventional) Liquid core/first stage (Vikas engine)

[Only Upper stage is Cryogenic (CE-20 engine)]

The thrust increase is not the only way to increase payload capacity. What if satellite weight is reduced by various methods? This is also being done.

Satellites have their own propulsion system that fires to reach the designated orbit/correct the orbit. Conventionally this carries liquid fuel which significantly increases weight and also limits lifetime.

Now a new electric propulsion system (EPS) is developed that can significantly reduce satellites’ weight and so a 4 ton class satellite will have capabilities like a 6 ton class satellite.

GSAT-9 (launched in 2017) was the first Indian satellite to have this advanced system as a technology demonstrator.

GSAT-20 to be launched this year will have full-fledged EPS for the first time.

The heaviest satellite of ISRO till date, GSAT-11, has bandwidth of 16 GBPS but it was so heavy that it was launched by Ariane-5 rocket.

GSAT-20 will have a bandwidth of a whopping 70 GBPS but can be launched by GSLV Mk3.

I think EPS has a role for this weight reduction.

Also, technologies like composite material and other special materials can reduce satellites weight further.

• Future

ISRO does have plans to increase payload capacity significantly and that by using higher-thrust engines in lower stages, as the OP suggested.

Although, it will not be a Cryogenic engine (where both Hydrogen and Oxygen are kept liquid at very low temperature).

Rather it will be Semi-Cryogenic (Where Oxygen will be kept liquid and Kerosene will be the fuel instead of Hydrogen).

A Semi-Cryogenic engine will have far higher thrust than a Cryogenic engine.

In fact, this will be a whole program to develop a new series of rockets based on GSLV Mk3 design.

They will be modular where core semi-cryo stages will be kept the same and altering the boosters and upper Cryo stages, rockets of the same design but different capacity can be built in a short time.

For this modular concept, they will be called MLV (Modular Launch Vehicle).

The semi-Cryogenic engine (SCE-200) is in development and the stage is likely to be ready in 2020.

The first use of this stage will be with GSLV Mk3 with L110 stage (Vikas engine stage) replaced by SC-160 stage (Semi-Cryogenic stage).

ISRO is going to make this rocket immediately after the Semi-Cryogenic stage is ready.

It will enhance Mk3’s payload capacity from 4 ton (current) to 6.5 ton (to GTO) or 10 ton (current) to probably around 15 ton (to LEO).

This is likely to fly in 2021.

Then there will be a clustered Semi-Cryo stage (multiple Semi-cryo engines clustered together).

The first rocket with this stage will be ready by 2023. It will not have boosters and capacity will be 5 ton to GTO or 10 ton LEO.

Higher than current GSLV Mk3- even without any booster. This will be the first MLV (can be called MLV-1).

Heavy-lift and Super Heavy-lift Launch Vehicle (HLV and SHLV):

These are the class of vehicles having payload capacity of 20–50 ton (to LEO) and 50+ ton (to LEO).

ISRO is doing R&D for such rockets for the future.

MLV-2, 3, 4 with payload capacity of

10 ton to GTO (i.e. ~23 ton to LEO so Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicle or HLV),

11 ton to GTO (~25 ton to LEO so HLV)

and eventually 16 ton to GTO (41 ton to LEO so HLV) will be developed by addition of stages with cluster of engines and cluster of strap-on boosters built around the main structure.

Even more powerful vehicle is also planned (a Super Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicle or SHLV).

The concept is something like this (not official):

[LVM3 is another name of GSLV Mk3 and ULV is another name of MLV]

In around 2025, HLV and in around 2030, the SHLV of ISRO should be a reality.

This is an approximate timeline (according to ISRO VSSC director Dr. S. Somanath).

can space privatisation empower the indian space industry till 2025 ?

2020-10-09T09:00:00.001+05:30

The idea of affordable space travel for the average person is an extremely exciting idea for many people - but exciting ideas attracta lot of media attention, with varying degrees of journalistic rigour, which can often make it hard to separate fact from fiction.

If you’ve been following the space industry for a long time, you’ll surely be aware that it’s rife with broken promises and dead ends.

It’s easy to get pessimistic about the spacenews cycle - big announcements and media hype, followed by cancellations and disappointments of the following years.

But don’t make the mistake of assuming that failure is a universal truth for the space industry.

Every week, thousands of men and women working for public and private space organizations are discovering new knowledge, methods and technologies that will revolutionize the cost of access to space.

Companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin are planning to scale up, and launch, land and refurbish rockets at an unprecedented rate- if they succeed, they’ll have a transformative effect on the space industry as a whole, lowering the cost of access to space, and enabling the growth of infrastructure and economic activity in Earth Orbit and beyond.

But right now, this transformation is in its very early stages - In this video, you’ll be learning about what the space industry actually is and how it works.

You’ll explore the history behind private space flight, the companies operating in the sector today, and the ways that space transportation could eventually get cheaper.

For an industry that deals with strapping people to the front of ballistic missiles and launching them at several times the speed of sound, progress in human spaceflight has been pretty slow for the last few decades.

However, technological advances, as well asNASA’s strong investment in the private sector in the last decade means that we might be on the verge of a significant acceleration in space travel, fuelled by lower costs and simpler architectures.

Space travel has always involved coordination between several organizations, relying on the large-scale organizational capabilities of governments (or militaries) and the engineering expertise of several smaller design bureaus for private enterprises.

Since the world’s space faring nations began deregulating the industry in the 1980s and 90s, private companies have been able to launch their own rockets, and have done so successfully and profitably - After all, there is always going to be plenty of demand to put satellites into space.

But crewed spaceflight (that is, launching people into space) has always been the purview of government organizations. That might all be about to change.

NASA has poured literally billions of dollars into its Commercial Crew Development programme, allocating funds to private companies to accelerate the development of crewed spacecraft.

Since the retirement of the Space Shuttle,NASA has been dependent on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft to transport astronauts to theInternational Space Station.

While the Soyuz is a solid, reliable craft,it makes perfect sense that NASA would prefer to launch American astronauts from American Rockets, on American soil.

SpaceX, Boeing, Sierra Nevada, and Blue Origin Have all been beneficiaries of this investment, but the bulk of funding has been put into two vehicles: Boeing’s CST-100 “Starliner” and SpaceX’s Dragon 2 capsule.

Both of these spacecraft are designed to carry a handful of passengers to orbit, spend long periods of time in space and are reusable.

Their more traditional capsule-based designs make them simpler to engineer and safer to fly than the expensive and unwieldy SpaceShuttle, not to mention cheaper to operate. (Shuttle: $90-56 million per passenger ($450mgross), Soyuz: $76mil pp, Dragon 2: $20mil pp ($160m gross))

These spacecraft are purpose-built for crew transportation, while the Shuttle was envisioned with multiple roles in mind,including space station assembly and satellite deployment.

The Shuttle was often described as a “space truck,” and these new craft are more like “Space Minivans” - built for transport with a little bit of cargo capability. If there are no more delays (which, if industry trends are anything to go by, is unlikely), these crafts will be taking their first flights to the International Space Station in 2018.

But what’s the point of having these revolutionary,cheap space minivans if there’s just one place for them to go? While getting a person into orbit is costly,building somewhere for them to go is even costlier.

The International Space Station itself costan estimated $150 billion to build, including research, development and launch costs.

Part of the reason why no humans have been sent past Low Earth Orbit since 1973 is because all the major space agencies have been focussing on building infrastructure for Low Earth Orbit.

Russia, for example, has been building SpaceStations (military and civilian) since the 1970s, starting with Salyut 1 in 1971, then constructing the modular Mir from 1986 onwards, laying the technological foundations for theInternational Space Station, which was co-constructed with NASA, the ESA, Canada and Japan.

The research and experimentation done in LowEarth Orbit for the past couple of decades has been essential for understanding how human bodies handle microgravity over long periods of time, and how best to mitigate its effects.

But, It’s clear that space agencies around the world are starting to get tired of swimming in the shallow end. The last few years have seen renewed interest in the exploration of near-Earth Asteroids, Lagrange points, the outer planets and, ofcourse, Mars.

NASA’s successor to the Space Shuttle, theOrion Crew Exploration Vehicle, is envisioned to take astronauts far further than LEO.

But this doesn’t mean that Low Earth Orbit Will be ignored - as its name suggests, it is the region of space that is closest to Earth, which means that it’s the ideal location to build space stations - assembly, resupply,maintenance and crew launches are all cheapest to this altitude.

On top of that, LEO is the perfect stagingarea for on-orbit refuelling, or the construction of large, multi-part spaceships. “Once you get to Earth Orbit, you’re halfway to anywhere in the solar system.” -Robert A.

Heinlein By privatising the “grunt work” of getting stuff and people into space (and lowering costs in the meantime), space agencies will hopefully be able to focus their efforts and funding on more ambitious missions, while relying on privatised infrastructure for launch capability, crew transfer and cargo resupply.

At the same time, investment into inflatables has the potential to lower the cost of space habitats significantly - launching these habitats in their deflated configuration decreases the volume they take up on top of a rocket, enabling more habitable volume to be launched at a time.

With the advent of the reusable rocket, these habitats might eventually be launchable for a fraction of the cost they are today, which much like the deregulation of space launches in the 1980s and 90s, has the potential to open the market up to nations, institutions and private organizations that would not have been able to afford it before.

Just like how there are an infinite number of reasons why someone might want to put a satellite in orbit today, there are countless potential practical applications for an inhabited space station.

In an earlier video, I likened the future potential growth of the space industry to the rapid growth of the computer industry in the 1970s, 80s and 90s.

That is not to say that I think most people will have the opportunity to go to space in the next two or three decades.

Rather, I think that many people will have the opportunity to invest in or work for a company that operates at least partially inspace.

Take this with a big grain of salt, because predicting the future is an impossible task, but the most likely scenario in my mind is that a more affordable way of getting to space will create a rich ecosystem of companies providing specialised services that are essential to keeping the sector functioning.

things like debris collection services, space tugs, drydocks, propellant stations, station-to-station transport shuttles, just to name a few.

And I haven’t even mentioned the possibilities opened up by asteroid mining and automated manufacturing in space - rather than expensive launching equipment from Earth.

It’s a lot more economical to harvest an entire mountain of resources at a time, and process it on-site.

Specialised materials that would be tricky or impossible to make under a full G on Earth can be manufactured in microgravity in space.

The ultra-sterile environment also allows for the creation of extremely pure materials. Some products made in space will very likely be of much higher quality than their equivalents on Earth.

This is all obviously pretty vague and speculative,but this is the most plausible situation to me. I haven’t covered all the bases (I haven't even mentioned how this might tie into SpaceX’s Mars plans).

If this ends up happening, it will happen at a slower rate than you might want, but quicker than anyone would imagine. Even today, these technologies are actively being developed by talented individuals.

There is enormous potential for a diverse economy to emerge in space, Once it does, it’ll be as commonplace as computers, or airplanes, or railways are to us today - so sit back, read up, and just enjoy watching it all come together.

Why did Elon Musk quit OpenAI? Is he afraid of AI change?

2020-10-08T09:00:00.003+05:30

It might become a bit awkward for him to be at the helm of a company relying on AI to support its business while simultaneously being involved with an organization trying to scale back AI.

I have a lot of respect for Elon, but the one exception to that is his OpenAI involvement.

After this event you can't expect Elon to stay on the board of OpenAI without further speculations of conflict of interest.

Also I'm sure the OpenAI folks weren't exactly pleased about this either.

The vast majority of the concern should be around things like bugs in AI code, biases that lead to effects like fake news, as well as AI in the hands of bad (human) actors, not the “machines taking over” scenario.

To be clear, OpenAI is doing a lot of great research work, some of it around AI safety. In my view, and I think most domain experts would agree,

The main reason he left I believe is due to conflict of interest done already when he poached Andrej Kaparthy, one of the top scientists at OpenAI, to become head of the self driving unit at Tesla.

But I think Elon has been disingenuous here first, in spreading the “machines taking over” view to get attention for OpenAI, and second, in personally using OpenAI more as a recruiting vehicle for his other companies.

He left, or at least the stated reason he left was to avoid conflict of interest in relation to his roles at Tesla.

This is presumably because Tesla has already been experimenting with AI and autonomous vehicles and is expected to continue further down that path.

I’d like to believe that he realized that this was not an effective approach for him to take and resigned for that reason to focus on the many other great things he is working on.

He is way too smart to genuinely rely on science fiction pseudoscience in making decisions versus the hundreds of domain experts he actually employs.

How do we prevent an AI apocalypse? The Dutch philosopher Spinoza, once said that peace is not an absence of war, it is a virtue, a state of mind, a disposition for benevolence, confidence , justice.

All the great systems we have in our lives exist only because people who had a vision of a more beautiful world willed them into reality through hard work.

We've created layers and layers of these systems. Systems of law of transportation of social interaction of healthcare. And they've been entirely reliant on human intelligence for thousands of years.

In the past few decades though, we've begun the process of creating machine intelligence to improve them. The first phase involved rule based intelligence.

A series of if-then statements Whether using a traffic light instead of a human traffic controller or an automatic fare calculator instead of trusting a driver for a fair price.

We've collectively put our trust into machine intelligence whereas before we had to trust humans. It was scary at first. Initially we didn't understand how the technology worked But eventually it became the norm we found that it made the system better if we trusted the machine to do the job.

We then moved on to using heuristics in the next phase. Our machines started making educated guesses. Whether that be finding the shortest path between two points or predicting the most likely weather for tomorrow.

We again learned to trust them to do those jobs well. Now, we're in the last phase... the learning phase. We've begun teaching our machines how to learn for themselves Eventually our cars will learn to drive themselves.

Chemists will be able to teach their machines to discover new drugs for themselves. Every single system we built up until now will eventually be able to learn for itself. Just like we do. But, should we trust our learning systems?

What happens when we solve intelligence entirely and what does a benevolent super intelligence look like? The famous dutch painter Rembrandt used to roam the streets of Amsterdam finding inspiration in these canal walkways for some of his greatest pieces.

In his studio, he would ask you students to try and emulate his work. Work that took him decades of training to create. We can now condense all that training time into machine intelligence So that a novice can emulate his style Instantly and that goes for any skill.

We'll all be able to master any skill instantly by augmenting our own intelligence with machines. Our world in its current state though is filled with suffering. Life is hard even for the most well-off.

The ultra rich purchased material possessions to account for the loss of what really matters. The loss of connection. The loss of intimacy. The loss of community. AI can change that. It can end suffering as we know it's entirely, enabling utopia on Earth.

Ending all war and disease using insights that only a super intelligent machine could give us in a matter of seconds. Van Gogh once said for my part I know nothing with any certainty, but the sight of the stars makes me dream.

He actualized his dreams using a canvas and soon we'll be able to actualize our own using AI as our canvas. Whether that means generating entirely new realities to live out our wildest fantasies in or creating a universal problem solver who is given any objective function it can optimize for it by minimizing an error value.

But who gets to decide what that objective function is for all the good that AI could bring us, there's also the possibility of it being used for evil.

All in this world renowned for its tolerant attitude and open-minded spirit but just a few decades ago, its own police and civil service forces were used to transport tens of thousands of Jews to extermination camps in Germany.

Including Anne Frank and her family. Adolf Hitler was able to manipulate Hundreds of thousands of people into believing. his own twisted ideology. If Hitler was able to get his hands on super intelligence we'd all be living in a nightmarish reality.

As generative models improve the ability to manipulate people is becoming easier. Moneyed interests have already begun conducting surveillance of our actions and analyzing our data to build weaponized AI.

Propaganda machines, and these machines are used to [manipulate] our opinions and behavior in order to Advance political agendas in a way That's never before been Possible an AI could even come up with an objective of its own, and that objective could [be] to annihilate our species entirely could happen directly because it desires to end human life or Indirectly in the way that we build canals to make transport more efficient for us

In the process destroyed countless ecosystems of insects So how do we ensure that the AI we created beneficial and safe super intelligence is by its very definition Smarter than us able [to] reason at a level so different from us that it's literally Unimaginable we could try and contain it to block it from internet access.

But eventually it will learn to escape and if one person doesn't let them stay there another one will. We shouldn't try to stop progress in AI instead We need to ensure that it's aligned with our own values. We need to understand exactly how these algorithms work.

so they produce the results that we want but who's to say what good values are should we be allowed to pay for sex or Consume any drugs. We want we can't even collectively decide on what good and evil is. Philosophers have been debating what constitutes those for thousands of years and Ai lives on both sides of that [debate] Viruses will use AI to learn how to best break into security systems.

But at the same time security systems will use AI to learn how best to defend against threats. AI will increasingly be used to create fake but realistic looking news. At the same time, AI will also get better at detecting what's real and what's fake?

We're in the midst of a new arms race an AI is the nuclear power of our time as soon as any Institution [viet] government or Corporation learns the power of AI they will race to use it to Fulfill their own Interests, we can learn a lot from our past the European enlightenment, Era writer Lord Acton had words that still ring true today.

He said that freedom consists of the distribution of power and Despotism in its concentration. We must democratize [the] [AI] power We must make it as accessible to as [many] people as we can that way the will of the collective will override anyone by vacuum And only by educating ourselves on how exactly this intelligence works but we be able to better align it with our intended goals whether up to us to [ensure] that our AI Bounces all the things that.

we do that a cherishes laughter and connection that it preserves Friendship and love in our quest to understand intelligence We'll learn more about who we [are] and what it means to be human and together We'll finally be able to take that most sublime process guided by Nature into our own hands evolution

Why Super Humans attracted towards Space?

2020-10-07T19:00:00.016+05:30

Firstly we will know about what is a super humans and the definition of super humans ?

Superhuman Link with Spirit

With a knowledge of myself, I personally believe that every single person who think out of box, they can be defines what is superhuman.

That's why we differentiate the meaning of superhumans and the common person who don't things about there powers.

We comes on our question that how space attract superhumans and what is the mystery and something twists behind it.

The outer space such as our atmosphere sometimes spread the energy of very high frequency and there power only sense by the superhumans.

Whenever you feels something gorgeous at particular moment then everyone feels that energy and stored it into there mind.

The various living organisms and animals also master of that energy will surrounded everywhere and they utilise it in right way because we as the human that distribute that energy in various negative forms that's why we will not be comfortable to feels that energy.

The great energy surrounded of us will you getting in the temples of our country. The temples are good source of great energy and this will freely available at that places.

Our saints and gurus was master in it to how convert that energies in themselves.

Because of that energy have something great amount of attraction. When any saint think about the whole space then they utilise their mind to grabs that energy in single place that is why we call it as a temple.

why every human being has a natural tendency to attract towards those physical things that happens around them ? is obvious because they have addicted of that all things happen around them.

As we go further in the very depth of the space and time, they brings something great theories comes out in the peace of mind. When we describe the term super humans at that time everyone that's important to perfectly know about it.

Otherwise something confusion about super humans and their coexistence with space has create various questions and their answers are too much complex as far we are going into more depth.

The physical science also define the super humans on the basis of physical significance of space and time. But physical science has some limitations due to improper experiment on that phenomenas.

Various times scientist still working on that field but the success rate is very lower. that's why not everybody comes to devote their life to understand the behaviour of super humans and their relation between space and time.

At the last I am personally give the information about what actually we studied space and time and its coexistence between superhumans.

As further we goes deeper in that field then some misconception and ideas comes in our mind, but we still work at that moment when we not rich the satisfaction with that terms.

That's my Opinion and Knowledge about Superhuman and Space. If you have any single Question on that article, then comment right below. Or also contact me on Email: ypbhamare07@gmail.com

what is the importance of defence sector in indian air force ?

2020-10-07T09:00:00.004+05:30

India to Invest $150 Billion in Military DefenceSystems AHMEDABAD: Distinguished scientist and DirectorGeneral of BrahMos missile system division of the DRDO, Dr Sudhir Mishra, today said the country would require various military equipment worth USD 150 billion in the next10 years.

Image Source: DRDO

Inviting private players to grab the opportunity by entering the defence equipment manufacturing, Mishra said the Defence Research and DevelopmentOrganization (DRDO) is ready to share its technology with the manufacturers.

Mishra, who is also the CEO and Managing Directorof 'BrahMos Aerospace', an India-Russia joint venture of the Ministry of Defence, was speaking at an interactive session on defence manufacturing organised by the Gujarat chapter of CII here.

"In the next 10 years, there is a requirement of around USD 150 billion of military equipment. This is a realistic and quite a moderate figure. This is a big opportunity for the entrepreneurs,"he said.

According to him, USD 150 billion would be spent on manufacturing or upgrading aircraft, tanks, guns and various other equipment. "There are many items, which we are going to manufacture or procure. Many of them have already become a reality,such as the upgrade of MiG-29 and Mirage aircrafts.

We are also going to procure around 500 moreT-90 battle tanks in a short time," he said. Expressing concern over the overall manufacturing scenario in the country, he invited private players to consider taking up production of defence equipment.

"In our country, the contribution of the manufacturing sector in the GDP is 18 percent for the last seven to eight years, while the contribution of the service sector is 65 percent.

This is an anomaly. Manufacturing should be around 35 to 40 percent and service sector has to be 15 to 25 per cent," he said. "At present, we own 6 to 7 percent of the global software market. But now, we cannot grow beyond this, as we mostly carry out outsourcing and low-end software jobs.

That is why, the new government at the Centre Came up with 'Make In India'. Now, we are trying to catch up," said Mishra. "DRDO is ready to share the technology, aswe alone cannot do it. Private players can take that technology from us and develop it for the market.

You can approach us and start manufacturing,"he added while addressing budding entrepreneurs from this sector.

Swedish defence firm Saab and Adani Group have announced a collaboration plan entailing billions of dollars for the development and manufacture of Gripen fighter jets and other hightech products in India.

Saab AB CEO Håkan Buskhe said in New Delhion Friday that plans were afoot to create a defence ecosystem in India, which will involve partners, vendors and suppliers.

“The collaboration is meant for Gripen fighter jets. We also have other projects such as nichesensors for instance ground penetrating radar and other R&D,” he said.

The collaboration comes at a time when theIAF is about to initiate the selection of a single engine fighter aircraft to replaceRussian MIG-21s and MIG-27s. Whether the IAF procures Gripen will depend on whether Saab and Adani qualify and win the contract.

When asked about this, Buskhe said, “we have a strong belief that we can qualify for the needs of the IAF. We recognise some work needs to be done, but we would not have taken the step if we didn’t believe we would be successful.”

US defence firm Lockheed Martin will be a major competitor for Saab. Adani Group chairman Gautam Adani said that a roadmap of self-reliance and indigenisation has been created in collaboration with Saab.

The first focus will be on technology of critically important equipment such as fighters, unmanned aerial systems, carbon composites and radar technology.

Besides ensuring transfer of technology, there will also be “focus on capabilities critical for true indigenisation, including design,system integration, maintenance and upgrade for Gripen in India,” said Adani.

He added that Gripen will be offered to Indiaas the best single engine fighter aircraft under the strategic partnership model. Saab is willing to bring its technology inIndia and foresee exporting the Gripen to other countries. “What we offer is total source codes.

One of our unique things is that the Gripenis designed to meet the requirements of the next 50 to 60 years,” a top Saab official site. Buskhe said “we will not extend our capacity in Sweden, so India will be a partner in the global chain.

We will definitely export from India to other countries if the Indian government thinks it is a good idea. There is billions of US dollars of investment in such capability.

This is not a question of production, butto create the capability from design to control of the supply chain and developing the next aircraft in India.

We are talking of full capability.” Buskhe added that the basic design of a navalversion of the Gripen has also been made in Sweden.

In relation, the Indian Navy wants to procure57 multirole carrier borne fighters. So what do you think of India boosting itsMilitary with $150 Billion for its defence systems?

Post your Comments below.

why scientists say that galaxies rotate but they look stationary ?

2020-10-06T09:00:00.002+05:30

We live in a 3D space, but have you ever wondered why our Solar System is always presented in a 2D disc shape?

Images Source: Sky & Telescope

Well, that’s what we’re going to explore,in today’s episode! What’s the most popular elementary school project you can think of? Seeds grown from paper?

The foam volcano? Whatever it is, I bet that if I ask you to make a list, one of the items that would be on the top of it will be a model of the Solar System.

If you would recall, these models are basically concentric circles with balls placed somewhere on the circles’ circumferences.

The balls represent the planets, while the circles represent the orbits. Because of how plain it looks like, one might be tempted to think that this is an oversimplified version of the Solar System.

I mean, the popular model of the atom is somehow derived from this right? The exact reason why we call it the “planetary model of an atom”.

And, if our star system doesn’t really look like that, then I think we did an awful job of naming it, didn’t we? Of course, you wouldn’t tune in to thisepisode if the answers were that easy, would you?

Despite being counterintuitive, the elementary science fair model of the Solar System is actually as close to reality as it could get. I know what you think: but that doesn’t make sense!

We have a three dimensional space, so naturally,we can expect that every structure in the universe would be in 3D too! Now, I’m not saying that logic isn’t right. It does make sense that if we are in 3D space,then we expect 3D structures.

For instance, some stars could experience an extremely strong influence of gravity causing them to collect together and form a spherical structure that are called globular clusters.

They’re a common sight in the universe. In fact, in our very own Milky Way galaxy alone, we are bound to find around 150 of these stellar clusters.

But they’re not the star of the show today. This is all too weird, right? With all the freedom of motion they have,with all the space that is available for them to move about, a lot of heavenly bodies seem to favor moving in a very confined manner.

But how and why exactly does this happen? Well, to be able to understand how motion in the universe ends up this way, or at least in the Solar System, we need to recall two important concepts in physics.

First, we need to re-learn angular momentum. I know, a lot of you our viewers have a pretty strong grasp of a lot of topics in Physics, but we here in the channel want to invite more and more people to be interested in science! So, for their sake, I’ll make a brief walk through of what that is.

Second, we need to recall how our very ownSolar System was formed: around five billion years ago, back when the Sun wasn’t even a star yet. Ready? Okay, so here it goes. So, angular momentum first. If you know linear momentum, then, angular momentum wouldn’t be too hard to grasp.

Linear momentum is the tendency of an object to move in a straight line, by that logic, we can say that angular momentum is the tendency of an object to rotate. I hope you’re not lost so far.

Trust me, learning this is really important in understanding the main goal of the video. Now, there are two most fundamentally conserved quantities of motion in the universe. On one hand, we have energy and then momentum on the other.

By this logic, we can derive that all momentum is conserved. Even the angular one. So, okay, angular or rotational momentum is conserved. What does that imply? Say for example, you have a top that’s spinning perpetually.

It doesn’t stop, it just keeps spinning and spinning, so you can perform measurements on it anyway you like. Now, say for instance, you measure the angular momentum of this spinner at one time. After doing the task, you felt hungry, so you came out for a long lunch, then came back and measured it again.

By conservation laws, you ought to get the about same value for angular momentum as you did earlier. Angular momentum depends on two factors: first,the distribution of mass in the spinning object; and second, how fast this object spins.

Let’s relate that rotational momentum needs to be conserved all the time. Since the value of angular momentum is constant because of conservation laws, whatever change in one factor, the other has to compensate.

For instance, if the distribution of mass becomes less, say for example, the volume of this object decreases, then, the rotation has to increase. You can see how this works in ice skaters spinning faster when they draw their hands closer to their bodies.

The same works the other way! If the rotation of the object increases, since angular momentum loves to stay constant, the distribution of mass increases. If you know how to make pizza, you would notice that the dough only becomes flat when you make it spin.

Can you piece it together now? The answer to why objects in the Solar System,or a large number of objects in the universe, seems to favor a flat orbital plane over a volumetric one? If you can’t yet, do not worry! That’s exactly what we’re here to learn.

The next thing we need to learn is the formation of our Solar System. How exactly are we going to accomplish that? Let’s go back about 4.6 billion years to the past: at a time when the Sun isn’t even a star yet.

Back at a very simple time when the materials that would make our own star system home are still swirling about in a large cloud of dust. But before we take a deep dive into that,why don’t you send love our way by clicking that like button! Or, if you believe we’ve done awfully here,just click on that dislike!

Whatever opinion you have is precious to us,as it helps us make better content! Okay, back to the beginning of the Solar System. As everything in the universe, our small star-centered family began as a huge cloud of molecular dust.

Everything was so simple, particles are just moving about with respect to a common center of mass. The individual particles in this cloud are not stationary! Due to the effects of the very subtle gravitational force about the common center of gravity, the particles are colliding against one another,causing the cloud to have a spin.

Like, if you could take a spaceship, and observeit from a certain point of view, you’re bound to see a spinning cloud. This spin is really slow, like extremely slow,but nonetheless, a spin.

Then, at some point in the past, we don't really know when exactly, but scientists infer that it most probably happened, a massive supernova took place somewhere near the then developing Solar System protocloud, causing it to spin way faster than how it initially goes!

Remember the pizza dough analogy earlier? Now, the cloud of dust is exposed to this kind of tension! We said earlier that angular momentum is a quantity that loves to be conserved, meaning if you measure this quantity at any point in time, you are bound to get a constant value.

It doesn’t change. So when the cloud of dust experienced energy and increased its rotational speed, it had to compensate. The distribution of mass has to decrease! How exactly does that happen? The particles in the cloud are moving farther and farther apart from their common center of mass.

The blob that was the cloud of particles earlier becomes flatter and flatter, and voila! We have a flat protocloud disc ! As time goes by, the continuous spin from individual clumps inside this disc, coalesced to form everything that we see in this SolarSystem.

the planets, the comets, dwarf planets, and even the Sun. I have to say though, some Mathematics suggest that it is possible to describe a cloud spin in four dimensions in an attempt to understand it better.

However, doing this doesn’t result in blobstransforming to plates in the end, so it is most likely an inaccurate description. For the sake of discussion, we can ignore that idea. Or maybe we can cover it in another video! Stay tuned to find out.

Now, okay, we know now that generally, most of the objects in the Solar System are laid down flat. But what about the anomalous orbits? You know exactly what I’m talking about. The odd brother, and formerly the ninth planet of the Solar System, Pluto.

The ex-planet’s orbit is what scientists label as eccentric. No, Pluto’s orbit doesn’t dress up with a weird fashion sense. Not that kind of eccentric. What they meant by it is that the orbit of this celestial body is tilted by 17 degrees with respect to the orbital plane.

Besides that, its orbit is more oval than everybody else. It gets moments when it’s really close to the Sun and then it gets moments when it’s super far from everybody else.

Now, okay. So the question in everyone’s mind I guessis, is our Solar System unique? Is our Solar System the only star system in the universe to have a preference for flatness? How about you place your bets in the comments section down below?

Winner gets to see the next episode! Well, you don’t have to look very far to see that it’s not just our home system that has a planar orbit. See how the asteroid belts form in the outer regions of the Solar System? I’m willing to bet that you’re bound to see that they, too, seem to follow a flat orbit.

Okay, maybe not entirely because a torus shape is more appropriate, but they are still lying on the same plane, so to speak. Then, let’s take for instance Jupiter andSaturn, our planetary family’s two big brothers. Both of these planets have natural satellites,which are regular.

Which means they orbit around the planets in a, surprise, surprise, a plane-like orbit. And while we’re at the subject, let's talk about Saturn’s rings as well. Notice how in the images, the planet looks like a huge ball in the middle of a CD with an unusually large hole? Scientists infer that these rings have formed in the same manner as the regular moons: through the conservation of angular momentum.

In fact, when Cassini took an image of itin 1997, it captured a few smaller, “mini” moons forming inside the rings, which confirms what we already know about planetary and satellite formation. If you travel far enough into space, you are bound to see that our very own Milky Way also appears to be flat in shape.

And, if you carry on with your travels, and approach the galactic center, you are bound to see a supermassive black hole. Considering how massive these objects are,it is with most certainty that you find an accretion disc around it! Another flat formation resulting from a combination of forces in 3D space. Although, not saying that accretion disks can only be found in black holes, okay?

Practically anything that’s massive enough can exhibit accretion disks around them. Usually, you find these around developing stars, neutron stars, binary stars that are “eating” its twin, to name a few. So, there we have it. We are hammered by the irony of the universe.

With all the freedom of movement that objects are bound to have, most of them still have the tendency to simplify into a flat, two dimensional shape. But then again, it’s not like the subjects opted this to happen, right?

We learned that with the right amount of gravity,and the desire of things in the universe to keep spinning, the outcome is something we can always guess. There’s nothing really special in the formation of flat structures! It’s just the laws of nature, specifically the conservation laws, at work. And isn’t that neat?

With our pursuit of knowledge, we have arrived at a point where we can describe most of the stuff that’s going on not just on Earth,but in the universe as well, with rules that we arrived at using observations that were initially done on our home planet?

I know that’s a lot to take in, but let me just say that everyday I am extremely amazed not just by what we see out there in the universe,but the way we mankind arrive at methods to be able to describe these experiences in the best way we can.

To top off today’s episode, I want to tickle your knowledge sides a bit and leave you with a question: do you think there are other structures in the universe that are odd, or weird? Structures that are unique in their shape or form? I’d love to know what you think! Leave us your response in the comment section down below!

We’ll do our best to respond to them, since there's nothing more that we love here than interacting with our avid viewers! And as always, I cannot express how gratefulI am to you guys who regularly watch the episodes that we release! We dedicate a lot of work and time in making sure we deliver the best and most awesome content for you!

Did you love what we made today? Let us know by leaving a like! Or if you’re extremely displeased and don't want to hear any of this in the future, which I hope is not the case, leave a dislike! Whatever opinion or insight you have, all of that helps us develop better content for you in the future.

And for our friends that are new in the channel,I have a suggestion for you. It’s just a suggestion, no pressure. So, how about you press that subscribe button? What do you think?

I mean, we release new videos everyday, and we don’t want you to miss any of our content! And while you’re at it, why don’t you hit that bell button as well, so that you’ll receive a notification whenever a new episode comes up? We make new ones everyday! Until next time! Stay insanely curious!

why does zero microgravity affect the human body on earth surface ?

2020-10-05T09:00:00.002+05:30

Here are a few effects that zero gravity has on the body!

“Spaceflight osteopenia” is the astronaut's version of the disease osteoporosis, only worse. Astronauts lose around 1% of bone mass per month while in space, and this could increase after long periods of exposure to zero gravity.

Spaceflight osteopenia is the same bone loss that an elderly person would lose except, obviously, astronauts are typically only around30 years old. Although, there IS actually a small amount of bone that does grow while an astronaut is in space, it’s growing in a weird way.

Bone growth happens in the direction of mechanical stress, and in space there is no mechanical stress. So basically, the body is growing every which way all over the place, which is actually making bones weaker.

So why exactly does this happen? Two reasons: lack of gravity, which is duhhhhh,and calcium expulsion through urine. Wait what?! If astronauts pee in space their bones pretty much starts to disintegrate?!

Well, you guessed it, astronauts can’t just stop peeing, so researchers designed a super clever plan to counteract these effects: goodol’ exercise. Living in space is a constant workout! In fact, astronauts actually exercise AT LEAST2 hours per day when in space.

I guess working out better be on your list of favorite things to do when you’re an astronaut. Even after astronauts are back on Earth, the pain doesn’t stop. Walking and standing become superhuman chores,and it can take up to 3 years to get back the bone loss, if ever.

I wonder what the life expectancy for the average human being is in zero gravity? 8. Loss of muscle massOh, did you think that it’d only be bone loss?! An astronaut also loses A LOT of muscle.

Without Earth's gravity pulling you down,your muscles take a nice little vacation, and eventually disappear. So say goodbye to whatever gains you've had after those hours at the gym if you want to visit space.

Without constant exercise, astronauts can lose up to 20 PERCENT of muscle in only 10 DAYS! That’s just insane. Wow. This incredible amount of muscle loss has been compared by the UK Space agency to a 20-year-old turning into a 60-year-old inonly three months.

Researchers have tried many different alternatives to help astronauts redevelop the lost muscle tissue, but apparently lifting free weights and doing cardio are the things that have worked best. Do I really need to say this?

Gym equipment has to be modified to the environment. I’m sure you guys have figured out that a 200 pound weight will most definitely not weigh 200 lbs in space. Even after all that outer-space exercise,upon arriving back to earth astronauts still have trouble standing up and balancing themselves on their own feet.

You could say they get to time travel and experience how it feels to be 100 I guess! That’s one sensation I’m not in a rush to feel! 7. Losing Track of Your BodyWhile the human body adapts to zero gravity, it’s a shock not being constantly pulled down. Actually, it’s a shock not having a “down”to speak of.

This causes a disruption in the senses that researchers call “loss of proprioception”. This is the loss of one’s grasp in the world. An Apollo astronaut said that the first night experience in space he realized that he had lost track of his arms and legs.

He couldn’t even tell if he had limbs! That has to be quite an out-of-body experience! I guess zero gravity would be a great typeof therapy for people with chronic types of pain in their body.

This loss of feeling has caused problems in space before. In the Apollo 9 crew, Rusty Schweickart had to delay a spacewalk because he was feeling queasy: if he puked while in his spacesuit,the vomit could spread in his helmet, which would most likely make it quite difficult to see, or even interfere with his breathing, causing him to potentially choke to breath.

Now that’s one way I’d imagine would be an embarrassing and painful way to go! 6. Astronaut moon-faceIt’s pretty common to look at pictures of astronauts and see a round, full face. C’mon, you guys really think that the food in space is actually THAT good? Nope.

The effect is usually called “moon face”and no, it’s not caused by looking too much at the moon. It’s actually the effect of zero gravity on bodily fluids: without gravity to pull it downwards, all sorts of fluids are floating around and are re-distributed to the upper body, resulting in bulging neck veins, puffy face, and nasal congestion.

That could make one of a sexy skype call,don’t you think? The normal mechanisms that keep fluids down are pretty much useless in space, and the 60% of blood that’s usually in the lower limbs on Earth goes up and elsewhere after a mere 30 seconds in a zero-gravity environment.

We’re talking about EVERYTHING here: From Blood to mucus. Astronauts have said that space-flight actually feels a lot as if they had a perpetual cold.

The good thing is, immediately after returning to earth, a lot of these effects disappear, thank goodness. The bad thing is, depending on the length of the trip, you’re basically getting that physical feeling of having a cold all the time for the entire length of your trip. Think about that for a second.

Loss of FluidsThe same mechanisms that make astronauts look moon-faced and congested cause a cascade of after effects that can be pretty dangerous if not treated. After the redistribution of bodily fluids,the heart doesn’t need to work as hard to get blood to every inch of your body, as there already is blood kinda just going everywhere without gravity after all.

The weakened heart will cause low blood pressure in the legs and mess with the ability of the body to send enough oxygen everywhere when it's time to get back on Earth. Under normal conditions, blood pressure is higher in the legs and lower in the brain.

These changes caused by the redistribution of blood in space makes the brain’s internal pressure increase. The body then believes there’s too much fluid in the body, and the astronaut’s body lowers its blood volume by typically about20% of total blood volume in the first days of zero-gravity.

The same thing happens to plasma volume as well. Less fluid to pump around means less work for the heart, thus slowing it down. This means that if you stay in space long enough, your heart could eventually stop altogether!! Okay, okay I’m just seeing if you guys are paying attention; your heart’s gonna eventually stop working anyways, not just because inspace.

But trust me, going to space is still RISKY BUSINESS!!! So with a loss of blood volume, how does it feel to get back to earth? Once astronauts lack back on earth, they feel queasy and most of them can’t even stand on their feet for more than 10 minutes WITHOUT FAINTING!! Nevertheless, after drinking enormous quantities of water and juice, and also some really good meals I’m sure, they’re back to normal in just a few days.

Space sicknessComparing space travel to a bad carnival ride might be a stretch, but symptoms are quite similar: nausea, vomiting, vertigo, headaches...long story short, you’ll be feeling like sh*the first couple of days in space. It’s related to motion sickness, as the body's vestibular system adapts to weightlessness.

Space motion sickness is caused by changes in g-forces, which affect spatial orientation in humans. Gravity plays a major role in our spatial orientation. Changes in gravitational forces influence our spatial orientation and require adaptation.

The changes in the perception of space causes the body to produce visual-orientation illusions that mess with your mind: one second you're feeling you’re okay, and the next minute you’re feeling like you’re upside down…...except there's really no upside down, since you’re weightless.

That could mess with anyone’s mind, ya know? After a couple of days in space the body adapts and you start to feel like your orientation is the normal orientation no matter your surroundings. There is an unofficial scale for space sickness used by NASA: the Garn Scale.

This was named for United States Senator JakeGarn, whose sickness during a zero-gravity test was THE WORST on record. EVER. That would be an embarrassing honor to say the least. Apparently the senator vomited, fainted and lost balance, and didn’t get much better after returning to normal conditions. Accordingly, one "Gram" is equivalent to the most severe possible case of space sickness.

I guess no one wants to be known because ofTHAT. Still, that terrible precedent hasn’t deterred other politicians of trying out the zero-g facilities whenever they can. 3. Eye troublesNASA has also found that eyes and eyesight suffer significant changes after space flights longer than 6 months.

Flattened eyeballs and changes in the retina have been reported, and astronauts have declared that their vision is blurry after coming back from a long period in space.

As I mentioned before, because weightlessness increases the amount of fluid in the upper part of the body, astronauts experience increased intracranial pressure.

This appears to increase pressure on the back of the eyeballs, which affects their shape and slightly crushes the optic nerve. Another curious effect is known as “CosmicRay Phenomena”, or AKA “light flashes”.

These are spontaneous flashes of light perceived by astronauts outside the Earth’s magnetosphere. We don’t actually know if these light flashes are perceived or actual light that goes off in space. Apparently these could all be products of the eye's reaction to phosphenes in the atmosphere, which are sensations of light produced by the activation of neurons along the visual pathway.

I’m pulling the conspiracy theory card here! NASA is just trying to hide aliens from us! Most of these mysterious flashes have been reported to be white, although some astronauts have seen blue, yellow, or even green flashes. Maybe these are the auroras of space?

Maybe they’re just stars: apparently these flashes look like spots or small streaks in the empty darkness of space. Some astronauts have described the flash like comets, clouds, or even supernovas. The flashes also happen fairly often: most astronauts claim to have seen them every 2-3 minutes.

That’s A LOT. I’m still standing by the alien theory and calling NASA’s bluff. They just want to communicate with us! C’mon, haven’t you watched ANY space movie?! 2. Excess flatulenceRemember we said that space affects muscles and causes muscle loss? Well, that goes for ALL OF THE MUSCLES.

Including the muscles on your belly and…..nether regions. Muscle loss around the abdomen won’t only mean that your beloved six-pack is MIA, but also that you have less of an ability to stopthat natural gas from coming out after a meal. So you could say crews REALLY get to know each other while in space.

Hopefully this didn’t happen to Kate Uptonwhile she did her photoshoot in zero G! Anyways, researchers have studied for years the mechanics of farting in space. YEAH, someone’s job is actually measuring space farts. This is because human flatulence is actually composed of two gases: hydrogen and methane.

These are BOTH highly flammable gasses. If the gas concentration reaches a high enough level within a small place, like a space capsule or even a space suit, a small spark could destroy everything in its reach. Like a fart-induced nuclear bomb.

This means that unaccounted flatulence in a spaceship could actually result in spontaneous combustion and breath. By farts. In the sixties, a research team actually took it upon themselves to measure the frequency and composition of flatulence among a space crew, in order to determine what kinds of foods would make the trip less..

This is why space food is bland: that kind of diet reduces gas and diminishes explosion risk. You can thank that fart-smelling team for their amazing work! 1 - Long-term dangers of spaceOkay, okay, you got me, this isn’t really an effect of a zero gravity environment, but at this point we’ve been talking about being in space for so long, we might as well brush up just a little bit on the dangers of being in space!

It hasn’t actually been thoroughly studied,but the high levels of radiation that astronauts are exposed to during their lifetime could exponentially increase their risk of cancer.

This is because being exposed to gamma and x rays can cause cellular mutation, and increase the body’s potential of developing certain diseases. In 2012, NASA revealed a study showing that spaceflight could harm the brains of astronauts, and accelerate the start of Alzheimer's Disease.

Apparently, high radiation to brain cells could offset the disease and cause other cognitive issues, such as disorientation and confusion. A neuroscientist at the University of Rochester,Kevin O’Banion, has stated that space radiation poses a significant risk for the development of Alzheimer’s in former astronauts.

I guess if you’re really into aging, then you should really get to outer space! Astronauts from the Apollo mission are also five times more likely to lie from heart disease than any other astronaut. WHAT?!

Further studies showed that the radiation is probably the main cause because in that time space capsules didn’t have the same protections as today, making astronauts from those initial flights more vulnerable to radiation than their more recent counterparts.

A little too late for that warning, if I say so myself! But hey, those are always the risks being the guinea pig! Here’s what’s next!

Space Exploration Is The Worst.

2020-10-04T09:00:00.002+05:30

Space exploration is the worst. I should know. I'm the writer of an outer-space show on Fox called Xploration Outer Space.

What I've learned is that space exploration and technology are a waste of time and money, and everybody knows it.

Why are we spending billions of dollars to send things into outer space when we have so many problems down here on the ground?

Extreme drought along the west coast, heat waves that are getting worse around the world, three billion people, nearly half of all humans on the planet, living in poverty, 62 million of those are little girls without access to an education, and Justin Bieber just can't seem to get his life together.

So many problems to be focusing on, and at the same time, we have NASAover here spending $18 billion a year on space exploration and research.

Now sure, that's only half a percentage of the total US federal budget, which is over $3 trillion, and OK, fine, with that budget they conduct intense research which leads to breakthrough discoveries and technologies that spill out across many commercial sectors.

But still, many diverse people thinkspace exploration is a waste of money, and I for one, agree with them. NASA is not the only one spending money on this worthless venture; we have billionaire entrepreneurs doing it too.

Elon Musk, the billionaire genius behind Paypal and Tesla is now dedicating both his brain and his bank to space exploration. And then Richard Branson,the man behind the Virgin empire, now has his own space tourism company, Virgin Galactic, which is sellingrides into outer space.

The guy who created Amazon,Jeff Bezos, has his own rocket company. All of these billionaire entrepreneursand NASA are wasting their time and money because space exploration is the worst.

Today, I'm going to give you three reasons why that is. Those three reasons have to dowith snowballs, Facebook, and dinosaurs. First and foremost,space exploration is just plain annoying.

Why is that? Well, it has to do with something you mayhave heard of called climate change. Specifically, human-caused climate change.

This crazy idea that little humanscould create enough dirty technology to change the entireclimate of our planet. Ridiculous, right? Half of Americans think so too.

They go outside, and they look upat the sky and they think, look how much atmosphere we have! There's no way we could doanything to screw that up.

Well, space explorationwants to ruin that perspective by first bringing us backannoyingly beautiful images like this and this that show us that thin blue line. Now that line, well,that's actually our atmosphere.

And from these images we can tellthat, ok, fine, it's kind of thin, we don't actually have that much of it, but that's frustrating to see, right? Because it makes it a little bit easier to believe that, well, maybe we could change our climate with the activities that we are doing on the surface.

But NASA doesn't want to just make youbelieve that we could change our climate, no, they want to give us data to prove it. Now, we all know that NASAlikes collecting data on other planets, like Mars, the Red Planet.

We love Mars, we love hearing about Mars,we love movies about Mars, especially when theyhave Matt Damon in them.

But you know what we hate? Being lectured with absolutely any dataabout the earth, about our own planet. And all that data, well,that's NASA's fault.

NASA spends nearly $2 billion a yearspecifically on earth science. They own and operate 16 differentkey earth-observing satellites, each giving us different dataabout how our own planet is changing.

And believe me, nobody likesthis annoying data less than Congress. This year Congress passed a billto defund NASA's earth science program by $300 million.

This is a brilliant idea! Because this way, if this trend continues, we won't just have to ignore the consensus from climate scientists that human-caused climate change is real, we can eventually just not have any climate data at all.

So much easier, right? This guy thinks so too. This is Senator Jim Inhofe, the chairman of the Environment andPublic Works Committee in the Senate. This guy hates that annoying data.But you know what he loves? Snowballs.

This year the Senate hada hearing about climate change. At that hearing, Senator Jim Inhofe bravely went down to the Senate floor with a snowball. And he said, "You know what this is? It's a snowball.So, it's very, very cold out." See, Senator Inhofe was smart.

He didn't tell them that 2014was the hottest year in recorded history. He didn't mention that increased snowfall is actually an indicator of global warming.

Global warming warms our oceans, warmer oceans evaporate more quickly,creating more moisture in our atmosphere, which they can measure with satellites, and that increased moisture can make precipitation events, like snowfall, more extreme.

So while we are having shorter,warmer winters, they can actually measure increased snowfall in many places. But no, he didn't say that, because all of that is not as fun as "global warming bad, snowball good."

Because all of that,that would involve annoying data, data from satellites,data from space exploration. Proof that global warming was happening.

And isn't it just easier to ignore it alland build a snowman? Space exploration wants to take the fun out of everything. Because space exploration is the worst. Now, space exploration isn't just annoying, it's also very dangerous.

And I'm not talking about the fact that in order to send someone into space, we put humans on what is essentially a controlled bomb built by the lowest bidder.

Now that's definitely dangerous had to think about it for a little bit, didn't you? - but I'm talking about something else entirely. I'm talking about the fact that space programs are going to enable technology to advance at an exponential pace.

they're going to do this by bringing something that we have to the entire planet. Now, the "we" I'm referring tois very special.

We make up less than half of the world, and we're all very special because we all have this one magical thing.

this magical thing,well, it's pretty cool. It allows us to be more prosperous and educated than those who do not have it. Countries who have it have a higher GDP.

People who have it have more friends on Facebook. Many of you have probably used this magical thing many times since I started talking.

Now, of course, I'm talking about those of us with access to the internet, a tool that can be used to educate,create and share ideas, and, of course, develop new technology. We have it, they don't.

Space exploration wants to ruin that. You see, the way we get the internet today is primarily through ground-based applications.

By that I mean, physical cables that connect your house and your neighbors' house to our community's network, which is then connected to other communities' networks.

This happens all over the country. And then, there are physical cables that run underneath the ocean that connect our country with other countries. Literally, they have to be shark-proof.

And once all this happened, we can all talk to each other over the internet. Well, half of us that is, right?

Because this strategy,it works pretty well if you live in a populated area in a rich country, where there's a really healthy company like Comcast willing to put up the hundreds of millions of dollars that it takes to lay down all this cable.

Considering you live in a remote location,in a poor developing country, there's no one that's willing to put up enough money to connect your little home to the rest of the world. Hence, half of the world,not on the internet.

This is where space comes in. A company called OneWeb wants to ruin this imbalance using space technology. Since ground-based strategies are an inefficient way of connecting the entire planet, they want to instead beam all that information from space using satellites.

See, what they're going to do islaunch hundreds of satellites into space, creating the largest satellite constellation that's ever surrounded our planet.

And once this constellation is launched, they'll be able to provide high-speed internet access to anyone at any point on earth.

A new type of internet,one that connects everyone, even those in the poorest and most remote locations.

One that provides, say,healthcare information to everyone, even to those without access to hospitals. One that provides educational materials to everyone, even to those without access to schools.

And what will happen then? An unprecedented amount of people will now have access to our magical tool, that they can now use to develop new technologies, that we will all eventually have to adopt and none of us want that, right?

Do you remember how hard it was to change from Myspace to Facebook? (Laughter) We don't want something like that,ever happening again.

Imagine how fast technologies would progress if the World Wide Webwere truly worldwide. A dangerous idea. And one that space technology could make happen. Because space exploration is the worst.

Now space exploration isn't just annoying,it's not just dangerous, it's also pretentious.

And if you think about it, it's actually the most egotistical thing humans have ever done.

I'm talking about using space exploration to save all of humankind. Like, literally save us from extinction. Specifically the sixth mass extinction.

Now, what I find funny is that we often refer to our planet as Mother Earth. Mother Earth, mmm!Like it cares about us or something.

But in reality, our planet has a history of killing off the creepy crawly pests that roam across its surface. In fact, over 99% of all species that have ever roamed the earth have gone extinct.

Over 99%! Many of them through one of these five major mass extinctions. Now, you may have not heard of the first four; they'd mostly to do with the CO2,carbon dioxide imbalance in the atmosphere that built up over millions and millions of years.

That last one though,that's the one that got the dinosaurs, that we think was caused by a huge asteroid impact. Now, there's a dad joke in the space industry that goes, asteroids are nature's way of asking,"Hey, how's that space program coming?"

You see, to Earth,and to the universe, we are a pest. And it's just a matter of time before the sixth major mass extinction comes along to terminateMother Earth's latest infestation.

But humans, you see, we're egotistical. We think we're better than the 99%of species that went out gracefully, went out naturally.

Because we have NASA and SpaceX developing the largest rockets humans have ever seen to bring us to Mars. Elon Musk, the CEO of SpaceX,wants to bring one million humans to Mars to colonize the Red Planet.

I'm so glad you guys get this joke! It's like backing up the human race on a Martian hard drive.

So, you see, space exploration is like human's way of saying to all the dead species that came before us, "Hey, we're better than you.We're going to be worth saving."

Which is frankly really disrespectful to all the extinct species who were too dumbto come up with a space program. If humans were more humble,we'd gracefully go like the dinosaurs. Now, space exploration is the worst.

It's the worst if you hate accurate scientific data about how our planet is changing. It's the worst if you'd like to stifle technology development for those who still live in digital darkness.

it's the worst if you'd prefer to gracefully go like the dinosaurs. Many people question why government agencies and private companies invest billions of dollars each year on space exploration and research.

These are the reasons why. Space exploration and technology is an important tool and sometimes our only tool to address certain short-term and long-term issues.

It's the only efficient way to understand how our planet is changing. It's the way we can bring our entire planet into the digital age.

It's our best strategy for ensuring the survival of the human species. So, no, space exploration is not the worst. In fact it's helping to solve some of the greatest challenges humans have ever faced.

So, I hope when you all leave here and go outside and look up at the night sky, you realize that the money that's being spent up there is really one of the greatest investments we could ever make in the seven billion of us living down here. Thank you.

What is the Space Exploration Doing For You ?

2020-10-03T09:00:00.002+05:30

People ask ALL THE TIME why we're exploring space and if that money could help people on Earth. I'm here to tell you IT ALREADY DOES HELP!

One of the biggest questions we get wheneverwe do space stories is "why are we spending all this money on space travel? What does it do for me?"

And I'm here to tell you… It does a crap-ton for you. And I’m notjust talking about stupid stuff like batteries, eyeglasses, GPS navigation, weather satellitesor global telecommunications.

because who needs THOSE things, amirite? In 1962, NASA created a program of office specifically dedicated to track Technology Utilization and Industry Applications of NASA efforts.

Since 1976, they've published an issue of what they call "Spinoff" every year,cataloging nearly 1,800 projects.

The projects are commercial ventures using tech eitherwholly developed by NASA, created in partnership or by contract with NASA, or using NASA patents,experience, technology, research, personnel, data.

Basically, if NASA wasn't around, many of these techs probably wouldn't be either.

One that caught my eye from the 2013 issueof Spinoff, was the Space Shuttle Main Engines, inspiring new solar power plants. It might not seem immediately obvious, but it stuck with me.

An SSME would kick on in temperatures as low as -423 F (217C) and burn as hot as 6,000 F (3316C) -- hotter than the boiling point of iron.

It was built for NASA, but the company that built it, took the experience of working with superheated materials and turned it into a 110-megawatt solar plant which powers 75,000 homes in Nevada.

Sunlight is concentrated onto a single point at the top of a tower, and superheated salt is used to create steam and turn turbines.

They created a company called SolarReserve which is now opening plantsall over! If you're feeling distracted, another NASAspinoff might help.

Unique Logic created a game that helps you learn to pay attention by monitoring your brainwaves!

See, NASA scientists know that too much automation makes the mind wander, and they wanted pilots to have an automated system that could tell if they were distracted..

If a pilot wandered too far off task, the flight simulator would release more controls to manual forcing them to focus. Whereas if they were on task, the sim would take over more controls.

This was in the 1980s! Today, the technology has been adapted for video gaming, the nuclear power industry, US Olympic sports, and NASCAR!

Speaking of sporting events, another spinoff is the GigaPan. You've probably seen these online.

they're giant images taken from mountain tops for building spires, or at events which let you zoom in a seemingly IMPOSSIBLE amount to see shoes, read newspapers or find faces in a crowded stadium.

The technology was originally developed for use on the Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity.

It showed up in Spin Off in 2008, when Gigapan began marketing the technology to consumers and event planners.

It works by taking hundreds of photos, and then stitching them together using software.

It creates a very compact system (perfect for space travel) and creates GIANT images (great for analyzing an alien planet).

And that's just THREE of these amazing technologies!Software designed to test the control of spacecraft long before takeoff has inspired bank fraud protection.

software for analyzing satellite images of stars was pointed at the human brain to help detect alzheimer's in MRI scans.

The number of technologies touched by manned exploration of space is incredible. So next time someone writes, "What a waste!" in the comments, link them to this video.

Oh, and point out that Tang isn't a thing.It was invented for use on the ground. Sure, NASA tried it out but it's not a thing. Let's Move past that myth.

What's your favorite space technology? I think mine might be LEDlights that help plants grow.

More food for everyone! Tell us yours down below! None of these techs would be possible without software to run the system, and we need people to write thatsoftware!

Full Sail University in Florida offers courses to help train tech professionals by blending code and real-world experience.

Students of Full Sail have hands-on access to technology on their first day, they get a discounted laptop and all the software they'll need to earn degrees in software, mobile and web development.

They offer a blend of codingAND real-world experience. Which is the best way to learn.

Why Space Research So Important !

2020-10-02T09:00:00.002+05:30

In recent years, people's interest in all countries on the planet in space exploration has soared.

Many controversies have been raised regarding whether money should be spent on Space research while there are many problems in our inhabited planet, earth and especially in Humanity.

There is poverty, financial issues. And still so much attention into Space exploration. Why? Join me.

I show you reasons why Space research is very important. We have seen NASA announcing findings in other planets, solar systems and companies such as SpaceX undergoing space projects.

For instance we have determined the approximate age of the universe, we found water on Mars, we discovered the first exoplanets in 1992, between the years of 2004 and 2005 three new dwarf planets that exist in our solar system came into our attention and so much more.

But many keep on claiming. What is the point in all of this?In order for a space exploration to happen, much money needs to be spent.

For this reason many people seem to raise questions when it comes to space exploration whether money should be spent on space missions while there are many issues that are happening in our planet that we haven’t solved, and need financial support.

So instead of exploring space, moneyshould be spent for Earth’s needs. Some others consider that, since we already visited the moon in 1969, we don’t need space travel anymore.

isn’t it enough?Well, there are many reasons why space exploration is important and I will try to explain my point of you on this topic and why space research is more significant than we think and vital to humanity.

Before we continue with the significance of space exploration, be sure to like or dislike the video so that we can continue improving and make these videos better for you the viewer.

Can you imagine the feeling the astronauts who first landed on the moon must have felt looking back at the earth? Breaking through into space travel, leaving earth and defeating gravity, taking steps on the moon?

I bet the feeling would be unique! As they had the opportunity to see earth from a distance and be the first ones to acknowledge it! Imagine being in their position!

I think many are jealous that they didn’t live this experience. For them this incident can’t be compared with anything else, and while we didn’t know at this time, this mission advanced ourHumanity, and raised the interest on figuring out the Universe!

Only good results can come out of this as we are learning who we are and becoming strong.But what is the real motive behind exploration.

Why do you want to explore and go out of yourcomfort zone instead of carrying only about what is going on on Earth?Well, the main reason why moon landing happened in 1969 and is because humans are driven to explore the unknown, discover new worlds and push the boundaries of the scientific limits.

Like it or not, we are by nature explorers who want tο push further and challenge the boundaries of what we already know and we want to always learn something new that can cause a whole new reality.

We love exploring the world, travelling abroad, visiting other countries and places, collecting memories and experiencing feelings.

The same happens on a bigger level by exploring the universe. We are never satisfied and we always want more.People try to achieve these feats for reasons that are not necessarily rational.

A few years ago we confirmed the existence of dark matter and we couldn't do that without space exploration.What is the value of this knowledge ?

It's hard to guess today.And what keeps us going is the fact that we can discover something new everyday and in this way we advance the human race.

Imagination remains our most powerful attribute and we don't want to stay stable in only one thing. That is what we do. We always explore.

We Overcome obstacles not because we have to, but because we want to. We can’t live without progress and curiosity is in our blood.

In this point we need to make clear that exploration isn't just only about curiosity though, as exploration is necessary for advancement in general.

If it wasn’t for Space exploration we wouldn’t have advanced technologies.The space research has led us to expand our scientific knowledge and have development of various technologies that improve our lives on Earth and also the economy.

The world that we have created today, is the result of several years worth of knowledge, much of which has been built through exploration.

Without space programs, we wouldn’t have access to items that we use in our daily lives. For instance, we wouldn’t have GPS, accurate weather prediction solar cells, camera phones, wireless headsets, computer mice or even laptops.Incredibly useful tools that we take for granted today.

So we need to understand that by advancing our technological tools for Space research,at the same time we advance the technology we use for human amenities.

The next time someone considers that space exploration is a waste of money that could be used here on Earth, must think about all the tools that have been developed as a direct result of the space industry.

It contributes so much more to technology than we think but now you have a taste! By paying too much attention to advancing technologies, many jobs can be created regarding this field.

Especially many young people are being encouraged to study science to help technology to be improved.Also what may not cross our mind is the fact that in space they undergo medical research in order to find ways to cure diseases and prolong human lives and these experiments can't be done on Earth.

‘’Exomedicine’ allows discoveries to happen otherwise it would be impossible. So it is vital to keep on exploring as it could save human lives.

SoIf the achievements of medicine continue, we will have two momentous results: a reduction in mortality and an increase in life expectancy.

These admittedly positive results will lead to an increasing global population, which will face problems of housing and food.

The fact that we can address fundamental questions about our place in the Universe and the history of our solar system and comprehend where we belong and who we are, automatically make us more intelligent, and give to the human race a positive sign.

We expand our horizons, and whenever we make a great new leap like the moon landings, we elevate humanity.

We Understand better our nature and we can be protected by threats from natural phenomena.

In order to be able to effectively protect our planet, we must first find out why it is so different from other planets, in geology, oceans and its atmosphere.

We need to understand that we are part of something bigger than us and we have to observe it all the time.As far as we know, we are the only intelligent beings in the universe that have to play that role.

The role of explorer. By elevating humanity, we improve the perspective of humanity. And by that I mean that space exploration has encouraged important international collaboration that can help to lessen political tension between different nations.

So we actall as one in order to find what benefits us all. The costs of space services around the world are an investment in the future of high-tech industries.

But space is an opportunity not only to discover new worlds and build advanced technologies, but also to work together towards a greater goal regardless of nationality, race or gender.

If we stop working together,we'll stop being human. In 1993, the United States and Russia agreed to merge their separate space station plans into a single facility. So Space is a place where different religions can come together.

Now let’s get deeper to the point as space research can save our lives. Yes. Earth is in danger and space seems to be the solution.

I will try to explain it as clearly as I can. We know there is at least one advanced civilization that can destroy ecosystems, species, atmospheres, weather patterns and everything in general.And I think we all know this civilization.

It’s our civilization. Humanity. Spreadingout may be the only thing that saves us from ourselves. We are running out of natural resources due to overconsumption. We also treat mother nature in a disrespectful way and we cause environmental damage.

Our population and our pollution have severely damaged our planet already and we are experiencing the consequences or erratically damaged global climate. According To a 2012 survey, most scientists estimate that earth can handle around and there is a capacity of between eight and six billion people and we are already above seven.

So you understand that we have harmed our planet a lot. But still there is a way of helping ourselves.

By switching to renewable energy resources like solar. And the best way to succeed to manufacture and implement super solar technology is in the freezing vacuum of Space.

We are able to utilize and benefit from efficient solar arrays here on Earth.So to be in touch with outer space has urgent importance.Also, there are many asteroids that could wipe out our earth and us.

According to, NASAabout one time every ten thousand years, an asteroid smashes into Earth and it causes any damage. But there are also bigger asteroids that we need to take into consideration more,and feel more worried as a large enough asteroid could unleash a fire storm, feeling the atmosphere with dust, and making life impossible to exist.

Finally, the ultimate cause of destruction and therefore the reason for expanding our living space is the transformation of theSun into a red giant, which due to expansion will swallow the Earth and its other planets.

This will happen in a few billion years, but it will certainly happen, even if the previous two have not happened.

You can understand that we need to explore to help humanity existand contribute to the continuation of our species.

We need to venture out on Space instead of standing still. So colonizing other bodies in the solar system is a way to create a “backup” of humanity that will survive no matter what happens to Earth.

So if we understand the laws of the Universe, and find other habitable planets, we could save humanity. We need to take care of our survival and it will mostly depend on our colonization somewhere else.

By spending the money on space missions today,we help the future generations establish colonies elsewhere in the solar system, giving humanity another chance. In order to survive though, we need to have the same conditions with earth.

Scientists have found other planets that look like the Earth. The most well known and closer to usis Mars. Although this planet is barren and inhospitable, has the potential to become habitable through the long and complex process of neoplasia.

We explore space because it drives us to better ourselves. In order for Humanity to exist and continue to be improved, exploration needs to keep on going as we are always going to learn something new that will benefit us.

Space research is the way of approaching the unknown and keeps us interested in learning more! That is what keeps us alive!

Thanks for watching everyone! I would really like to know your opinion regarding Space Research. Are you in favor of searching or not? Do you think that we consume a lot of missions that we shouldn’t ?

Do you agree with the importance of meeting habitable planets for the continuation of Humanity? Let me know, in the comments below.

Space Science Fair

2020-10-01T09:00:00.004+05:30

Space Science fair.

I was talking to a friend saying, "Oh , I know. I can write a blog about the science fair, and you know talk about how much it SUCKS!' And she said, "Oh, at my school, we didn't do the science fair."

That got me wondering. Did other people not do the science fair? So, I did my own science experiment on Twitter. I did a poll and asked you guys if you even DID the science fair and whether or not you enjoyed doing it.

And 58% of said you DIDN'T have to do the science fair! Like, that was way more than I expected! That's the majority.

I renamed this group of people ``the lucky ones''. And when I asked if you enjoy doing it, 21% of you said you did enjoy it, and 21% of you said you didn't. I know Twitter polls aren't the most accurate sources of data, but I think it's safe to say this is a pretty split issue.

Now I'm in the 21% of people who DIDN'T enjoy the science fair. And don't get me wrong. I LOVE science! Well, OK. That might not be true. I really hated biology. And CHEMISTRY, that was - that was just a mess. But physics, physics was ok? Maybe I don't like science.

I just like space and watching these. Bill and Neil, they're my BUDDIES. Except Neil did hurt my feelings one time. We'll get back to that later. Alright, so let me briefly go over what the science fair is for you lucky ones who didn't have to deal with that.

Apparently, it's a very "American" thing, right guys? (Herotic, lightsen, Grian, and I Hate Everything saying they agree) Basically, we started doing them, I want to say around 4th grade, and we do this every year up until the 10th grade.

The whole class would spend all day researching a topic that interests them. And then, we would have to come up with a question that we can run an experiment on.

An example of these questions are, "Does the temperature of a battery effect how long it will last?" "What color light produces the most heat?" "How does the shape of a rocket's fins affect its travel?" All of which are projects I did.

Basically, this was supposed to teach you about the scientific method, but what it really did was teach us how to procrastinate and make up data.

And on paper, you might think, "Oh, that sounds like fun! I wish MY school did the science fair." NO! Here are some flaws with the science fair. First, you got the option to work with a partner. And of course you WANT to work with a partner so you can split up the work and not do as much.

Now since I... didn't have any friends, I would partner up with someone that no one else wanted to partner up with. But they wouldn't do any of the WORK! I only did the science fair with a partner ONCE. From 5th grade on, I did my science fair projects alone.

The second problem is that we had to come up with a question all on our own. And you gotta understand.

We were just KIDS! We don't think as cognitively as scientists do, OK? Just a couple years ago, we still believed in Santa Claus. Except for me. My family didn't do Santa Claus.

And now you want us to wonder if the ratio of a cylinder will affect its buoyancy? Like, come on! And also, we don't have access to any resources.

You know, the science fair is a lot like an episode of Mythbusters. But what sets apart the Mythbusters from your average 4th grader is that they're really smart engineers who have access to explosives.

While we can't drive to Walmart ourselves. We have to ask our parents to take us. One year, I wanted to do an experiment on a certain type of soil.

So, I did research, I wrote everything all up. But then, when I went to Home Depot to buy the soil, THEY DIDN'T EVEN HAVE IT! So, I had to pick a NEW topic and start all over again! Now do you see why I think the science fair SUCKS? So OK.

I think it would have been better in elementary school if we were assigned a question. I know the whole point of these things is about discovery, but we're all stupid, OK? I guess if you're anything like me and you chose a crappy question, you'll have a bad science fair.

My very first science fair after all day researching possible questions, me and my partner came up with a question, "What time of the day is the hottest?" Now, I already know the answer to this question and in 4th grade, I'm pretty sure I knew the answer to this question, too.

It's noon. (Actually, it's around 3 P.M) Like, I don't need to run an experiment on that. In fact, I can just go to Google and seriously type "weather" and BOOM! There's my data right there.

No need for an experiment. But the science fair isn't just finding the answer to your question. No, no, no, no, no. First after you researched the topic, you have to write a hypothesis.

A hypothesis is basically you GUESSING what you think the result of the experiment will be, but you don't write it down like "I think this will happen." No. You write like you KNOW what's gonna happen. A formula. (giggles) Formula. Science.

For a perfect hypothesis is "If blank, then blank, because blank." Let's use my battery experiment. I said, "Does the temperature of a battery affect how long it will last?

So, after doing research on how batteries work, a hypothesis for this experiment would be: IF two double batteries are used at different temperatures, THEN, the battery in the hot temperature will not last as long, BECAUSE the battery's fluid will evaporate which damages... the internal structure of the battery. Spoiler alert. No. No, it doesn't.

I put 2 batteries outside, 2 in the freezer, I let them sit in, and then I plugged them into my Game Boy Advance and they lasted the exact same amount of time. I learned nothing.

So, you also have to write the materials you use for the experiment. Then, you have to write the steps to do the experiment. The "procedures". And you also have to write an introduction. Basically just bullcrap-ing what you're gonna do.

Then, you do the experiment A.K.A the FUN part. Make sure to write down your results, because you have to make a graph. You HAVE TO! How do make a graph to show that batteries at different temperatures lasted the same amount of time?

They did. (giggles silently) You think you're done, right? But no! You gotta write up the results as if your graph didn't already perfectly depict that! AND a conclusion. The conclusion is like the most INSULTING part of the science fair. You basically go through this checklist of questions that you answer. Was your hypothesis correct?

No, my hypothesis was not correct. What mistakes could you have made in your experiment? I don't know. Maybe I took the batteries out of the cold and hot and put them in a room temperature Gameboy and in a couple of minutes, they both went to room temperature.

I don't know. How can others use this information you found? Wha-t? WHAT DO YOU MEAN!? All the batteries lasted the SAME. I don't think anybody's gonna put their batteries in their freezer to have LITERALLY no effect! Alright, and then you take everything you wrote, print it out, and slap it onto a poster board.

And everyone, and I mean everyone, would use construction paper as a border around the text to give the poster board a good aesthetic. I think the second most fun part of the science fair was choosing what WordArt font you would use for your title.

Oh, and by the way, the teachers told us to have a creative title to catch people's attention. Like that was part of the assignment! We got graded on the title. Basically, they were telling us to create puns. For a grade.

If you're doing a project that's measuring plant growth, "Ready, set, grow!" That was a very popular choice. And then everyone took their poster boards and presented it in front of the whole class.

Those were the three most boring days of science ever. Except for the day you presented. That was the most stressful day. And then after all that, everyone in the school put their poster boards up in the cafeteria and y'know, then it was fun to walk around and see how other people decorated their poster board.

And you can always tell whose mom helped them. So overall, I didn't have a good time. Those 21% of people did enjoy it, I'm glad you liked it. But me and the other 21% of people think you're huge nerds.

And when I asked that Twitter question, I had some people messaging me saying, "Yeah, I got third place and all I had was a cup of dirt. Ha, ha, ha, ha." And that made me wonder... "Wait, it was a competition?" So, I think the key to a good science fair is to come up with a good question and also do a topic that you actually enjoy.

One science fair, I did an experiment on rockets and I had a blast. (giggles) That would have been a good title. But for another year, I did "What color light is the hottest?" I just shined a lamp at a thermometer and switched out the bulbs. I know I'll let Neil say what he thinks about that whole project.

OK, red light is warmer than blue light. Interesting discovery, but not exactly revolutionary. (sadly inhales) (hurr) Thanks, Neil. Yeah, just completely discredited all my research. I'm fine. So, moral of the story.

If you need an idea for a science fair project, do it on rockets. You don't even need a question. Just launch model rockets. Hey guys. Do you think tea is– is gross? (Lightsen) Yeah. (Herotic) Yep. (Grian) Absolutely. (IHE) Mmm hm. (giggles) Hey, do you think that it should be called "soccer" instead of "football"? (Lightsen) Yeah.

(Herotic) Yep. (Grian) Absolutely. (IHE) Mmm hm. This is– this is too much power for one person to have. So let me just give you some updates about the merch store, OK? I was originally just going to sell t-shirts, but then I contacted someone else and we got talking and...

I don't wanna spoil anything, but it's more than t-shirts now. I'm just waiting for it to arrive in the mail so I can make a proper announcement video about it, but it's BIG. (that's what she said) Sorry it took longer than expected. Hopefully, it will be worth the wait.

Also, big thanks to my UK friends who were nice enough to send me audio of them agreeing to everything. Speaking of science, hey guys. Do you think the metric system is a stupid way of measuring things? (Lightsen) Yeah. (Herotic) Yep. (Grian) Absolutely. (IHE) Mmm hm. Hey guys.

Do you think that you should wear your seat belt? (Lightsen) Yeah. (Herotic) Yep. (Grian) Absolutely. (IHE) Mmm hm. (Herotic) I have cancer.

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Sir Story

2020-09-20T19:00:00.015+05:30

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Sir Story

The missile man of India has passed away from the Earth, but it their work remains in our mind that it gives me the inspirations for long period of time.

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

I personally feel the most appreciable person in my life, that's why whenever we learn anything around us, we will also trying to shared that knowledge to other those who needs.

This type of gratitude will ignite the mind of of various students and teachers those who work in the field of science and technology and as field of humanity will be grown the most familiar with various branches of science and technology that we will be not seen before.

What we learn from Dr. Kalam's life ?

Dr Kalam's life is too much attractive to the the young guys and also giving the the kind inspirations throughout their journey on their hard working to build strong foundation for anyone those who interested to learn from their life.

As a student Dr Kalam learn so much things within there college period as a graduate of physics in 1954. He also study lots of scientific and technological adventures and puts in their actual study of engineering.

The teacher of Kalams are much engagement with their studies and their behaviour as most supportive towards their hard working and they always guide to the Kalam in right directions to pursue their dreams.

From my opinion I am always be going on the direction of kalams inspirations to succeed in my work with great honesty and consistency. If you have dream then you also have dedication to succeed it in actual reality.

Kalam's role as a scientist ?

The Kalam as a scientist work in DRDO after graduating from Madras institute of technology with engineering stream in aerospace engineering.

Their work ok has so much designer tattoo words development of Nova missiles and their functioning.

After that all the space agency of India also looking towards their work's and as a part of INCOSPAR committee the Vikram Sarabhai selects the Kalam as a space scientist in ISRO in the year of 1969.

The major breakthrough done by the Dr. Kalam and their team as PSLV rocket development for Indian space program.

We will also remember his various achievements for India's various rockets and their successful launchers of satellites.

From their journey he also served as the chief scientific advisor to PMO and DRDO secretary. Their contribution in pokhran-II nuclear test was very respective towards their career goes from as a student to the space scientist of ISRO.

The 11th President of India "Dr. Kalam"

He is known as "People's President of India" for their simplicity and kindness towards his life style, even when he appointed the 11th president of india.

How this great position also not attracted Kalam's towards any missuesd the postion and store any extra money and assets. After the retirement of kalams as president he only comes with some of his books and daily life necessary things with him.

That's type of gratitude has not found me personally from any person who serves that kinds of higher postion within Government of India (GOI).

What he give to "India" ?

I am firstly ask to you, what things he not given to India ?

Their are lots of working done in field of science and technology for our country after independence, India needs million's of kalams to grow our nation with great prosperity.

ISRO Ready for launched GISAT-1, RISAT-2BR2, Microsat-2A and GSAT-12R Satellites in 2020

2020-09-19T19:00:00.017+05:30

ISRO Ready for launched GISAT-1, RISAT-2BR2, Microsat-2A and GSAT-12R Satellites in 2020

Hello Friends, Welcome to our blog Kalam India. Today's I am give you proper information about ISRO news upcoming launches. So let's me know how isro planned missions of pending satellites lauches due to Covid-19 delayed. To know more about ISRO satellites for telecommunication like GISAT-1 Launch postponed in March 05 2020 due to some technical reasons. Finally we will comes to isro satellites lauches in 2020 as per Isro officials announcement.

Launch Vehicle

ISRO news upcoming launches

According to ISRO officials, ISRO building total 12 satellites in the FY 2019-20, Out of 12 satellites eight satellites lauches already, but four remaining to launch within the year 2020 end. The satellites design of all the four satellites named, GISAT-1, Microsat-2A, GISAT12R and RISAT-2BR2 are totally different from each other. That's why more complex this mission to launch satellites in exact orbits.

ISRO banglore based centre announced the upcoming launches of the four remaining satellites out 12 planned in the year 2019-20. This news conform by the official of UR Rao Satellites Centre, Director Dr. P. Kunhikrishnan.

ISRO satellites lauches in 2020

In the year 2020 ISRO only lauches one satellite named, GSAT-30 by the Launch Vehicle Ariane-5 VA-251. This satellite used in the application of Communication for earth based stations.

GSAT-30 is one the telecommunication satellites lauched successfully in Geo Synchronous Orbits (GTO) by Ariene Rocket on 17 Jan 2020. This satellite belonging to the category of INSAT and GSAT satellites series to provide Communication services in C and Ki bands.

ISRO also waiting for fresh announcements of latest missions of the year 2020-21. For more information visit isro.gov.in .

ISRO satellites for telecommunication

ISRO First Communication satellite INSAT-1A lauched on April 10 1982 by launch vehicle Delta, but they failed in orbit. The journey of India's Telecommunication Communication start from 1982 till date 2020, around 40 to 42 satellites lauched and out of them 39 lauches successful.

India's Most of the Communication satellites lauched by the Ariene Rocket of European Space Agency (ESA) and Remaining by our ISRO's most trustable rockets PSLV & GSLV.

The ISRO's Indian National Satellite (INSAT) is the constellation of huge domestic telecommunication satellites ever building in Asia-Pacific Region. More on advanced technology GSAT series of Communication satellite comes into picture with great precision and accuracy with more and more features increases.

ISRO planned missions

1. Chandrayaan-3: This mission will expected to launches till 2021. In this mission Lunar Lander, Rover including as like Chandrayaan-2 mission. But Due to Chandrayaan-2 mission connection lost at time moon landing, ISRO Scientists takes extra care in this mission.

Some of the advancement such as propulsion module to attempt soft landing on lunar surface added with extra modification. This mission will launch using the india's most powerful rocket GSLV M-IIII with finding of ₹75 crore (US$ 11 Million).

2. Gaganyaan: This was the india's crew mission under the Human Spaceflight Programme initiated in the year 2021. The participation of HAL, DRDO & ISRO most crucial while the first unmanned crew experiment conducted in the year 2014.

This mission has delayed due to Covid-19 comes in India, that's why the team of Haman Spaceflight Centre again start their working as possible as situation gets normal.

3. Lunar Polar Exploration Mission: This mission was jointly organised by both space agency called JAXA (Japan) and ISRO. The aim of this mission was Explorer the part of moon which not being scratch by any one till date. We will waiting for update on this mission as some information comes From officials sources.

4. Aditya L-1: India's first solar mission called Aditya L-1 launch by 2022. The main aim of this mission was studies the solar corona in visible and Infrared Region (IR). The duration of this mission was 5 years from launch and launch by the rocket PSLV-XL.

More of the mission also planned according statement by officials, such as, NISAR, RISAT-1A, Mangalyaan-2, Shukrayaan-1, etc.

So in this article I am giving the brief summary about what's going on the ISRO's latest updates about satellites and their launches. If you have any questions regarding this article put in comment section below. Also giving your suggestions on my contact e-mail: ypbhamare07@gmail.com.

Thanks for reading this article, share and enjoy our latest articles by visiting our blog regularly.

NewSpace India limited insights and facts for upsc 2021

2020-09-17T09:00:00.299+05:30

NSIL | Credit: Wikipedia

ISRO NEW COMMERCIAL ARM NewSpace India Limited Current Affairs 2021.

WHAT JUST HAPPENED?

NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) was officially inaugurated in Bengaluru by the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) as new commercial arm.

ABOUT NEWSPACE INDIA LIMITED (NSIL)

The Department of Space (DoS) registered its second commercial entity called NSIL in ISRO On 6 March 2019.

The Antrix was set up in September 1992 to market products and services of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and first commercial venture of DoS was Antrix Corporation Limited.

Research and development (R&D) activities carried out by ISRO in area of space was incorporated for commercially utilising with the help of NSIL.

An authorised share capital by government of India (GOI) of Rs 100 crore and starting paid up capital of Rs 10 crore.

NSIL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITY

This will act as an aggregator for all space activities in industry with ISRO.

They will also building concrete private entrepreneurship in space related technologies and startup.

This will be responsible for production and manufacturing of commercially successful Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV).

Also incorporate with Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) spacecraft launchers via technology transfer mechanisms.

UPSC Perspective Syllabus :

Prelims Syllabus : Space Technology

Mains Syllabus : Awareness In The Fields Of It, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-Technology, Bio-Technology

Why in news?

NSIL has been incorporated as a fully owned GoI Undertaking or Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) as like BPCL, IOCL(In Oil Industry).

An Antrix Corporation Ltd is another PSU under the Department of Space(DoS) that acts as an commercial arm of the ISRO same as NSIL.

It Actually working under the administrative control of Department of Space (DOS).

It's primary goals to commercially exploit the research and development (R&D) work of ISRO Centres and collaborative units of DOS.

NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) would boost Indian Industries to grown up high-technology and innovation with manufacturing and production base for meeting the growing needs of Indian space programme.

They also be further spur the scale of Indian Industries in the space sector for sustainable time.

Functions of NSIL:

Manufacturing, Development and marketing of Space based products, services, including launch of satellites and application.

With the global rich of experience start's marketing spin-off technologies and services, both in India and abroad through chieper cost.

Small Scale Satellite through technology transfer(TT) to industry, wherein NSIL will obtain license from DOS/ISRO and sub-license it to industries.

Manufacturing & Development of Small Scale Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) in collaboration with Private Sector to building proper hold on technology rich.

Most private players grown with Transfer of technology (TT) developed by ISRO Centres and constituent units of DOS.

Manufacturing & Production of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and May be Geo Synchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV) through Indian Industry.

Foreign Private Companies in Space

Blue Origin & SpaceX

Space exploration: Companies breach new frontiers.

1. SpaceX. Founded in 2002 by Elon Musk.

2. Blue Origin.

3. Virgin Galactic.

4. Bigelow Aerospace.

5. Sierra Nevada Corporation, etc.

The Difference Between ISRO and NASA

2020-09-16T09:00:00.049+05:30

NASA and Israel have impacted the world and opened up a whole new world ?

humanity to achieve in space exploration Welcome back to another episode of for facts.

So there's a lot to cover in this blog And before I do that Don't forget to leave a comment on this blog post if you love learning about outer space.

Space technology And for all of you who are new faces to space facts, just go ahead.

ISRO and NASA

Add bookmark that my blog and also shared with your friends.

So I'm just gonna jump right in and first up. I'm gonna start with the space agency It's row is Row is a six largest space agency in the world.

It stands for the Indian Space Research Organization, and it was founded in August 15 1969.

It operates under the Department of space which is under the government of India It's row has its headquarters in Bengaluru, Karnataka India.

Its primary Spaceport is the Satish Dhawan Space Center and that's located in Andhra Pradesh, India. Spaceport can also be called a cosmodrome.

It's a site for launching or receiving spacecraft, similar to an airport for airplanes or a seaport for boats in this case.

It's a spaceport Now this row has a vision.

That is to harness space Technology for national development while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration.

As you know space exploration and research is quite expensive according to the most recent estimates Israel has a budget of 1.6 billion dollars to work with.

The organization has sixteen thousand seventy two staff members Moving on now to NASA is the number one largest Space Agency in the world.

NASA stands for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

NASA is an independent agency of the United States government and it's responsible for the civilian space program as well as Aeronautics.

Which is the science or the art involved with the study design and manufacturing aircrafts and aerospace research.

NASA was formed on July 29 to 1958 and their headquarters is at the two quares better known as simply just the NASA headquarters in Washington DC in the United States.

NASA is led by Administrator Jim brine Steen and he's NASA's 13th administrator.

The total employees working at NASA is 17,000 336 and they have a budget of 20 point seven billion Dollars.

All of this is in place just to fulfill the vision of the agency.

Learn about NASA Science Live.

Which is we reach for new heights and reveal the unknown for the benefit of humanity Now that I shared all of that information.

I want to get more into what these space agencies actually do so for its mission is clear the main objective of is to use space technology and its application for various tasks.

The indian space program was driven by the vision of Vikram Sarabhai.

He's considered the father of the indian space program and he said back in the year 1969.

There are some who questioned the relevance of space activities in the developing nation to us.

There's no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with the Economically advanced nations in the exploration of the moon or the planet or manned spaceflight.

But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally.

Also in the community of nations We must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society now in Israel's headquarters.

It coordinates programs like satellite communication, earth observation, disaster management support, sponsored research schemes.

Also contract management, international cooperation, safety, reliability, publications and public relations budget and economic analysis of civil engineering.

Human resource development is now getting into more specifics of what NASA does as an agency so nasa operates and maintains Communication satellites.

The Major Development In Space !

It monitors and manages large portions of the International Space Station Including you know supplying it Experiments astronaut health.

It trains new astronauts and it operates and maintains satellites that monitor whether as well as satellites that monitor the Sun stars and nebulae.

CO2 Atmospheric levels as well as a whole bunch of other things having to do with space and launching stuff up there.

I mean like listening to what NASA does would take up a whole new blog post in and of itself ?

NASA is a massive organization and they have different facilities Responsible for research construction and communication centers and some facilities serve more than one purpose.

Now we have a bit more of an idea of what these agencies are and what they do.

Their size and all of that but the question now is how did these agencies actually get to where they are?

Where they had their start when we look at history the Space Research activities began in early 1960s.

When the Tokyo Olympics Games broadcasted live across is Pacific by the American satellite called sync comp 3.

This Broadcast really demonstrated the power of communication satellites.

Dr Vikram Sarabhai who was at the time the director of the physical research laboratory, he saw how space technologies could benefit India.

He took a look and he assembled a team of brilliant scientists anthropologists and communicators and social science from all different parts of India to lead the Indian space Program.

That's when the in Coast bar or the Indian National Committee for Space Research was formed.

In the year 1967 the first experimental satellite communication earth station or the es CES for short was operationalized.

Then in Coast bar eventually grew into the Indian Space Research Organization.

Beginning of Space Race ?

ISRO in 1969 now established That a satellite system can contribute to national development.

The next logical step was the satellite instructional television Experiment or site for short which spells out site.

This was seen as the largest sociological experiment in the world during 1975 to 1976.

The experiment benefited around 200,000 people covering 2,400 different villages of six different states.

It transmitted programs using the American technology Known as the 80s during this period the first Indian spacecraft the aryabhata.

Was developed and was launched using a Soviet launcher, now another major landmark was the development of the first launch vehicle the slv-3.

With a capability to place 40 kilograms in low-earth orbit which had its first successful flight in the year 1980.

This Is it paved the way for learning about launch vehicle design for more complex missions.

So that was some of the early history of Istra and for NASA This began during the late 1940s during the late 1940s.

The Department of Defense pursued research and rocketry and upper atmospheric sciences as a means of assuring American leadership in technology.

The major step forward came when President Dwight D Eisenhower approved a plan to orbit a scientific satellite.

As part of the International Geophysical Year or the igy and this was during the period of July 1st 1957 to December 31st 1958.

This was a cooperative effort to gather scientific data about the earth the Soviet Union quickly followed suit Announcing their plans to orbit its own satellites.

Now the Naval Research Laboratories project Vanguard was chosen on the 9th of September 1955 to support the effort.

The project Vanguard got some major publicity throughout the second half of the year 1955 and 1956 because the technical demands were too much.

the funding was way too small then a huge full-scale crisis resulted on October 4th 1957.

One of the Soviets launched Sputnik one the world's first artificial satellite As its entry in the more immediately the United States launched its first Earth satellite on January 31st 1958.

The United States also began a series of scientific missions to the moon and planets in the latter parts of 1950s.

In the early 1960s as a direct result of this Sputnik crisis NASA began operations on October 1st 1958 absorbing itself into the early National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

Its 8,000 employees as well as an annual budget of a hundred million dollars and its major research laboratories.

it quickly incorporated other Organizations into this new agency and then NASA began to conduct space missions within months of its creation.

Tat was an inside look into the early history of escrow and NASA, So since then what were some of the major successes of these space agencies ?

Let's first look at NASA So since establishment most United States space exploration efforts have been led by NASA Including the Apollo moon landing missions.

The Skylab space station and later the Space Shuttle NASA supports the International Space Station and oversees the development of the Orion multi-purpose crew vehicle.

the Space Launch System and the Commercial Crew vehicles now just looking at some more of NASA's accomplishments and successes on May 5th 1961.

Astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space During a 15-minute suborbital flight in his Freedom 7 Mercury capsule on May 25th 1961.

Shortly after Alan Shepard's flight President John F Kennedy announced America's goal to land humans on the moon before the end of the decade on June 3rd 1965.

To know more about Sanskrit and Space.

The first American spacewalk by Ed White testing out spacesuit technology happened December 24th 1968 the Apollo 8 crew saw the earth while orbiting the moon for the first Time.

Probably one of the most historic events happened on July 20th 1969 in Apollo 11.

Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to walk on the moon on August 20th and September 9th 1975.

NASA launched the first spacecraft to Mars Viking 1 and 2 and they became the first US mission to land safely on Mars and return images of Mars's surface on April 25th 1990.

The Hubble Space Telescope Was deployed and then on December 5th 2014 NASA's Orion capsule completed.

It's first space flight test and that's the only naming a few Accomplishments.

Now, let's see what Strog has accomplished and succeeded in building India's first satellite the Aryabhata.

Which was launched by the Soviet you on April 19th 1975 also in the year 1980 rohini became the first satellite to be placed in orbit by the Indian made launch vehicle the Slv-3.

India's & USA Space Sector Contribution !

History subsequently developed two other rockets, the polar satellite launch vehicle or the PSLV for launching satellites into polar orbits.

The geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle the GSLV for placing satellites into Geostationary orbits.

These Rockets have launched numerous Communication satellites and earth observation satellites as well as several satellite navigation Systems have been deployed in January 2014.

Israel used an indigenous cryogenic engine in the GSLV D5 launch for the gsat at 14 also israel sent a lunar orbiter the chandrayaan-1 on october 22nd 2008.

As well as a mars orbiter on the 5th of november 2013 Which entered Mars's orbit on the 24th of september 2014.

This made India the first nation to succeed on its first attempts to Mars and Israel the fourth space agency in the world as well as his first space agency in Asia to reach Mars's orbit .

There's also a big success on June 18 2016 Where is row set a record with a launch of 20 satellites in a single payload.

This included a satellite from Google his Roe had also launched its heaviest rocket geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle mark 2 on June 5th 2017.

Place a Communication satellite the GSI 19 in orbit with this launch Israel became capable of launching four ton heavy Satellites into orbit now to end off this episode.

Honestly I have so much appreciation for the men and women who have contributed to space exploration in any way.

Thank You ISRO, Thank you Israel, Thank You NASA for your contribution, and I can't wait to see what discoveries are made next Thank you everyone for learning with me.

NASA Asteroid Warning 2029

2020-09-11T09:00:00.007+05:30

Nasa Asteroid Warning

How dangerous is 99942 Apophis ?

Something is going to hit the Earth again.

There was an impact in Siberia within the last decade that was caused by an object about 20 meters across.

It broke up in the atmosphere and created a big shockwave. It was 10 times the size of the Hiroshima nuclear explosion.

It injured about a 1000 people of the town of Chelyabinsk. Of course, if you imagined this happening with a greater population density.

How NASA stop asteroid hit to earth ?

The purpose of the DART mission is to take your spacecraft, and you ram it into an asteroid to change the orbit so it won't hit the Earth.

We're not just trying to figure out how to deal with what's coming.

No, we're actually going to go out there and we're gonna try to stop it.

Defense is all great, but you do need to score points.

Earth gets hit by asteroids and small debris all the time, but most of the asteroids break up in the atmosphere.

All of the bigger asteroids have been cataloged, like the dinosaur killers that are 10 kilometers or 1 kilometers plus.

At this point, what we're looking for are things that are smaller that if they were to hit the Earth, it would create a regional impact.

Asteroid impacts that are big enough to cause damage and cause real problems are rare, but the stakes are really high.

So the problem with an asteroid impact is that the Earth is going around the sun, an asteroid is going around the sun, and they both wanna be in the same place at the same time.

It's been over the past 20years that Planetary Defense has started to be taken seriously after an impact into Jupiter by a comet in the mid '90s.

This impact into SiberiaI think also opened a few more eyes.

In 2016, the Planetary Defense Coordination Office was set up in NASA to demonstrate that we can do something about an asteroid impact if something is coming in.

A nuclear device, for a long time it has been the only tool that people considered.

but the concern with dispersing an asteroid is that now you have two or five or 15 things and the pieces aren't that much smaller.

where will the 2029 asteroid hit ?

What we want to do is understand those orbits for all the asteroids that might come close to the Earth.

Then it becomes a matter of picking the new orbit you want for the asteroid and then changing its speed.

If you have 20 or 30 years to do that, then you only need to change the speed by a millimeter a second or less and then it'll miss the Earth entirely.

The purpose of the DART mission as a whole is to test how this technique of a kinetic impactor would work if we ever needed to use it to deflect an asteroid.

Didymos is a binary asteroid system, so there is a main body and it has a satellite.

We call those Didymos A and Didymos B. By going to a binary asteroid system for the DART mission the scale is much smaller.

Didymos B is moving around only at maybe 50 centimeters a second.

so if you change the speed by a millimeter a second, that is pretty easy to measure, given our capabilities.

The awesome thing is our DART board, because one should have one with Didymos B on it.

Over here which is the, this is the main asteroid and then Didymos B's clearly where everybody hits.

So it's the counting down to the time we start the spacecraft INT where the whole spacecraft comes together.

So we're very excited. 163 days is a very short amount of time. It's insane. So DART is launching ona SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket in July of 2021.

Each one of the NASAmissions has, you know, the main objective. So our most important one is redirecting the moon of an asteroid.

Our second most important one, change its rotation period about 73 seconds.

Our third objective is on the ground they're going to spend some time looking at the rotational period and are able to figure out how much we changed the period.

where is apophis now ?

Then our last objective is, when we're going to hit it, we're going to create a plume.

It's called an ejecta and people want to be able to measure how much that plume helps push the moon along the way.

The DART mission is a technology demonstrator for NASA.

We're demonstrating not only our first planetary defense technique, we are demonstrating the NEXT-C Ion Engine.

We're demonstrating the Roll Out Solar Arrays, which is basically solar cells on big blankets and they provide a lot of power to the spacecraft and they're super lightweight.

But the most important one, of course, is SmartNav and that's what allows us to hit the asteroid.

Didymos B is about 160 meters, so about the size of the Washington Monument. It takes us about 12 months to get to the asteroid.

We're going at about 15,000 miles an hour, which means that we're going to be going from New York to D.C. in one minute.

As we get closer in,about eight hours out, we turn on all our systems, we're starting to stream pictures back to Earth.

The spacecraft is still under ground control, though, and at four hours out, we turn it over to the smart navigation system.

All we see is essentially one bright dot that might be about two to three pixels large and that's the Didymos system.

All the folks that are gonna be in the mock behind me here, they're just gonna be listening.

they're not doing anything else, and the spacecraft itself is going to control what it's doing and is going to target the asteroid.

At 80 minutes out is when Didymos B starts popping out from behind Didymos A, starting at one, two pixels.

We're trying to aim for the center but imagine a center of a dog bone.

Where exactly are you trying to get to?

So what you're trying to do, by SmartNav, is trying to create an envelope of what you think this moon might be like, even though you don't know the shape.

Parts of it could be completely dark and you don't actually see them and yet you're still trying to go for the center.

It's very hard. - My biggest thing is to test the Smart Nav algorithm to death.

We use many different asteroid models, run a bunch of simulations and see that the algorithm performs as we expect it to.

Then it's not until about two minutes out that we're able to completely see the whole moon in this field of view.

We have this communication delay of about a minute and a half.

That time delay for any decision making process for humans in the loop in real time, especially at the speed that we are traveling, is essentially impossible.

Then it's going to perform the impact. You're kind of done at the moment of impact, and if you miss it, that's really not good.

Galaxy of Horrors | NASA Science Live Episode 10

2020-09-10T09:00:00.027+05:30

Galaxy of Horrors

Hello and welcome to NASA Science Live.

The scenes and get to know your space agency. I'm your host, Yogesh Bhamare.

Take you on a journ to the darkest corners. Where invisible forces draw galaxy's together as dark energy rips them apart.

Travel the worlds with unmachining able itions, Pairless to humans.

First, we'll start at the far reaches of the milky way and exe terrifying planets that orbit other stars.

Then, we'll come a bit closer to come by exploring some of the who are eerie environments.

Have you ever heard radio waves from saturn?

You will today. Then we'll dive into the dark forces a in our universe, dark energy and dark matter.

Come at us now if you dare and discover the galaxy of horrors. Feel the of terror, the killers you never see coming.

With winds of up to 5400 miles per hour and rains of glass blowing sideways.

This hazy blow torched atmosphere is rid told with particles making this an unearthy death trap no one would want to face.

Discover the zombie world that exists in this host part of the galaxy poleter geist planet.

Despite its demise this undead star spins twin beams of radiatat could incinerate a space shift foolish enough to venture too close.

Even if you could make it to the surface, your nightmares would continue as the radiation from the zombie star rains down on planet.

Poltergeist as well as they are neighboring dead world creating sickly awards to light up your certain death.

These are the sample of the unwelcoming worlds that inhabit our worlds galaxy of horrors. that was terrifying.

We are going to introduce you to the plagued minds behind these chilling works of dark art.

Let's head over to our friends on the west coast at the jet propulsion laboratory.

This planet is called hd 189773b. It's called a hot jupiter. It orbits closer to the star.

It's 10 times close than it is 0 on the sun.

It's super, super Hot enough that the rocks, we find on earth are hot enough to be vaper rised and raining out in the atmosphere.

Because it experiences very high winds we expect this rain, these rains of glass because they're sill cat particles.

We expect those particles to be driven side waeupbz from the.

Our santa ana winds have nothing on this planet. Let's talk about our next poster which is zombie world.

Can you tell us about these planet ands make what them so this is system for halloween because of the names of the plannests and the star are actually undead creatures.

So the star is called leech and trailer you saw the planets are called poltergeist and drag tkpwar and I'm for getting the third one.

All of those are undead creatures already. climbed for a halloween poster. They're orbiting a pulse dead star that is rotating.

Rotating every 6 millie seconds and small and hot and giving o all these radio emissions.Very inhospitable to life.

It was a pleasure working with you. Really enjoyed it amazing to see how important it is and explainingt science that can't always be explained very easily.

Can you tell us how has fun resources like these planet posters helped you explain science to the public?

Personally I'm passionate about both art and science.

so it's an I love -what I love about these posters they're engaging not only to the general public but also astronomers.

Sign its it across the board even people well into exoplanet planet science.

It's not nice not only to point out the posters the artistic elements you but the science elements incorporated are like little easter eggs for people to find.

The size of the planets, is the particles in the sky, all of those things we can draw from.

Explaining not only the arts but also the science that goes into these particular systems.

We are going to take an ask nasa question.

Zack powers here asks, "Say a person o another planet far, far away from another galaxy, clear picture of earth.

What time period whe picture of earth be in ?

Light takes time to travel to us, so in fact we're peering back in time.

When we're receiving time from an existing exoplanet planet system depending on where that other disencounter system was looking at us they could be peering into different time periods.

Some glacial age or present day when the earth is really hospital.

A Telescope Like a Time Machine | NASA Science Live Episode 9

2020-09-09T09:00:00.037+05:30

Telescope Like a Time Machine

Telescope Like a Time Machine

Hello and welcome to NASA Science Live.

I'm your host, Yogesh Bhamare.

One of the wonderful challenges of astronomy, we have to imagine something so we can look for it.

Nature has the way of being more creative than we are surprised by what we see in the slide.

That is why being this telescope has been attractive.

Every time we build a bigger one, we see something that we never imagined lout This is the next step in that race.

Today, we are going to be talking about a telescope that is life like a time machine.

The space telescope that is set to launch into space in the year 2021 to become the world's most powerful of space tele accept.

Complex and/or bit other star and will help to solve mysteries of our solar system and the place that we are in the universe.

Inside with our cameras where such a powerful telescope is being built.

So sit back and enjoy the first stop in our journey to understand the extremely and truly Extraordinary James Webb space telescope.

Protects the space telescope from particles that may come off. Redondo Beach and see the James Webb space telescope.

This is NASA James Webb space telescope Lescope was envisioned shortly after hub billion's phase of questions about our universe.

The spectrum of light and seek the light of those really early forming galaxies then try to answer questions about our universe.

What we are winning now is the two major half of the telescope being put together.

What is exciting about what is happening now?

Cop instruction, so above us, we got the portion of the telescope which is just integrated with the other bottom half.

The sun shield and e which is just below So let's continue on and coming along this side is the most spectacular view of this whole thing because you can see there are these 18 gold mirrors they are real gold.

The reason is that gold reflects infrared light the best.

The mysteries of our solar system and look to the d of long-distance stars then look at the structures then try to explain the origins of our universe, and no project like this could be done alone.

The internationalonal program, that is lead by space with the partners the European and Canadian space agency.

The James Webb space telescope brings us back to flop throb Grumman where NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine.

let's hear about what it like to see the fully assembled observatory in real life.

How does it feel to be next to this?

No, I, the James Webb telescopes the most complicated spacecraft has ever belt in a know people watching on tv or on the internet can see it behind us now.

Buy can also tell you, a picture does not do it justice.

When you are in the presence of the massive spacecraft and change how you perceive how complex important this particular mission is.

Spacecraft element and the scientific in detriment and now they have been put together, both physically and electrically in a way that was a lot of risks.

Different nations that have been involved in producing this magnificent telescope that is going to transform how we see the universe.

It Is as astrophysicists and seeing that first galaxy theheeheeirst stars that are out of the beginning of the many generations of stars that created our environment In time Space.

Focused on the outside of the solar system These American public enthused about space explorationn insidensideemanity at large.

It is the idea we could find life on worlds that are not our own.

That is what we're going to be space telescope and see those and make assessments.

There is water vaporer there is carbon dioxide?

That is exciting about what James wist going to help us do.

Has some of these planets that are through and going to such a super discovery.

Now, you look at the telescope, it is clear too! One who stands here.

This is the most complicated spacecraft that has been built in history. Hundred of moving parts that have to work which is why it is naum ber up with priority.

We have to get the moving parts working correctly. One million emails from the ether on the other side of the moon as a matter of fact.

Going to have access to it once it there is.

People forget.

Some of the technologies that were developed here already had an act on our lives, do you know exor sink your mine?

Impact surgery and classic eye surgery, for example, have benefited from the technology developed another James Webb space telescope.

These are spin-offs. There capabilities that this kind offfff activities on then they cannot be dismissed.

We railroad just about out of time.

Regards from Redondo beach.

To put the been my suit on and go inside and get close spectacular.

They are not allowed to touch the hard way, so we had a hardly skilled technithat do most of that.

Share with the kids and so we already had the opportunity to talk a little bit the actual James Webb tele accept.

What they will do, but amber, inquiring minds want to know.

what is the actual goal of this mission?

Well, it has a lot of goals and the goals are broad and they are and their telescope is dee-dee soon to be the successor the amazing Hubble space telescope.

As awesome as it is, there's a lot of ways to push it to the limits. Hubble and answer the biggest questions today.

Very first stars and galaxies born in the early universe and study planets within our own solar system and planets orbiting other stars outside of the solar system.

So we are talking about the in tire beat of the union stressor the backyard of the solar system all the way out to parts of space that we have never seen before amazing.

On the engineering side. What part of this time machine will support the actual science that amber spoke to us about?

James Webb is that it is extremely large with a very large main mirror.

The other interesting feature that enables Cyprians is extremely cold operating telescope.

We are to cool this telescope down to 50 or minus 380 degrees Fahrenheit for it to print and detect the wavelength of light that they are seeking and the infrared.

So it is trying to detect really, really, really, really tiny heat signatures for from the for away objects.

A World of Fires | NASA Science Live Episode 8

2020-09-08T09:00:00.037+05:30

A World of Fires

Hello and welcome to NASA Science Live.

I'm your host, Yogesh Bhamare.

Scientists are unravelling the science of the fires. the key factor.

how can we make use of NASA data?

NASA is working to help first responders. we had no visual of which fires were burning where track smoke that harms human health.

We have to learn from this and understands the impacts.

we want to study the earth. we need to answer one of science's biggest questions.

Today we'll be talking about fires.

Did you know that at any given time there are multiple fires burning across the globe ?

We'll discuss the real science of fire We'll look at how NASA monitors and tracks fires, how the data is used in prediction, response and recovery.

Have the opportunity to speak to a NASA astronaut about how studying fire in space could help us on let's begin.

Our first stop is to one of our NASA absent we learned about the real science of fire.

Josh, take it away today I'm going to talk to you about the fire. It requires heat, oxygen and fuel to produce a flame.

In the case of this candle, I added heat to a fuel which is the candle wax to produce this flame.

This flame, not being an element, is those combustion byproducts or gasses that are so hot that they are glowing visibly to your eyes.

Wax is burning and producing a blue colour. If you look at the base of the flame, there is blue at the bottom.

At that flame progresses upward, it p up small particles emitted by the candlewick.

The hotter they get, the colour will change above that, the flame seems to disappear.

The particles are no longer emitting light that is visible to our eyes. Just because it's not vis to our eyes doesn't mean it's still not hot.

To demonstrate the fact this flame is there, even though you can no longer see it, I will take this piece of paper and I will hold it above the candle.

The paper likes to burn at 450° because the paper is not Touching the flame, visible part of the flame, but burning now, you can see that the flame is quite hot at this point.

Smoke, by the way, looks like a gas. Smoke is not a gas smoke is tiny particles of soot anar that are being emitted into the air.

They are so small, they float up into the air. Everyone is familiar with campfires.

You understand when you try to light a wet piece of wood, it's difficult to get the camping.

Their reason for this. A lot of the heat is absorbed by the water rather than by the wood which would elevate the temperature of the wood to its ignition temperature and begin burning.

I can demonstrate this by taking the source. Er, and providing a heat I readily reached the 450° temperature required for this ignition to happen and the paper burns readily.

Not a surprise.

I will take a similar piece of paper, dip it in water. Notice now that most of this energy is being absorbed the water and not by the paper.

The temperature of the paper is still relatively cool. Understanding these fundamentals help detect fire.

If it's wet, rainy or humid, it decreases the chance of burning. Understanding these fundamentals helps fire experts to fight wildfire.

How do we the science of fire to what happens here on earth?

Nasa not only investigates the stars, but we also focus on our home planet, earth.

Fire science is one of those key subject areas.

We could probably break down what we provide in terms of satellite data information, in terms of pre-fire, active fire, post-fire and also feedbacks between fire and our earth's system.

One example of those is how black carbon could land on snow and ice forcing it to melt more quickly.

Did you know, Doug, most people think of NASA as just a space agency.

However, as a's earth science is just as important as our space science.

How can NASA's unique Perspective and research inform the general public about fires?

We have more than 20 instruments in orbit including the international space station.

Each one takes measurements to help us understand the planet as a whole.

As a scientist here, one of my jobs is to take different parts of the puzzle and put them together.

Looking carefully at areas are burning, where the smoke will go tomorrow and how the smoke will last for weeks and decades can change our planet.

How big are the fires we can see from space?

That's an interesting question. Some people will say a meter by a meter, we can see smokestacks. That's a hotspot in space.

Other people will define it as an envelope of possibilities, depending on how hot and wide a fire is and if we are overhead.

We can see a smokestack or small agriculture fires. In a wildfire, we see a line of burning as fires move across the landscape.

What can we see when flying in planes?

NASA has a lot of activity right now. It's been an active summer.

We'll be flying in southeast Asia to understand how the smoke can changeth tropical monsoon.

From NASA's vantage point, the smoke plumes, we can take measurements to understand how the smoke changes and impacting people with air quality concerns that live thousands of miles from the fires.

E field tracking smokes from fires recently.

What they see from the air and on the ground?

There are a couple of ongoing campaigns right now above that's looking at the arctic.

We have campaigns that are continually ongoing.

It's an exciting campaign where we are looking at multiple ecosystems and flying our planes through the smoke, our d.C.A.

That's exciting.

You can't see anything when you are in a smoke plume.

But we have instruments on the side of the plane that takes in the chemical composition of the smoke and look at that time as it evolves over time.

That can impact air quality, not only close fire but downwind of the fire.

How many scientists are working on a plane and on the ground at the same time to study fires?

On the plane is probably about 28. On the ground maybe another 80 providing support.

Depending on what the campaign is and what you are looking at So that is during fire xaq, people cycle in and out. It's dynamic and exciting.

This June was the hottest June on record with data showing that July was Statistically tied for the warmest month on record.

What impact has that had on this year's fire season?

We are living in a warmer and dryer world.

With climate change, we'll see conditions that make fires more likely.

We have heard from josh about the fire triangle and making vegetation and other fuels on the ground today more flammable.

It's likely we'll see more fires and the fires that do start are more extreme. They might have a more lasting impact on ecosystems and harder to suppress.

As the climate has been warming, we are interested in tracking how fires and fire behaviour has been changing