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Reference On Electricity, Part 4 | From - Expert Contractors

2010-01-19T06:08:00.000-08:00

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Volt Transformation

Transformer is a plain static crest consisting of a mesmeric heart where the chief and lesser windings are made. The voltage is candidly proportional to the number of windings or turns. Thus, if a 120 AC will be connected to the left segment containing 100 turns, 240 volts would be on the right face containing 200 turns.

The enter fringe is classified as the Primary while the Output fringe is classified as the Secondary. Under this train, the transformer is said to be 120 /240 volts walk up transformer with 120 crucial and 240 volts inferior.

The same transformer could be used as pace down transformer by reversing the sell and the weight. The 240 volts will be principal and 120 volts the derived. In succinct, transformers are reversible.

Power and Energy

Power and Energy are too frequently interchangeably used. Power is the practical span for the regular word work, and Work, is the effect of Power and Time uttered in the next equation:

Energy or Work = Power x Time

What Power? Power is the quotient at which energy is used or alternately, the rank at which work is done. Since energy and potential are synonymous, command implies continuity. That is, the use of energy at particular figure over a given span of time. The thought of might involve time at their speed of which work is done. Thus, multiplying control by time gives energy.

What is Energy? In electrical provisos, energy is synonymous with Fuel. It is associated with work. Energy could be spoken in gallons, liters, barrels or tons or oil, coal, kilowatt hours or consumed electricity and outlay of operations. In strict terms, Energy is uttered in units of BTU (calories), bottom pounds (joules) or kilowatt hour.

Under the English Unit System, the item of might is uttered in steed potential, BTU per hour, watt and kilowatt. Under the Metric System or SI, it is expressed as joules per next, calories per instant, watts and kilowatts. In brute terms, potential is also the regard at which fuel or energy is used and expressed as liters of fuels per hour, cubic gauge of gas per exact or tons of coals per day, etc.

Power in Electric Circuit

The measuring uhit of electric power is the Watt. When multiplied by 1000, the product is called Kilowatt. Thus, 1000 watts is one Kilowatt. Power has several form; an electric motor produces mechanical power that is measured in terms of horsepower. An electric heater produces heat or thermal power, and light bulb produces both heat and light that is measured in terms of candle power. Watt is the power term.

Voltage and Voltage Drop

Comparatively, in a Series Circuit - Current is the same throughout but voltage differs.

In a Parallel Circuit, the Voltage is the same, but the current differs.

Take note that is a parallel arrangement, all current loads cumulatively add. For instance, appliances and light loads connected to a parallel circuit has the same voltage imposed, but each load draws a different current according to its wattage rating.

Another one important principle that is worthy to note is; "The sum of the voltage drop around a circuit is equal to the supply voltage."This principle is important in a series circuit. On a parallel circuit, each item has the same voltage across it, which constitute a circuit by tiself. The voltage drop on wire carrying current is:

Voltage drop in wire = Carried current x Resistance of wire

The power loss in the wire conductor can be calculated as the product of the voltage and the current. it is equal to the components resistance times the current squared.

P = I x (I x R) ; P = I2 R

Adavantages of the 240 volts over the 120 volts current supply

1. Smaller wire is required which means, lower in cost.
2. Less power loss.
3. Smaller percentage of voltage drop.

Fundamentals On Electricity, Part 3 | From - Expert Contractors

2010-01-18T07:15:00.000-08:00

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Resistance

In a hydraulic system, the flow of fluid is impeded or resisted by friction between the wall of the pipe, fittings and other turns and offsets. In the same manner, the flow of current in a circuit (electrical wiring installation) is also impeded or resisted by the wire, transformer and other devices. This is called Impedance, the electrical term for Friction in AC electricity. In a direct current DC circuit, this Impedance is called Resistance. However, both are expressed in the unit of measure called Ohms.

Just as in a hydraulic scheme, the quantity of water flowing is proportional with the load and inversely proportional with the friction. Similarly, in thrilling path, the stream is proportional with the voltage and inversely proportional with the route resistance or load.

Thus:

1. The Higher the Voltage, the Larger the Current
2. The Higher the Resistance, the Lower the Current.

Their relationship may be expressed by the following equation know as the Ohms Law.

I = V/R

Where:

I = current
V = voltage
R = resistance for DC electricity

For AC electricity, the Ohms Law is expressed as :

I = V/Z

Where:

I = current
V = voltage
Z = impedance

The unit of current is the ampere (amp. or a.)

1.4 Comparison of AC and DC Electricity

Under the principles of DC electricity. Power is the product of voltage and Current.

Watts = Volts x Amperes

Under the principle of AC electricity, the product of volts and amperes is equal tot he quantity called volt-ampere (v.a.) which is not the same as watt. Thus:

Volt Amperes = Volts x Amperes

And to convert volt-amperes to watts or power, a power factor (pf) is introduced. And to get power in an AC circuit, we have the following formula:

Watts = Vots x Amperes x power factor

W = V x I x pf

1.5 The Ohms Law

In 1926, George Simon Ohm, a German scientist, discovered the relationship between the Current, Voltage and Resistance now referred to as the Ohms Law which states that:

"The higher the voltage, the larger the current, and the higher the resistance the lower the current."

The relationship between the current, voltage and resistance is presented in the following equations know as the Ohms Law.

I = V/R

Where:
I = Current flow (amperes)
V = Electromotive force (volts)
R = Resistance (Ohms)

1.6 Series and Parallel Circuit

A circuit components can be arranged in several ways but with two fundamentals types of connections, namely:

1. Series Circuit
2. Parallel Circuit

In Series Connection, a single path exist for current flow that is, the elements are arranged in a series one after the other with no branches. Being a single path in a series arrangement, voltage and resistance simply adds, thus:

Voltage total V1 = V1 + V2 + V3........

Resistance R1 = R1 +R2 +R3.........

In parallel circuit it sometimes referred to a as multiple connections where the loads are placed across the same voltage constituting a separate circuit. In hydraulic analogy, the connections are similar to branching pipe arrangement. Parallel Circuit is the standard arrangement for house wiring connection wherein the lights constitute one parallel grouping and the convenience wall outlets constitute the second parallel grouping.

The fundamental notion under this form of circuitry is that: " lots in parallel are additive for present and that each has the same voltage forced."

Examining further the Ohms Law as previously discussed. current is inversely proportional to the resistance. As resistance increases, current decreases. When current rises instantly to a very high level, the conditions will constitute a short circuit. Hence, it is mandatory for all circuit to be protected by fuse or circuit breaker that automatically open and disable the line in case of a fault or short circuit.

Reference On Electricity, Part 2 | From - Expert Contractors

2010-01-16T00:51:00.000-08:00

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Resistance is the friction or opposition to the flow of current by the wires and transformers, analogous to plumbing installation, where the flow of water is subjected to resistance caused by friction between the water and the inside wall of the pipe, and the various form of turns and fittings. For direct current (DC electricity), the term Resistance is used for friction and Impedance for alternating current (AC electricity).

Factors that Influences Conductors Resistance.

1. Compostion of the Conductor. This refers to a conductor having free electrons that has low resistance.

2. Length of Wire. The longer the wire, the higher is the resistance.

3. Cross Section Area of Wire. The bigger the cross sectional area of wire, the lower its resistance.

4. Temperature. Metal offers high reistance to high temperature (heat).

1.3 Electric Current

By definition, Electric Current is the flow or rate of flow of electric force in a conductor. A current will only flow if a curcuit is formed comprising a complete loop and contains all the following required components.

1. Source of Voltage
2. A closed loop of wiring
3. An electric load
4. A means of opening and closing the circuit

Electric Current is Classified as:

1. Direct Current (DC)
2. Alternating Current (AC)

Direct Current. The DC electricity, flows in one course. Arise is said to be from denial to sure. The usual find of dC electricity, is the dry booth or storage thrash.

Alternating Current: The AC electricity constantly reverses its trend or emanate. Device generated it called generator. This kind of present is universally accepted because of its unlimited number of applications which the following advantages.

1. It is simply produced.
2. It is cheaper to avow.
3. It could be transformed into superior voltage.
4. It could be distribution to far aloofness with low voltage globule.
5. It is more efficient compared with the done flow.

Once a big controversy ensued between the proponents of the DC electricity led by Thomas Edison and the advocates of the AC electricity led by George Westinghouse. According to Thomas Edison, "The AC electricity is risky, because, if involves high voltage transmission line."

The AC advocates on the other hand, countered that:

"The AC alternation if just like a handsaw which cuts on the upstroke and the down stroke. The high voltage in the transmission line could be reduced to the desired voltage as it passes the distribuiton line."

Alternating Current or Voltage is a current or voltage that changes in strength according to a sine curve. An alternating current AC reverses its polarity on each alternation and reverses its direction of flow for each alternation. The AC current goes through one positive loop and one negative loop to form one complete cycle that is continuously repeated.

The number of times this cycle of plus and minus loop occur per second is called the Frequency of alternating current AC expressed in cycles pre second normally referred to as Hertz (hz) named after H. R. Hertz. The frequency of the Direct Current DC is obviously zero Hertz. The voltage is constant and never changes in polarity.

Informations On Charge Of Electricity, Part 1 | From - Expert Contractors

2010-01-16T00:16:00.000-08:00

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Electricity is a form of energy generated by friction, induction or substance change, having alluring, element and joyful realize. In midstream, electricity is Electrons in gesture.

Electricity is one of the most valuable discoveries of man who enclosed the way to the several inventions from the cool tools to the most sophisticated gadgets making what originally seemed to be impossible becomes an actuality.

Contrary to some belief, electricity is not new. It has been here with us ever since and, its survival is as old as the universe which was discovered accidentally, by the obsolete Greeks sometimes in 600 B.C. However, the claim of "Father of Electricity" was accredited to William Gilbert, an English Physicist after publishing his studies on the "Electric Attraction" and "The Electric Force."

Electricity is the assets of the vital particles of business which like an atom, consists of:

a) Electron
b) Proton
c) Neutron

The Electron is the negatively emotional particle of an Atom sometimes termed the harmful arraign of electricity. On the other hand, the Proton is the definite exciting particles of an Atom which is sometimes termed the explicit blame of electricity that weighs about 1850 epoch as much as the Electron.

The Neutron is that particle of an Atom which is not electrically exciting and weighs somewhat more than the proton.

Theory:

1. That, all matters are made up of molecules.
2. That, molecules are made up of atoms.
3. That, atom contains neutrons, electrons and protons.
4. That neutron is neutral. It is neither certain or dangerous or negatively emotional.
5. That, the electron of an atom of any substances could be transformed into another atom.

ION

Ion is the stretch useful to an atom or molecule which is not electrically balanced. It is an atom or molecule that is electrically exciting. It simply means there is a damaged or revisit of one or more electrons.

Ion ensued when the electrons in the atom are loosened through friction by another atom. Therefore, the survival of electrons in any organic or inorganic substance is a certainty, the electricity always rush.

Volt or Voltage is the electrical overload that causes the electrons to move through a conductor (rope). In other prose, voltage is the electromotive desire.

Comparatively, to have 12 volts is like having 12 pounds of water burden inside the convey of a water mode. Thus, the senior the voltage, the more electricity will be unnatural to emit.

Volt was named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist who discovered the electrons question when two a shackle combined different metals and then dipped into a liquid that conduct or engage electrons.

Ampere is the normal circle damaged in measuring the intensity of an exciting latest, named after Andre M. Ampere.

It is the absolute of stream prattle, sent by one volt through the resistance of one Ohm. When there is too much course of electricity in a small conductor or rope, vehemence is produced which eventually may force-off the protective devise called fuse, or burn the series insulator and strategy fire.

Watt is the quantity or assess of right worn or consumed. It represents the equivalent part volts and ampere consumed by light, appliances or motors. A stretch evenly labeled on light bulbs or appliances, unstinted us an idea of what kind of trail would be installed. Their duration is named after James Watt a Scottish inventor.