METALLurgical HUT

KANAK-KANAK YANG HILANG-NAJMI HAQIEMI B.AHMAD SALLEH

2011-07-15T00:10:00.000-07:00

ﻪﺘﺎﻜﺮﺒﻮﷲﺍﺔﻤﺤﺭﻮﻡﻜﻴﻠﻋﻢﻼﺴﻠﺍ

Kepada Rakan2 semua,

Anak kepada rakan saya telah hilang tengahari semalam dihadapan Sek. Keb Subang Bestari. Usaha mencari adik Najmi telah dilakukan sehingga lewat pagi tadi tetapi masih gagal.

Lapuran polis telah dilakukan dan dia disyaki diculik. Butir2 terakhir adik Najmi adalah seperti berikut:

Nama : Najmi Haqiemi bin Ahmad Salleh (10tahun)

Tinggi : lebih kurang 110cm

Pakaian: Memakai t-shirt sukan berwarna merah berlengan hitam dgn cetakan 'S.K Subang Bestari, Tuah' dibelakang, berseluar sukan berwarna biru gelap berbelang putih dan berjaket berwarna coklat.

Lain2: Membawa beg sekolah berwarna biru dan hitam, berambut pendek dan mempunyai tanda parut disebelah kanan kepala.

MOHON DIDOAKAN SEMOGA KANAK-KANAK INI DIJUMPAI DAN MINTA SAMA-SAMA KITA SOLAT HAJAT SEMOGA ORANG YANG MEMBAWANYA TERBUKA HATI UNTUK MENGHANTAR KEMBALI KANAK-KANAK INI KEPADA KELUARGANYA.

Sekiranya rakan2 mempunyai maklumat atau ternampak kanak2 ini, boleh hubungi ibunya di no: 012 2485649 (Zetty) atau bapanya di no: 0196387252 (Salleh).

Mohon disebarkan.

TERIMA KASIH.

ﻢﻼﺴﻠﺍﻮ

Catatan PhD 2: Microstructural inspection on as-cast Magnesium alloy 1

2011-07-13T02:19:00.000-07:00

Sample: 1st
Stirring temp.: 800, 850oC (2 minutes)
Pouring temperature (furnace): 850oC.
Soaking time: 5 minutes:
Pouring Method: Moderate
Mold temperature of 360oC.
Mold tilted at 15o
Air cooled (in mould)

Typical optical metallographs on as cast magnesium alloys (trial 1st)

Eemmm.. almost equiaxed structure. Good try bro... Need further improve

Catatan PhD 2: Microstructural inspection on as-cast Magnesium alloy

2011-07-13T02:00:00.000-07:00

Sample: 6th

Stirring temp.: 800, 840oC (2 minutes)
Pouring temperature (furnace): 840oC.
Soaking time: 5 minutes:
Pouring Method: Moderate
Mold temperature of 450oC.
Mold tilted at 15o
Air cooled (in mould)

Typical optical metallographs on as cast magnesium alloys (trial 6th)

Catatan PhD: 7th trial to Magnesium casting

2011-07-13T01:52:00.000-07:00

Stirring temp.: 800, 840oC (2 minutes)
Pouring temperature (furnace): 840oC.
Soaking time: 5 minutes:
Pouring Method: Moderate
Mold temperature of 350oC.
Mold tilted at 15o
Annealing: 450oC (1.5 hours), air cooled

Catatan PhD: 6th trial to Magnesium casting

2011-07-08T02:34:00.000-07:00

Stirring temp.: 800, 840oC (2 minutes)
Pouring temperature (furnace): 840oC.
Soaking time: 5 minutes:
Pouring Method: Moderate
Mold temperature of 450oC.
Mold tilted at 15o

Almost

Catatan PhD: 5th trial to Magnesium casting

2011-07-05T19:33:00.000-07:00

Stirring temp.: 800, 860oC (2 minutes)
Pouring temperature (furnace): 860oC.
Soaking time: 5 minutes:
Pouring Method: Moderate
Mold temperature of 450oC.

Catatan PhD: 4th trial to Magnesium casting

2011-07-05T02:05:00.000-07:00

Stirring temp.: 800oC (2 minutes)
Pouring temperature (furnace): 880oC.
Soaking time: 5 minutes:
Pouring Method: Moderate
Mold temperature of 450oC.

Overview of casting product

The bottom surface of the sample shows incomplete fusion

The edge side of the sample also shows incomplete fusion

The current casting defect was believed caused by relatively high pouring temperature.

Catatan PhD: 3rd trial to Magnesium casting

2011-07-04T02:36:00.000-07:00

Stirring temp.: 800oC (2 minutes)
Pouring temperature (furnace): 900oC.
Soaking time: 5 minutes:
Pouring Method: Slow
Mold temperature of 450oC.

Figure 1 Overview of casting sample.

Incomplete fusion

“Aduuiisshh.. boss, I hope we can overcome this challenge together.. huhuhuhu..

Catatan PhD: 2nd trial to Magnesium casting

2011-07-02T03:07:00.000-07:00

This time I tried to raise the pouring temperature up to 880oC. Soaking time only five minutes before it was quickly poured in the preheated steel mold at a temperature of 450oC. As a result, such as camera photographs below;

Trial sample: Silvery colour

Incomple fusion occur adjacent to runner may caused by turbulence

Overflow metal to riser: Normal occurence

Contamination or oxide inclusion

Runner size too large. may causes a molten turbulence

Lepas ni aku try pour dgn perlahan pulak.. tengok apa jadi..

Catatan PhD: Cuba-try-test Cast Magnesium mengggunakan mould baru

2011-06-29T00:32:00.000-07:00

Yesterday (Tuesday, June 28, 2011), I try to make Mg casting into how thirty or probably already reached to hundred times ... Entah, aku pun tak hengat. The cost of a new mold is totally cheap because it made by using steel plates only. I designed the mould, while the machining was done by Mr Hazrin Jahidi by getting full support from Mr. Idrus (senior technician at the PPKB).

Prior to the mold get into its service, it should be coated with a ceramic material such as silica, clay or a commercial mold coater available in the market. I tried to coat with silica ... I take 1kg of silica in MBM10 ... and the result, aduusss very frustrating.. it was because I found it was not ceramic silica but it was polymer ... ceiissss .. Hmm .. How they labelled it with the name of the silica powder ... Then, I am looking for other alternatives, I came across in an article that says "mold can also be coated with clay." I also dig the clay behind my house & bawak to the laboratory. In a plastic container, I mix it with distilled water then I filter to get the size of the fine clay. After that, I try coat with clay .. Hmm .. it non sticky la pulak .. after the clay was dry, it was found cracked and pulled out from mould .. adooiii aii .. I am back home, and try to think how to solve this problem. ...I suddenly thought of the usual high temperature sealant that was used as a gasket sealant. It can hold up to 360oC .. Hmm OK la .. Hahahaha .. I tried to apply on the steel mold .. OK it sticked .. so my experiment and the objective to coat the molds was succesfully done at this point .. Before I pour the molten Mg into the mold, it heated up the oven temperature reaches 350oC. I assumme mold temperature will drop at 100oC after the oven door is opened and the movement of mold before it was poured with the molten Mg.

Few pieces of pure magnesium was included in the Graphite Crucible. Heating was performed to 850oC at 10oC/min. Once the temperature reaches to 800oC Ca chunks was added as additives. As the molten temperature reaches to 850oC, CO2 + SF6 gas was slowly flowed to avoid sparking of molten Mg that undergoing oxidation with air or Oxygen. Mg molten alloy is stirred for 2-3 minutes. Pouring temperature will drop at about 100oC during manual pouring. Casting products using this new mold was shown in the below camera photographs.

Figure 1 Surface finish tak OK.. warna hitam kekuningan wujud kerana kesan external oxidation.. misrun caused by lack of fusion of mould & molten metal

I found that there were some casting defect on my sample. Among them, were misrun (aku rasa la ..) or incomplete fusion because I found this Mg product did not meet at sharp angles of mold (Figure 1). The sample surface looks burnt in yellow-brownish & some of them were in black color as a result of Mg reaction with oxygen. This condition was caused by the pouring temperature (850oC - temperature furnaces) was believed not high enough. Molten Mg addition was known to have the characteristics of the drop is proportional to temperature's high. The blackish & yellowish color indicates the molten Mg was able to react with oxygen. Therefore, I believe pouring temperature should be increased. Proposed up to 890 or 900oC.

Figure 2 Metal Shrinkage

Figure 2 above shows the casting shrinkage. Shrinkage by casting is caused by ....Shrinkage defects occur when feed metal is not available to compensate for shrinkage as the metal solidifies (Casting defect-wikipedia). Sebabnya juga boleh di baca di wikipedia.. In summary, this defect may caused by porosity .. maybe micro or macro .. and it may caused by dissolved gases that occur during pouring. It is known that, the rate of pouring could cause more dissolved gases trapped in the molten metal. Thus after pouring must be done at a slow rate.

Figure 3 Improper mold design ... samples can not be removed out from mold.

The above potograph shows the sample that cannot be removed from the mold. Hmm ..i thinks, the mold plates should be sectioned so that the samples can be removed easily.

API 510 & API 570 Courses (Malaysia)

2011-04-20T21:11:00.001-07:00

Salam.

This is our latest schedule. However, due to lack of interest, the April course has been cancelled. Right below is the API exam schedule complete with application deadlines:

Course	Date	Venue	Fee	Closing Date
API 510	12~16 Feb	Miri	RM3,500	-
API 570	14~18.Mar	Kuala Lumpur	RM4,000	14.02.2011
API 570	20~24 Apr	Miri	RM3,500	20.03.2011
ASME VIII Div. 1	07~08 May	Miri	RM3,500	07.04.2011
API 510	30 May~ 03 Jun	Kuala Lumpur	RM4,000	30.04.2011
ASME B31.3/B16.5	11~12 Jun	Miri	RM1,400	11.05.2011
ASME IX	16~17 Jul	Miri	RM1,400	16.06.2011
ASME VIII Div. 1	17~18 Sep	Miri	RM1,400	17.08.2011
ASME IX	15~16 Oct	Miri	RM1,400	15.09.2011
API 570	03~07 Nov	Miri	RM3,500	03.10.2011

2011 API Examinations Schedule

API Exam	Application Deadline	Exam Date
571, 577, 580, 653	14.01.2011	23.03.2011
510, 570	16.03.2011	01.06.2011
510, 570, 571, 577, 580, 653	08.07.2011	21.09.2011
510, 570	19.09.2011	07.12.2011

For further inquiries, kindly contact Hansac Engineering & Consultancy [hec.miri@gmail.com]

PROGRAM PEMBIAYAAN IJAZAH LANJUTAN KPT DI BAWAH RANC. MALAYSIA KESEPULUH (RMK-10) - MY BRAIN15

2011-03-10T06:23:00.001-08:00

Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia telah mewujudkan satu program Pembiayaan Ijazah Lanjutan Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi di bawah Rancangan Malaysia Kesepuluh (RMK-10) - My Brain15. My Brain15 adalah salah satu program agenda kritikal di bawah Pelan Strategik Pengajian Tinggi Negara (PSPTN). Di bawah program ini, Kerajaan mensasarkan untuk mencapai sebanyak 60,000 pemegang PhD di kalangan rakyat Malaysia. Lantaran itu, Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi telah menawarkan satu program pembiayaan Ijazah Lanjutan seperti berikut:-

MyPhD

Antara syarat-syarat Umum:-

Terbuka kepada semua graduan yang layak - pelajar awam

Kakitangan Sektor Swasta

Pensyarah IPTS

Pengajian secara Sepenuh Masa

MyMaster
Antara syarat-syarat Umum:-

Terbuka kepada semua graduan/orang awam/sektor swasta

Pengajian dalam Mod Penyelidikan atau Mod Campuran

Melanjutkan pengajian secara sepenuh masa di IPTA terpilih

Tidak menerima sebarang bentuk penajaan lain

PhD Industri
Antara syarat-syarat Umum:-

Terbuka kepada semua warganegara Malaysia yang sedang bekerja di industri
Memiliki Ijazah Sarjana atau Sarjana Muda atau setaraf yang diiktiraf oleh universiti
Berpengalaman dalam bidang industri

Untuk mengetahui dengan lebih terperinci lagi berkenaan program dan syarat serta tatacara permohonan pembiayaan Ijazah Lanjutan ini, bolehlah melayari http://www.portal.mohe.gov.my/biasiswa

Vacancy at Ann Joo Steel Bhd (6 vacancy)

2011-03-08T05:17:00.000-08:00

Ann Joo Steel Berhad, an established steel manufacturer is embarking on an expansion plan with the ultimate aim of becoming a global player in the not too distant future. Our vision is to excel as the most cost-competitive and profitable global steel manufacturer.

In line with our successful establishment and steady growth we are looking for self-

motivated and enthusiastic individuals to be part of our dynamic team in Prai.

Production Engineer

(Penang - Prai)

Responsibilities:

To handle and manage the production, equipment installation & maintenance.
To trouble shoot operation & quality issues.
To prepare reports, analysis, and other duties on request
Manpower control & arrangement.

Requirements:

Candidate must possess at least a Diploma, Advanced/Higher/Graduate Diploma, Bachelor's Degree, Post Graduate Diploma, Professional Degree, Engineering (Chemical), Engineering (Electrical/Electronic), Engineering (Material Science), Engineering (Mechanical), Engineering (Mechatronic/Electromechanical) or equivalent.

At least 1 year(s) of working experience in the related field is required for this position.

Applicants must be willing to work in Prai.

Required language(s): Bahasa Malaysia, Chinese, English

Fresh graduates/Entry level applicants are encouraged to apply.

6 Full-Time positions available.

Interested candidates are invited to apply online or write in to :

ANN JOO STEEL BERHAD (4405-M)

2610, Tingkat Perusahaan Tiga, Kawasan Perusahaan Prai, 13600 Prai, Penang.

Tel:604-3888327

Fax: 604 - 390 0854

Carbon Steels

2011-02-16T00:41:00.000-08:00

General Information

Carbon steels are steels whose alloying elements do not exceed the following limits:


Element	Max weight %
C	1.00
Cu	0.60
Mn	1.65
P	0.40
Si	0.60
S	0.05

Designation

Carbon steels are designated by distinct AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) four-digit numbers. The first two digits indicate the grades of the steels, while the last two digits give the nominal carbon content of the alloy in hundredths of a percent. Here is an example:

		XX	:0.xx% average carbon content

AISI	10	60

	10	:Nonresulfurized grades
	11	:Resulfurized grades
	12	:Resulfurized and rephosphorized grades
	15	:Nonsulfurized grades; max Mn content > 1%

If a letter L or B shows up between the second and third digits of an AISI number, it means that this grade is either a Leaded steel or a Boron steel; Sometimes a suffix H is attached to a AISI number to indicate that the steel has been produced to prescribed hardenability limits. Examples are:


Leaded steels	:AISI 12L14, AISI 12L15...
Boron steels	:AISI 15B48H...
H-steels	:AISI 1038H, AISI 15B48H...

Steels in General

2011-02-15T11:34:00.000-08:00

Definition

Steel is the common name for a large family of iron alloys which are easily malleable after the molten stage. Steels are commonly made from iron ore, coal, and limestone. When these raw materials are put into the blast furnace, the result is a "pig iron" which has a composition of iron, carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon.

As pig iron is hard and brittle, steelmakers must refine the material by purifying it and then adding other elements to strengthen the material. The steel is next deoxidized by a carbon and oxygen reaction. A strongly deoxidized steel is called "killed", and a lesser degrees of deoxodized steels are called "semikilled", "capped", and "rimmed".

Steels can either be cast directly to shape, or into ingots which are reheated and hot worked into a wrought shape by forging, extrusion, rolling, or other processes. Wrought steels are the most common engineering material used, and come in a variety of forms with different finishes and properties.

Standard Steels

According to the chemical compositions, standard steels can be classified into three major groups: carbon steels, alloy steels, and stainless steels:

Steels

Compositions

Carbon Steels

Alloying elements do not exceed these limits: 1% carbon, 0.6% copper, 1.65% manganese, 0.4% phosphorus, 0.6% silicon, and 0.05% sulfur.

Alloy Steels

Steels that exceed the element limits for carbon steels. Also includes steels that contain elements not found in carbon steels such as nickel, chromium (up to 3.99%), cobalt, etc.

Stainless Steels

Contains at least 10% chromium, with or without other elements. Based on the structures, stainless steels can be grouped into three grades:


Austenitic:	Typically contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel and is widely known as 18-8. Nonmagnetic in annealed condition, this grade can only be hardened by cold working.

Ferritic:	Contains very little nickel and either 17% chromium or 12% chromium with other elements such as aluminum or titanium. Always magnetic, this grade can be hardened only by cold working.

Martensitic:	Typically contains 12% chromium and no nickel. This grade is magnetic and can be hardened by heat treatment.

Tool Steels

Tool steels typically have excess carbides (carbon alloys) which make them hard and wear-resistant. Most tool steels are used in a heat-treated state, generally hardened and tempered.

There are a number of categories assigned by AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute), each with an identifying letter:


W:	Water-Hardening
S:	Shock-Resisting
O:	Cold-Work (Oil-Hardening)
A:	Cold-Work (Medium-Alloy, Air-Hardening)
D:	Cold-Work (High-Carbon, High-Chromium)
L:	Low-Alloy
F:	Carbon-Tungsten
P:	P1-P19:	Low-Carbon Mold Steels
	P20-P39:	Other Mold Steels
H:	H1-H19:	Chromium-Base Hot Work
	H20-H29:	Tungsten-Base Hot Work
	H40-H59:	Molybdenum-Base Hot Work
T:	High-Speed (Tungsten-Base)
M:	High-Speed (Molybdenum-Base)

General Properties of Steels

2011-02-15T11:13:00.000-08:00

The following table lists the general characteristics of steel at room temperature (25 ° C). The wide ranges of ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness are mostly effected by different heat treatment conditions.

Properties	Carbon Steels	Alloy Steels	Stainless Steels	Tool Steels
Density (1000 kg/m³)	7.85	7.85	7.75-8.1	7.72-8.0
Elastic Modulus (GPa)	190-210	190-210	190-210	190-210
Poisson's Ratio	0.27-0.3	0.27-0.3	0.27-0.3	0.27-0.3
Thermal Expansion (10^-6/K)	11-16.6	9.0-15	9.0-20.7	9.4-15.1
Melting Point (°C)			1371-1454
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K)	24.3-65.2	26-48.6	11.2-36.7	19.9-48.3
Specific Heat (J/kg-K)	450-2081	452-1499	420-500
Electrical Resistivity (10^-9W-m)	130-1250	210-1251	75.7-1020
Tensile Strength (MPa)	276-1882	758-1882	515-827	640-2000
Yield Strength (MPa)	186-758	366-1793	207-552	380-440
Percent Elongation (%)	10-32	4-31	12-40	5-25
Hardness (Brinell 3000kg)	86-388	149-627	137-595	210-620

UniMAP bekerjasama dengan Institute for Corrosion & Multiphase Technology, Ohio University

2011-02-11T09:50:00.000-08:00

Prof. Dr Srdjan Nesic dan Prof. Dr Valerie L. Young.

Semoga bidang kakisan (corrosion) menjadi bidang keutamaan UniMAP seperti di Ohio University.

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Perbincangan Hubungan Akademik UniMAP Dengan OHIO University, USA

Sesi bergambar kenangan selepas dinner...

Pada 27 Januari 2011 bertempat di Bilik Mesyuarat, Best Western Premier Seri Pacific Kuala Lumpur, deligasi UniMAP yang diketuai sendiri oleh YBhg. Brig. Jen. Prof. Dr. Kamarudin Hussin, Naib Canselor UniMAP, Dr. Khairel Rafezi Ahmad, Dekan Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan, Dr Khairul Azwan, Timbalan Dekan Pusat Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan serta staf akademik lain dari Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan telah mengadakan perbincangan hubungan akademik dengan Ohio University. Pihak Ohio University telah diketuai oleh Ketua Jabatan RUSS College of Engineering and Technology, Professor Dr Valerie Young. Selain itu, tetamu kehormat yang turut hadir pada sesi perbincangan ini adalah Professor Dr Srdjan Nesic, Direktor Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology (ICMT) dan Professor Dato’ Wira Mohd Salleh bin Haji Din, Distinguish Professor Tun Abdul Razak Chair, Ohio University.

UniMAP telah membuka lembaran baru pada tahun 2011 bagi mengadakan hubungun akademik dan penyelidikan di peringkat antarabangsa. Mesyuarat yang diadakan selama 3 jam ini telah membincangkan beberapa hubungan kerjasama dalam bidang akademik, penyelidikan serta latihan. Antara perkara yang dibincangkan adalah meliputi perbincangan mengenai peluang pertukaran staf, peluang latihan ahli akademik (attachment), peluang staf akademik melanjutkan pelajaran ke peringkat PhD/MSc, perbincangan mengenai perlantikan penasihat akademik serta penasihat penyelidikan, serta perbincangan mengenai kerjasama dalam penyelidikan dan pembangunan. Dalam mesyuarat yang sama, dengan pengalaman serta kepakaran yang ada, pihak Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology Ohio University amat berbesar hati bagi membantu dalam aspek pembangunan kemudahan serta kepakaran dalam bidang kakisan di UniMAP.

Hubungan dengan institusi pengajian luar seumpama ini dapat membantu menaikan lagi nama UniMAP dalam bidang akademik serta penyelidikan di peringkat antarabangsa.

Sumber:

Portal UniMAP

Penyelidikan magnesium sacrificial anode mengorak langkah hingga ke Arab Saudi

2011-02-11T09:12:00.000-08:00

Semoga penyelidikan Magnesium Sacrificial Anode yang dijalankan di Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan, UniMAP berjaya menembusi Arab Saudi. Dan semoga apa yang telah dibincang dan dirancang bersama KACST dapat berjalan dengan jayanya. Amin....

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UniMAP Mengadakan Penyelidikan Bersama Dengan KACST

Pada 13 Januari 2011 bertempat di Bilik Mesyuarat, King Abdul Aziz City Science And Technology (KACST), deligasi UniMAP yang diketuai sendiri oleh YBhg. Brig. Jen. Prof. Dr. Kamarudin Hussin, Naib Canselor UniMAP dan pegawai-pegawai lain telah mnegadakan perbincangan penyelidikan bersama dengan KACST yang diketuai oleh Pengarah Program Bahan Termaju iaitu Prof Dr Mohammed Bnhussain. Mesyuarat yang berlarutan sehingga 3 jam itu telah membincangkan beberapa isu penyelidikan. Hal utama yang dibincangan adalah mengenai status penyelidikan yang sedang berjalan antara kedua-dua organisasi iaitu Development of Green Polymeric Concrete yang telah mendapat dana sebanyam RM 1.5 juta daripada KACST. Perbincangan juga menyentuh isu pengkormesilan bahan tersebut menggunakan bahan mentah sedia ada di Arab Saudi. Penyelidikan ini diketuai oleh Pensyarah Kanan, Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan iaitu Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah. Turut hadir bersama ialah Prof. Dr. Mohd Rizon Mohamed Juhari, Profesor

dari King Saud Universiti.

Dalam masa yang sama juga, KACST juga bersetuju untuk mengembangkan lagi penyelidikan bersama untuk penyeldikan lain. Antara yang dibentangkan adalah Development of High Potential and High Efficiency of Magnesium Sacrificial Anodes for Cathodic Corrosion Protection yang diketuai oleh En Shaiful Rizam Shamsudin dan juga projek Production Of Effective Microorganism (EM) Using Halal Based Sources yang dibentangkan oleh Prof. Madya Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali. Dalam masa yang sama juga, YBhg. Naib Canselor juga ada membentangkan penubuhan Green Technology Institute (GTI) untuk dibangunkan secara bersama antara UniMAP dan KACST yang mana mendapat input dan respon positif daripada KACST. Disamping itu juga YBhg. Naib Canselor juga ada mencadangkan KACST menerima staf daripada graduan UniMAP untuk bekerja sebagai pegawai penyelidik atau pekerja profesional juga dipandang positif oleh pihak KACST.

YBhg. Prof. Dr. Syed Alwee Al Junid juga mencadangkan agar bidang penyelidikan bersama dapat dikembangkan ke bidang Sensor dan Information Technology (IT) untuk dijadikan asas penyelidikan bersama. Pihak KACST juga bersetuju untuk menjadi perantara untuk menjalinkan hubungan dengan program sensor dan IT di KACST. Pada malamnya, pihak KACST mengadakan Majlis Makan Malam meraikan deligasi UniMAP yang turut dihadiri sebahagian pegawai-pegawai dariapda KACST. Hubungan baik kedua-dua organisasi ini perlu dipandang positif agar dapat menaikkan nama UnIMAP di peringkat antarabangsa.

Sumber:

Portal UniMAP

Perbincangan antara UniMAP vs Universiti Al-Imam, Riyadh

2011-02-11T08:52:00.000-08:00

UniMAP Perkukuh Hubungan Dengan Universiti di Arab Saudi

Bergambar setelah menerima jemputan makan tengahari dengan menu masakan Arab tradisional.. peerrghhh best!! um Ali pun ada..

Meeting dengan Univerisiti Al-Imam adalah satu daripada agenda utama delegasi UniMAP ke Riyadh. Oleh kerana jadual kami di siang hari amat padat, meeting ini terpaksa diadakan pada 10 hingga pukul 12 malam. Emmm... daripada perbincangan di foyer hotel ini, saya terasa bangga kerana sistem pendidikan di UniMAP telah mendapat perhatian Univerisiti Al-Iman, Riyadh. Universiti yang telah berusia lebih 50 tahun ini berasa amat kagum dengan pencapaian UniMAP yang baru tetapi telah mencipta banyak kejayaan di peringkat Kebangsaan hingga antarabangsa. Daripada perbincangan yang dibantu oleh kepakaran Dato’ VC, Ustaz Nazim (penterjemah), Dato’ Mat Jahya (x-Mufti Perlis), Prof Syed Alwee dan lain-lain, UniMAP dapat menyakinkan lagi Universiti Al-Imam bahawa UniMAP akan membantu dalam memperkasakan fakulti kejuruteraan di sana. Mungkin selepas ini ada staf UniMAP yang akan dipinjamkan ke Universiti Al-Imam ini bagi bantu fakulti kejuruteraan mereka.. Alhamdulillah, pihak Institut Kehakiman (Al-Ma’had Al-‘Ali Lil Qadha’) juga bersedia untuk membantu UniMAP bagi membina dan memantapkan Pusat Islam Universiti Malaysia Perlis.

============================================

Dato' VC sedang memberi penerangan berkenaan UniMAP kepada orang kuat Universiti Al-Imam

Universiti Malaysia Perlis memperkukuhkan lagi hubungan dengan Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (Al-Imam University) dengan mengadakan pertemuan dengan pihak Institut Kehakiman, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University pada 13 - 14 Januari 2011 yang lalu di Riyadh, Arab Saudi.

Pertemuan antara delegasi UniMAP yang diketuai oleh Y.Bhg. Brig. Jen. Dato’ Prof. Dr. Kamarudin b. Hussin, Naib Canselor UniMAP dengan As-Sheikh Prof. Madya Dr. Abdul Rahman Bin Salamah Al-Muzini, Dekan Institut Kehakiman Al-Imam University telah membincangkan beberapa perkara termasuk untuk meningkatkan kerjasama antara UniMAP dan Al-Imam University khususnya berkaitan bantuan yang boleh diberikan oleh UniMAP bagi membantu memperkasakan Fakulti Kejuruteraan di Al-Imam University. Pihak Institut Kehakiman (Al-Ma’had Al-‘Ali Lil Qadha’) juga bersedia untuk membantu UniMAP bagi membina dan memantapkan Pusat Islam Universiti
Malaysia Perlis.

Delegasi UniMAP disertai Prof. Dr. Syed Alwee Aljunid, Prof. Madya Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, En. Mohd Mustafa Albakri Abdullah, En. Shaiful Rizam Shamsudin, Dato’ Alim Panglima Prof. Madya Haji Mat Jahya Haji Hussin dan Ustaz Mohd Nazim Mohd Noor. Pertemuan tersebut juga dihadiri wakil dari Institut Kehakiman Al-Imam Universiti iaitu As-Sheikh Prof. Madya Dr. Abdul Aziz Bin Abdul Rahman Al-Mahmoud, As-Syeikh Khaled Al-Malek, dan S. Umar Al-Mahmoud dan Dr. Abdullah Al-Khaled.

Terdahulu, seramai 4 orang pegawai di Pusat Islam UniMAP telah menghadiri Kursus Pemantapan Qadhi dan Pendakwah Malaysia selama 1 bulan di Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University n. Mereka adalah, Ustaz Hassan Haji Arshad, Dato’ Alim Panglima Prof. Madya Haji Mat Jahya Haji Hussin, Ustaz Muhammad Adib Haji Hassan dan En. Mohamad Shabuddin Mohd Noor.

Sumber:

Portal UniMAP

How to Dilute High Concentration Acid/ Bagaimana mencairkan asid pekat

2010-12-29T22:16:00.001-08:00

Bottle of Concentrated Nitric Acid. Look at the label to obtain information such as concentration, specific gravity (density of the acid), molarity etc. before starting your experiment.

Kaedah pencairan asid atau dilution ini saya gunakan semasa saya buat preparation untuk etching solution. Rasanya ia amat berguna kepada metallurgy engineer (especially yang basic chemistry tidak begitu kuat macam saya..) yang terlibat dalam kerja-kerja metallografi. Disini saya gunakan nitric acid (HNO3) sebagai panduan.

Biasanya pada nitric acid bottle, check labelnya, there're information on

i) specific gravity; 1 liter = 1.4 kg

ii) M (jisim molekul relative); 63 g/mol

iii) Concentration; 65%

Disini saya tunjukkan bagaimana nak dilute asid nitrik pekat 65% kepada etching solution yang biasa, 2%.

CALCULATION

From specific gravity we know that;

1 Liter HNO3 = 1400 g HNO3 for 100% concentration

Thus, mass of 65% HNO3 (as stated at bottle label)

= % x m

= 65 / 100 x 1400g (obtain from specific gravity)

= 910 g

Mole no. for 65% nitric acid in 1 liter

= m / M

= (910 g) / (63 g/mole)

= 14.44 mole

Thus, molarity of 65% nitric acid in 1 liter is 14.44 M. Sekarang 14.44M adalah M1.

Now, we know that dalam 65% nitric acid dalam botol tersebut mempunyai nilai kemolaran (molarity) 14.44 M (M1), but the question is "how its molarity for 2% nitric acid?". To find out this answer, we can calculate the molarity for 2% nitric acid is as below;

Let say the molarity for 2% nitric acid is M2, thus We have to obtain M2 by calculation as below

M2 / 14.44 = 2 / 65

Thus M2 = 0.44, so molarity for 2% nitric acid, M2 adalah 0.44 M

For dilution purpose, let say we need 100 ml of nitric acid solution (V1). Thus the volume of nitric acid from the bottle (V2) that needs to dilute from 65% to 2% is as follow;

We can use the information as calculated before; M1 = 14.44 M; V1 = ??? ; M2 = 0.44 M; V2 = 100 ml dimana V1 adalah jumlah isipadu asid pekat yang perlu diambil daripada botol asid pekat 65%.

M1V1= M2V2

V1 = (0.44 M).(100 ml) / (14.44 M)

= 3.05 ml

Thus the volume of nitric acid from the bottle (Vn) that needs to dilute from 65% to 2% is 3.05 ml #

Oleh itu, kita hanya perlu menambah sebanyak 3.05ml asid nitic pekat kedalam bikar 100ml yang mengandungi air supaya jumlah akhir campuran asid & air ini menjadi 100ml.

MUDAHKAN!!!

STANDARD SETTING FOR IMAGE J SOFTWARE (Version 2)

2010-12-29T21:39:00.001-08:00

Setting ini digunakan oleh saya untuk membuat scale bar dalam optical metallograph. Namun ia terhad kepada model camera seperti di bawah & eyepiece adapter yang saya design sahaja. Eyepiece adapter boleh ditempah khas melalui En Mustafa Kamal Baharudin, Microscopy Laboratory Sdn Bhd (012-327 2241)

ONLY VALID for Canon Camera Model PowerShot A470
7.1 MegaPixels
3.4x optical Zoom

Camera Setting
Resolution: 7M 3072X2304
Focus: Super Macro
Oxposure: 0
ISO: HI Auto
AWB: Auto

	Microscope lens (X)	Eye piece (X)	camera zoom (X)	Pixel	Known Distance (micron)
	5	10	1.0	697	1000
	5	10	1.2	829.34	1000
	5	10	1.5	1048	1000
	5	10	1.9	1342	1000
	5	10	2.4	1674	1000
	5	10	3.0	2094.1	1000
	5	10	4.0	2796	1000
	10	10	1.0	1378	1000
	10	10	1.2	1635	1000
	10	10	1.5	2073.1	1000
	10	10	1.9	2520	950
	10	10	2.4	2648	800
	10	10	3.0	2892	700
	10	10	4.0	2752	500
	20	10	1.0	2376	800
	20	10	1.2	2900.1	800
	20	10	1.5	2766.3	600
	20	10	1.9	2924.3	500
	20	10	2.4	2916	400
	20	10	3.0	2744.3	300
	20	10	4.0	2440.2	200
	40	10	1.0	2288.4	400
	40	10	1.2	2706.1	400
	40	10	1.5	2616	300
	40	10	1.9	2778	250
	40	10	2.4	2076	200
	40	10	3.0	2586.1	150
	40	10	4.0	2752	120
	50	10	1.0	2472.1	350
	50	10	1.2	2532.7	300
	50	10	1.5	2664.1	250
	50	10	1.9	2616.2	200
	50	10	2.4	2524	150
	50	10	3.0	2944.1	140
	50	10	4.0	2796	100

STANDARD SETTING FOR IMAGE J SOFTWARE (Version 1)

2010-12-29T21:13:00.001-08:00

Setting ini digunakan oleh saya untuk membuat scale bar dalam optical metallograph. Namun ia terhad kepada model camera seperti di bawah & eyepiece adapter yang saya design sahaja. Eyepiece adapter boleh ditempah khas melalui En Mustafa Kamal Baharudin, Microscopy Laboratory Sdn Bhd (012-327 2241)

ONLY VALID
for Canon Camera, Model PowerShot A460, 5.0 MegaPixels, 4x optical Zoom
Camera Setting: Large (2952 X 1944 pixels) - Superfine Compression Quality

Microscope lens (X)	Eye piece (X)	camera zoom (X)	Pixel	Known Distance (micron)
5	10	1.6	976	1000
5	10	2.0	1232	1000
5	10	2.5	1539	1000
5	10	3.1	1896	1000
5	10	4.0	2436	1000
10	10	1.6	1951.6	1000
10	10	2.0	2438.7	1000
10	10	2.5	2436	800
10	10	3.1	2251.6	600
10	10	4.0	2406.5	500
20	10	1.6	2354.8	550
20	10	2.0	2135.5	400
20	10	2.5	2006.5	300
20	10	3.1	2464.5	300
20	10	4.0	2100	200
40	10	1.6	2032.3	250
40	10	2.0	2032.3	200
40	10	2.5	1903.2	150
40	10	3.1	2356	150
40	10	4.0	2416.1	120
50	10	1.6	2451.6	250
50	10	2.0	2454.9	200
50	10	2.5	2296	150
50	10	3.1	2440	130
50	10	4.0	2408	100

Metallurgical Forensic Analysis – Sample Q-A-1

2010-12-29T07:52:00.001-08:00

A schematic diagram of a tube illustrated in Figure 1 is one of numerous tubes that failed located at first stage superheater tubes in the boiler. One of the carbon steel tubes was found cracked after only 3 months of operation. It had been moderately cold-bent during installation, and was not stress-relief-annealed. The steam drum lacked adequate devices for separation of steam and water, and load swings were frequent, possibly causing carryover of boiler water. Microstructural analysis revealed plastically deformed grains from the cold bending. The cracks were highly branched and ran between the grains (intergranular) as they passed through the tube wall. The corrodent was sodium hydroxide from boiler-water carryover. The tube was then removed and sends to your consultancy firm for further failure investigation.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram shows the transverse crack in a bent carbon steel superheater tube. Note small window that has been blown out of the wall

1. To initiate the failure investigation, you have to make a site visit to the plant to get some background information. Identify the important information needed from plant engineers that could helps you getting some primary clues.

Location,
Name,
Part No,
Description,
Manufacturer or fabricator
Function of item
Maintenance procedures
Maintenance history
Cleaning procedures
Cleaning history
Operational procedures (temp./ pressure etc)
Type of materials (Chemical composition)
Operational documentation (standard, temp./ pressure etc)
Service deviations
Normal stress orientations
Extent of incident
Precipitating events
Drawings
Photographs
Previous inspections reports,
Opinions of related personnel

2. From the above statement, create your hypothesis regarding the root cause of the tube failure?

Stress-Corrosion Cracking

3. Give four (4) reasons to justify your hypothesis.

Moderately cold-bent during installation results residual/ internal stress
Not stress-relief-annealed results residual/ internal stress still present in the tube
The steam drum lacked adequate devices for separation of steam and water, and load swings were frequent, possibly causing carryover of boiler water results hot water enter the tube & forces the acceleration of oxidation reaction
Micro structural analysis revealed plastically deformed grains from the cold bending shows an elongated grain proves the presents of residual/internal stress
The cracks were highly branched shows the presents of stress
ran between the grains (intergranular) shows the presents of corrosion
The corrodent was sodium hydroxide from boiler-water carryover shows hydroxide ion from NaOH acts as active corrosion agent

4. Concisely, propose the procedures that should be carried out to implement failure analysis and briefly justify reason for each of the procedures

Procedures	Reason
1) Obtaining background data	To investigate the basic information to be a primary clue of the root cause analysis.
2) Visual examination followed by closed-up photographs by digital camera.	To record of the original & locations condition
3) Chemical composition analysis by using XRF or spark emission spectrometer	To make sure whether the material meets the specified composition limits.
5) Metallographic analysis by metallurgical microscope.	As-polished microstructure, to identify the presence of defects such as inclusions and voids or microstructural anomalies Etched microstructure, to determined and the relationship between the microstructure and the type of materials, manufacturing process and/ or the damage mechanism
6) Fractographis analysis (SEM) & microanalysis (EDS)	SEM analysis: to identify of the fine scale features fracture mode. EDS: to Identify of the chemical species present in the corrosion deposits
7) Determination of failure mechanism & recommendations	Failure mechanism: to determine the root cause of the failure, Recommendations to determine whether the components should be replaced or not and to eliminate or reduce the frequency of future failures.
7) Report writing	For documentation To be send to customer

5. Considering the root cause of failure, recommend

Two (2) types of tube materials that should be replacing carbon steel

Killed carbon steel
Stainless steel
High chromium steel
Superalloys

Three (3) corrective actions that should be taken in order to prevent the same failure.

Reduce the concentration of chemical species that promotes corrosion
Avoid cold bending during installation process
Avoid bending in the plant's design
Proper stress-relief-annealing
Intelligent corrosion monitoring and smart sensors
Signal analysis and artificial intelligence
First-class practice in inspection management
Implement fitness for service test before operation
Expert system on failure analysis
Mind setting aim for zero failure

Quality & anode life calculation (Part 1)

2010-11-29T11:42:00.001-08:00

Assalamualaikum wbt.

Aku cuba menjawab beberapa soalan daripada En Faryd Syakirin dengan jawapan umum & cuba untuk tidak mengaitkan dengan BioHiMAG (formula anode yg aku create sendiri). Jawapan aku ni juga merangkumi 2 faktor penting dalam menentukan quality Mg anodes. Berikut adalah soalan beliau;

Farydsyakirin: (7/11/2010,10:40)	so berapa lama life remaining calculation of this Mg anodes
Srizam : (8/11/2010, 23:50)	Lifespan Mg depend on berat, efficiency, utilization factor & current (soil resistivity)... nanti tulis 1 artikel berkaitan life span Mg SA ni.. tungguuuu...
Farydsyakirin : (10/11/2010, 21:59)	thanks en saiful,even skrg sy handle Cathodic protection Offshore,namun client selalu mempersoalkan calculation of life remainingnye..dan sy pasti faktor2 mempengaruhinye pun byk..ok i'll waiting hehe

Emmm.. Agak lambat aku menjawab soalan drp En Faryd Syakirin ini. Yela... selain soalannya agak susah secara untuk dijawab secara spontan (sbb dia tidak berada depan mata) & maklum sajalah, untuk menjawab soalan sebegini aku terpaksa study sikit, rujuk jurnal, buku, artikel dlm internet & macam2 lagi selain faktor kekangan masa dan sibuk dengan tugas hakiki yang memperlahankan jawapan aku ni sampai dlm blog ni.... hahahah banyak la alasan aku....

OK, actually in corrosion business life, any sacrificial anode's paymaster or corrosionist will asked sacrificial anode materials based on two factors; open circuit potential (OCP) and current efficiency (as tested per ASTM G97 requirements [1]). It is known that a higher OCP has significant advantages in higher-resistivity applications as it provides a larger driving voltage differential to the protected structure while higher current efficiency yields longer anode life and less need for regular assessment and maintenance [2-3]. There are no specific industry standards for OCP and current efficiency, the "accepted" levels are typically, –1.70 volts versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for OCP and 50% for current efficiency [4]. Thus, no wonder the most corrosionist more preferred the "high potential Mg anode" for the oil & gas underground pipelines (even water pipelines) compare to H-1 Mg alloys or AZ63 (May 2004). Furthermore, the criterion for high potential Mg sacrificial anode has been established as listed in the corrosion books available elsewhere [5 – 8].

New High Potential Mg Sacrificial Anodes

On this day, a more serious concern about the quality of high potential Mg anodes due to most of the Mg sacrificial anode flooding in Malaysia are without any laboratory testing by third parties. According to my chit-chat with some of the Malaysian corrosionist, they told me that the testing is only carried out in terms of anode weight, and the comparison was done comparing with a particular certificate which sometimes it is not always reliable. Many of the issues exist in the event of such circumstances where the certificate will only be given if the purchasing involves only for large quantity, and often there was a spurious certificate. In addition, if the laboratory inspection (by a third party) not implemented, the inspection based on weight measurement is not capable to determine the presence of internal casting defects such as porosity, blowhole, slag, oxide inclusion, and many other types of a internal defect in anode. Keep in mind that this casting defect would have lowered the percentage of current efficiency and as a result of that, it will shorten the life of the anode.

The issues related to anode life or current efficiency that not achieved at least 50% is quite serious, and he has not received much attention. Only in recent years, customers simply make a random test, or depending on the certificate provided by the manufacturing and distribution companies to ensure that the anode materials purchase is high potential Mg anode with true quality.

Used High potential Mg Sacrificial Anode

When Mg anodes escaped from third parties inspection, a low quality anode could make it into the field work, and consequently, only in short time, an abnormal failure could be detected occurred in the underground pipeline caused by a failure to supply current to the anode -soil-cathode system. As a result from these failures, primarily industrial anode paymaster such as Gas Malaysia Sdn Bhd and Petronas Bhd who involved in the supply of pressurized oil & gas began to give serious attention to some decreasing on quality and the performance of the anode materials. However, they cannot make anything and only could improve the specification, such as editing or make some amendment on clauses in the tender specification when selecting a suitable anode's vendor/ contractor. In point of fact, to improve the quality anode depends a lot on the particular anode manufacturer and their commitment to enhance the quality and the performance. Manufacture of high-potential Mg anode can be a difficult proposition. Just like adding ingredients to a cake recipe, this is fairly simple to meet the ASTM B 843 (Standard Specification for Magnesium Alloy Anode for Cathodic Protection) requirements of the anode composition. However, the difficult part of this process is the way the anode is made, which can greatly affect the final performance of the anode.

What happens when an anode fails to meet the above acceptance levels?

If an anode falls below –1.70 volts open circuit potential; there will be a corresponding decrease in the output current produced by that anode. Simply put, the anode will produce fewer protective current. Conversely, as open circuit potential increases, additional output current will be obtained, assuming similar circuit resistance. Similarly, if the anode current efficiency drops below the 50% target, the life of the anode will also decrease. If current efficiency increases, so too will anode life.

If these targets are not met, is the anode still a good anode? This may depend on your level of tolerance or a specification you are required to meet. An anode measuring –1.68 V is not necessarily a bad anode nor is an anode measured at 49% efficiency. However, the factors that affect the overall anode performance that must be understood.

Who tests for these requirements? There are at least two third party laboratories that test to ASTM G97. Additionally, some university or research institute like Malaysia Nuclear Agency or maybe Sirim Bhd might have the capability to conduct these tests. (bukan nak promote UniMAP ada setup testing tapi kalau ada sesiapa yang berhajat .. you're most welcome).

Faraday's Law and Calculating Efficiency

Magnesium anodes generally have a low efficiency at 50 percent or even lower [5 – 8]. The theoretical capacity is around 2200 Ah/kg, while for zinc anodes, the mass-based theoretical capacity is relatively low at 780 Ah/kg, but efficiencies are high at around 90 percent [5]. The theoretical weight loss is calculated using the following Faraday relationship [2];

......................... (1)

where

W = theoretical anode weight loss (g),
M = atomic weight of the metal (24.3 g for Mg),
n = number of electrons given up by an atom in the oxidation reaction (n = 2 for Mg),
F = Faraday's constant of 96,500 coulombs per equivalent weight,
t = time (s)
Icorr = corrosion current (A).

The percent efficiency on a weight basis is determined by comparing the theoretical weight loss from Faraday's equation to the actual weight loss [6]:

......................... (2)

Ideally, an anode will corrode uniformly and approach its theoretical efficiency. Passivation of an anode is obviously undesirable. Ease of manufacturing in bulk quantities and adequate mechanical properties are also important.

The electrochemical efficiency of Mg typically is assumed to be ~50% of theoretical, which is considerably less than the 85 to 90% for Zn and Al sacrificial anodes. The reason for the efficiency variation and the relatively low efficiency compared to the theoretical value is not well understood—probably because of the large number of factors that can affect the efficiency [2]. This will be explained in detail after this. The current output from an anode can be estimated from Dwight's equation (applicable to relatively long and widely spaced anodes) as follows [5]:

......................... (3)

where

i - current output (A)

E - driving voltage of the anode (V)

L - anode length (cm)

ρ - soil resistivity (Ω.cm)

D - anode diameter (cm)

The life expectancy of an anode is inversely proportional to the current flowing and can be estimated with the following expression:

......................... (4)

where

Lifetime = anode life (years)

K = anode consumption factor (0.253 for Mg)

U = utilization factor, a measure of the allowable anode consumption before it is rendered ineffective

W = mass of the anode (kg)

e = efficiency of the anode (0.9 for Zn, 0.5 for Mg)

i = current output (A)

note:
The utilization factor may be taken as 85%—meaning that when the anode is 85% consumed, it will require replacement because there is insufficient anode material remaining to maintain a reasonable percentage of its original current output.

For magnesium, anode lifemaybe determined by the following expression (efficiency and utilization factor expressed as decimals) [7].

.............. (5)

Simply speaking that the anode life is primarily governed primarily by weight, current output, and efficiency, for example,

the heavier the anode, the longer the life
the higher the current, the shorter the life.
The higher the efficiency, the longer the life.

Conversely, by equation (5) the important imaginary or presumming is as follows that.

i) The practical consumption rate for high potential Mg anodes is usually assumed to be 7.8 kg/ampere-year of operation. This assumes that the magnesium has an operating efficiency of 50%.

ii) Current output of any anode is fundamentally controlled by the soil resistivity, the anode shape and the net driving potential between the anode and the structure:

(a) The lower the resistivity, the higher the current output

(b) The longer the length of the anode, the lower the resistance

(c) Increasing anode diameter does not reduce the resistance very much, but it does significantly increase the anode weight and therefore, increasing the diameter ads predominately useful life to the anode

(d) The higher the net driving potential between the anode and cathode, the higher the current.

To be continue in Part 2....

Sekian,

Thank you.

SHaiFuL

References
[1]    ASTM G 97-89 2002. Standard test method for laboratory of magnesium sacrificial anode test specimens for underground application. Philadelphia

[2]    May T. F. 2004. Magnesium Anodes - A Quality Crisis? Materials Performance. 2004, 43(1); 28-32
[3]    Gummow, R.A. 2004. Performance efficiency of high-potential Mg anodes for cathodically protecting iron water mains, Materials performance. 28-33.
[4]    Anonymous. 2009. Farwest Corrosion Control Company. Magnesium Anode Performance: Farwest UltraMag™ HighPotential Anodes. A Farwest White Paper. http://www.farwestcorrosion.com/fwst/anodgalv/farw06.htm (online on Jun 30, 2009)
[5]    Baboian, R. 2002. NACE Corrosion Engineer's Reference Book, 3rd edition, NACE International, Houston, TX
[6]    Peabody, A. W. & Bianchetti. 2001. Peabody's Control of Pipeline Corrosion, 2nd Ed., NACE International.
[7]    Roberge, P. R. 2000. Handbook of Corrosion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
[8]     L. L. Sheir and R. A. Jarman. 1994. Corrosion Control, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., Oxford, OX

Aalen University offering 2 PhD Studentships

2010-11-21T21:06:00.001-08:00

Dear Friends, Dear Partners,

Our School of Chemistry, Prof. Hans-Dieter Junker is offering 2 PhD positions /studentships in the field of organic chemistry in collaboration with the KIT (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; the KIT would deliver the PhDs).

Please be so kind as to forward the following link to your School / Faculty / Department of Chemistry / Chemical Engineering: http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/science/jobs/169956-PhD-Position-Organic-Chemistry.

Best wishes

Pascal

Mit freundlichen Grüßen / Best regards / 最好祝愿

Pascal Cromm

Hochschule Aalen - Aalen University

Pascal Cromm, MSc. (UMIST), Maître ès Sc. Ecos. (ULP)

Leiter Akademisches Auslandsamt - Director International Relations

Beethovenstr. 1
D - 73430 Aalen

Germany

Fon: +49 (0) 7361 576-2125

Fax: +49 (0) 7361 576-2136

Email: pascal.cromm@htw-aalen.de

Web: www.htw-aalen.de/international

Sprechzeiten Akademisches Auslandsamt

Mo - Do von 09:00 bis 12:00 und 13:00 bis 15:00 Uhr

Sprechstunde Cromm

Mittwochs von 13:00 bis 17:00 Uhr (ohne Termin)

Weitere Einzeltermine gerne nach Vereinbarung über 576-2213