Health News

Pain Management of Pathophysiology

2009-09-29T22:50:00.000-07:00

Visceral pain is stimulated by expanding and muscular contraction. Visceral pain is frequently depicted as generalized aching or squeezing. Sometimes visceral pain may radiate to other areas in the body, causing it hard to pinpoint location. Upper abdominal pain is induced by foregut structures (stomach, duodenum, liver, and pancreas). Periumbilical pain is caused due to Midgut structures (small bowel, proximal colon, and appendix). While lower abdominal pain is caused due to Hindgut structures (distal colon and GU tract).

World Congress of Pain propose that the use of oxycodone, an established, modern synthetic opioid, a morphine like compound, may be more beneficial at handling visceral pain than morphine itself.

The results, consistent with clinical experience, show for the first time significant differences between oxycodone and morphine in the treatment of visceral pain, proposing that the compound may be used for this type of pain.

Today's paineurope newswire provides an overview of the debilitating condition of visceral pain, the study team's principle for carrying out the research and a discussion with regards to the implication of the results in clinical practice.

Extreme Fat Loss Techniques

2009-09-29T02:38:00.000-07:00

It does seem that bodybuilders have learned the best secret of developing extreme fat loss. In the bodybuilding books and magazines we often see pictures of hulking men who look as if they’ve been hand sculpted from granite. They look so impressive, it makes you wonder what the secret to staying in such great shape really is?

Well, the most important secret is to actually take action on what many of us already know. We all constantly hear what we should be doing to control weight, but many of us don’t put that knowledge into action properly. Losing body fat is achieved with a balance of the correct exercise, for the individual body type, and with sensible, gradual nutrition. As you probably already know sensible nutrition means selecting foods that are healthy, natural and nutritious. Selecting foods that are generally low in calories and refined sugar, and also low in sodium.

Part of the secret to fat loss, is to introduce this sensible nutrition in a gradual process, rather than switch to it overnight. There must be a control of energy intake, so the body continues to receive adequate nutritional supplies so as not to throw out the metabolism but also, calories are still reduced gently enabling the body to burn fat effectively. Remember fat stores cannot be burned within days, yet many people look for a program that causes extreme, fast weight loss. If you lose weight the correct way chances are you’ll always control weight with ease in the future.

To be clear I would estimate that extreme fat loss is achieved with a 75% diet and 25% exercise split. Don’t get me wrong, exercise is crucial to losing weight however, in stripping the fat percentage right down the diet has such an impact, and thus requires expert dietary principles, often used by today’s natural bodybuilders. Many use a peaking process combining every single training and dietary tactic they’ve learned. Every minor dietary trick is used to help switch the body into fat burning mode. As timing is also important, these principles must also be introduced at the right time. In fact to emphasize how crucial diet is remember that bodybuilders cannot stay in the condition of extreme fat loss for very long, Usually only a few weeks at most. Yes, they can and often do stay in great shape all year round however, humans are not designed to have such a low body fat percentage so, extreme fat loss should really not be the goal of the dieter. The goal should be to use similar techniques until you obtain a reasonable and healthy fat loss then simply maintain this level.

Abdominal pain - symtoms treatment

2009-09-29T01:58:00.000-07:00

Abdominal pain is common and often handled as unimportant. Acute and harsh abdominal ache, though, is almost invariably an indication of intra-abdominal illness. It may be the only indication of the requirement for surgery. Gangrene and puncture of the bowel can happen less than 6 hours from start of symptoms in several situations (stoppage of the intestinal blood supply from a choking obstacle or an arterial embolus). Abdominal pain is of particular concerning in very young or very old patients and who have HIV infection or taking immuno-suppressants.

Abdominal pain is common and frequently unimportant. Acute and harsh abdominal ache, though, is almost always an indication of intra-abdominal illness. It may be the only indicator of the necessity for surgery. Gangrene and perforation of the gut can happen less than 6 hours from start of symptoms in several situations (stoppage of the intestinal blood supply from a choking obstacle or an arterial embolus). Abdominal pain is of special worry in very young or very old patients and who have HIV infection or taking immuno-suppressants.

Usual explanations of abdominal pain have some limitations. Infants, young children, and some elderly people may have difficulty in localizing the pain. While some patients, particularly older ones, are unemotional, whereas others exaggerate their symptoms.

2009-09-28T02:36:00.000-07:00

Abdominal pain is common and often inconsequential. Acute and severe abdominal pain, however, is almost always a symptom of intra-abdominal disease. It may be the sole indicator of the need for surgery and must be attended to swiftly: Gangrene and perforation of the gut can occur < 6 h from onset of symptoms in certain conditions (eg, interruption of the intestinal blood supply from a strangulating obstruction or an arterial embolus). Abdominal pain is of particular concern in patients who are very young or very old and those who have HIV infection or are taking immunosuppressants.

Textbook descriptions of abdominal pain have limitations because people react to pain differently. Some, particularly elderly people, are stoic, whereas others exaggerate their symptoms. Infants, young children, and some elderly people may have difficulty localizing the pain.

Pathophysiology

Visceral pain comes from the abdominal viscera, which are innervated by autonomic nerve fibers and respond mainly to the sensations of distention and muscular contraction—not to cutting, tearing, or local irritation. Visceral pain is typically vague, dull, and nauseating. It is poorly localized and tends to be referred to areas corresponding to the embryonic origin of the affected structure. Foregut structures (stomach, duodenum, liver, and pancreas) cause upper abdominal pain. Midgut structures (small bowel, proximal colon, and appendix) cause periumbilical pain. Hindgut structures (distal colon and GU tract) cause lower abdominal pain.

Somatic pain comes from the parietal peritoneum, which is innervated by somatic nerves, which respond to irritation from infectious, chemical, or other inflammatory processes. Somatic pain is sharp and well localized.

Referred pain is pain perceived distant from its source and results from convergence of nerve fibers at the spinal cord. Common examples of referred pain are scapular pain due to biliary colic, groin pain due to renal colic, and shoulder pain due to blood or infection irritating the diaphragm.

Peritonitis: Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneal cavity. The most serious cause is perforation of the GI tract (see Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology: Acute Perforation), which produces immediate chemical inflammation followed shortly by infection from intestinal organisms. Peritonitis can also result from any abdominal condition that produces marked inflammation (eg, appendicitis, diverticulitis, strangulating intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, mesenteric ischemia). Intraperitoneal blood from any source (eg, ruptured aneurysm, trauma, surgery, ectopic pregnancy) is irritating and results in peritonitis. Barium causes severe peritonitis and should never be given to a patient with suspected GI tract perforation. Peritoneo-systemic shunts, drains, and dialysis catheters in the peritoneal cavity predispose a patient to infectious peritonitis, as does ascitic fluid. Rarely, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occurs, in which the peritoneal cavity is infected by blood-borne bacteria. Peritonitis causes fluid shift into the peritoneal cavity and bowel, leading to severe dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. Adult respiratory distress syndrome can develop rapidly. Kidney failure, liver failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation follow. The patient's face becomes drawn into the masklike appearance typical of hippocratic facies. Death occurs within days.

Etiology

Many intra-abdominal disorders cause abdominal pain (see Fig. 1: Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology: Location of abdominal pain and possible causes.); some are trivial but some are immediately life threatening, requiring rapid diagnosis and surgery. These include ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), perforated viscus, mesenteric ischemia, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Others (eg, intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, severe acute pancreatitis) are also serious and nearly as urgent. Several extra-abdominal disorders also cause abdominal pain (see Table 1: Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology: Extra-Abdominal Causes of Abdominal Pain).

Fig. 1

Location of abdominal pain and possible causes.

Table 1

Extra-Abdominal Causes of Abdominal Pain

Abdominal wall

Rectus muscle hematoma

Testicular torsion

Infectious

Herpes zoster

Metabolic

Alcoholic ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Porphyria

Sickle cell disease

Thoracic

Myocardial infarction

Pneumonia

Pulmonary embolism

Radiculitis

Toxic

Black widow spider bite

Heavy metal poisoning

Methanol poisoning

Scorpion sting

Opioid withdrawal

Abdominal pain in neonates, infants, and young children has numerous causes not encountered in adults, including meconium peritonitis, pyloric stenosis, esophageal webs, volvulus of a gut with a common mesentery, imperforate anus, intussusception, and intestinal obstruction from atresia.

Evaluation

Evaluation of mild and severe pain follows the same process, although with severe abdominal pain, therapy sometimes proceeds simultaneously and involves early consultation with a surgeon. History and physical examination usually exclude all but a few possible causes, with final diagnosis confirmed by judicious use of laboratory and imaging tests. Life-threatening causes should always be ruled out before focusing on less serious diagnoses. In seriously ill patients with severe abdominal pain, the most important diagnostic measure may be expeditious surgical exploration. In mildly ill patients, watchful waiting may be best.

History: A thorough history usually suggests the diagnosis (see Table 2: Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology: History in Patients with Acute Abdominal Pain). Of particular importance are pain location (see Fig. 1: Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology: Location of abdominal pain and possible causes.) and characteristics, history of similar symptoms, and associated symptoms. Concomitant symptoms such as gastroesophageal reflux, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, jaundice, melena, hematuria, hematemesis, weight loss, and mucus or blood in the stool help direct subsequent evaluation. A drug history should include details concerning prescription and illicit drug use as well as alcohol. Many drugs cause GI upset. Prednisone Some Trade Names
DELTASONE
Click for Drug Monograph
or immunosuppressants may inhibit the inflammatory response to perforation or peritonitis and result in less pain and leukocytosis than might otherwise be expected. Anticoagulants can increase the chances of bleeding and hematoma formation. Alcohol predisposes to pancreatitis.

Table 2

History in Patients with Acute Abdominal Pain
Question	Potential Responses and Indications
Where is the pain?	See Fig. 1: Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology: Location of abdominal pain and possible causes.
What is the pain like?	Acute waves of sharp constricting pain that “take the breath away” (renal or biliary colic) Waves of dull pain with vomiting (intestinal obstruction) Colicky pain that becomes steady (appendicitis, strangulating intestinal obstruction, mesenteric ischemia) Sharp, constant pain, worsened by movement (peritonitis) Tearing pain (dissecting aneurysm) Dull ache (appendicitis, diverticulitis, pyelonephritis)
Have you had it before?	Yes suggests recurrent problems such as ulcer disease, gallstone colic, diverticulitis, or mittelschmerz
Was the onset sudden?	Sudden: “like a light switching on” (perforated ulcer, renal stone, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, torsion of ovary or testis, some ruptured aneurysms) Less sudden: most other causes
How severe is the pain?	Severe pain (perforated viscus, kidney stone, peritonitis, pancreatitis) Pain out of proportion to physical findings (mesenteric ischemia)
Does the pain travel to any other part of the body?	Right scapula (gallbladder pain) Left shoulder region (ruptured spleen, pancreatitis) Pubis or vagina (renal pain) Back (ruptured aortic aneurysm)
What relieves the pain?	Antacids (peptic ulcer disease) Lying as quietly as possible (peritonitis)
What other symptoms occur with the pain?	Vomiting precedes pain and is followed by diarrhea (gastroenteritis) Delayed vomiting, absent bowel movement and flatus (acute intestinal obstruction; the delay increases with a lower site of obstruction) Severe vomiting precedes intense epigastric, left chest, or shoulder pain (emetic perforation of the intra-abdominal esophagus)

Known medical conditions and previous abdominal surgeries are important to ascertain. Women should be asked whether they are pregnant.

Physical examination: The general appearance is important. A happy, comfortable-appearing patient rarely has a serious problem, unlike one who is anxious, pale, diaphoretic, or in obvious pain. BP, pulse, state of consciousness, and other signs of peripheral perfusion must be evaluated. However, the focus of the examination is the abdomen, beginning with inspection and auscultation, followed by palpation and percussion. Rectal examination and pelvic examination (for women) to locate tenderness, masses, and blood are essential.

Palpation begins gently, away from the area of greatest pain, detecting areas of particular tenderness, as well as the presence of guarding, rigidity, and rebound (all suggesting peritoneal irritation) and any masses. Guarding is an involuntary contraction of the abdominal muscles that is slightly slower and more sustained than the rapid, voluntary flinch exhibited by sensitive or anxious patients. Rebound is a distinct flinch upon brisk withdrawal of the examiner's hand. The inguinal area and all surgical scars should be palpated for hernias.

Red flags: Certain findings raise suspicion of a more serious etiology.

Severe pain
Signs of shock (eg, tachycardia, hypotension, diaphoresis, confusion)
Signs of peritonitis
Abdominal distention

Interpretation of findings: Distention, especially when surgical scars, tympany to percussion, and high-pitched peristalsis or borborygmi in rushes are present, strongly suggests bowel obstruction. Severe pain in a patient with a silent abdomen who is lying as still as possible suggests peritonitis; location of tenderness suggests etiology (eg, right upper quadrant suggests cholecystitis, right lower quadrant suggests appendicitis) but may not be diagnostic. Back pain with shock suggests ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), particularly if there is a tender, pulsatile mass. Shock and vaginal bleeding in a pregnant woman suggest ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Ecchymoses of the costovertebral angles (Grey Turner's sign) or around the umbilicus (Cullen's sign) suggest hemorrhagic pancreatitis but are not very sensitive for this disorder.

History is often suggestive (see Table 2: Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology: History in Patients with Acute Abdominal Pain). Mild to moderate pain in the presence of active peristalsis of normal pitch suggests a nonsurgical disease (eg, gastroenteritis) but may also be the early manifestations of a more serious disorder. A patient who is writhing around trying to get comfortable is more likely to have an obstructive mechanism (eg, renal or biliary colic).

Previous abdominal surgery makes obstruction from adhesions more likely. Generalized atherosclerosis increases the possibility of MI, AAA, and mesenteric ischemia. HIV infection makes infectious causes and drug adverse effects likely.

Testing: Tests are selected based on clinical suspicion.

Urine pregnancy test for all women of childbearing age
Selected imaging tests based on suspected diagnosis

Standard tests (eg, CBC, chemistries, urinalysis) are often done but are of little value due to poor specificity; patients with significant disease may have normal results. Abnormal results do not provide a specific diagnosis (the urinalysis in particular may show pyuria or hematuria in a wide variety of conditions), and they can also occur in the absence of significant disease. An exception is serum lipase, which strongly suggests a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. A bedside urine pregnancy test should be done for all women of childbearing age because a negative result effectively excludes ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

An abdominal series, consisting of flat and upright abdominal x‑rays and upright chest x‑rays (left lateral recumbent abdomen and anteroposterior chest x‑ray for patients unable to stand), should be done when perforation or obstruction is suspected. However, these plain x‑rays are seldom diagnostic for other conditions and need not be automatically done. Ultrasound should be done for suspected biliary tract disease or ectopic pregnancy (transvaginal probe). Ultrasound can also detect AAA but cannot reliably identify rupture. Noncontrast helical CT is the modality of choice for suspected renal stones. CT with oral contrast is diagnostic in about 95% of patients with significant abdominal pain and has markedly lowered the negative laparotomy rate. However, advanced imaging must not be allowed to delay surgery in patients with definitive symptoms and signs.

Treatment

Some clinicians feel that providing pain relief before a diagnosis is made interferes with their ability to evaluate. However, moderate doses of IV analgesics (eg, fentanyl Some Trade Names
ACTIQ
DURAGESIC
SUBLIMAZE
Click for Drug Monograph
50 to 100 μg, morphine Some Trade Names
DURAMORPH
MS CONTIN
MSIR
ROXANOL
Click for Drug Monograph
4 to 6 mg) do not mask peritoneal signs and, by diminishing anxiety and discomfort, often make examination easier.

Key Points

Look for life-threats first.
Rule out pregnancy in women of childbearing age.
Look for signs of peritonitis, shock, and obstruction.
Blood tests are of minimal value.

Treatment Diarrhea Bowel Movement Disorders

2009-09-26T04:39:00.000-07:00

If diarrhea develops while taking a certain drug, the diarrhea may be cured if the drug can be discontinued or replaced with another drug. If diarrhea is caused by a viral infection, it generally resolves by itself in 24 to 48 hours. Diarrhea caused by a bacterial infection may resolve by itself, but sometimes it requires treatment with an antibiotic. Diarrhea caused by a parasitic infection is treated with antiparasitic drugs.

Many prescription and nonprescription drugs are available for the treatment of diarrhea. Nonprescription drugs include adsorbents (for example, kaolin-pectin), which adhere to chemicals, toxins, and some infectious organisms. Some adsorbents can also help firm up the stool. Bismuth helps many people with diarrhea. One side effect of bismuth is that it turns the stool black. Another nonprescription drug used is loperamide.

Prescription drugs used to treat diarrhea include opioids, codeine, and diphenoxylate. Bulking agents used for chronic constipation, such as psyllium and methylcellulose, can sometimes help relieve chronic diarrhea as well.

Treatment of diarrhea depends on its cause. Most people with diarrhea only have to remove the cause and suppress the diarrhea until the body heals itself. For example, diarrhea is sometimes cured when a person eliminates foods that have recently been added to the diet.

Diarrhea tends to cause dehydration if it lasts more than a day or two. As long as the person is not vomiting and does not feel nauseated, drinking fluids containing a balance of water, sugars, and salts can be very effective. One example of such a fluid is 8 ounces of fruit juice mixed with a teaspoon of corn syrup or honey and a pinch of salt, followed by 8 ounces of water mixed with a half-teaspoon of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate).

New ORS Save Millions of Lives

2009-09-26T04:38:00.000-07:00

A new formula Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS), released by the World Health Organization (WHO), will save millions of lives and reduce the severity of illness of those suffering from acute diarrhea. ORS is a sodium and glucose solution that is widely used to treat children with acute diarrhea, a serious killer of children under five worldwide. The new formula ORS will reduce the severity of diarrhea and vomiting, the number of hospitalizations, the need for costly intravenous (IV) fluid treatment and the length of illness.

The use of ORS is responsible for saving the lives of millions of children worldwide. This inexpensive and readily available intervention reduces death and suffering from dehydration caused by diarrhea. Since WHO adopted ORS in 1978 as its primary tool to fight diarrhea, the mortality rate for children suffering from acute diarrhea has fallen from 5 million to 1.3 million deaths annually.

The new improved formula is the result of extensive research sponsored by WHO's Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development and supported by the U.S Agency for International Development (USAID). The latest study was conducted in five developing countries among children from one month to two years old with acute diarrhea and dehydration.

Oral Rehydration Therapy was first researched in the 1940s but it was twenty years later before the idea was developed by research institutions in Bangladesh and India for the management of severe cholera. Then conventional wisdom said only health professionals could mix and administer the solution and that its use was limited to hospitals. The use of ORS during the 1971 war between India and Pakistan provided convincing evidence that ORS could be given by non-medical personnel, volunteers and family members.

The dramatic improvement in home management of diarrhea through ORS use took place between 1990 and 1995, saving about 1 million children annually. In 1990, oral rehydration salts were used in approximately one-third of diarrhea cases, and by mid-decade the average was 85 per cent among 33 reporting countries that account for almost half of the world's under-five population.

"To reach the 2010 goal we need to expand the use of ORS dramatically. To do this the role of parents, volunteer care givers and health workers is going to be vital. Having access to packets of oral rehydration salts when you need them is also very important to scaling-up. Ideally, all families should have packets of ORS in the home ready to be mixed as soon as it is needed. Using ORS packets should become routine at the first signs of diarrhea to avoid the risk of parents waiting too long before rehydrating the child. If we can achieve this, the 2010 goals should be well within our reach," says Dr Tomris Turmen, Executive Director, Family and Community Health at WHO .

Use of the new formula ORS will begin later this year in India.

Gerakan usus kuning di Diare

2009-09-23T20:19:00.000-07:00

Warna normal buang air besar adalah setiap warna cokelat (biasanya cokelat muda), atau cokelat / hijau. Ketika kuning / pucat bangku muncul, dan tidak ada alasan yang jelas karena makanan yang dikonsumsi, mungkin ada orang dari kelainan berikut:

Diare: Diare adalah alasan yang paling umum dalam mengubah warna tinja. Perbedaan utama diare dan normal dalam proses pencernaan pada diare adalah bahwa makanan melewati usus sehingga usus bakteri cepat sehingga tidak punya cukup waktu untuk mengubah bilirubin ke bangku stercobilin yang menghadirkan normal itu berwarna coklat. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) juga merupakan penyakit di mana makanan cepat melewati usus dengan proses pencernaan.

Cholestasis: Dalam penyakit ini aliran empedu dari hati ke usus berkurang atau berhenti. Karena kurangnya empedu, tinja berwarna terang. Partikel makanan tercerna boleh keluar di bangku. Dalam cholestasis, bilirubin, dan garam empedu dapat melakukan perjalanan ke dalam darah, kulit dan air seni, yang mengakibatkan komplikasi lebih lanjut seperti Penyakit kuning, kulit gatal dan Dark bau urin. Cholestasis mungkin disebabkan oleh masalah-masalah di dalam atau di luar hati.
PENYAKIT LIVER (intra-hepatik cholestasis): Gangguan dikompresi empedu kecil kanal di hati adalah penyebab untuk keluar dari empedu dari sel hati. Bangku akan muncul kuning / pucat karena munculnya mengurangi jumlah empedu dalam usus. Alasan yang mungkin Minuman hepatitis, Amiloidosis, Kanker yang telah menyebar ke hati (liver metastasis), Sirosis, Limfoma, Sarcoidosis, sindrom Sjögren, Tuberkulosis, virus hepatitis Muntah-muntah, mual dan nyeri / sakit di perut bagian kanan atas adalah salah satu utama gejala umum penyakit hati.

Kandung empedu (bilier Duct) Penyakit: Sumbatan pada duktus bilier (melalui mana empedu mengalir dari hati ke usus) akan menyebabkan penampilan kurang empedu pada tinja, sehingga tinja kuning, pucat, atau bahkan abu-abu. Penyebab termasuk batu empedu dari kantong empedu, Peradangan (kolangitis), Tumor (cholangiocarcinoma). Kram sakit di perut kanan atas dan kanan bawah rusuk adalah gejala umum dalam kantong empedu / penyakit saluran bilier.

Penyakit pankreas: duktus bilier ditekan oleh kepala pankreas dan diperbesar sehingga menyebabkan obstruksi pada aliran empedu dari hati ke usus. Pankreatitis (radang pankreas) dan kista atau kanker pankreas dapat menyebabkan ini terjadi.
Perut Massa: Bile Duct ditekan oleh tumor abdomen (seperti fibroma) sehingga menyebabkan cholestasis, dan kuning tinja. Tumor besar dapat dideteksi dan dirasakan dengan tangan, atau distensi abdomen.

Tramadol Perawatan Gerakan usus Painful

2009-09-23T20:08:00.000-07:00

Nyeri adalah perasaan yang paling tidak menguntungkan satu biasanya merasa dan meskipun tak ada keinginan untuk mengalami hal ini mereka tidak dapat melepaskan diri dari ini juga. Sakit adalah satu-satunya sebab yang membawa orang ke dokter. Orang biasanya mengunjungi dokter untuk mendapatkan bantuan dari rasa sakit karena berbagai alasan. Nyeri dapat dari sedang sampai parah sesuai dengan penyebab dan tingkat keparahan dari penyebabnya. Segera lega dari rasa sakit kita biasanya mengikuti beberapa obat seperti obat penghilang rasa sakit, meditasi dan latihan ..

Meskipun beberapa alternatif obat penghilang rasa sakit dapat membawa efek samping yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan umum, orang-orang pergi untuk opsi ini sering karena hal ini memberikan solusi cepat. Tramadol adalah suatu obat untuk mengurangi rasa sakit. Tramadol adalah analgesik yang efisien modus tindakan yang cukup identik dengan para narkotika. Tramadol adalah analgesik generik dari suatu nama merek yang soma. Yang nama IUPAC Tramadol adalah RAC-(1R, 2R) -2 - (dimethylaminomethyl) -1 - (3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexanol. Tramadol ini digunakan untuk mengobati rasa sakit sedang sampai ketat dari berbagai sumber.

Rasa sakit mungkin bagian dari kehidupan alam dan perlu melakukan perawatan yang tepat untuk menangani dan mendapatkan bantuan. Dan beberapa kasus nyeri dapat begitu kuat sehingga menjadi sulit untuk mengelola dan menangani. Mengambil Tramadol seperti obat penghilang rasa sakit adalah satu-satunya solusi dalam kasus seperti itu. Sakit manajemen dan memberantas adalah hal yang penting untuk menikmati kehidupan yang sehat di sepenuhnya tanpa penderitaan yang tidak perlu. Sakit hanya menawarkan efek negatif terhadap kehidupan perlambatan kekuatan tubuh, ketahanan mental dan keseluruhan perdamaian dan kesehatan umum kami.

Tramadol adalah sintetik opioid khas digunakan untuk mengobati sakit parah hingga sedang. Tramadol memiliki potensi aksi di noradrenergik GABAergic, dan sistem serotonergic tubuh. Tramadol adalah karunia berharga dari perusahaan farmasi Jerman Gra ¼ nenthal GmbH kepada umat manusia untuk menghilangkan rasa sakit dan analgesik ini dipasarkan di bawah nama dagang Tramal. Tramadol ditawarkan di kedua intravena dan intramuskuler bentuk-bentuk yang dapat disuntikkan ke pembuluh darah dan otot masing-masing. Tramadol juga tersedia dalam lisan persiapan.

Tramadol ditemukan sebagai Tramadol HCl (hidroklorida garam) yang diperdagangkan dengan nama brad Ultram di Amerika Serikat. Ultracet adalah bentuk lain dari Tramadol diperoleh dalam penjajaran dengan asetaminofen sebagai. Dosis konsumsi Tramadol bervariasi dengan tingkat rasa sakit yang terjadi pada pasien. Tramadol adalah lebih kurang 10% sebagai efektif sebagai morfin, ketika disuntikkan oleh IV / IM dosis oral sedangkan rute berkisar 50-400 mg per hari dan bahkan hingga 600 mg per hari pada beberapa kasus yang berat.

Tramadol mengalami metabolisme hepatik dengan cara sitokrom P450 isozyme CYP2D6, seperti yang O-dan N-demethylated untuk lima metabolit tertentu. Obat yang paling buruk reaksi Tramadol meliputi muntah, mual, Mengantuk, depresi pernafasan, dan berkeringat. Meskipun banyak dokter yang merujuk Tramadol penghilang nyeri dalam banyak kasus kemudian juga pemberian resep Informasi Ultram Tramadol menginformasikan bahwa â € œmay mendorong ketergantungan fisik dan psikologis tipe morfin.

Treatment Painful Bowel Movement

2009-09-22T00:09:00.000-07:00

Pain is the most unfavorable feelings one usually feel and though nobody wishes to experience this they can not escape from this also. Pain is the only cause that brings people to the physicians. People generally visit the doctor for getting relief from pain due to different reasons. Pain may be from moderate to severe according to the cause and degree of severity of the cause. For immediate relief from the pain we usually follow some medications like painkillers, meditation and exercises..
Though some painkillers may bring alternative side effects which are harmful to the general health, people go for this option frequently as this gives rapid solution. Tramadol is such a medication for reducing pain. Tramadol is an efficient analgesic whose mode of actions is quite identical to those of the narcotics. Tramadol is the generic of an analgesic whose brand name ultram. The IUPAC name of Tramadol is rac-(1R, 2R)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexanol. Tramadol is use for treating moderate to rigorous pain of different sources.
Some pain may natural part of life and need to take proper care to handle and get relief. And some cases of pain may be so strong that it becomes hard to manage and handle. Taking Tramadol like painkillers is the only solution in such cases. Pain management and eradicating is an essential thing for enjoying the healthy life at fullest without unnecessary sufferings. Pain offers only negative effects on life retarding the body strength, mental stamina and overall peace and general health of us.
Tramadol is the synthetic typical opioids use for treating severe to moderate pains. Tramadol possesses potential actions on the noradrenergic GABAergic, and serotonergic systems of the body. Tramadol is the precious gift of the German pharmaceutical company GrÃ¼nenthal GmbH to the mankind for eliminating pain and this analgesic is marketed under Tramal trade name. Tramadol is offered in both intravenous and intramuscular forms that can be injected to veins and muscles respectively. Tramadol is also available in oral preparations.
Tramadol is found as Tramadol hydrochloride (hydrochloride salt) that is traded with brad name of Ultram in the United States of America. Ultracet is another form of Tramadol obtainable in juxtaposition with acetaminophen as. The dosage of Tramadol consumption varies with degree of pain occurred in the patient. Tramadol is more or less 10% as effective as morphine, when injected by IV/IM route whereas oral dosage ranges from 50 to 400 mg daily and even up to 600 mg daily in certain severe cases.
Tramadol endure hepatic metabolism by way of the cytochrome P450 isozyme CYP2D6, as it is O- and N-demethylated to five particular metabolites. The most adverse drug reactions of Tramadol include vomiting, nausea, Drowsiness, Respiratory depression, and sweating. Though many physicians are referring Tramadol of pain relief in many cases then too the Prescribing Information of Ultram informs that Tramadol â€œmay encourage physical and psychological dependence of morphine-type.â€

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Critial Analysis of Soluble Fiber Supplements

2009-09-18T19:58:00.000-07:00

The abdominal spasms including bowel dysfunction of IBS can be prevented by consuming soluble fiber as well as soluble fiber supplements.

Function of soluble fibers is to absorb liquids in the digestive tract by converting them into mucus like lubricant which helps in relieving abdominal cramps and prevents both diarrhea and constipation. Soluble fiber supplements have been found beneficial in IBS patients during a several clinical studies.

Usually soluble fiber supplements are sometimes wrongly advertised as laxatives (Stimulants for evacuation of feces), although they prevent or ease constipation by simply normalizing the bowel functions.

Soluble fibers obtained from both sources, foods and supplements, are equally good.

Soluble fiber supplements, acquired from both foods and supplements sources, have no harmful side effects if taken daily. Additionally as added benefits, they:-

Manage Irritating Bowel Syndrome.
Alleviate LDL, bad blood cholesterol levels, reduce the risk of heart disease
Minimize colon cancer risks
Improve glycemic control by diminishing the absorption speed of fats and carbohydrates into the bloodstream and forestalls the development of free radicals.
Lower insulin requirements.

These supplements are available as powders for prepared by mixing with water, or as chewable tablets or caplets that are swallowed with a glass of water.

The dosage for IBS, both by doctors and soluble fiber supplement manufacturers, and works best for preventing IBS symptom, is as follows:

According to USDA, the minimum recommended dosage for adults, other than soluble fiber, is 25 to 35 grams per day, and soluble fiber should account for one third to one half of this total amount. Some scientists actually recommend up to 60 grams of fiber a day, so the USDA recommendations are not maximum dosage limitations. The typical American eats only a meager 10-15 grams of fiber daily. For comparison, the average fiber intake in China is 33 grams of fiber a day, and it ranges as high as 77 grams per day in some regions.
The USDA recommended minimum fiber intake for adults is 25 to 35 grams daily, and soluble fiber should account for one third to one half of this total amount. Some scientists actually recommend up to 60 grams of fiber a day, so the USDA recommendations are not maximum dosage limitations. The typical American eats only a meager 10-15 grams of fiber daily. For comparison, the average fiber intake in China is 33 grams of fiber a day, and it ranges as high as 77 grams per day in some regions.
For powders shaped soluble fibers, initial dose is half or one level-teaspoon, twice a day. Later during the next one two, three or four weeks this quantity can be increased to 2-4 tablespoons, twice a day. This amount roughly equals to 12-25 grams of soluble fiber supplement per day.
Before starting any supplement, please read minimum and maximum dosages given by the manufacturer on label of the product.
Please also check the label for sorbitol. This is an artificial sweetener and may cause cramps, bloating, diarrhea, and gas in people who do not even have IBS.
As with the fiber powders, the goal with the fiber pills is to just keep gradually increasing your dose until you stabilize, and then continue the same dosage.
Please note that different manufacturers may have different maximum dosages on their labels. Check with the individual product minimum and maximum dosage they recommend. The grams of soluble fiber per teaspoon/tablespoon/pill dose of the different supplements may vary.
If you have any problem with a single dosage, then divide your doses throughout the day according to your need and choice. It is always better to keep your gut constantly filled up with soluble fiber, so several smaller doses are often much more helpful than a single large daily dose.

Dosages and fiber content for common soluble fiber supplements:

Heather's Tummy Fiber™ Acacia Senegal provides 6 grams of organic, prebiotic soluble fiber per level tablespoon dose.
Benefiber powder provides 1.5 grams of soluble fiber per teaspoon (please note that Benefiber has changed as of July 2006.)
One tablespoon of Metamucil smooth texture orange and original texture orange (these are not the sugar-free varieties) contains 2 grams of soluble fiber and 1 gram of insoluble fiber.
One tablespoon of Citrucel provides 2 grams of soluble fiber. (Please note there is a recall of Citrucel for the summer of 2006).
Two Metamucil wafers provide 2 grams soluble fiber and 1 gram insoluble fiber.
Two Fibercon tablets contain 1 gram soluble fiber.
Two Equalactin tablets contain 1 gram soluble fiber.
Two FiberChoice tablets contain 4 grams soluble fiber
Two Citrucel caplets provide 1 gram of soluble fiber.

BREAKING THE VICIOUS CYCLE

2009-09-18T19:39:00.000-07:00

Intestinal problems are cause of second greatest number of hospital admissions; maternity cases are first. In fact, four out of ten people visiting their doctors are there because of gastrointestinal complaints diarrhea, excess gas, loss of weight, excess mucus, cramping, blood loss, severe constipation. Not only are these disorders widespread, they exact a high toll in pain, suffering and expense.

Many diseases can be prevented, alleviated, or cured by nothing more than the correct diet.

Initially Ms. Elaine Gottschall wrote a book BREAKING THE VICIOUS CYCLE. Her four-year-old daughter was diagnosed severe, incurable ulcerative colitis. She wanted to share her knowledge she learned during three decades of her daughter's sickness. The book was a result of her inexplicable struggle to stay her daughter alive and prevent from an ileostomy operation (Surgical procedure that creates an opening from the ileum through the abdominal wall to function as an anus; performed in cases of cancer of the colon or ulcerative colitis surgical amputation of colon and substitution with an external bag).

In the book “BREAKING THE VICIOUS CYCLE” Elaine Gottschall has elaborated how different diets and carbohydrates (starches and sugars) affect the behavior and development of the body. The Specific Carbohydrate Diet can prevent, improve, and heal the gastrointestinal disorders.

Low FODMAP Diet

2009-09-16T01:28:00.000-07:00

Low FODMAP Diet
Fructose, fructans, sorbitol, raffinose
Gastrointestinal disorders can involve symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, wind, reflux, diarrhoea and/or constipation. FODMAPs are a group of short chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed. They are therefore fermented by intestinal bacteria releasing gas and leading to these symptoms. You have been advised to avoid the following FODMAPs for a period of at least 8 weeks after which time your dietitian will advise you whether to challenge any of the FODMAP groups.

What Foods Need to be Limited?
1. Foods with EXCESS FRUCTOSE

• Honey
• Apples
• Pears
• Mandarin
• Peach
• Mango
• Watermelon
• Honeydew melon
• Lychee
• Carambola, star fruit
• Nashi fruit
• Coconut cream / coconut milk
• Tinned fruit in natural juice (pear juice)
• Fructose or corn syrup
• Fruit juice (even need to limit safe fruits to 1/3 glass of juice)
• Dried fruit (limit safe fruits to 1 tablespoon)

2. Foods with FRUCTANS

• Wheat (in large amounts)
• Rye (in large amounts)
• Onion – brown, white, spring, spanish, shallots
• Leeks
• Artichokes
• Zucchini

• Chicory - Ecco, Caro drinks
• Dandelion Tea
• Inulin (artificial fibre added to products, e.g. dairy foods)
• Fructo-oligo saccharides (FOS) (artificial fibre added to some nutritional supplements)

3. Foods with SORBITOL

• Apricots
• Peaches
• Nectarines
• Cherries
• Plums
• Apples
• Pears
• Artificially sweetened gums, mints, lollies
• Artificial sweeteners: Sorbitol, Mannitol, Xylitol, Isomalt

4. Foods with RAFFINOSE

• Cabbage
• Brussel sprouts
• Green beans
• Asparagus
• Legumes – chickpeas, lentils, red kidney beans, baked beans

What Are The Safe Foods?

SUITABLE alternatives to honey:
• Jam, marmalade
• vegemite, marmite, promite, Aussie Mite, Mighty Mite, Vege Spread
• peanut butter
• maple syrup, treacle, golden syrup, rice syrup

Fruits that are SUITABLE:
• Berries: blackberry, blueberry, boysenberry, cranberry, raspberry, strawberries
• Citrus: cumquat, lemon, grapefruit, lime, orange, tangelo
• Melons: cantaloupe
• Other: banana, jackfruit, kiwifruit, grapes, passionfruit, pineapple, rhubarb, tamarillo, tomato, avocado, guava, pawpaw, lychee, persimmon
• N.B the quantity of these is important. No more than the size of a small orange at a time. Separate each serve by ~2 hours.

Vegetables that are SUITABLE:

• Alfalfa
• Bamboo shoots
• Beanshoot
• Beetroot
• Bok Choy
• Broccoli
• Capsicum
• Carrot
• Cauliflower
• Celery
• Chilli
• Chive
• Corn
• Cucumber
• Eggplant
• Fennel
• Kohlrabi
• Lettuce
• Olive
• Parsnip
• Peas
• Potato
• Pumpkin
• Marrow
• Mushroom
• Silverbeet
• Snow Peas
• Spinach
• Squash
• Swede
• Sweet Potato
• Sweet Corn
• Taro
• Turnip
• Waterchestnut
• Watercress

SUITABLE alternatives to Ecco, Caro and Dandelion Tea:
• Enjoy tea, coffee (regular and decaffeinated), tea infusions, herbal teas, hot water
Note: Caffeine can be a gastric irritant. You may want to minimise your coffee intake to <2 cups per day if you suspect caffeine contributes to your symptoms.

SUITABLE alternatives to Onion:
• Onion is a MAJOR problem, even when eaten in small amounts
• Check commercially prepared products eg. sauces, soups, canned flavoured tuna
• Consider Asafoetida powder (Indian spice markets) for onion flavour
• Use other herbs and spices to flavour food.
• Garlic is usually tolerated in small amounts (minimise if symptoms persist)
• You may be able to cook with (but not eat) onion:
o Cut onion into large strips for easy removal
o Cut onion into large chunks in stir fries, but leave behind on plate
o Use whole onions in gravies of casseroles and remove prior to serving
o In soups, place onions in muslin bag/stocking while cooking, then remove.

Understanding wheat fructan restriction:
• Wheat-based products are only a problem when WHEAT IS THE MAIN INGREDIENT, e.g. bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, etc,
• Where wheat is an ingredient in only small amounts (eg. biscuit crumbs on the chocolate coating of an icecream) it is NOT a problem.
• There are many wheat ingredients that are safe, as they do not contain fructans. These include:
o wheat starch, wheat thickeners
o wheat maltodextrin, wheat dextrin
o wheat dextrose
o wheat glucose, wheat glucose syrup, and
o wheat colour caramel.

Wheat Free / Gluten Free? There is a difference:
 People who are gluten free cannot have any traces of wheat, rye, oats and barley
 The diet for fructose malabsorption is only low wheat so you can eat rye, oats, barley and small amounts of wheat or wheat ingredients.
 Gluten free products are wheat free, so they are suitable for fructose malabsorption, but you still need to be aware of fructose ingredients such as onion, honey and fruit.

Wheat alternatives:

Problem Suggested Alternative
Bread Wheat based including:
White, wholemeal, multigrain, sourdough, spelt, kumut, dinkle, flat breads. Rye breads Gluten free (Country Life, Moores, Old Time Bakery)
Pasta Regular pasta is made from wheat. Gluten free pasta (San Remo, Orgran, Buontempo), Rice
Breakfast Cereal Most are made from wheat, many also contain large amounts of dried fruit Porridge, Cornflakes, Rice Bubbles, Wheat free muesli (e.g. Freedom Foods), Gluten free cereals (e.g. Rice Flakes)
Noodles Two Minute, Hokkein, Udon Rice Noodles, buckwheat (soba) noodles
Cakes, baked goods Most are made from wheat. Cakes, muffins, scones, crumpets, croissants, puddings. Fruit cakes are a double problem! Gluten free cakes and mixes (eg. Basco, Well and Good), Cornflour sponge, Flourless cakes
Savoury Biscuit Usually wheat based eg. Salada, Sao, Jatz, water crackers Corn thins, Rice Cakes, Rice Crackers (check onion powder), Eskal crackers and pretzels
Sweet Biscuit Wheat based eg. Tim Tams, Teddy Bear, Country Cream Gluten free (eg. D’Lush, Eskal wafers, Freedom Foods), Almond Macaroons, Arnotts Rice Cookies
Pastry Wheat based pies, pastries Gluten Free pastry mixes (Orgran)
Eat the middle out – leave pastry behind!
Breadcrumbs Made from wheat Gluten free crumbs (Orgran, Freedom Foods), Polenta, Cornflake Crumbs
Other Semolina, Couscous, Bulgar Polenta, Millet, Buckwheat, Sorghum

Symptoms and Remedy of Major Stomach Infections

2009-09-15T22:15:00.000-07:00

If you are avoiding your favorite food to avert Heartburn, you can avoid it with a little awareness and maintaining hygiene and frequently washing your hands. There eight major type of stomach infections like botulism, dysentery, food poisoning, listeriosis, salmonella, stomach flu, tapeworms, and trichinosis:-

Botulism
Dysentery
Food Poisoning
Listeriosis
Salmonella
Stomach Flu
Tapeworms
Trichinosis

Botulism

Frequently cause of food-borne botulism is from home-canned foods with low acid content, such as asparagus, green beans, beets and corn. However, cause of epidemics of botulism is from unusual sources such as chopped garlic in oil, chile peppers, tomatoes, carrot juice, improperly handled baked potatoes wrapped in aluminum foil, and home-canned or fermented fish. To avoid Botulism, the following guidelines should be strictly followed:-

Persons who do home canning should follow strict hygienic procedures to reduce contamination of foods.
Oils infused with garlic or herbs should be refrigerated.
Potatoes which have been baked while wrapped in aluminum foil should be kept hot until served or refrigerated.
Because the botulism toxin is destroyed by high temperatures, persons who eat home-canned foods should consider boiling the food for 10 minutes before eating it to ensure safety.
Because honey can contain spores of Clostridium botulinum and this has been a source of infection for infants, children less than 12 months old should not be fed honey. Honey is safe for persons 1 year of age and older.
Wound botulism can be prevented by promptly seeking medical care for infected wounds and by not using injectable street drugs.

Botulism is further distributed into three forms. Although botulism infection disease is uncommon but is dangerously lethal. Infected peoples are typically treated with botulism antitoxin.

Food-borne botulism is spread by contaminated food
Infant botulism mostly infects the young babies who have immature digestive organism
Wound botulism affects the body through skin wounds.

Dysentery

When gut is infected by a bacterium like shigella. Shigella sonnei, stomach infection dysentery is caused. Dysentery is an inflammation of the intestines which commonly spread through poor hygiene conditions and hand-washing habits, especially in children and food workers. Dysentery causes diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. Follow strict hygiene practices to avoid this painful infection and also make sure your children do the same.

Prevention from Food Poisoning

By maintaining better hygienic conditions like washing hands thoroughly before cooking food, after visiting toilet and handling pets and keeping cleanliness in kitchen.
Completely defrosted food before cooking and cook it thoroughly before eating.
Avoid reheated food or serve it hot
Store raw meat and fish covered and bottom of the fridge
Store all perishable foods at 5°C (41°F) or less
Rinse fruit and vegetables thoroughly with running water before eating
Completely avoid expired good

Treatment of Food Poisoning

Food poisoning is often caused by any of the 100 different food-borne bacteria. Therefore antibiotic treatment is often necessary after testing for micro-organism responsible for illness as well. Most infections continue for 24 to 48 hours. Symptoms can include vomiting, headache, diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal cramps, and fever, although the severity of symptoms can vary. Fluids are quickly wasted from body through vomiting and diarrhea. To replenish lost fluids and prevent dehydration, drink plenty of water that has been boiled and cooled mixed with ORS.

Prevention from Listeriosis

In the United States, listeriosis seriously affects an estimated 2,500 people each year and causing death to 500. Healthy adults and children occasionally get infected with Listeria, but they rarely become seriously ill. Listeriosis is propagated through unhygienic foods, such as undercooked or raw meat, unpasteurized dairy products, and processed foods. Practice safe food-handling and food-preparation procedures to avoid listeriosis. The groups who are at greater risk are:

Pregnant women - Approximately one-third of all listeriosis cases happen during pregnancy who are 20 times more likely to get listeriosis than other healthy adults.
Newborns – Sometimes newborns suffer the serious effects of infection instead of pregnant women themselves in pregnancy.
Persons with weakened immune systems
Persons with cancer, diabetes, or kidney disease
Persons with AIDS - They are almost 300 times more likely to get listeriosis than people with normal immune systems.
Persons who take glucocorticosteroid medications

Prevention from Salmonella

Salmonellosis is caused by bacteria called Salmonella developing diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection among suffered people. Salmonellosis is pass from the feces of people or animals to other people or other animals. Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis are the most common in the United States. ¬The sickness usually continues for 4 to 7 days, and mostly patients recover without treatment. However, in severe cases the patient needs to be hospitalized. The severe condition is caused due to the propagation of Salmonella infection from intestines to the blood stream. In such cases the Salmonellosis infection may cause death if not treated promptly with antibiotics. The elderly, infants, and other people with weakened or impaired immune systems are at greater risk of having a severe illness.

Salmonella bacteria results salmonellosis, affecting the intestinal tract and causes vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and fever. Hospitalization is required in severe cases due to dehydration. To prevent infection with Salmonella bacteria, adopt food-saftey habits by avoiding raw or contaminated undercooked foods.

Different kinds of sicknesses can cause symptoms of diarrhea, fever, or abdominal cramps. Therefore for determining that cause of symptoms, stool of an infected person is analyzed through laboratory tests of are necessary for determining the cause of symptoms.

Treatment of Salmonella

Salmonella infections usually resolve in 5-7 days often without any treatment than replenishment with oral fluids like ORS. Persons with severe diarrhea may require Rehydration with intravenous fluids. Antibiotics (ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or ciprofloxacin) are not usually necessary unless the infection beyond the intestines. Some Salmonella bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, largely as a result of the use of antibiotics to promote the growth of food animals.

Chronic Yellow Diarrhea Symptoms | eHow.com

2009-09-12T03:09:00.000-07:00

Chronic yellow diarrhea is the passing of loose, watery, yellowish excrement for more than a day or two. It can be accompanied by cramps, tiredness and a general feeling of malaise. The causes of yellow diarrhea range from low bile production, which can signify a problem in the liver, to a serious disease. Treatment and prevention depends on the cause.

Symptoms

1. When a person has chronic yellow diarrhea, he will suffer from several loose and sometimes watery bowel movements on a daily basis for more than a week. The color of the diarrhea might range from a light yellowish-brown to an almost yellow-gray color. Cramps, fatigue and weakness are other common symptoms. Chronic diarrhea, which is diarrhea that lasts more than a day or two, can result in dehydration and a loss of electrolytes and potassium. It can also signify a serious health problem, which is why someone who is suffering from chronic yellow diarrhea should see a health professional as soon as possible.

GERD

2. One of the most common symptoms of yellow diarrhea is that it appears to happen fairly quickly after eating. This can signify that you might have something called gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. This disease of the digestive system causes food to pass too quickly through the digestive tract. It is not fully processed or digested, which means that it exits the body in loose, yellow stool. People who suffer from GERD usually also have heartburn and breathing difficulties.

Lack of bile

3. Another symptom common in chronic yellow diarrhea is that the color of the stool changes over time from yellowish to a pale gray. This symptom signifies an issue with the liver's production of bile. It is bile salts that turn stool brown. As bile salts diminish, the stool turns yellow, then eventually gray and almost colorless. If you suspect you may have a bile production problem, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible.

Bacterial Infection

4. If your chronic yellow diarrhea started suddenly, with no other symptoms, it was probably caused by a bacterial or viral infection that you may have picked up from infected food or water. In fact, such diarrhea is commonly called traveler's diarrhea because it is common to suffer from it after traveling to another country.

Treatment and Prevention

5. No matter the cause, chronic yellow diarrhea should be treated by first drinking lots of fluids rich in electrolytes, as the biggest health danger from diarrhea is dehydration. To prevent diarrhea, eat several small, healthy meals per day and always wash your hands before you eat. Be careful where you get your food and water, especially if you are in a foreign country. In addition, avoid fatty foods and anything containing caffeine or alcohol, as these foods and drugs are known to trigger and aggravate diarrhea.

Wat is de oorzaak slijm in de stoelgang?

2009-09-12T00:28:00.000-07:00

Slijm in de ontlasting

Slijm en slijmerige stoelgang kan worden veroorzaakt door chronische pancreatitis. Soms kan ook het gevolg zijn van onverwerkte vetten in uw ontlasting. Andere mogelijke oorzaak zou kunnen zijn als gevolg van coeliakie. Eigenlijk, slijm kan een symptoom zijn van anomalieën in onze buik muren. Zijn aanwezigheid moet tijdelijk zijn en waarschijnlijk te zetten in reguliere na enkele dagen.

Slijm slijm wordt geproduceerd door klieren die lijn de dunne en dikke darm en is een doorschijnend, gelei achtige substantie die uit komen in de ontlasting. Slijm slijm en soepele beweging wordt aangegeven door de aanwezigheid van slijm over je hele ontlasting. Gezonde mensen kunnen ook bepaalde hoeveelheid slijm in de normale ontlasting. Meestal slijm niet wordt vermengd met ontlasting. In de volgende voorwaarden slijm kan worden weergegeven in de normale semi-zachte ontlasting:

Oorzaken van slijm / Slijm stoelgang

* Interne aambeien

* Darmparasieten

* Constipatie

* Coeliakie

* Chronische pancreatitis

* Cystic Fibrosis

* Diverticulitis

* Inflammatoire darmziekten (IBD)

* Alvleesklier Disease

* Korte Darm Syndroom (SBS)

* Kleine Intestinale bacteriegroei (SIBO)

Wat te doen als iemand een voortdurende slijm stoelgang Altijd een zorgverstrekker te raadplegen voor een diagnose correct te diagnosticeren de oorzaken van uw slijm / slijm stoelgang.

Raadpleeg altijd een zorgaanbieder voor een diagnose correct te diagnosticeren de oorzaken van uw slijm / slijm stoelgang. Met een gewone colonoscopie test kan, de oorzaak van slijm in de ontlasting worden herkend of het misschien te wijten zijn aan malabsorptie of chronische pancreatitis. Andere diagnostische tests zou betekenen bloedonderzoek te sluiten als u coeliakie ziekte, of beeldvorming diagnose voor enzym en aan de alvleesklier test. Bij deze tests negatief zijn, de enige remedie is om veel vezel in de vorm van fruit consumeren zoals sinaasappels en bananen.

Hoe te voorkomen Gastro-enteritis Maag Disease

2009-09-12T00:16:00.000-07:00

Een ontsteking van het slijmvlies van de maag en darmen, gastro-enteritis is meestal veroorzaakt door vuile handen, vuile omgeving, en besmet voedsel en water. De belangrijkste symptomen zijn waterige diarree, braken, hoofdpijn, koorts en buikpijn.

Uitbraken van gastro-enteritis zijn alle opgenomen over de hele wereld. Het is bedreigend, omdat het kan leiden tot uitdroging, evenals de verstoring van belangrijke lichaam chemie. Bovendien kan het aanstekelijk als deze worden veroorzaakt door virussen en bacteriën.

Gastro-enteritis kan worden voorkomen door de volgende easy-to-do gezondheid tips. Vergeet niet, het is altijd beter dan genezen. Hier zijn 12 tips om te vechten gastro-enteritis te helpen.

1. Houd uw omgeving schoon en kiem-vrij. Desinfecteer vuile oppervlakken met chloor-gebaseerde reinigingsmiddelen.

2. Vermijd het kopen van voedsel en dranken uit straatverkopers als u niet zeker weet hoe deze werden voorbereid. Het is altijd veilig om maaltijden die zijn bereid thuis te eten.

3. Neem regelmatig een bad om het risico te verminderen van de aanbestedende de ziekte

4. Was uw handen goed met zeep en water voor het eten of hanteren van voedsel, en na het gebruik van de badkamer.

5. Zorg ervoor dat het water je drinkt zijn gekookt of behandeld met chloor of jodium.

6. Vermijd het eten van onvoldoende verhit of rauwe vis.

7. Niet eens met eten of drinken gebruiksvoorwerpen. Dit verhoogt het risico van overdracht van ziektekiemen van de ene persoon naar de andere.

8. Eet alleen voedsel dat goed is gekookt en nog steeds heet. Eet alleen fruit dat u zelf gepeld.

9. Vermijd melk, vlees of eieren op basis van voedsel dat is ongekoeld verlaten. U bent niet zeker of het voedsel is verontreinigd.

10. Na bereiding ongekookt vlees en gevogelte, grondig reinigen van alle keukengerei en werkbladen voor de voorbereiding van andere levensmiddelen.

11. Oefening regelmatig. Een gezonder lichaam is de beste bescherming tegen alle vormen van ziekten.

12. Sommige vormen van gastro-enteritis veroorzaakt door emotionele problemen kunnen worden voorkomen door te proberen om stress te verminderen in je leven.

Gele stoelgang in Diarree

2009-09-11T23:27:00.000-07:00

De normale kleur van de stoelgang is elke schaduw van bruin (meestal medium bruin), of bruin / groen. Bij geel / bleke ontlasting wordt weergegeven, en er is geen duidelijke reden te wijten aan voedsel geconsumeerd, zou er iemand van de volgende aandoeningen:

Diarree: Diarree is de meest voorkomende reden in het veranderen van de kleur van de ontlasting. Het belangrijkste verschil in diarree en normale spijsvertering proces is dat in de diarree voedsel passeert darm zo snel dat darmbacteriën niet genoeg tijd hebt voor het omzetten van bilirubine in stercobilin dat normale ontlasting het bruine kleur geeft. Gastro-oesofageale reflux (GERD) is ook een ziekte waar voedsel snel wordt doorgegeven via darmen met spijsvertering proces.

Cholestase: Bij deze ziekte stroom gal uit de lever in de darm wordt verminderd of stopgezet. Door het ontbreken van gal, zijn ontlasting licht gekleurd. Onverteerd voedsel deeltjes kunnen komen in de ontlasting. In cholestase kan, bilirubine, en galzouten reizen in het bloed, de huid en urine, met als gevolg verdere complicaties zoals Geelzucht, jeukende huid en Dark stinkende urine. Cholestase kan het gevolg zijn van problemen binnen of buiten de lever.

Leverziekte (intra-hepatische cholestase): Verminderde compressed kleine grachten gal in de lever is de oorzaak voor de uitstroom van gal uit de lever cellen. Kruk zal verschijnen geel / bleek te wijten aan het uiterlijk van de verlaagde bedrag van de gal in de darmen. De mogelijke redenen zijn Alcoholische hepatitis, Amyloïdose, dat kanker is uitgezaaid naar de lever (metastasen), cirrose, lymfoom, sarcoïdose, Sjögren-syndroom, tuberculose, virale hepatitis braken, misselijkheid en gevoeligheid / pijn in de rechterbovenhoek buik zijn een van de belangrijkste voorkomende symptomen van een leveraandoening.

Galblaas (Biliaire Duct) Ziekte: Obstakel in biliaire kanaal (via welke een gal stroomt uit de lever in de darm) zal veroorzaken in het uiterlijk van minder gal in de ontlasting, waardoor ontlasting geel, bleek, of zelfs grijs. Mogelijke oorzaken zijn Galsteen uit de galblaas, Ontsteking (cholangitis), Tumor (cholangiocarcinoma). Kramp pijn in buik rechts boven en rechts onder de ribben zijn vaak voorkomende symptomen bij galblaas / galwegen duct ziekte.

Alvleesklier Ziekte: Biliaire kanaal wordt gedrukt door het hoofd van uitgebreide pancreas en waardoor obstructie in de gal flow van lever darm. Pancreatitis (ontsteking van de alvleesklier) en aan de alvleesklier cyste of kanker kunnen veroorzaken dit gebeurt.
Abdominale Massa: galgang wordt gedrukt door abdominale tumor (zoals fibroom) bijgevolg veroorzaakt cholestase en gele ontlasting. Grote tumoren kunnen worden opgespoord en voelde met de hand of opgezette buik.

Causes of Yellow Diarrhea

2009-09-11T20:09:00.000-07:00

Yellow stool can be caused with gallbladder disease. If the liver tests are "elevated", you may ask if the bilirubin level was elevated as well. If yes, that may be a clarification for yellow color stools.

Blockages in the common bile duct: As for initial evaluation, an abdominal ultrasound is done for explanation of causes. This test may determine if there are any blockages in the common bile duct as shown by any dilation.
Hepatitis: Through blood tests evaluation, the possibility of Hepatitis can be determined.
Chronic Diarrhea: A blood test can be done to rule out chronic diarrhea caused by celiac disease.
Colon Cancer: If your health care provider finds any hint of colon cancer he can consider a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy for further evaluation.
Followup with your personal physician is essential.

The above information is for patient education only and does not replace for medical advice by a registered health care provider. Please see your personal physician for further evaluation of your individual case.

Yellow Stools Pattern in Young Babies

2009-09-11T19:45:00.000-07:00

Baby Stool Patterns have Typical Characteristics and Time Frame. Thus Stool Patterns are helpful in diagnosing the cause of problem. Here are some interpretation of stool pattern and their time frame of occurrence in young babies:

Meconium Stools are Thick, tarry, dark green and occurs from Birth and continues for 2 days.
Normal Loose stools are green-brown to yellow-brown, seedy and continue from 2–5 days of birth.
Breastfed Babies have stool pattern of Mushy, golden-yellow, often after each feeding, odor similar to sour milk and occurs after 5 days of birth.
Formula-fed Firm have have pasty, yellow-brown, strong odor occurring after 5 days

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Dutch Language

Baby Kruk Patronen hebben Typische kenmerken en Time Frame. Zo Kruk Patronen zijn nuttig bij de diagnose van de oorzaak van het probleem. Hier zijn een interpretatie van de ontlasting patroon en hun tijdsbestek van voorkomen bij jonge baby's:

Meconium Krukken zijn dik, teerachtige, donker groen en treedt vanaf de geboorte en blijft voor 2 dagen.
Normaal Dunne ontlasting zijn groen-bruin tot geel-bruin, louche en blijven 2-5 dagen na de geboorte.
Borstvoeding hebben ontlasting patroon van Slappe, goudgele, vaak na elke voeding, geur die vergelijkbaar zijn met zure melk en komt na 5 dagen van de geboorte.
Formule-fed Firm hebben hebben pasteuze, geel-bruin, sterke geur die zich na 5 dagen

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German language

Baby Hocker Patterns haben Typische Merkmale und Time Frame. So Hocker Muster sind bei der Diagnose der Ursache des Problems hilfreich sein. Hier siehst du einige Auslegung des Stuhls Muster und deren Zeitrahmen von Vorkommen bei jungen Säuglingen:

Mekonium Hocker sind dick, zu verweilen, dunkelgrün und tritt von Geburt und dauert 2 Tage.
Normal Weiche Stühle sind grün-braun bis gelb-braun, schäbig und weiterhin von 2-5 Tagen nach der Geburt.
Gestillte Babys haben Hocker Muster der Winde verweht ", goldgelb, oft nach jeder Mahlzeit, Geruch ähnlich wie saure Milch und tritt nach 5 Tagen nach der Geburt.
Formel-fed Firma haben, pastöse, gelb-braun, starker Geruch, die nach 5 Tagen

2009-09-06T23:21:00.000-07:00

A clinical syndrome characterized by acute infectious gastroenteritis with watery diarrhea, vomiting, malaise, and abdominal cramps with a relatively short incubation period (12–36 h) and duration (24–48 h). A viral etiology is suspected when bacterial and parasitic agents are not found. In the United States, no etiologic agent can be found in 70% of the outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Most of these may be due to viral agents, such as the Norwalk, Snow Mountain, and Hawaii agents, astroviruses, caliciviruses, adenoviruses, nongroup A rotaviruses, and paroviruses. Epidemics are common worldwide and have occurred following the consumption of fecally contaminated raw shellfish, food, or water, although the virus may be spread by airborne droplets as well. Epidemics are most frequent in residential homes, camps, institutions, and cruise ships. Many individual cases of mild diarrhea may in fact occur in epidemics for which the source of the infection cannot be found. Epidemic viral gastroenteritis is distinct from rotavirus diarrhea, a seasonal disease in winter that is the most common cause of diarrhea in young children, and affects virtually all children in the first 4 years of life. Since the diarrhea is often mild and of short duration, attention should be given to rehydration therapy and prevention by identification of the source. Fatalities have been associated with severe dehydration and loss of fluids and electrolytes in the stool.

Winter Epidemic of Viral Gastroenteritis

2009-09-06T21:33:00.000-07:00

Norovirus is one of the frequent causes of a seasonal rise of viral gastroenteritis in Hong Kong during September through December. Norovirus is occasionally mentioned as “winter vomiting disease”.

Two different epidemiological patterns are winter vomiting disease most prevalent. The first type of winter vomiting disease is transmitted and mainly affects adults, and frequently associated with eating up undercooked bivalve shellfish like raw oysters. The second type is spreads person-to-person. After the incubation period is completed, a vomiting incident is started followed by an acute gastroenteritis among patients. This type is more commonly found among attendees and residents of schools and nursing homes.

Some viruses like rotavirus, enteric adenoviruses, astrovirus, and sapovirus have been proved to be as agents of acute viral gastroenteritis. These gastroenteritis agents are frequently cause intermittent diarrheal infections and are fewer connections with epidemics. Rotavirus is the most common reason of acute childhood gastroenteritis especially in the winter months of December and January. Rotavirus is the most common reason of acute childhood gastroenteritis in nursery outbreaks especially in the winter months of December and January. These agents are typically self-limiting by giving immediate supportive treatments like Rehydration.

For the purpose of laboratory examination of acute gastroenteritis, the optimal specimen of diarrheal stool is obtained during the severe stage of illness, when the viral agent is shed in large amounts.

To examine the presence of above viral agents, electron microscopy can be used to catch-all the agents. However, this technique is not useful if specimens of formed stool or rectal swabs are examined at late stages.

Drinking Water Guidelines - Dehydration

2009-09-02T00:43:00.000-07:00

The U.S. National Research Council advises that 1 mL of water for every calorie is advisable. Therefore, person who consumes 2,000 calories a day should be drinking 2,000 mL of water/fluids. Other suggestions include fruit juice, soda, ice tea, caffeinated beverages, like coffee, tea, and green tea. It is also advisable to drink more water while exercising and in hot weather. Drink an extra quart of water every hour of exercise.

Avoid drinking before sleeping at night: To drink water in the evening may cause waking up during the night to urinate, consequently an uncomfortable sleep at night. Avoid drinking at least two hours before bedtime.

Drink Filtered Water

Drinking water can be contaminated with heavy metals, microorganisms, chlorine, fluoride, and other impurities. Therefore use of reasonably priced water filter on the market, such as Brita or PUR is advisable. Quality of drinking water can also be improved by filtering it with a reverse osmosis mechanism, charcoal, ceramic, or other high quality filter.

Facts about Bottled Water

All types of bottled water are not spring water rather it is actually tap water purified and packed in bottles and plain tap water without any purification. Avoid common plastic water bottles for water storage and also do not reuse these plastic bottles.
Distilled water, when used regularly, can drain your body of necessary minerals.
Drink Warm or Room Temperature Water. In Traditional Chinese Medicine System, drinking cold water disrupts the proper flow of energy in the body and “shock” the body. Always drink warm or room temperature fluids.

2009-09-02T00:17:00.000-07:00

Treatment of Travelers' Diarrhea

2009-09-01T01:50:00.000-07:00

You may have severe travelers' diarrhea if you have three or more loose stools in 8-hours along with cramping, nausea and vomiting, bloody stools, or fever. Travelers' Diarrhea is treated through Oral replacement therapy (ORT). In this therapy body fluids are replaced through ORS. If ORS is not available, drink water along with salty crackers. You can also make your own ORS by mixing one liter of water with 6 level teaspoons of sugar and 1 level teaspoon of salt. A combination of ORS and anti-motility medications and/or antibiotics is recommended.

Treatment for Severe Travelers' Diarrhea

The travelers' diarrhea should be treated with ORS and medicines like fluoroquinolone antibiotic, (e.g., Noroxin® or Cipro®). Imodium® AD or Lomotil® may be used in conjunction with the antibiotic as explained below, if the fever or bloody stools are not present. If possible, seek physician advice for severe travelers' diarrhea rather attempting self-medication.

Absorbents: Absorbents are mixed absorb water. When absorbents are taken orally, water in small intestine and colon is bind and makes stools less runny. Toxic chemicals produced by bacteria also bind and later enabling the small intestine to emit fluid.

There are two main absorbents, attapulgite and polycarbophil, both are available OTC without prescriptions. These medications may be used with an antibiotic if you have moderate to severe diarrhea. Do not use these products if you have bloody stools or fever. Look for medical advice in such instances.

Attapulgite containing products include:

Diasorb
Donnagel,
Kaopectate Advanced Formula,
Parepectolin, and
Rheaban,

Polycarbophil containing drugs include:

Equalactin,
Konsyl Fiber,
Mitrolan, and
Polycarb

Mild diarrhea: Pepto-Bismol® may be effective. Do not take it with large doses of aspirin or with coumadin. Pepto-Bismol can cause Black stools or a black tongue. This product is not recommended for pregnant women or nursing mothers.

Mild diarrhea: Lomotil® and Imodium® AD are commonly used as anti-motility agents. They should not be taken for more than 48 hours.
Never use Enterovioform, Mexaform, Clioquinol, Iodoquinol or Intestopan (anti-diarrheal agents banned in the USA but still sold over-the-counter in foreign countries) for prevention or treatment of traveler's diarrhea.

While using ORT and/or an antibiotic, you may supplement your desire with carbonated beverages, water that has been purified, or tea made with boiled or carbonated water. Avoid solid foods and milk until you are recovered.

Despite the above recommendations, if any of the following occurs, consult a physician on an urgent basis:

Diarrhea does not resolve within a few days.* Bloody stools persist.
Condition is worsening.
There is fever with shaking chills.
There is dehydration.
There is progressive weakness.

Mucus in Stool - Symptoms and Remedies

2009-08-31T22:34:00.000-07:00

The presence of Mucus is to ease Bowel Movement out of our bodies. Mucus membrane of large intestine produces a clear, white, or yellow jelly like substance, Mucus. Other organs of the body such as lungs also produce Mucus. In intestines, the prime object of mucus is to protect inner lining of the intestine and to ease the passageway of stool. The following some reasons associated with prevalence of mucus in stool:-

Irritable Bowel Syndrome during Ulcerative Colitis

As already written, mucus is a normal function of intestines for smooth passage of stool when produced in a reasonable amount. But in IBS, mucus production is increased by the lining of the intestine. Mucus membrane of the intestine develops inflammation and become ulcerative. The ulcerative intestine then starts bleeding and produces pus and mucus. Mucus is often connected with diarrhea-predominant IBS. Mucus is not as recurrent as with Crohn's Diseases (CD), but can be related with the development of an anal fissure.

Infections caused by Bacteria

Bacterial infections like Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia can be a cause of mucus in the stool as well. Diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps also caused by a bacterial infection. Several bacterial infections can heal without any treatment on their own. However, some cases may require treatment with antibiotics.

Bowel Stoppage

A bowel holdup is connected with constipation, severe cramps, abdominal distention along with vomiting. A bowel stoppage may be due to a variety of causes and is and may be treated in the hospital in some cases, with surgery.

The extraction of mucus in stools in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) or ulcerative colitis (UC) is not a cause for alarm. However, it must be pointed out to a health care provider. Mucus without a reason such as a pre-existing condition should be informed to your health care provider immediately.