STUDENT FYPS

Car Parking project with arduino

2020-09-23T00:02:00.002+05:00

What is the Automatic Vertical Car Parking project with Arduino?

This project deals with the manufacture of a prototype of an Automatic Vertical Car Parking System. This has a vertical structure supporting a car cradle hanging on the vertical chain conveyor. Car entry & exit are from ground level. Any car can be parked or retrieved independently without disturbing other cars. The automatic vertical car parking system was invented since the production of cars increased. A smart parking system is designed to provide effective management of car parking. The application of this system can be, for example, at the shopping malls where parking is a major issue. The entire process is controlled on an ARDUINO.

Automatic Vertical Car Parking System

The design methodology of our project is defined using the simplest rendition of the system. It is called the waterfall model. The waterfall model is a sequential flow of the process in which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of design, implementation, and testing (validation). Below is the "waterfall model".

Car Parking System design

Designing the technical architecture by choosing amongst the architectural designs of hardware and software that will best suit the system and future needs. The system design of our system consists of two parts, one is control circuitry and the other is a mechanical model. These two are combined to form an automatic vertical car parking system with a rotating mechanism.

Automatic Car Parking Control Circuit

The control circuitry is composed of individual electronic components, such as Arduino mega, IR sensor, fingerprint sensor, servo motor, and LCD, working together to perform specific tasks.

The above diagram of the system is developed using msvisio, which describes the connectivity of different modules with Arduino mega 2560. Arduino Mega is the main part of the system, provides an interface to other components. It is programmed using the Arduino software IDE (1.6.x).

An IR (Infrared sensor) is one of the basic and most commonly used sensors. In our system, the IR sensor is interfaced with Arduino and functions to detect the presence of a vehicle. The fingerprint sensor DFROBOT SENO188 is the optical sensor and is part of the system as shown in the above diagram. The fingerprint sensor gets power when interfaced with Arduino and get the fingerprint. The system uses motor interfacing with Arduino, to rotate the pallets to get the car to be parked. The system also uses an LCD display for the interaction with the user, like interaction for entering information to the fingerprint module.

Block diagram

Hardware list

Arduino Mega 2560
DFROBOT SENO188
LCD 20x4 With i2C
Stepper Motor
IR proximity Sensor
Buck converter
Mechanical Structure

Hardware Implementation

Connection of IR sensor with Arduino mega2560

The Vcc pin of the IR sensor to the 3.3v of the Arduino Mega 2560
The GND pin of the IR sensor to the Gnd of the Arduino Mega 2560
The Out pin of the IR sensor to the A0(analog pin) of the Arduino Mega 2560

Connection of robot SENO188 to Arduino mega 2560

The GND pin of the fingerprint sensor to the Gnd of the Arduino Mega 2560
The Vcc pin of the fingerprint sensor to the 5v of the Arduino Mega 2560
The Rx pin can be connected to pin 11 of the Arduino Mega 2560.
The Tx pin can be connected to the pin 10 of the Arduino Mega 256

Connection of Stepper motor with Arduino

Connect the motor driver pin ENA- DIR- PUL- connect to Arduino pin GND.
Connect the Moter driver pin ENA+ connect to Arduino pin enable 2
Connect the motor driver pin DIR+ connect to Arduino pin enable 3
Connect the motor driver pin PUL+ connect to Arduino pin enable 4
Stepper motor green wire connects to driver pin B-
Stepper motor blue wire connects to driver pin B+
Stepper motor yellow wire connects to driver pin A-
Stepper motor brown wire connects to driver pin A+
Stepper motor driver GND or VCC PIN used for supply.

Connection of LCD with Arduino mega 2560

In this circuit, the LCD terminals are connected to the Arduino pins. Connect the outer two terminals of the potentiometer to 5Volts Dc and ground, and the middle terminal to pin 3 of LCD. Rotating the potentiometer controls the brightness of the LCD backlight. The LCD backlight pins are connected to 5V and ground.
Connect DB4, DB5, DB6, DB7, RS, and EN with the pin no. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 of Arduino.

Automatic Vertical Car Parking System Testing

After the electrical circuit is completed, it has been installed in a small model to simulate the real parking and to test the electrical circuit and assure its efficiency and apply the possible conditions. The main principle of the automatic parking system is to place the car on the lift and retrieve the car from the lift using motors.

There is one pallet for each parking space. When the car is placed on the lift, the IR sensor Detect the presence of the car in the ground lift, if the car is properly parked, then the command goes to the fingerprint module, via Arduino and LCD shows that "the car is properly parked", then the system will ready to get the fingerprint, the driver has to give his biometric identity to the fingerprint sensor and the sensor stores his biometric identity. The fingerprint sensor controls the motor. The pallet movement of parking is dependent on the movement of the motor shaft. The motor starts to run and also gets rotate, all pallets rotate in the required direction, and the vehicle is automatically parked by the system rotating to lift the parked car away from the bottom central position.

When the user comes to retrieve the car, he has to give his fingerprint verification to the fingerprint sensor. If the fingerprint is the same, the sensor identifies it and the servo motor also gets rotate, all pallets rotate in the required direction, where the system retrieves it from the nearest direction to save time and the driver can retrieve the car. If fingerprints do not match, a message is sent as ―Not Matched‖ shown on the screen of LCD. The sensor does not allow the motor to rotate in any direction in the case of unmatched fingerprint identity

Advantages of Vertical Car Parking System

Parking twice the number of cars in the same space as a conventional garage.
Lower operation costs and overhead.
Traditional parking garages are dark scary places, in the proposed system the driver and passengers are not allowed into the parking area resulting in.
No car accidents.
Convenience: Ground level easy access.
No browsing for free park space.
No searching for your car.
No waiting in traffic to clear the parking ramp, the driver can relax while the car
is being retrieved and hence this time can be used more productively.
Aesthetics and Design: Automated Parking can be customized to accommodate
any building style above or underground to perfectly fit its environment.
Proven technology: This technology has been widely used for over 20 Years in
Europe, the United States, and Asia. There are over 5.000 parking systems
presently in use worldwide.

Conclusion

The Automated Vertical Car Parking System had successfully been designed and developed. The mechanical model has been designed the software, as well as the control circuit, has been implemented successfully. It demonstrates the working of the planned automated car parking system. The control strategy for the traffic flow to the smart car parking system was designed using Arduino. A demonstration has been done for 6 cars. Servo motor is used to provide movements to transport the vehicle in the parking system.

Self Balancing Electric Bike

2020-09-18T02:03:00.001+05:00

What is Self Balancing Electric Bike

An electric bike as the name suggests it runs purely on electrical energy, lithium-ion batteries power the integrated DC motor and also charges using solar energy. Self Balancing Electric Bike Another feature is the gyroscope sensor, which balances the bike in an upright position.

Electric bikes are plug-in electric vehicles with two or three wheels powered by electricity. The electricity is stored on a rechargeable battery, which drives one or more electric motors. Electric bikes (as distinct from motorcycles) have a step-through frame.

An Electric Bike is a battery-operated vehicle that is very economical with low cost, low maintenance, and zero pollution. This bike uses the electrical technology of a rechargeable battery that converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy. The battery can be charged easily using a power connection.
Green energy bikes use rechargeable batteries, electric motors, and some form of control. It can be a simple as an on-off switch but is more usually an electronic pulse width modulation control.

Disadvantages of a Conventional Bike

The increasing fuel consumption throughout the world can be the main reason for the creation of electric vehicles nowadays. This is caused by the depletion of raw petroleum oil source in the world. To counter this problem, the government has taken initiative to reduce and minimize the dependence of oil sources as fuel for energy by introducing renewable energy, green technology, and others. Many researchers from Non-Government organizations (NGOs) and universities especially UTeM are developing green technology projects.

The problems due to which this project is designed:

High fuel cost:
The ever-increasing cost of fuel.
Transmission:
Problems in gear changing and clutch.
High maintenance:
Conventional bikes have high maintenance, meaning more money out of your pocket.
Security risks:
Can be easily stolen.
Accident risks.
Hazardous emissions.

Aims of Electric Bike

We aim to design and create an energy-efficient electric bike that can replace the conventional bikes that use internal combustion engines.
To create an economically viable, noise, and pollution-free environment with the launch of battery-powered electric two-wheeler bike and to be product leader through the state of art manufacturing technologies & processes.

Objectives

Normal E-bikes cannot run for very long, are used for short commutes, and need to be recharged very often almost after one or two rides. Our objective is to increase the distance by increasing the battery life by Renewable energy sources and also keep performance and security at their maximum.

How to Make Self Balancing Electric Bike

The block diagram shows that the DC motor is controlled by the controller which is user-controlled by the throttle, the rechargeable battery powers the controller and motor, the battery is recharged through the ac battery charger and also by the MPPT controller which utilizes solar energy.
The block diagram shows that the Arduino UNO which is the controller for the system controls the driver circuit which powers the actuators, the movements of the actuator determine the tilt axis of the bike that is sensed by the accelerometer MPU-6050 which is in a closed loop with the controller, in a closed-loop control system.

Electric bike system

Self-balancing system

The block diagram shows that the Arduino UNO which is the controller for the system controls the driver circuit which powers the actuators, the actuators movements determine the tilt axis of the bike that is sensed by the accelerometer MPU-6050 which is in a closed loop with the controller, in a closed-loop control system.

Hardware List

DC Motor (36 volts)
Motor controller
Throttle
Batteries
Linear actuator
Horizontal actuator
Motor driver circuit
Solar panels
Arduino UNO
Accelerometer (Gyroscope) MPU-6050
Chassis

The Efficiency of Self Balancing Electric Bike

The energy required to overcome sources of resistance to propel a typical e-bike. These energy requirements were calculated assuming a 35kg bile and 70kg rider on typical e-bike tires. Hill climbing and acceleration are intermittent, while air drag and rolling resistance are present at all times that, the bike is in motion.
An e-bike motor on the theoretical bike would need to supply around 275W watts to maintain 30kmph cruising speeds. A typical e-bike motor size is 350W, which should provide enough power to accelerate to 30kmph on flat ground and maintain moderate speed on hills.
Efficiency drops rapidly with speed. Wind resistance is the most important factor. If an e-bike’s assistance is limited to 30KMPH, and the rider always accelerates to this speed when possible, the e-bike might have an overall flat-ground cruising efficiency of about 70 miles per kWh or about 1.4 kWh per 160 km. At 15 KMPH, cruising efficiency nearly triples to 291 km per kWh or 0.5 kWh per mile.

Intermittent hill climbing and acceleration will reduce overall efficiency in real-world scenarios. Some energy exerted for acceleration and hill-climbing will be recovered while decelerating or rolling downhill, though much will be dissipated as heat while braking.

Future Improvements

We should pay close attention to the safety of the e-bike and its use. They work on several improvements such as a lower entry-level of the bicycle, a better image for mirrors on the e-bike (lessen the taboo), the reduction of the weight of the e-bike, and having the weight as low as possible in order to improve balance and more subtle support. Also, attention is being paid to the possibilities of tricycle e-bikes, which should be more interesting for people with balancing problems.

Pollution Eating Bike

Another new concept with e-bikes is the idea to develop an e-bike that is not only cleaner for the environment than a car but is even used as a machine to clean polluted air. This example from Light frog creative studio has a handlebar-mounted air filter and a photosynthesis system that can generate oxygen with its lithium-ion battery, which powers the e-bike. Our project can be further developed from self-balancing to a self-driving bike much like an autonomous vehicle.

Conclusion

Self Balancing Electric Bike is designed so that it can deliver high performance and reduce carbon emissions making it an eco-friendly mode of transport and gives good mileage and also reduce the risk of accidents by adopting various security and precaution measures.
The issues associated with electric bikes may be addressed by custom-designed drives that are most efficient over a given operating cycle. These include city bikes, hill bikes, distance bikes, and speedy bikes.
The result of the project is to serve a platform to improve the performance of an electric bike. if a new driving system is designed and parameters that will result in improvement of the system performance and they can be used for comparison of existing drives in a systematical, comprehensive, and technical way.

Moving Robotic hand with the help of EOG signals

2020-09-01T04:42:00.005+05:00

ABSTRACT

In this project (HMI) Human Machine Interface has been studied extensively to control electromechanical rehabilitation aids using bios EEG, EOG, and EMG, etc.

The various bios EOG signals have been studied in-depth due to the occurrence of a definite signal pattern. Persons suffering from extremely limited peripheral mobility like paraplegia or quadriplegia usually have the ability to coordinate eye movements.

The current focus on the development of a prototype robotic hand controlled by EOG signals. EOG signals were used to generate control signals for the movement of the robotic arm. in this project we developed the EOG signal acquisition system.

The acquired EOG signal was then processed to generate various control signals depending upon the duration and amplitude of the signal component. These control signals were then used to control the movements of the prototype robotic hand model.

Introduction of Moving robotic hand with the help of EOG signals

A disabled person always wishes to lead a life like a normal human being. The term disability broadly describes impairment in a person’s ability to function, caused by changes in the various subsystems of the body, or to mental health. The degree of disability may range from mild to moderate, severe, or profound. A person may also have multiple disabilities.

A physical impairment is any impairment. which limits the physical function of gross motor, limbs, or bones ability. To overcome a disability, assistive technology can be made use of. It in turn is a generic term used for devices and modifications for a person or a society. It promotes people to perform tasks. They are had greater difficulty accomplishing, by providing enhancement or by changing methods of interaction with the technology.

Scope of the Project

The purpose of Moving the robotic hand with the help of EOG signals is to expend the scale by which anyone can easily buy or use it. And can utilize the EOG signals for the rehabilitation of their body parts.

It’s also a multi-purpose technology we can also analyze and measure the movement of our eye, so in the future, the scope of this technology will be very wast and worth full.

Working of Moving robotic hand with the help of EOG signals

With the improvement of technology, there is a vast development in the field of rehabilitation techniques. Researches are going on to develop reliable, low cost and easy to use devices. HCI (Human-Computer Interface) and HMI (Human Machine Interface) are the latest and most effective techniques, Out of all the rehabilitation techniques. Researches in these fields are being 3 carried out extensively.

The main objective of the HMI system. the conversion of signals is controlled some generated by humans through control of some electromechanical devices. While in the HCI system some keystrokes or cursor movements on the screen are controlled by using these signals. In HCI and HMI both biosignals and non-bio signals are used as a medium of control. The basic biosignals used in the Interface are given. Electromyography (EMG), Electroencephalography (EEG) and Electrooculography (EOG). HMI is commonly used by motor-impaired patients to control a wheelchair. Rehabilitation devices are broadly classified into two categories; the first category includes all those devices which are biosignal and the second category includes non-bio signal based devices.

Non-bio signal rehabilitation aids provide 100% accuracy and require less training for patients. but the devices is the usage of these limited patients with partial or complete flexibility in their body parts. Bio signal based rehabilitation devices mainly use biosignals like EEG, EOG, or EMG as control signals. The advantage of using a biosignal approach is that when patients become completely paralyzed, the only resource available to them then is biosignals. However, it usually needs user training and has lesser accuracy than non-bios approaches. The biosignal approach usually requires user calibrations because biosignals produced by each individual are unique due to differences in individual physiological properties and skin conductance.

Moving robotic hand use EOG based methods

Moving the robotic hand with the help of EOG signals we use The Electrooculogram (EOG) is the electrical signal of the potential difference between the retina and the cornea of the eye. This difference is because of the fact that the occurrence of metabolic activities in the cornea region is higher than that in the retinal region. Usually, the cornea maintains a voltage of +0.40 to +1.0 millivolts which is higher than the retina. When the eyes are rolled upward or downward, positive or negative pulses are generated. The rolling angle increases, the amplitude of the pulse also increases and the width of the pulse is direct to the duration of the eyeball rolling process. The EOG is an electrical recording to the direction of the eye and makes the use of EOG for applications such as HCI very attractive. EOG-based techniques are very useful for patients with severe cerebral palsy or those born with a congenital brain disorder or those who have suffered severe brain trauma signals.

Basically (EOG) is measuring the cornea retinal standing potential that exists between the front and the back of the human eye. The resulting signal is called the electrooculogram. EOG signals produce a potential difference between the movement of our eye movement. These signals will run the robotic arm with the help of eye movement.

The major components of this system are as follows

Electrodes
Amplifier Circuit
Adriano UNO
Robotic hand

Electrodes

Electrodes and input cables Disposable pre-gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes were used to acquire EOG signals from the body. Since the EOG signal amplitude range was in microvolts, they were very much susceptible to various noise sources. To overcome the effects of RF noise and electromagnetic interference, shielded wires were used to connect Ag/AgCl electrodes and data acquisition circuits.

Amplifier Circuit

In general, the EOG signal amplitude and bandwidth vary in the range of 50-3500 µV USB-4704 is a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter. Hence, care had to be taken to design a biopotential which would amplify the signal in such a way that the digitization of the EOG signals results in minimum quantization error. To ascertain this, the gain of the biopotential amplifier should be adjusted so that 100 µV EOG signal is amplified above 1.4 mV. Also, the characteristics of AD620 the gain of a bio-potential amplifier is increased, there was a subsequent increase in the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). The facts into consideration, the biopotential amplifier was designed with a gain of 1500. Circuit diagram of the vertical EOG signal acquisition system. The same circuit can be used to acquire vertical EOG signals.

EOG classification algorithm

From the EOG signals obtained, which are mentioned, it is clear that each eye movement follows a unique pattern. There are different algorithms for classifying EOG signals. Among them, the most common algorithms compare the obtained EOG signal’s amplitude with a predefined threshold. When signal amplitude exceeds the threshold value, it is considered to be a valid signal for recognition. This method is very simple and easy to implement but is not without drawbacks. Generally, the EOG signal is very sensitive. It fluctuates with respect to the head movement or even with the slightest displacements in electrodeposition. So these algorithms produce erroneous outputs in these conditions. This can be overcome to an extent by a new algorithm, in which, along with the threshold the amplitude duration of the signal in which it keeps the amplitude above the threshold, was also calculated.

The flowchart of the detection algorithm, which describes the sequence of steps to identify horizontal EOG signals (right and left eye movements). The same algorithm was used to classify up and down movement, introducing a slight modification made to classify between up and down the action.

From EOG signal analysis done on voluntary candidates, it was found that the peak of amplified EOG outputs is around 0.5V for the right movement and -0.5V for left movement. It also keeps the amplitude high for duration 500ms to 900ms.

Flow chart for detecting right-left eye movements

Hardware list

ELECTRODES
AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT
ARDUINO UNO
WIRES AND ICs
ROBOTIC HAND

Application

The project’s main application is through a computer interface that connects to the motion in the human body. This interface helps the user to signal through eye movement patterns to operate the robotic hand. And also rehabilitation of the human hand.

Advantages and disadvantages of EOG signal

EOG approach has both advantages and disadvantages when compared to other methods for determining eye movement.

Advantages of EOG signals

EOG based recording techniques are simple and cheaper than other methods and can be recorded with minimal discomfort.
EOG can be utilized as an influential visualizing parameter to assist the ophthalmologists to diagnose the ophthalmic syndromes in a better way.
EOG can be employed in modeling ophthalmic instruments that are capable of accompanying disease diagnosis as well as for therapeutic purposes.
In general, fully or partially differentially abled persons have a dominant vision which can be used as a residual influential tool in developing their rudimentary works through human-machine interfacing.

Disadvantages of EOG signal

Additional difficulties arise owing to muscle artifacts and the basic nonlinearity of the method.
EOG signals are subject-specific. Signal amplitude and duration vary from person to person.
EOG signal amplitude is of microvolt range and highly susceptible to noise.
EOG signals are very much sensitive and therefore fluctuate with head movements.

CONCLUSION

Moving the robotic hand with the help of EOG signal use, an EOG signal acquisition system has been designed and implemented. Hence it is very much useful for the implementation of rehabilitation aids. As a part of this project, and EOG based Human Machine Interface has also been developed. This HMI was able to generate control signals with eye movements. These control signals were used to control a wireless prototype robotic hand model by various eye movements. This EOG based HMI control system for the robotic hand will be a good assistive technique for people suffering from extremely limited peripheral mobility. From the application point of view, control signals generated can be used to control HCI systems or other communication devices. As a whole, great prospects lie ahead for the current project which can be implemented with some further modifications.

The usage of this device is simple and will take only a short time to learn. We have implemented a microcontroller-based system instead of the conventional computer-based system. Our proposed system is capable of transferring data wirelessly and the proposed method can also be used by single eyed-individual. The device was successful in discriminating between the eye movements. Moving a robotic hand will help handicapped or disabled people with severe nervous system injuries and disorders to live more independently. It will definitely help them to a good extent to interact with their environment.

Moving robotic hand with the help of EOG signals trying to realize a robotic servant for a paralyzed person. And the most important thing for a person with disabilities is to live like a normal man. To a certain extend. it can be accomplished by this project. More modifications can also be implemented by making use of different combinations of eye movements. Then it is possible to make the robots do some more operations. Further modifications in this will surely make some rapid growth in the field of robotics.

Automatic Load Sharing Transformer Using Microcontroller

2020-08-30T00:33:00.007+05:00

Automatic Load Sharing Transformer Using Microcontroller

The transformer is the vital component within the electrical power transmission and distribution system. In this project, we show the Automatic load sharing transformer using a microcontroller, here we have three transformers connected in parallel through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the primary transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with the first transformer and share the additional load. Therefore, a variety of transformers work efficiently under overload conditions and therefore the damage is often prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share a load of the master transformer in the case of an overload condition. A sensor circuit containing a microcontroller is designed to log the info from the master transformer and if it's found to be in an overload condition, immediately the slave transformer is going to be connected within the parallel to the master transformer, and therefore the load is shared. The microcontroller monitor’s the load current and temperature of the transformer and displays the values on LCD. Whenever loads are added to the secondary side of the transformer, the secondary side rises.
As the load current exceeds the rated current rating of the transformer, therefore the microcontroller will send a visit signal to the relay, thereby turning on the slave transformers. Initially when we switched ON the load that load is going to be shared by the primary transformer. Once the load has been increased on the first transformer above its rated capacity then the stand by the second transformer will share the load automatically. In this project, three modules are made to control the load current. The first module is the sensing unit, which is used to sense the current of the load; a second module is a control unit in which the relay plays the main role, and its function is to vary the position with reference to the control signal and the last module is a microcontroller.
It will read the digital signal and perform some calculations and eventually gives a control signal to the relay. For monitoring the load current continuously, the current transformer is employed, and therefore the output of the current transformer is fed to micro-controller through an A-D converter. The automatic load sharing of the transformer or overload protection of the transformer is completed by various means like by using a microprocessor, by using relays. In this work, we used a relay for automatic load sharing between three transformers.

Project Scope

It has a vast scope as it is important for every transformer's safety. The purpose of our project is to protect the transformer when the load exceeds during peak hours from overloading and overheating, there is a temperature sensor on the top of each transformer which measures their temperature continuously and gives signals to the microcontroller. Also, it has an oil level detector which detects the transformer’s oil and continuously reports to the microcontroller. There are voltage and the current sensor which sense voltages and currents.

Intended users

Automatic load sharing transformer using a microcontroller can be used widely in industrial areas, it can be used in substations, it can be used in process industrial power, and it can be used in the Distribution station. As it provides automatic load switching and sharing of the transformer so there will be no manual error. It prevents the main transformer from overloading and heating by sharing loads by slave transformers, therefore it provides uninterrupted power supply.

Working Function of Load Sharing Control System Using Microcontroller

Automatic load sharing transformer using microcontroller, we are using the three identical 1:1 couple transformers which are connected in parallel through change over relay. Transformer-T1 may be the main transformer we called it a master transformer and transformer-T2 and T3 is an auxiliary transformer and that we called it a slave transformer. Each transformer has its own load handling capacity.
In the case of normal operation, the master transformer shares the load and the remaining 2 slave transformers will remain off but as the load is increased beyond the rated capacity of the main transformer so the slave transformer, connected in parallel, automatically turns on and shares the load. Now two transformers T1 and T2 are running. Now when the load is increased beyond the rated capacity or current increased beyond the reference current set by the user then the third transformer that is T3 will turn on automatically and the load is distributed and shared between all three transformers.
When a load is reduced or current is reduced then the third transformer T3 will automatically shut down and the load is shared and distributed between 2 transformers, when a further load is reduced then the second T2 transformer will also shut down, and now only the master transformer that is T1 runs alone. We have set the voltage sensor which measures the voltage across the load, we have set the current sensor which measures the current of the load as the load increased gradually current sensor detect current and send a signal to the microcontroller which then operates relays, we have set the temperature sensor on each of the transformers which detect the temperature on each transformer.
If the temperature of the transformer increased beyond the set value so then the transformer will automatically shut off and when the transformer cools down and the temperature will be reduced then the transformer will again turn on. We have set an oil sensor which measures the oil of each transformer from 0% to 50% and 50% to 100%. when the load on the master transformer is more than the rated capacity the transformer Relay has closed. T2 second transformer is automatically connected in parallel with the main transformer and if the load is increased to such an amount that can’t be handled with the two transformers then the T3 third transformer is automatically connected in parallel with T1 transformers & T2 transformers and shares the load. Due to which the T1 transformer is not overloaded and the problem like the burning of winding of a transformer, overheating, and un-interruption of supply is gets eliminated by this arrangement. The indicator lights contain the LED’s which shows the ON/OFF status of all transformers.

Block diagram

Comprehensive schematic

COMPONENTS

ARDUINO UNO 1
ZMPT 101B VOLTAGE SENSOR 1
ACS712 CURRENT SENSOR 1
BUCK CONVERTER 1
100W BULB WITH HOLDER 3
SWITCHBOARDS WITH SOCKETS 6
OIL BOTTLES 3
AC WIRES
ARDUINO WIRES
RELAY MODULE 3
TRANSFORMER 1:1 3

Advantage of Automatic load sharing transformer using microcontroller

The load is shared by transformers is automatic.
No manual errors are taking place.
It prevents the most transformer from damage by problems like overload and overheats.

Applications of Automatic load sharing transformer using microcontroller

This system can be used in Hostels and Hotels.
This system can be used in Offices
This technique is often utilized in industrial applications.
This system can be used in Electrical Substations.
This system can be used in power grids.
Un-interrupted power supply to the consumers is supplied.

Conclusion

By designing an Automatic load sharing transformer using a microcontroller we have concluded that as we all know the transformer is the most important equipment in the power system, so its safety is very important. This project is about the importance of transformer load sharing so that the power that can be transferred is uninterrupted.

We observed that if the load on one transformer is increased then the relay will sense the change in current and the microcontroller operates and other transformers come automatically in operation to share the load and when the load decreases then again the relay will sense the change in current and the load distribute and share back to the single main transformer. While the voltage sensor, current sensor oil sensor, temperature sensor measurement will be shown on LCD on each step.

LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

2020-08-24T20:21:00.005+05:00

ABSTRACT

LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM is used for the implementation of different strategies to encourage residential users to reduce the electricity bills as well as energy demand. The close relationship between the consumer and utility for equally benefiting to both in terms of grid stability and bill reduction.
Nowadays in order to make practical implementation on the possible use of different HEMS (Home Energy Management systems ) strategies to regulate the energy demand and emission reduction in the World. An automation system controlling and energy-saving household energy is proposed.
It consists in computing the starting times of specific services and the set points of others while satisfying the maximally available power requirement and taking into account user comfort criteria. The objective is to maximize user comfort and minimize energy costs. Users can also monitor and control the System’s status via special-purpose Mobile Application.

LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Load Management Systems has been in use in the Energy sector for a long time. The basic function of Load Management Systems has been to control the flow and use of power in transmission or a distribution network.
Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) has been developed and implemented for residential and commercial customers. Although the appliances available are energy efficient. it is not enough to save energy. These appliances need to be controlled, energy-saving, and switching times can be controlled using HEMS.

A fully developed HEMS considers and identifies the customer's priorities and receives dynamic pricing from the utility. Using this data and the customer’s usage patterns the HEMS will schedule an optimal running time for various loads of the customer.
HEMS uses a combination of various hardware, software, and measuring devices to help the customer reduce its energy bills. It can be said that HEMS enables the bidirectional flow of electricity and communication for which it uses various ICT (Information and communication technologies) to achieve a bidirectional flow of communication between the customer and utility.

Aims and Objectives

Hare the major Aims of LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Electricity management allows consumers to reduce consumption of electricity during peak usage times (peak shaving), which can, in turn, reduce costs by eliminating the excess amount of energy.
We model a multi-carrier energy home with a residential energy hub framework.
An optimization problem is proposed to manage the home load in the hub.
Home electrical demand shifts to low tariff and low demand hours by applying HEMS.
Home load management (HEMS) leads to lower customer payment costs.
The home loan can be monitored or controlled by a mobile app via the internet.

Objectives

Here are the major objectives LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The presented algorithm manages power consumption by assigning the residential load according to utility power supply events.
The major objective of this work is to study the Home Energy Management System based approaches. which could be helpful in electricity demand reduction at the electricity distribution network. which is directly connected to the commercial and residential side.
Interfacing of Arduino Mega 2560, PIR, Voltage, Current Sensors, and Relays with Loads.
Generating signals wirelessly to the IP address.

What is HEMS

The HEMS is a device that is installed for the residential customer i.e. the customer’s home to help the customer monitor his energy usage which can help the customer reduce his energy consumption ultimately reducing the energy bills of the customer.

A Home Energy Management system HEMS can provide the automatic interface with customer needs to manage their energy consumption typically in a residential load. HEMS allows a customer to openly communicate with the utility. Hence by installing a system that can be programmed to identify a family’s energy consumption, schedule one can save a considerable amount on the energy bills.

Home Energy Management System can also help to manage energy consumption when the customer is away from his home using various communication technologies.

HEMS Use For Smart Homes

A smart home is an application of smart technologies in residential buildings that can provide many opportunities for energy saving and the simultaneous reduction of greenhouse gas emission and energy consumption. Smart homes not only provide electrical energy savings, but also result in several benefits, such as security, increased comfort level, and improved home automation and energy management.

Several enabling smart technologies result in the integration of intelligent HEMS with various functions inside homes, such as automatic control, connection to the utility by a smart meter, and minimized energy consumption with smart technologies, customers can control household appliances, optimize electricity consumption, and set a schedule for household appliances during critical peak hours based on the DR signals.

Applications of Smart Technologies for Intelligent HEMS 2020

Intelligent methods have been used by HEMS to minimize the cost of energy consumption using real-time control, stochastic scheduling, and real-time monitoring.

In real-time control, HEMS controls the selected devices. In stochastic scheduling, stochastic dynamic programming is used to compute the total cost of energy consumption and select a set of home devices to control. Finally, in real-time monitoring, the controllable household loads are displayed in real-time, and the loads are scheduled according to the load characteristics.

The implemented intelligent algorithm is complex, with a large computational burden and low speed. Bespoke software for the HEMS to switch devices on/off and monitor power consumption was also developed. This software runs in Linux on a Raspberry PC, and it is written in JavaScript, Python, and HTML. A graphical user interface for HEMS was designed and created on a PC via a communication protocol, which can display, process, and gather data usage power with real-time remote control on home appliances. This system aims to inform end-users regarding their energy consumption habits by relaying this information to them.

A major feature of smart technologies for HEMS is that they integrate storage and renewable energy resources into energy consumption. In an embedded system that integrates storage energy resources and PV to a smart home was developed. The system manages an intelligent home energy requirement by installing photovoltaic (PV) and batteries.

A PV generator with a grid-connected inverter is used in the HEMS, and it applies a self-learning feedback mechanism to create an intelligent power consumption management system. The interaction of PV with other smart appliances results in increased comfort, a reasonable strategy for the customer economy, and power balance.

Communication Protocols of HEMS

Various types of wireless sensor technology have been used to link home appliances with Home Energy Management systems (HEMS). Smart residential home appliances can be integrated into a wireless control network, such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi, to receive signals remotely or automatically from a utility inside a smart home. Wireless communication between a PC and a smart outlet is the key to intelligent home automation and building control.
Information and communication technologies are essential in Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) for designing an optimal scheduling controller and strategies for energy management. An intelligent Home Energy Management system (HEMS) using ZigBee based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard has been developed to provide intelligent services for customers with air-conditioning systems, heating, and two-way communication networks.
A wireless communication platform-based protection and monitoring system for residential buildings was developed using a ZigBee wireless sensor. An intelligent cloud Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) using ZigBee communication was used for intelligent power, monitoring devices, and intelligent cloud management servers in the smart homes.
The system can reduce the average total power consumption by 7.3 %. A ZigBee wireless sensor based on Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) that monitors the energy consumption of residential loads and lights was also designed. Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) gather the energy consumption data for each home appliance and control the load via scheduling to reduce energy cost.
A novel energy management approach based on low energy Bluetooth for communication between home appliances in Home Energy Management systems (HEMS) was developed.
Simulation results showed that the proposed approach is effective in minimizing peak load demand and electricity bills. The ability of Bluetooth is limited due to different factors. such as high complexity, low communication range, limited network size, and power consumption exceeding that of ZigBee technology.
Developments in information and communication technology, such as power line communication, wireless sensor networks, and Wi-Fi, have exponentially improved home energy management evolution. Nevertheless, Wi-Fi consumes additional power, thereby making it expensive in a complex infrastructure where it needs additional components, such as routers, in the network.
A low-cost and efficient solution to monitor and control residential loads using a Wi-Fi smart plug was proposed. Wi-Fi communication is established in the smart outlet using an IP address. An intelligent HEMS system based on a Wi-Fi sensor network was adopted to control electricity in a household.
The microcontroller-based Arduino platform and Wi-Fi network are used to monitor the power consumption of different home appliances and remotely control multiple devices to minimize energy consumption.

HOW TO MAKE LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AT HOME

Sensing devices

Various types of sensors are required in a home to detect various parameters like voltage, current, temperature, light, motion, and occupancy in a room. There are other available which have special applications for safety and health like smoke and fire sensors. Smart sensors can detect these parameters and also send the signals to the centralized system for condition monitoring, control, optimal scheduling of various appliances that are used in a home. From various studies, it has been observed that over 30 sensors are required in a typical American home to make the HEMS fully functional and add meaningful value to the saving in the amount of energy saved.
For example, if a room is unoccupied by a person then the occupancy sensors will send a signal to the energy management system and the lights will automatically get turned off.

Measuring devices

To control and manage any parameter it is necessary to measure it hence measuring devices form an important part of HEMS. Smart meters are usually used in HEMS as they facilitate two-way communications between the utility and HEMS. Since the development and implementation of (Advanced metering infrastructure) (AMI), it is possible to measure the detailed, time-based information. Smart meters can save readings at a frequency of an hour or less. Based on this real-time data received the HEMS can optimally schedule all the loads during the peak demand hours.

Smart Appliances

Smart appliances are appliances that are typically used in a home i.e. Washing machine, Refrigerators, Dishwashers, Room heaters. They notify and send alert signals to the user for example they can send an alert to the user exactly when the laundry is done. It has a feature of sending alarm signals to the customer if some malfunction takes place example it will notify the user if the pressure of a refrigerator drops too low when the door is left open.

Software platform

HEMS uses a software platform to manage, optimize, and the energy consumption of the user. It performs the function of decision making based on the feedback it receives from sensors, smart meters, and appliances. The optimal scheduling of loads is also done by the software platform. We use Arduino Mega 2560 as a microcontroller and Software Platform.

Block Diagram

Hardware last

We use various types of sensors as necessary a requirement for LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

ACS712
Voltage Sensor
PIR Sensor
Snubber Circuit
Digital Humidity and Temperature Sensor
Wi-Fi Module (ESP8266)
Relays
Load

Advantages of LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM has many advantages some of them are given below:

Accurate load management during peak periods designed based on the house requirements.
Real-time monitoring of the portion’s or room’s performance,
Intelligent alarming capabilities for early power quality problems.
Energy management.
Power system efficiency.
Continuous monitoring for the power quality
Load control and management with proper methodology.
Keep the consumption with the contracted limit.
Fault diagnosis and alarming.

Conclusion

The load management system enriches energy saving without any adding expensive equipment or annoying the connivance of home residents. In countries like Pakistan and many other countries, the conventional national grid is still being used without any ability to control the consumer’s home appliances. The proposed SHEMS in this research help to provide a suitable method to add an adaptive method for saving energy up to 28%. The system was designed using the cheapest technology with a simple architecture.

Smart Alternating Power Supply System

2020-08-21T01:02:00.005+05:00

What is Smart Alternating Power Supply System

The main objective of the Smart Alternating Power Supply System is to explain the uninterrupted power supply to a load, by selecting the supply from different sources such as mains, solar, inverter, and generator automatically in the absence of any of the sources. The huge demand for electricity is increasing every day and frequent power cuts are causing many problems in various areas like industries, hospitals, and houses.
A Smart Alternating Power Supply System arrangement for a power source is a must. This arrangement can be designed by using ARDUINO and relays. When a source, say mains fail the supply automatically shifts to the next priority source solar. When a source, says solar fails the supply automatically shifts to the next priority source generator and so on.
Use of ARDUINO based automatic power source change over reduces the operations time and reduces manpower. The use of ARDUINO results in faster operation and accurate error detection thereby saving operating costs.

The Function of Smart Alternating Power Supply System

Todays in industry life the energy management system is becoming more expansive due to the complexity in every unit. Like textile, automobile, cement, steel, and paper processing unit expansion and updating of machines. The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and sustain optimum energy utilization throughout the organization. And reduce energy costs or waste without affecting production and quality and reducing the environmental effects. Energy Conservation reduces energy costs and improves effectiveness.
Requirements for electric power distribution systems is the need for automatic operation. In Smart Alternating Power Supply System, the fast and reliable transfer of the system from one power source to another power source during certain system events is important in achieving those reliability goals for such systems and the facility serves.
In the existing method, maintaining auto change over is the toughest job. The knobs in auto change over gets weaker often, so maintain cost gets high, due to this power source breakdown makes the whole process often gets shut down. In our proposed method, the auto changeover is to replace through the latest idea of a load based auto-switching methods. This technique each power source will be supplied to an individual power station according to its power consumption.
We deal with the three sources used to give continuous power supply to the load without interruption. Here the voltage is used as a measuring parameter. The measured voltage is compared with the actual set voltage in the comparator. The output of the comparator is given as the input signal of the Microcontroller. On failure of the mains supply, the load gets supply from the next available sources are generator, solar. If the generator source also fails it switches over to the next available source. Three LEDs are used to indicate what is the source is available to give the power supply to the load.

How to Make Smart Alternating Power Supply System

This Smart Alternating Power Supply System is designed to get a regulated output dc voltage. The step-down transformer is used main voltage 220v AC convert into 9 volts. The secondary voltage of the transformer is 9 volts rectified using a bridge rectifier. The rectified unidirectional dc is smoothed by a 1000mf filter capacitor. The smooth dc is then fed to the three-terminal +ive regulator called 7805 to get a 5v dc supply.

The mains voltage ac 220v is step down to 9 volts, using a step-down transformer. The low-value secondary voltage is fed to the Diode bridge rectifier is formed using four IN4007.
finally, the dc supply is fed to the filter capacitor. Capacitor charging & discharging property provide pure smooth dc is nearly peak value of the secondary voltage. The pure dc 9volts is fed to regulator ICs. Due to the regulator.
ICs action, finally, regulated 5 volts is provided at output terminals.
When a breakdown occurs, It goes for solar first.
But switches to an inverter (battery backup) if solar by any chance doesn't seem to be found.
The last priority goes to the generator if any one of the previously mentioned sources seems to be troubled.
The battery may charge through solar as well as through inverter.
A room to groom is kept for any innovation or to be personalized.

Smart Power Supply Block Diagram

Smart Power Supply Sub Block Diagram

Smart Power Supply Flow Chart

Smart Power Supply Schematic Diagram

The efficiency of Smart Alternating Power Supply

When the system initiates our load is on through main. When the main is unplugged, the load is transferred to the solar. Status is displayed on LED.
But if the system cant finds Solar the load is transferred to the battery (Inverter).
But if our battery is drained, the load transfers to the generator.
The generator while generating power also charges our battery for backup.
When the Generator is getting we can switch our load again on the battery just because our generator is taking a rest.
In this, the voltage protection circuit is used to sense the voltage between the phase and neutral in a 3 phase 4 wire system.
Here 230V supply given to the input of the primary winding of the potential transformer. The potential transformer is step - down the voltage in (6-0-6V)
The stepped-down AC 6-0-6V is rectified and filtered by using of this full-wave rectifier and filtering circuits. At this smooth dc low voltage applied across the variable resistor 10K which is used to provide the variable dc millivoltage. This voltage is fed to the comparator.

HARDWARE COMPONENTS LIST

Transformer (3)

Arduino Mega 2560

Buck Converter (3)

Voltage Sensor (4)

Current Sensor (4)

Relay (4)

L.E.D

Solar Panel

Solar Charge Controller

Battery

Inverter

Generator

CONCLUSION

The Smart Alternating Power Supply System is based on MICRO CONTROLLER BASED AUTOMATIC POWER SOURCE is working fine, getting the parameter envisaged during the conceptual stage.
During the design, as well as during the construction, greater care has been put in to avoid hiccups at the final stage. The circuit is made as simple as to our knowledge. In this project, Components were selected keeping in mind their availability and cost.
It was a very interesting process of developing and testing the same. We have to go through fairly large pages of data related to the components etc. This gave us a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment.

Substation Monitoring and Controlling Using IOT 2020

2020-08-18T01:04:00.017+05:00

Substation Monitoring and Controlling Using IOT 2020

The distance between the generators and load may be regarding hundreds of miles hence the amount of enormous power exchange over long distances has turned out as a result of the lack of quality of the electric power.

Demanding the quality of power being delivered to the user side has raised the alarm due to the increase in demand for electricity on the customer side. A massive amount of energy is lost during the transportation of the general power which prompts the decrease in the nature of intensity got at the substation.

Substation Monitoring and Controlling Using IoT To improve the quality of power with a different solution, it is necessary to be familiar with what sort of constraint has occurred. The system might become unstable. Therefore it necessary a monitoring system that can detect and monitor. It plays an ever-growing role in our modern industrialized society.

Demanding the quantity of power being delivered at the user side has raised the alarm due to the increase in demand for electricity on the customer's side.

A huge amount of power is lost during the transportation of the generated power which leads to a reduction in the quantity of power received at the substations. Also, the users of the electric line have identified that the number of drawbacks caused by electrical power quality variations is increasing rapidly.

What is Substation Monitoring System

Monitoring is the first step towards the implementation of the CBM strategy. basically of Monitoring consists of acquiring significant parameters from the assets. The collected data allow completing analyses and diagnose the condition of the assets which is of great use as a support to the decision-making maintenance schedule then, reducing failures and breakdowns.

A large amount of features to consider makes the Substation Monitoring complex. It can be both on-line (continuous) and off-line (discontinuous), or a combination of both, depending on the asset and the diagnosis to perform. Proper sensors data acquisition and software to process them are also needed. Moreover, substations are built with assets from different manufacturers the usual variety of communication protocols, too.

AIM OF Substation Monitoring System

Our aim is to provide a system that is user friendly and works to save manual labor, stop wastage of electricity, and use the lab equipment on the required power so that we can protect losses.

Objectives OF Substation Monitoring System

To improve the quality of power remote sensing.
Maintain Continuity of supply.
Real-time monitoring.
easy to use.
protect your electrical appliances.

Advantages OF Substation Monitoring and Controlling Using IoT

Wireless Monitoring System.
Fast Control Action.
Automatic Control Action.
Accurate System.
To protect the electrical circuitry by operating an SPDT relay
To detect what sort of constraint has occurred
To prevent the instability of the system
To maintain continuity of supply.

Microcontroller Based System For Substation Monitoring

Thus, this is a simple and low-cost type of IoT-based project that helps students to get a basic idea about the substation automation. With this system, a user can control the substation’s equipment.

We have designed a system based on microcontroller atmel382p that monitors and controls the voltage, current, frequency, and oil temperature of a distribution transformer present in a substation. The monitored output will be displayed on the web.

The parameters monitoring at the distribution transformer are compared with the rated values of the transformer. Through the web, we can shut down the transformer so that it can be prevented from damages and Performances can be enhanced quiet to a remarkable level.

Working Functionality of Substation Monitoring and Controlling Using IoT

The Substation Monitoring and Controlling Using the IoT system are based on different types of sensors to measure the different electrical parameters. The sensors include ACS712 current sensor, AC voltage sensor, DHT (digital humidity and temperature) sensor, frequency sensor. All the sensors are interfaced with the microcontroller, the output of all the sensors is sent to the microcontroller which sends the real-time values of all the parameters to display on the LCD interfaced with the microcontroller.

The system is operated on 220v AC, a current sensor is connected in series with the mainline to measure the amount of total current consumed. Moreover, to measure the amount of current consumed by each line, three current sensors are used separately with each line.

A voltage sensor is connected in parallel with the mainline to measure the number of total voltages flowing throughout the system. A frequency (counter) sensor is used to count the number of current cycles per second. To measure the humidity and temperature within the substation a DHT is used, which operates on 5V DC. All the sensors consist up of semiconductor devices (transistor) which need a VCC (5V DC) to turn on, so a buck converter is used to provide VCC to all the sensors.

A microcontroller is used which is powered through a 12V adapter. The output of all the sensors is connected to the microcontroller and the microcontroller sends this value to display on LCD in a serial way. The microcontroller is programmed and interfaced with an ESP module (a Wi-Fi module). The ESP module is connected with the systems which receive the data, the real-time value of all electrical perimeters, form the microcontroller, and sends this value through the internet to the mobile device or PC connected with the same network.

It also receives control command form the device and transmits then to the microcontrollers which decide the action to do w.r.t the commands and the microcontroller then executes these commands by switching the ON\OFF the relays, which control the load.

Flow Chart Of Substation Monitoring and Controlling Using IoT

Block Diagram

Comprehensive Schematic Diagram

Hardware list Components

1. ESP Module 1
2. Microcontroller 1
3. LCD 20x4 1
4. Transformers 3
5. Relay Board 1
6. Current Sensors 4
7. Voltage Sensors 1
8. Temperature Sensor 1
9. Frequency Sensor 1
10 Buck Converter 1
11 Snubber Circuit 1
13. Connecting Wires
14. Breaker 1
15. Load Inductive + Resistive

SYSTEM LIMITATIONS

Every electrical/electronic system is a result of a series or parallel connecting electronics components, and every component has a specific operating range as well as their unique characteristics. The limitation includes the operating current and voltage range of components, the power consumption by each component, the suitable environment, proper connections, and proper monitoring techniques.

Conclusion

The proposed technique with results has shown that the protection scheme works properly with accuracy, the sensitivity of this scheme very high for abnormal and faulty conditions. substation monitoring and controlling using IoT project is monitoring the Health of the Transformer will help to identify or recognize unexpected situations before any serious failure which leads to greater reliability and significant cost savings. If the transformer is in an abnormal condition we can know from anywhere. No human power needs to monitor the transformer. Details about the transformer are automatically updated on the webpage when the transformer is in an abnormal condition.