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Duality of Light", "path": "/simulations/physical-sciences/wave-particle-duality/", "thumb": "/assets/images/thumbnails/wave-particle-duality.png", "ngss": "HS-PS4-3"}, {"name": "Wind Turbine Optimization Simulation", "path": "/simulations/engineering-technology-science/wind-turbine-simulation/", "thumb": "/assets/images/thumbnails/wind-turbine-simulation.png", "ngss": "HS-ETS1-3"}];
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<h2>Why Use These Simulations?</h2>
<div class="features-grid">
  <div class="feature-card">Aligned to NGSS High School Standards</div>
  <div class="feature-card">Works on Chromebooks & iPads</div>
  <div class="feature-card">Single-click. No downloads.</div>
  <div class="feature-card">Built by a real science teacher</div>
</div>

<h2>Browse by Category</h2>
<div class="categories-grid">
  <a href="/simulations/physical-sciences" class="cat-card" style="background-image: url('/assets/images/physical-preview.jpg');">
    <h3>Physical Sciences</h3>
    <span class="badge">52 Simulations</span>
  </a>
  <a href="/simulations/life-sciences" class="cat-card" style="background-image: url('/assets/images/life-preview.jpg');">
    <h3>Life Sciences</h3>
    <span class="badge">42 Simulations</span>
  </a>
  <a href="/simulations/earth-space-sciences" class="cat-card" style="background-image: url('/assets/images/earth-preview.jpg');">
    <h3>Earth & Space Sciences</h3>
    <span class="badge">34 Simulations</span>
  </a>
  <a href="/simulations/engineering-technology-science" class="cat-card" style="background-image: url('/assets/images/engineering-preview.jpg');">
    <h3>Engineering & Tech</h3>
    <span class="badge">7 Simulations</span>
  </a>
  <a href="/simulations/logic" class="cat-card" style="background-image: url('/assets/images/logic-preview.jpg');">
    <h3>Logic & Brain Teasers</h3>
    <span class="badge">6 Simulations</span>
  </a>
</div>

<h2>Browse by NGSS Standard</h2>
<div class="ngss-list">
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS1-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/stellar-phenomena-simulator/" | relative_url }">Stellar Life Cycle Simulations</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS1-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/big-bang-evidence-explorer/" | relative_url }">Big Bang Evidence Explorer</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS1-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/stellar-nucleosynthesis/" | relative_url }">Stellar Nucleosynthesis Explorer</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS1-4</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/gravitational-slingshot/" | relative_url }">Gravitational Slingshot (Assist) Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/orbital-motion/" | relative_url }">Orbital Motion & Kepler's Laws</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/planetary-defense/" | relative_url }">Planetary Defense: Asteroid Deflection</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS1-5</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/radiometric-dating-explorer/" | relative_url }">Radiometric Dating & Earth's History</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS1-6</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/cratering-history/" | relative_url }">Cratering & Surface Age Explorer</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS2-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/connecticut-river-valley-rift/" | relative_url }">Connecticut River Valley Rift Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/hartford-basin-geology/" | relative_url }">Formation of the Metacomet Ridge | Earth Science Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/hartford-basin-rift-model/" | relative_url }">Hartford Basin Rift & Dinosaur Tracks Modeler</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/metacomet-ridge-formation/" | relative_url }">Metacomet Ridge Formation: Middletown, CT Geologic History</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/puerto-rico-trench-gravity-anomaly/" | relative_url }">Puerto Rico Trench Gravity Anomaly</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/tectonic-landscape-modeller/" | relative_url }">Tectonic Landscape Modeler</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS2-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/ice-albedo-feedback/" | relative_url }">Ice-Albedo Feedback Loop</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/la-parguera-ocean-acidification/" | relative_url }">Ocean Acidification & Coral Bleaching in La Parguera</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/saharan-dust-transport/" | relative_url }">Saharan Dust Transport (Polvo del Sahara)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS2-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/mantle-convection-explorer/" | relative_url }">Mantle Convection Explorer</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS2-4</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/greenhouse-effect/" | relative_url }">Greenhouse Effect & Earth's Energy Budget Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/tambora-1816/" | relative_url }">Tambora 1816: Year Without a Summer</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS2-5</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/frost-heaves-and-connecticut-stone-walls/" | relative_url }">Frost Heaves and Connecticut Stone Walls</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/puerto-rican-karst-topography/" | relative_url }">Puerto Rican Karst Topography: Water & Bedrock Interactions</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/water-properties-earth-processes/" | relative_url }">Water Properties & Earth Processes</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS2-6</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/global-carbon-cycle-model/" | relative_url }">Global Carbon Cycle Model</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS2-7</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/great-oxidation-event/" | relative_url }">The Great Oxidation Event</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS3-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/connecticut-coastal-erosion/" | relative_url }">Connecticut Coastal Erosion & Sea-Level Rise Simulator</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/human-migration-settlement-simulator/" | relative_url }">Human Settlement & Migration Simulator</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/portland-brownstone-quarry/" | relative_url }">Portland Brownstone Quarry Simulator (Middletown Area)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS3-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/energy-resources-cost-benefit/" | relative_url }">Energy & Mineral Resources Cost-Benefit Analysis</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS3-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/resource-management-simulator/" | relative_url }">Sustainable Resource Management Simulator</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS3-4</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/technological-solution-evaluation/" | relative_url }">Urban Watershed Mitigation Design (HS-ESS3-4)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS3-5</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/connecticut-coastal-erosion/" | relative_url }">Connecticut Coastal Erosion & Sea-Level Rise Simulator</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/global-climate-impacts/" | relative_url }">Global Climate Impacts & Mitigation Forecast</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/la-parguera-ocean-acidification/" | relative_url }">Ocean Acidification & Coral Bleaching in La Parguera</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ESS3-6</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/earth-systems-interactions/" | relative_url }">Earth Systems Interactions Simulator</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/earth-space-sciences/long-island-sound-hypoxia/" | relative_url }">Long Island Sound Hypoxia Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ETS1-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/engineering-technology-science/city-water-infrastructure-simulation/" | relative_url }">City Water Infrastructure Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ETS1-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/engineering-technology-science/electric-vehicle-simulation/" | relative_url }">Electric Vehicle Optimization Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ETS1-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/engineering-technology-science/coastal-resilience-simulation/" | relative_url }">Coastal Resilience: Mangroves vs. Seawalls</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/engineering-technology-science/new-london-wind-simulation/" | relative_url }">Offshore Wind Energy Optimization in New London</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/engineering-technology-science/wind-turbine-simulation/" | relative_url }">Wind Turbine Optimization Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-ETS1-4</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/engineering-technology-science/puerto-rico-microgrid-simulation/" | relative_url }">Puerto Rico Resilient Microgrid Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/engineering-technology-science/spacecraft-reentry-simulation/" | relative_url }">Spacecraft Reentry Optimization Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS1-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/dna-to-protein/" | relative_url }">DNA to Protein Structure and Function (HS-LS1-1)</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/enzyme-docking-puzzle/" | relative_url }">Enzyme "Lock and Key" Puzzle</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/protein-denaturation/" | relative_url }">Protein Unfolding & Denaturation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/virus-capsid-explorer/" | relative_url }">Virus Capsid Explorer</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS1-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/hierarchical-organization/" | relative_url }">Hierarchical Organization of Interacting Systems (HS-LS1-2)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS1-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/homeostasis/" | relative_url }">Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms Investigation (HS-LS1-3)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS1-4</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/mitosis-differentiation/" | relative_url }">Mitosis and Cellular Differentiation Model (HS-LS1-4)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS1-5</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/photosynthesis/" | relative_url }">Photosynthesis Rate Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS1-6</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/macromolecules/" | relative_url }">Macromolecule Biosynthesis Model (HS-LS1-6)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS1-7</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/cellular-respiration/" | relative_url }">Cellular Respiration Energy Model (HS-LS1-7)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS2-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/bioluminescent-bay-dynamics/" | relative_url }">Bioluminescent Bay Dynamics</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/connecticut-black-bear-population-expansion/" | relative_url }">Connecticut Black Bear Population Expansion</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/predator-prey/" | relative_url }">Predator-Prey Ecosystem Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS2-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/biodiversity-population-dynamics/" | relative_url }">HS-LS2-2 Biodiversity and Population Dynamics Simulator</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/lyme-disease-ecology/" | relative_url }">Lyme Disease Ecology & Population Dynamics</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/new-england-lyme-ecology/" | relative_url }">Lyme Disease Ecology: The Acorn Connection</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS2-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/aerobic-anaerobic/" | relative_url }">Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration (HS-LS2-3)</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/little-poland-fermentation/" | relative_url }">Little Poland Fermentation: Krakowska Dry Sausage (HS-LS2-3)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS2-4</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/trophic-energy/" | relative_url }">Trophic Energy Pyramid Model (HS-LS2-4)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS2-5</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/carbon-cycle/" | relative_url }">Global Carbon Cycle Simulation (HS-LS2-5)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS2-6</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/ecosystem-resilience/" | relative_url }">Ecosystem Resilience and Disturbances Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/invasive-species-dynamics/" | relative_url }">Invasive Species Dynamics Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/long-island-sound-lobster-collapse/" | relative_url }">Long Island Sound Lobster Collapse</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/connecticut-tick-ecology/" | relative_url }">Lyme Disease Ecology Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/el-yunque-secondary-succession/" | relative_url }">Secondary Succession in El Yunque</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS2-7</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/human-impact-biodiversity/" | relative_url }">Human Impact & Biodiversity Solutions (HS-LS2-7)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS2-8</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/group-behavior/" | relative_url }">Group Behavior and Survival Model (HS-LS2-8)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS3-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/inheritance-model/" | relative_url }">DNA and Population Inheritance Model (HS-LS3-1)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS3-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/genetic-variation/" | relative_url }">Sources of Genetic Variation Model (HS-LS3-2)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS3-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/garden-of-the-giants-genetics/" | relative_url }">Garden of the Giants Genetics - Giant Pumpkin Breeding</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/trait-distribution/" | relative_url }">Trait Distribution and Probability Model (HS-LS3-3)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS4-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/common-ancestry-evidence/" | relative_url }">Evidence of Common Ancestry Explorer</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS4-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/four-factors-evolution/" | relative_url }">Four Factors of Evolution Model</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS4-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/natural-selection/" | relative_url }">Natural Selection Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS4-4</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/anole-urban-adaptation/" | relative_url }">Anole Lizard Urban Adaptation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/antibiotic-resistance/" | relative_url }">Antibiotic Resistance Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/coqui-pitch-adaptation/" | relative_url }">Coquí Frog Climate Adaptation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/crop-evolution/" | relative_url }">Crop Evolution and Selection Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/adaptation-form/" | relative_url }">Finch Beak Adaptation & Form</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/natural-selection-adaptation/" | relative_url }">Natural Selection and Adaptation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS4-5</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/environmental-change-extinction/" | relative_url }">Environmental Change & Extinction Explorer</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-LS4-6</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/life-sciences/habitat-fragmentation-mitigation/" | relative_url }">Habitat Fragmentation Mitigation Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS1-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/alkali-metals-phenomenon/" | relative_url }">Alkali Metals Reaction Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/monster-molecules/" | relative_url }">Monster Molecules Showcase</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS1-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/appalachian-acid-mine-drainage/" | relative_url }">Appalachian Acid Mine Drainage: Titrations & Buffers</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/chemical-reactions-outcomes-experimental/" | relative_url }">Chemical Reaction Outcomes Predictor (Experimental 3D)</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/chemical-reactions-outcomes/" | relative_url }">Chemical Reaction Outcomes Predictor</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS1-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/connecticut-road-salt/" | relative_url }">Connecticut Road Salt & Freezing Point Depression</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/crystal-flythrough/" | relative_url }">Crystal Lattice Flythrough</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/forensic-chromatography/" | relative_url }">Forensic Chromatography of American Junk Food Dyes</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/intermolecular-forces/" | relative_url }">Intermolecular Forces Investigation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS1-4</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/bond-energy/" | relative_url }">Bond Energy Changes Simulator</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS1-5</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/the-bends/" | relative_url }">"The Bends": Henry's Law & Deep-Sea Gas Solubility</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/connecticut-maple-syrup-boiling/" | relative_url }">Connecticut Maple Syrup Thermodynamics</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/reaction-rates-simulation/" | relative_url }">Reaction Rates Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS1-6</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/le-chatelier/" | relative_url }">Le Chatelier's Principle Simulator</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/flint-water-crisis/" | relative_url }">The Flint Water Crisis: Solubility & Precipitation (Ksp)</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS1-7</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/conservation-of-mass/" | relative_url }">Conservation of Mass Simulator</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS1-8</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/millstone-nuclear-fission/" | relative_url }">Millstone Power Station: Nuclear Fission Case Study</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/nuclear-processes/" | relative_url }">Nuclear Processes Simulator</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS2-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/durham-fair-tractor-pull/" | relative_url }">Durham Fair Tractor Pull Dynamics</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/interactive-boat-river-crossing-simulation/" | relative_url }">Interactive Boat River Crossing Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/projectile-motion-simulation/" | relative_url }">Projectile Motion Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS2-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/conservation-of-momentum-simulation/" | relative_url }">Conservation of Momentum Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS2-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/egg-drop-crash-cushion/" | relative_url }">Collision Force Minimizer</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS2-4</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/gravity-and-electrostatics-simulator/" | relative_url }">Gravity & Electrostatics Simulator</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS2-5</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/electromagnetism-induction/" | relative_url }">Electromagnetism & Induction</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS2-6</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/electric-boat-hull-bonding/" | relative_url }">Electric Boat Submarine Hull Bonding Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/molecular-structures-materials/" | relative_url }">Molecular Structures & Designed Materials</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS3-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/energy-change-model/" | relative_url }">Rollercoaster Energy Computational Model</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS3-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/bioluminescent-bay-puerto-rico/" | relative_url }">Bioluminescent Bay Puerto Rico Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/diesel-engine-runaway/" | relative_url }">Diesel Engine Runaway Phenomenon</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/avogadros-law/" | relative_url }">Gas Laws: Avogadro's Law Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/boyles-law/" | relative_url }">Gas Laws: Boyle's Law Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/charles-law/" | relative_url }">Gas Laws: Charles's Law</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/gay-lussacs-law/" | relative_url }">Gas Laws: Gay-Lussac's Law</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/ideal-gas-law/" | relative_url }">Gas Laws: Ideal Gas Law</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/ideal-gas-law-derivation-scaffolded/" | relative_url }">Gas Laws: Ideal Gas Law Derivation (Scaffolded)</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/ideal-gas-law-derivation/" | relative_url }">Gas Laws: Ideal Gas Law Derivation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/real-gas-law-simulation/" | relative_url }">Gas Laws: Real Gas vs. Ideal Gas Sandbox</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/macroscopic-energy-model/" | relative_url }">Macroscopic Energy vs. Microscopic Particles</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS3-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/engine-efficiency-simulation/" | relative_url }">Engine Efficiency Simulation</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/stage-lighting-simulator/" | relative_url }">Stage Lighting Simulator</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS3-4</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/mark-twain-house-retrofit/" | relative_url }">HVAC & Carpentry Trades: Retrofitting the Mark Twain House</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/new-haven-apizza-thermodynamics/" | relative_url }">New Haven Apizza Thermodynamics</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/thermal-equilibrium-sandbox/" | relative_url }">Thermal Equilibrium Sandbox</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS3-5</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/electric-magnetic-field-energy/" | relative_url }">Electric & Magnetic Field Energy Simulator</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS4-1</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/wave-superposition-3-d/" | relative_url }">3D Wave Superposition & Interference</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/from-sparks-to-waves-simulation/" | relative_url }">From Sparks to Waves: Simulation</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS4-2</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/digital-transmission-advantage/" | relative_url }">Digital vs. Analog Transmission Advantages</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS4-3</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/wave-particle-duality/" | relative_url }">Wave-Particle Duality of Light</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS4-4</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/em-radiation-effects/" | relative_url }">EM Radiation Effects on Matter</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
  <details>
    <summary>HS-PS4-5</summary>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/arecibo-observatory/" | relative_url }">Arecibo Observatory: Capturing Radio Waves</a></li>
      <li><a href="{ "/simulations/physical-sciences/wave-information-technology/" | relative_url }">Wave Technology: Information & Energy</a></li>
    </ul>
  </details>
</div>

<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2rem;"><a href="/ngss/"><strong>NGSS Resources and Documentation</strong></a></p>

<div id="for-teachers" style="background: #f0fdf4; border: 1px solid #86efac; border-radius: 10px; padding: 1.5rem 2rem; margin-bottom: 2rem;">
  <h2 style="margin-top: 0; color: #15803d;">📋 For Teachers</h2>
  <p>These simulations are built for the classroom — no login required, no ads, no cost. Here's how to get the most out of them:</p>
  <ul>
    <li><strong>Student Tasks:</strong> Select simulations have a full NGSS task packet (pre-screener, investigation, and post-screener). Look for the task badge on individual simulation pages or browse simulations with tasks below.</li>
    <li><strong>NGSS Alignment:</strong> Every simulation is tagged with its primary performance expectation. Use the <a href="/simulations/">simulation search</a> to filter by NGSS standard.</li>
    <li><strong>Works on Chromebooks:</strong> All simulations run in the browser — no downloads, plugins, or app installs needed.</li>
    <li><strong>Free Forever:</strong> This platform is maintained by a working science teacher and will always be free and ad-free.</li>
  </ul>
  <p style="margin-bottom: 0;"><strong>Simulations with complete student tasks:</strong>
    <a href="/simulations/life-sciences/antibiotic-resistance/task/">Antibiotic Resistance</a> |
    <a href="/simulations/life-sciences/crop-evolution/task/">Crop Evolution</a> |
    <a href="/simulations/earth-space-sciences/big-bang-evidence-explorer/task/">Big Bang Evidence</a> |
    <a href="/simulations/earth-space-sciences/ice-albedo-feedback/task/">Ice-Albedo Feedback</a> |
    <a href="/simulations/physical-sciences/ideal-gas-law/task/">Ideal Gas Law</a> |
    <a href="/simulations/physical-sciences/gay-lussacs-law/task/">Gay-Lussac's Law</a>
    and more.
  </p>
</div>

<div class="about-section" id="about">
  <img src="https://github.com/nicklauscairns.png" alt="Nicklaus Cairns" class="about-photo">
  <div class="about-text">
    <h2>About the Creator</h2>
    <p><strong>Nicklaus Cairns</strong> is a passionate science educator from the United States with five years of teaching experience in Texas and Connecticut. He is a graduate of Texas A&M University's state approved educator preparation program, and holds a Master's in Science Education from Western Governors University.</p>
    <p>He believes in engaging students through hands-on, phenomena-based, and inquiry-driven NGSS-aligned instruction. This platform was built to ensure all students have access to high-quality interactive science tools at no cost.</p>
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