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What is future of Twitter? and What new update are comming in Twitter

2023-07-29T09:48:00.007-07:00

The future of Twitter holds exciting possibilities as the platform continues to evolve and adapt to changing user needs and technological advancements. With its global reach and real-time communication capabilities, Twitter remains a significant player in the social media landscape. Here's a glimpse into what the future might hold for Twitter:

Enhanced User Experience: Twitter is likely to focus on improving the user experience further. This could involve redesigning the platform to be more intuitive and user-friendly, reducing toxicity and harassment, and providing users with more control over their feeds and notifications.

Monetization Strategies: As with any major social media platform, Twitter will continue to explore new monetization strategies. This might include introducing new advertising formats, premium subscription plans for exclusive features, or partnerships with content creators and influencers.

Integration of New Technologies: Twitter will likely integrate emerging technologies to enhance the platform's capabilities. This could involve incorporating augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) features for more immersive experiences, or exploring the potential of blockchain and cryptocurrencies for secure transactions and content ownership.

Expansion of Spaces: Twitter Spaces, the audio-based chat rooms feature, has already gained popularity. The future of Twitter might involve expanding Spaces to accommodate larger audiences, enabling more interactive features, and integrating it more seamlessly with other Twitter functionalities.

Niche Communities and Interests: Twitter might develop tools to foster niche communities and cater to specific interests. This could involve improved hashtag organization, topic-based feeds, or community-centric features to encourage engagement and discussions.

Deeper Integration of Multimedia: Twitter has already incorporated images, videos, and GIFs into tweets. In the future, we can expect even deeper integration of multimedia, making the platform more visually engaging and allowing users to share and discover diverse forms of content easily.

Personalization and AI: Twitter may employ advanced AI algorithms to personalize content for users better. By understanding users' preferences and behaviors, the platform can curate feeds that align with individual interests, making the Twitter experience more relevant and enjoyable.

Global Accessibility: Twitter will likely continue to work on improving accessibility for users worldwide. This could involve better language support, translation features, and strategies to overcome regional limitations and censorship.

Collaborations and Partnerships: Twitter might explore partnerships with other tech companies or content providers to enhance its offerings. Collaborations could result in exclusive content, integrations with other platforms, or unique features tailored to specific audiences.

Data Privacy and Security: As user data privacy concerns grow, Twitter will undoubtedly invest in robust security measures and transparency. Striking a balance between personalization and data protection will be crucial for retaining user trust.

In conclusion, the future of Twitter is promising and dynamic. The platform will continue to evolve, driven by user feedback, technological innovations, and the ever-changing social media landscape. As Twitter adapts to new challenges and opportunities, it will likely maintain its position as a leading platform for real-time communication, breaking news, and global conversations.

Top 10 wordpress hustings in 2023

2023-07-29T09:37:00.003-07:00

When it comes to hosting a WordPress website, choosing the right hosting provider is crucial for ensuring a smooth and reliable online presence. With numerous options available, it can be overwhelming to determine which one suits your needs best. In this article, we'll explore the ten best WordPress hosting providers, each offering unique features and benefits.

Bluehost: As one of WordPress' recommended hosting providers, Bluehost offers excellent uptime, speed, and customer support. Their user-friendly interface and one-click WordPress installation make it an ideal choice for beginners and experienced users alike.

SiteGround: Known for its exceptional customer service and top-notch performance, SiteGround utilizes cutting-edge technologies like SSD storage and the latest PHP versions to deliver superior speed and security for WordPress sites.

HostGator: With a reputation for affordability and reliability, HostGator is an excellent choice for budget-conscious users. Their managed WordPress hosting plans come with automatic backups, malware scanning, and a user-friendly control panel.

A2 Hosting: Offering blazing-fast servers optimized for WordPress, A2 Hosting is perfect for businesses and bloggers who prioritize website speed. They also provide free site migration services for seamless transitions.

DreamHost: DreamHost is a reliable and well-established hosting provider with a strong focus on security and privacy. They provide automatic WordPress updates and a custom control panel for easy management.

WP Engine: Geared specifically towards WordPress, WP Engine is a managed hosting provider that takes care of all technical aspects, including updates and backups, so users can concentrate on their content.

InMotion Hosting: InMotion Hosting boasts excellent performance and customer support, catering to small businesses and bloggers alike. They offer free website migration, automatic backups, and a 90-day money-back guarantee.

Flywheel: Tailored to designers and agencies, Flywheel offers a streamlined workflow with features like staging sites, site cloning, and easy collaboration tools. Their servers are finely tuned for optimal

WordPress performance.

Liquid Web: Ideal for growing businesses, Liquid Web provides powerful managed WordPress hosting with advanced features like automatic image compression and real-time monitoring for enhanced security.

Kinsta: Targeting high-traffic and resource-demanding websites, Kinsta offers a premium managed WordPress hosting experience. They utilize Google Cloud Platform for exceptional speed and scalability.

In conclusion, selecting the best WordPress hosting provider depends on your specific needs and budget. Each of these ten providers stands out in its own way, offering a range of features from affordability and user-friendliness to performance and scalability. Before making a decision, consider factors such as website traffic, technical requirements, and the level of support you desire. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced developer, one of these top hosting providers will undoubtedly suit your WordPress hosting needs.

Top 10 wordpress hustings in 2023

What are the major reason of truck accidents by Dr. Mab 319

2023-07-06T09:27:00.001-07:00

Truck accidents are among the most devastating types of road collisions, often resulting in serious injuries, fatalities, and property damage. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), there were 4,119 people killed in crashes involving large trucks in 2019, an increase of 1% from the previous year. Moreover, about 87% of these fatalities were occupants of other vehicles or non-occupants, such as pedestrians and bicyclists. What are the main factors that contribute to these tragic incidents?

One of the major causes of truck accidents is driver-related errors or behaviors, such as speeding, distraction, fatigue, impairment, or violation of traffic rules. Truck drivers face many challenges and pressures in their job, such as tight deadlines, long hours, and demanding schedules. These factors can affect their physical and mental state, leading to poor judgment, reduced reaction time, or loss of control. For example, a study by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) found that 13% of truck drivers involved in crashes were considered to be fatigued at the time of the collision.

Another common cause of truck accidents is mechanical defects or failures, such as problems with tires, brakes, wheels, steering, lights, or electronic systems. Trucks are complex and heavy vehicles that require regular inspection and maintenance to ensure their safety and performance. However, some trucking companies or drivers may neglect or delay these tasks due to cost or time constraints. Additionally, some trucks may be equipped with defective or recalled parts that can malfunction or break down unexpectedly. According to the FMCSA study, 10% of truck drivers involved in crashes experienced a vehicle-related issue before the crash.

A third cause of truck accidents is environmental or external factors, such as weather conditions, road conditions, traffic flow, or other vehicles. Trucks are more vulnerable to adverse weather conditions, such as rain, snow, fog, or wind, due to their large size and weight. These conditions can affect their visibility, traction, stability, and braking distance. Similarly, poor road conditions, such as potholes, debris, curves, or slopes, can pose hazards for trucks that may not be able to maneuver or stop quickly. Furthermore, trucks may encounter unpredictable or aggressive behaviors from other drivers or road users who may not respect their space or limitations.

In conclusion, truck accidents are caused by a variety of factors that can be classified into three categories: driver-related, vehicle-related, and environmental-related. These factors can interact and compound each other to create dangerous situations for trucks and other road users. Therefore, it is essential for truck drivers and trucking companies to follow the safety regulations and standards set by the authorities and industry associations. It is also important for other drivers and road users to be aware and cautious around trucks and share the road responsibly. By doing so, we can reduce the risk and impact of truck accidents and make our roads safer for everyone.

San antonio truck accident lawyer br Dr. Mab 322

2023-07-06T09:19:00.002-07:00

San Antonio truck accident lawyers are attorneys who specialize in helping clients involved in trucking accidents. They can handle cases involving negligence, wrongful death, defective equipment, and other hazards in the trucking industry. They know the trucking companies, truck drivers, insurers, and courts that will likely be a part of your injury case. They use this knowledge to protect their clients' rights and help them get maximum compensation.

How to find truck accident lawyer san Antonio?

You can find a truck accident lawyer in San Antonio by visiting websites such as FindLaw or Expertise.com. You can also check out Wyatt Law Firm, PLLC. These websites provide detailed profiles of lawyers and law firms that specialize in truck accident cases. You can compare their profiles, including free consultation options, locations, contact information, awards and education. I hope this helps

You can find an 18 wheeler accident lawyer in San Antonio by visiting websites such as Eric Ramos Law, PLLC, Barrus Injury Law, Thomas J. Henry Law or The Ammons Law Firm LLP. These websites provide detailed profiles of lawyers and law firms that specialize in 18 wheeler accident cases. You can compare their profiles and contact them to get more information about their services.

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How to find offshore accident lawyer by br. MAB 324

2023-07-06T09:10:00.002-07:00

Offshore accident lawyer

An offshore accident lawyer is a type of personal injury lawyer who helps offshore injury victims get the compensation they deserve. They specialise in maritime laws, particularly relating to damages caused resulting from offshore accidents¹. Offshore accident lawyers typically support their clients by providing legal advice relating to any type of offshore accidents on a ship, rig, platform or vessel. They evaluate, investigate and assess the legal recourse or cause of claim such as the un-seaworthiness of a ship or the employer, shipowner or operator’s negligence. They also determine the applicable statute of limitation to file an offshore accident lawsuit.

Offshore accident lawyers have expertise in recovering damages or getting compensatory damages for those or family of those who have suffered injuries while working as a maritime employee or harbor worker, a passenger on a cruise ship or other maritime vessel.

offshore injury lawyer

An offshore injury lawyer is a lawyer who focuses his or her practice on representing injured maritime workers. The laws that protect maritime workers differ from those that protect employees on land, and recovering just compensation after an offshore accident requires an in-depth understanding of the laws that apply.

If you have been injured while working offshore, you may be entitled to compensation under the Jones Act. An offshore injury lawyer can help you determine whether you meet these qualifications and achieve maximum recovery under the Jones Act.

What is maritime injury lawyers?

Maritime injury lawyers are attorneys who specialise in maritime law, which is the law that relates to commerce and navigation on the sea and other navigable waters. They help clients with legal problems that arise from the shipping industry, such as ship ownership disputes, cargo claims, injuries to crew members, and damage to ships or cargo. They also help injured workers who are covered by the Jones Act, which is a federal law that provides compensation for maritime workers who are injured on the job or on an ocean or sea vessel. Maritime injury lawyers work with many other professionals and experts in the maritime industry, and they can represent clients in court and act as witnesses. They may offer a free consultation and work on a contingency basis, which means they only get paid if they win the case¹.

What is oil rig accident lawyer?

An oil rig accident lawyer is a personal injury attorney who represents people who have been injured in an accident on an oil rig. These lawyers handle cases involving injuries sustained in explosions, fires, falls, and other accidents that occur on offshore drilling rigs. They can help victims of oilfield accidents get compensation for their injuries or losses. They can handle cases involving negligence, wrongful death, defective equipment, explosions, fires, and other hazards in the oil and gas industry.

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Truck Accident Attorney Dallas by br. MAB 323

2023-07-06T08:38:00.006-07:00

If you've been in an accident involving a commercial vehicle, you may be wondering what your next steps should be. One of the most important things you can do is to hire an experienced truck accident attorney in Dallas who can help you navigate the legal process and ensure that your rights are protected.

> There are many factors that can contribute to a truck accident, including driver fatigue, distracted driving, improper maintenance, and more. A skilled attorney will be able to investigate the circumstances surrounding your accident and determine who is at fault. In addition to helping you recover compensation for your injuries and other damages, a truck accident attorney can also help you deal with insurance companies and negotiate a fair settlement. They can also represent you in court if necessary. When choosing a truck accident attorney in Dallas, it's important to look for someone who has experience handling cases similar to yours. You should also look for an attorney who is responsive to your needs and who will keep you informed throughout the legal process. Some of the best truck accident attorneys in Dallas include: Mullen & Mullen Law Firm The Law Office of WT Johnson The Benton Law Firm The Barber Law Firm These firms have all been recognised for their excellence in representing clients who have been injured in truck accidents. I hope this helps! Let me know if there's anything else I can do for you. truck accident lawyer dallas truck accident attorney dallas dallas truck accident attorney 18 wheeler accident lawyer dallas truck wreck lawyer dallas truck accident attorney dallas in the usa best dallas truck accident lawyers 18 wheeler accident attorney dallas dallas truck wreck lawyer 18 wheeler accident lawyer dallas tx dallas 18 wheeler accident lawyer truck accident lawyer dallas fears nachawati law firm

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Chp-1 Basics of Information Technology (Short Questions)

2018-02-07T10:29:00.002-08:00

Short Questions

Q. What is Data?

A collection of raw facts and figures is called data. Data is collected from different ways. It is not Useful. meaningful and cannot be used for decision making. Data may be in the form of numbers, characters, symbols; sounds etc.

Q. What is Data Processing?

The process of convening data in to useful information is called data processing. For example, arithmetic operations, Logical ions. Searching of data. etc.

Q. What is Information?

The processed data is called information. Information is useful- and meaningful It can be used for decision-making Data is used as input for data processing. Information is output of data process.

Q. What is Information Technology?

Information technology is defined as "The technology that combines computing with high speed communication links for carrying data in form of text, sound. image. video etc.

Q. What is Digital Convergence?

Due to information technology, different organizations, industries and institutions are linked with each other. They can exchange information with each other.

Q. What is Computer?

A computer is machine that can be programed to accept data (Input). Process it (Processing) in to useful information.

Q. What is Hardware.

Physical components of computer called hardware. We can touch, see feel the hardware. Hard is used for input, output, processing and storage.

Q. What is Software?

The set of instructions given to computer to solve a specific problem is called Software. Software is also called computer program

Q. What is System Software?

The program that is necessary for the working of computer is called the system software. System software controls the different parts of computer. Computer cannot work without system software.

Q. What is Application Software?

These are programs that are designed to solve some problems users. They help the user to perform specific task.

Q. What is Operating System?

It is a system program that manages all resources of computer. Computer cannot work without operating system. DOS and Windows are example of operating system.

Q. What is Utility Program?

These are system programs that are used to perform some specific task. Antivirus is an example of utility program.

Q. What is Customized Software?

This software is to solve specific problem of a user. These are developed a customer or an organization.

Q. Define Package Software.

Package software is developed for general public. They solve some common problem that is faced by many peoples. For example, Word processors. Spread Sheet. Graphics and communication programs.

Q. What is Input?

The data and instructions given to computer to perform a specific task are called input. Input is given to-computer with input devices.

Q. What are Input Devices.

The devices that are used to enter data and instructions is are called input devicisÀtnpu1 devices rake data-and instruction.

Q. What are the types or Input Devices?

There are two types of input devices

Direct Input Devices

Indirect Input Devices

Q. What is a keyboard?

Keyboard is the most commonly used input device. The buttons on the keyboard arc called keys. A keyboard contains more than 100 keys.

Q. What do you mean by QWERTY?

The standard keyboard is called "QWERTY" keyboard. This-is-because-of the first six keys on top row of alphabet are Q. W.E.R.T.Y

Q. What are Pointing Devices?

A pointer is a small symbol that appears on the screen in graphical user interface. A pointing device is an input device that is used to control the position of the pointer or cursor on the screen.

Q. What is Mouse?

It is a small lightweight input device. It is moved on a flat surface to control the movement of the cursor on screen. It has two or three buttons at its top, to perform a specific task with mouse. First pointer is moved to a certain place. Then these buttons are used.

Q. What is Trackball?

It is also a pointing device. It is similar to mouse. It can be used as an alternative to a mouse. It is a stationary device. It has a rolling ball on the top. The hall is rolled with figure. Rolling the ball controls the position of cursor. Track ball need less space.

Q. What is Touch pad?

A touch pad is a small. flat surface. This surface is sensitive go pressure and motion. Sliding the fingers on touch pad moves the pointer on the screen. It also has one or more buttons. These buttons are close to the tough pad. These buttons are work like mouse buttons.

Q. What is Touch Screen?

It is a video display screen. Input is given by touching the screen at some specific place. It is covered with a plastic layer. Behind the plastic layer. there is beam of light. The user enters data by touching icons or menus on the screen. Touch Screen is often used in ATM, Tablet PC and PDA etc.

Q. What is Barcode Reader?

Barcode reader is an input device. It is a source data entry device. It is used to read barcode.

Q. What is MICR?

MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. It is used to read text that is printed by using magnetized ink. It is used in hanks for processing cheques. Each cheque contains MIRC characters at the lower left edge.

Q. What is OMR

OMR stands or Optical Marks Recognition. These are used to read special marks or symbols printed on paper. OMR is used to read answer sheets of objective type examination. OMR uses a light beam to read data and convert in to signals. These signals are sent to computer for processing.

Q. What is OCR?

OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition. OCR reads printed characters and converts into digital code that is by computer. OCR is used to read utility bills and price tags in departmental stores.

Q. What is Magnetic Stripe Card?

It is a card that has a strip of magnetically encoded data on its back. They are used for personal identifications during driving, departmental stores, at public places etc.

Q. What smart Card?

A smart card looks like a credit card. This card contains a microprocessor and a memory chip. This card is used into a 'special card reader. The card reader can read and update its Contents.

Q. What is Facsimile?

A Fax machine is also called facsimile transmission machine. It uses telephone line to send images to another fax machine- It scans-an image printed on paper, converts it in to electrical Signals and sends ii to another fax machine. The receiving fax machine converts the signals in to an image and print on paper.

Q. What is Digital Camera?

Digital Camera takes picture and stores it in digital format: The shape of digital camera is like an ordinary camera. It uses a light sensitive processor chip. It stores digital images on a storage media like Floppy Disk, P, C. Card.

Q. What is Pointing stick?

A pointing stick is a pressure sensitive pointing device. Its shape is like pencil eraser. It exists between G, H and B keys of keyboard. When user pushes pointing stick in different directions the pointer the screen moves.

Q. What is Graphics Tablet?

A digitizing tablet is also called digitizer. It consists of a flat board and a stylus or puck. The stylus or puck is cither Wireless or connected to the tablet "ire. A stylus is a pen like device used to create sketches and images. A puck is device that is used to copy image. It is also used to make drawing. We make best drawings with tablet

Q. What is Light Pen?

A light pen is a hand held pointing device. It looks a pen. connected by wire with computer. It information to computer When touches the pen on specific of a mostly graphics designer illustrators use light pen.

Q. What is Joystick?

It is also a pointing device. It has a vertical handle mounted On a base with two buttons. The movement of pointer is controlled by vertical handle. some computer added design systems

Q. What is Pen-Based System?

These systems use a pen like stylus. With help of stylus can write on the computer screen. We do not need typing from keyboard with the help of this system, student may be able to notes in class with out and ink. We can connect electronic white board of the classroom with student's computer.

Q. What are Source Data Entry Devices?

The devices that are used for direct data entry to computer system are called source data entry devices. There is fast input devices- We can enter data very quickly and efficiently.

Q. Define Barcode.

Bar code an identification code. It consists of vertical lines and spaces of different width. Bar Code represents data Information is displayed on different products in the form of bar code. Bar code is also called "Universal Product Code".

Q. Which technologies are used in Flat Panel Display Screens?

Flat panel monitors are lightweight, take less space and consume less power than CRT monitors. There are three types of display screens.

• Liquid Crystal Display

• Electronic Luminescent Display Gas

• Plasma Display

Q. What is a printer?

A printer is a hardware device. It is used to print characters. symbols and graphics on paper. The printed output is called copy output.

Q. What are different types of Printers?

Printers are divided in to two types

1. Impact Printers

2. Non-Impact Printers

Q. What are Impact Printers?

An impact printer prints text or images by sticking a hammer or wheel against an inked due to strike of hammer images or characters appear on Screen.

Q. What are Non-Impact Printers?

Non-Impact Printer prints text and graphics without sticking hammer or wheel on paper. They use different technologies for printing.

Q. What is Dot-Matrix Printer?

It is an impact printer. It has a print head containing small pins. These pins strike on an inked ribbon against paper and make a character or image. print heads are available. with 9,18 or 24 pins. Higher the number of pins. faster is the speed of printing.

Q. What is Daisy Wheel Printer?

Daisy Wheel printer uses a "heel called daisy Wheel. The wheel has a series of petals. There is a character at the end of each petal. This wheel can rotate when a specific petal comes in front of paper a hammer striker on the petal. The petal strikes on an inked ribbon and character is printed on paper. It is slower than dot matrix but better in quality.

Q. What are basic Units of Data Storage?

The binary number I or 0 is called a bit. It is the basic unit for storing data in computer memory. It is the smallest unit of data storage. One bit takes one storage location in memory.

Q. What is a System?

A system can be defined as the combination of different components that interact with each other to perform specific tasks. To perform different tasks in system different procedures are used.

Q, Define SDI-C.

SDLC stands for system development life cycle. It is an organized way of developing successful computerized system. SDLC consists of different phase.

Q. Define Preliminary Investigation?

This is the first phase of SDLC. In this phase the initial analysis of the system is performed.

Q. What is Preliminary Plan?

In this Stage we make a feasibility report. In which all-important information is provided: It is submitted to the top management of the organization. They take decision about the system after studying this report.

Q. What is the purpose of System Analysis?

In this phase the current system- is studied in detail. Its purpose is.to prepare specification for new system.

Q. What are data gathering techniques?

The following techniques are used for this purpose.

• Written Documents

• Interviews

• Questionnaires Observations

• Sampling

Q. What is the purpose of Interviewing?

The analyst conduct interview of concerning persons of ad organization and tries to know the required information about current system. The questions asked in interviews must be precise and relevant.

Q. What is the use of Questionnaires?

Some time it is difficult to control an interview. so questionnaires designed to collect useful information. It is very convenient method of getting information.

Q. What is Analysis Report?

At the end of analysis phase analysis report is generated. It is presented to higher management. Analysis three parts. These parts are

• It explains current system,

• It tells the problems of current system.

• It the requirements for new

Q. What is the purpose or Coding Phase?

In this phase system is developed. System is divided in to parts. Each is developed separately. These combined to make a complete This phase needs a lot of time and budget. Programmer is the person who in this phase. The program specifications are given to programmer. Pro writes code according to given specification.

Q. Why is Test Phase?

When the system is developed testing phase starts. It is very important phase. The main purpose of testing is to detect and remove errors in the stem.

Q. What is Parallel Implementation?

In this type of implementation new and old system are used side by the results of both systems are compared. When the new system starts old System is stopped.

Q. What is Pilot Implementation?

In this type of implementation only some selected persons can use All workers cannot use new system.

Q. What is Phased Implementation?

In this of implementation different parts of system are implemented at different times. Gradually whole system is implemented.

Q. What is Direct Implementation?

The user stops working on old system and starts working on new system.

Chp-1 Basics of Information Technology (Long)

2018-02-07T10:25:00.000-08:00

Basics of Information Technology

Q: Define the following terms Data, Data Processing, Information and Information System.

Data:

Ans.: A collation of raw facts and figures is called data. Data is collected from different ways. It is not useful and meaningful. It cannot be used for decision making. Data may be in the form of numbers. characters. (symbols. sounds, images and video clips etc. For example, when a student gets admission in a college he fills an admission form. The form contains raw facts and figures about the student. These facts and figures are student's name. father name. address, phone. marks etc.

Data Processing:

The process of converting data into useful information is called data processing. For this purpose, we perform different operations on data. The most common operations performed on data are:

• Arithmetic operations Logical operations

• Arranging data in a specific order

• Classification of data

• Searching of data

Information:

The processed data is called information. Information is useful and meaning. It can be used for decision-making. Data is used as input for data processing. Information is output of data processing. For example, if we arrange the student’s admission forms in descending order with respect to marks. we easily make a list of the students who got admission in college on limited seats.

Information System:

The system that takes data as input. process it and produce useful information as output is called information system. An information system consists of computer hardware, software. data. procedures and users. We provide data for system and system provides information. The programs used f processing are very important part of information system.

Q. What is Information Technology?

Information Technology:

Information plays a very important role. in every field of life. Information is required to solve different problems of life. In our daily life we need different type of information. For example, a student wants to know about his result. Result is announced. A student wants to know last year's merit of diff colleges. A student wants to know about the fee structure and rules and -regulations of different colleges. A student needs all this information to take admission in college.

There must be some way to get required information easily. We have to get required information in less Information Should Information Technology solves Information Tech ology acetified as "The technology that combines computing with high education communication links to carrying data in the form of text, sound. image, video etc. from one place to another".

Computers are linked as a network. On these links data can be transferred from one place to another very fast speed. These links are also used tor communication. Data and information in one computer is easily available to linked computers. Due to these linked computers our world become a global.

With the help of linked computers, we can send large data. information and communicate with a person, in any part of the world, as we Store living in a village. Due to information technology information can be among peoples of different cities, countries and subcontinents.

Q. What is Digital Convergence?

Digital Convergence:

Due to information technology. different originations. industries and institutions are linked with each other. They can exchange information with each other. This electronic merge of industries and institutions is called digital convergence. This emerge is very useful. Due to this merge image. sound. text. number. video, and graphics Can be transferred from one organization to another organization. This digital convergence has converted our world in to a global village. Now information can be accessed from any part of the world.

Q. What is the modern impact of Information?

Modern Impact of Information Technology:

Modern impact of information technology has broadened the base of computing. Information can be exchanged with the help of satellites. fiber optic cables. mobile phone, and fax, with a fast speed. These technologies have provided a very useful scenario of computer utilization. So e important utilization is as follows.

Artificial Intelligence:

By using different technologies, we can develop a machine that can see, hear, learn, give response and communicate like human beings. The robotic is an example of Artificial Intelligence.

Web Based Applications:

These are different applications available on web They are used for connecting to the Internet.

E-commerce:

It is a process of doing business transactions on Internet using computer.

M-commerce:

It is a process of doing business transaction on Internet with mobile phone.

Computer Animation:

The process of combining different images to create an effect is called computer Animation.

Multimedia & Hyper Media:

Multimedia is the use of graphics. animation. audio. and video on computer. Hypermedia is the process of creating links between multimedia files.

Distributed Computing:

The process of doing a single task with the help of multiple computers is called distributed computing.

Q. What is Computer? What are its important hardware components?

Computer:

A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data, process it, into useful information , and store it for later use. Computer is combination of two things hardware and software. Computer works according to set of instructions given to it. This set of instructions is called software. Physical components of computer are called hardware. We can touch, see and feel the hardware. The hardware of computer can be divided into following types

Input Devices:

Data and instructions are entered into computer with the help of input devices. Input devices accept data in the form that can be used by computer.

Processor:

It is the main component of computer. It processes data and converts it in to useful Information. Processor executes instructions of a program.

Output Devices:

These devices are used to SYK»W processed data in the form that user wants. Examples of output devices are Printer. Speaker. Monitor etc.

Secondary Storage Devices:

These are hardware components where data is stored for reuse in future. For example, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, etc.

I/O Devices:

These devices are used for input as well as for output. Terminals and Touch Screens are example of I/O Devices.

Main Memory:

Main Memory is also called RAM. It is used during execution of programs.

Inter Connectors:

These are used to connect different components of a computer. For example, cables, Ports, Buses etc.

Networking Devices:

The hardware devices that are used to make and manage networks are called Networking Devices. For example, modem. bridge. router etc.

Q. What is Software? What are its important types?

The set of instructions given to computer to so called software. Software is also called computer program. Software is developed in computer programming language. Software tells the computer how to perform a specific task. Software be divided into two main categories.

System Software

Application Software

System Software:

The program. that is for the working of computer. is called system software. System software Controls the working of different parts of computer. Application software works with the of system software. Computer cannot work without system software. Following are some important types of system software.

Operating System:

It is system software that manages all resources of computer. Computer cannot work without operating system. DOS and Windows are the example of operating system.

Utility Program:

System software that is used to perform some specific task for computer is called utility program. Antivirus is an example of utility program.

Device Driver:

Different hardware components of computer need specific software for their proper working. This software' is catted Device Driver. For example, if we use printer with computer we need to install a driver for that printer.

Application Software:

The Application Software is designed to solve specific problem of the user is called application software. Application software controls the working of different parts of computer. Application software works with the help of system software. There are different types of application software.

• Custom Built Software

• Package Software

Custom Built Software:

This software is developed to solve specific problem of a user. Custom built software is developed tor a customer organization.

Package Software:

This software is developed for general public. Packaged software is used to solve come problem that is faces by many people. For example, Word Processors, Spread Sheet, Graphics and Communication Software.

Q. What are input devices?

Input Devices:

The devices that are used to enter data and instructions in to the computer are called input devices. Input devices take data and instruction from the user and convert it in the format that is understandable by computer. There are two ways to enter data and instructions in to the computer.

Direct Input:

In direct input data in entered directly in to the computer from the source through some scanner device.

Indirect Input:

In indirect input data is entered into the computer after some intermediate handling. Keyboard and pointing devices are used in indirect input. There are three general types of input devices.

• Keyboard

• Pointing Devices

• Source Data Entry Devices

Q. What is Enhanced Keyboard? What are its important segments?

Keyboard:

Keyboard is the most commonly used input Device. The buttons on the keyboard are called keys. Data is entered by pressing keys of keyboard. A keyboard contains more than 100 keys. These keys are grouped into alphabetic. numeric. function and special keys. The standard keyboard is called “QWERTY” keyboard. This is because of the first six keys on top row of alphabets are Q. W.

A standard keyboard can be divided into four parts.

• Function Keys

• Main Keyboard

• Numeric Keys

• Additional Keys

Function Keys:

Function keys are F1, F2… F12. These keys are in the top row of the Function key are keyboard. These keys provide an easy way to give certain commands. Their functionality depends on the software currently in use.

Main Keyboard:

The main keyboard is like a typewriter keypad. It also contains some special command keys. The functionality of the command keys depends upon the software being used. Some of the most common uses of command keys are:

ESC Key

ESC key is use to cancel current action or task that is being

performed on computer.

Tab Key:

Tab key is used to insert a tab (A space of to 8 characters) in many application programs like word processor. In a dialogue box it is used to move from one option or field to another.

Caps Lock Key:

Caps Lock Key is used to type upper case letters. Numbers and symbols are not affected on pressing this key. Caps Lock indicator on keyboard lights up by pressing it. It is a toggle key.

Shift Key:

It is pressed in combination with other keys to type upper ease

letters and upper symbols shown on keys.

Ctrl Key:

The control key is used in combination with other keys to give commands as specified by software in use.

Alt Key:

The Alt Key is used in combination with other keys to give certain commands as specified by software in use.

Backspace Key:

The backspace key is used to delete a character from the left of the cursor or moving the cursor back one position.

Enter Key:

The enter key is used to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line. For example, it is used at the end of a paragraph.

Numeric Key:

It is an arithmetic operator keys on the right of the keyboard. These are similar to calculator keys. The functionality of Numeric keys depends on the status of Num Lock key. If Num Lock is on the Keys are used to enter numeric data and mathematical symbols.

If num Lock is off these Keys can be used to move the Cursor and perform other functions. The functionality of numeric keys is defined as follows:

End Key:

End Key is used to move the cursor to the end of current line.

Down Arrow:

This key moves the cursor down one line.

Left Arrow:

This key moves the cursor one character to the left.

Right Arrow;

This key moves the cursor one character to the right.

Up Arrow:

This key moves the cursor one line up.

PgDn Key:

The page down key advances one full serene while the cursor stays at same place.

PgUp Key:

This key back up to the previous serene While the same place.

Home Key:

Home key moves the cursor at the beginning of the current line.

Ins Key:

It is a toggle key. In insert mode. new text is added at the place f cursor. In overtyping mode. new text is written over the existing text.

Del Key:

The delete key deletes one character or space to the right of the cursor. It also deletes the selection.

Additional Keys:

Extended Keyboard also has some additional keys. These keys are used to move the cursor inside the document. The functionality of some important keys is described below.

Arrow Keys:

These keys are used to move the cursor left, right, up and down. Insert, Delete, Home. End, PgUp, and PgDn keys are used for the same purpose as discussed in numeric key area.

Print Screen:

When pressed copies the current serene to the windows clipboard.

Scroll Lock:

This key is used to lock or unlock the scrolling of tekt

Pause:

Pause key causes the screen to pause when the information is scrolling of the screen.

Q. What Are Pointing Devices?

Pointing Devices:

A pointer is a small symbol that appears on the screen in graphical user interface. A pointing device is an input device that is used to control the position of the pointer or cursor on the screen. Some important pointing devices are follows

• Mouse

• Track ball

• Pointing Stick

• Joy Stick

• Touch Pad

• Touch Screen

• Light pen

• Digitizing Graphic Tablet

• Pen Based Systems

Q. What is Mouse?

It is most widely used device. It looks like a mouse. It is a small light weight device. It is moved on a flat surface to control the movement of the curser on the screen. It is attached with computer by a cable or Wireless connection. It has two or three top. To perform some specific task with mouse, first pointer is move to a certain place. Then these buttons are used.

Mouse has a small ball at the bottom. When we move the mouse on a flat surface this hall rotates. The movement of the cursor depends on the rotation of the hall. The mouse having ball at bottom is called mechanical mouse. The mouse that does not contain a ball but uses a device that emits and light to detect the movement is called optical mouse.

Q. Briefly describe Pointing Stick and Joy Stick.

Pointing Stick:

A pointing stick is a pressure sensitive pointing device. Its shape is like a pencil eraser. It exists between G. H and B keys of keyboard. When user pushes pointing stick in different directions the pointer on the screen moves.

Joy Stick:

It is also a pointing device. It has a vertical handle mounted on a base with one or two buttons. The movement of pointer is controlled by vertical handle. It is used to play video games. It is also used in some computer added design systems.

Q. What is the function of a Touch Pad, Touch Screen and Light Pen?

Touch Pad:

A touch pad is a small. flat surface. This surface is sensitive to pressure and motion. Sliding the fingers on touch pad moves the pointer on the screen. It also has one or more buttons. These buttons work like mouse buttons.

Touch Screen:

It is a video display screen. Input is given by touching the screen at some specific place. It is covered with a layer. Behind the plastic layer. there is a beam of infrared light. The user enters data by touching icons or menus on the screen, Touch Screen is often used in ATM, tablet PC, and PDA etc.

Light Pen:

A light pen is a hand held pointing device. looks like a pen. It is connected by wire with computer. It sends in information computer when user touches the pen on some specific area or a special screen. Mostly engineers. graphics designers and illustrators use light pen.

Q. What is Digitizing Graphics Tablet?

Digitizing Tablet:

A digitizing tablet is also called digitizer consists of a flat board and a stylus or puck. The puck is either wireless or connected to the tablet with wire. A stylus is a pen like device used to create sketches and images. A puck is a device that is used to copy image. It is also used to make drawing. We can make best with graphics tablet.

Q. What is a Pen Based System?

Pen Bases System:

These systems use like stylus. With the help of stylus, we can write on the computer screen We do not need typing from keyboard. With help of this system. student may able to take notes in class without pen and ink. We can connect electronic White board of the classroom with student’s computer. Students can take notes directly. Students can concentrate on listening the lecture.

Q. Describe Source Data Entry Devices.

Source Data Entry Devices:

The devices that are used for direct data entry to computer system are called source data entry devices. These are fast input devices. We can enter data very quickly and efficiently. The following are some commonly used sources data entry devices.

Bar Code Reader

Mark and Character Recognition Devices

MICR (Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition) OMR (Optical Mark Recognition)

OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

Magnetic Strip Card

Smart Card

• Fax Machine

• Imaging System

• Audio/Video Devices

Audio Input Device

Video Input Device

Digital Camera

Q. What are Scanning Devices?

Scanning Devices:

These are input devices that use scanners for input. Scanners use laser beams and reflected lights. Scanners translate images of text, drawings, photos etc. In to digital form. Some important scanning devices are described below.

Bar Code Reader:

Bar code is an identification code. It consists of set of vertical li and spaces of different width. Bar Code represents data. Information displayed on different products in the form of bar code. Bar code is al called "Universal Product Code". Bar Code Reader is used to read code and translate in digital signals.

MICR:

MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. It is used to read text that is printed by using magnetized ink It is used in banks for processing cheques. Each cheque contains MIRC characters at the lower left edge.

OMR:

OMR stands for Optical Marks Recognition. These are used to read special marks or symbols printed on paper. OMR is used to read answer sheets of objective type examination. OMR uses a light beam to read data and convert in to signals. These signals are sent to computer for processing.

OCR:

OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition. OCR reads printed characters and converts into digital code that is processed by computer. OCR is used to read utility bills and price tags in departmental stores.

Magnetic Strip Cards:

It is a card that has a strip of magnetically encoded data on its back. They are used for personal identifications during driving, departmental stores, at public places etc.

Smart Card:

A smart card looks like a credit card. This card contains a microprocessor and a memory chip. This card is used into a special card reader. The card reader can read and update its contents.

What is a Fax Machine?

Fax Machine:

A Fax machine is also called facsimile transmission machine. l: uses telephone line to send images to another fax machine. It scans an image printed on paper, converts it in to signals and sends it to another fax machine. The receiving fax machine converts the signals in to an image and print on paper. There are two types of fax machines.

Dedicate Fax Machine:

It is a fax machine that can send document to another fax machine or receive document coming from fax machine.

Fax Modem:

Fax Modem is a circuit board inside the system unit of computer. With the help of modem, we can send documents to a fax machine or some other computer. Computers can also communicate with each other by using telephone line.

Q. What is the function of Imaging System?

Imaging System:

It is a scanning device. It is also called image scanner or graphics scanner. It converts text. drawings and photographs into digital form and can stores it into computer system. The system scans the image with light. If image is in black and white form. it breaks the image into light and dark dots. It converts the colored image into color dots. These dots are converted into digital form. The technique of converting an image into matrix of dots in called raster graphics.

Q. Discuss different Audio and Video Input Devices?

Audio Input Devices:

Audio input is the process of entering sound in to computer. For this purpose, Audio Input Devices are used. An Audio Input Device takes analog sound as input and converts into digital form for storage. The main purpose of audio input device is to provide digital input tor multimedia computers. Mostly

microphone is used for audio input. There is board. a special It converts circuit analog board in sound the computer. This circuit board is called an audio signal in to digital form and stores it for further processing. This audio board can convert digital data to sound.

Video Input Devices:

The process of entering a video recording in to computer is called video input. Video input devices are the devices used for video input. Video recording devices normally use analog video signals. Computer uses digital signals. For video input, video input device is connected to a video capture card. This card converts analog video signals to digital signals. Video computer card has two types.

Frame Grabber Video Card:

This card can capture a single frame at a time.

Full Motion Video Card:

This card is also known as adapter. It can capture 30 frames in one second. This gives the effect of a continuously flowing motion picture.

Digital Camera:

Digital Camera takes picture and stores it in digital format. The shape of digital camera is like an ordinary camera. It uses a light sensitive processor chip. It stores digital images on a storage media like Floppy Disk, P. C. Card, Flash Memory Chip or a mini CD. These digital pictures can be stored into the computer. Digital camera is connected with computer through a connecting wire. When pictures are transferred in to computer they can-be edited, printed, faxed, or e-mailed.

What is Output? What are Output Devices?

Output:

The information generated after processing data is called output. There is different type of output. These types are described below:

Soft Copy Output:

It refers to data that is shown on a display screen. This output is not permanent. It can be in audio or video form.

Hard Copy Output:

The output printed on is called hard Copy output. This output is permanent. It may in form of text, graphics, images etc.

Output Devices:

Output devices are hardware component, attached with computer, they take information from computer and convert it in the form understandable by user. The commonly used output devices are:

Monitor

Printer

Plotter

Speaker

Q. What is a Display Screen? What are its important features?

Size:

Display screen is most common output device. It is also called Monitor or simply screen. It is used to display output as soft copy. Following are some important properties of a display screen. Display screens are available in different size. The size of a display screen is measured diagonally from one corner to another. The common sizes of display screen are from 13 to 22 inches.

Color:

There are two types of display screens.

• Monochrome

• RGB

Monochrome:

This display screen uses two colors one as background and others as foreground to display text, images, graphics etc. it can display different shades of one color. It is commonly called black and white display screen.

RGB:

This is color display screen. RGB stands for Red, Green. and Blue. Different combinations of these three colors are used to display color images on the screen.

Resolution:

Text and images on a display screen are made of pixels or dots. The total number of pixels on a screen is called resolution of that he displays screen having large resolution can produce sharp images.

Q. What is Video Display Adapter? What are its types?

Video Display Adapter.

A video screen must have a video display adopter attached with the computer. This is necessary to display graphics; Video Display Adopted is also known as graphics card. It is a circuit board on computer. Graphics card determines resolution. number of color and speed with which images appear on the display screen. There are three types of graphics cards.

VGA:

VGA stands for Video Graphic' Array. It supports 256 colors depending on screen resolution at 320x200 resolution it supports 16 colors and at 640x480 resolution it supports 256 colors. It is called 4-bit color card.

SVGA:

SVGA stands for Super Video Graphics Array. It supports 2.56 colors at high resolution. It has two graphics modes 800x60/) and 1024x768 pixels. It is called 8-bit color card.

XGA:

XGA stands for Extended Graphics Array. It supports 16_7 million colors at a resolution of 1024x768 pixels. It is called 24-bit color or true color.

Q. Discuss various types of Display Screen?

Types of Display Screen:

There are two types of display screen.

• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

• Flat Panel Display,

CRT Monitor:

It is the most common form of display screen; it looks like a TV screen. This kind of monitor uses a cathode ray tube to display images ala/ text CRI is a vacuum tube.

There are one or more electron guns at the end of tube. These guns tire beams of electrons inside the screen. The screen is coated with tiny dots of phosphor. These dots glow when electron beam falls on them. A stream of bits defining the image is sent from the computer's CPU to the CRT electron gun. CRT electron gun converts bits in to beam of electrons. When beam of electrons hits the phosphor dots they glow. The combined effect of these dots generates an image on the screen.

Flat Panel Monitor:

Flat panel monitor is lightweight. take less space and consume less power than CRT monitor. Laptop computer uses flat panel monitor. Flat Panel Monitor can also be used with personal computer. Flat Panel Monitor is made up of two glass plates. There is a substance between two glass plates. This substance is activated in different ways. There are three types of flat panel display screen.

LCD:

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD uses liquid crystal between the glass plates. The molecules of liquid crystal line up in such a way that light behind the screen is blocked or allowed through to create an Image.

ELD:

ELD stands for Electronic Luminescent Display. It contains a substance between two glass plates. This substance glows when electric current charges it.

Gas Plasma Display:

These monitors use gas plasma technology. There is a layer of gas between two glass plates. This gas glows when electric charge is supplied. This technology offers large screen size and higher display quality.

Q. What is a Printer? What are its types?

Printer:

A printer is a hardware device It is used to print characters. symbols and graphics on The printed output is called hard copy output, Printers are divided in to two types.

Impact Printer:

An impact printer prints text or images by sticking a hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon. Due to the strike of hammer images or characters appear on screen. The examples of impact printer are:

• Dot Matrix Printer

• Daisy Wheel Printer

• Line Printer

Non-Impact Printer:

Non-Impact Printer prints text and graphics without sticking hammer or wheel on paper. They use different technologies for printing. The examples of non-impact printer are:

• Laser Printer

• Inkjet Printer

• Thermal Printer

Q. What are the different types of Impact Printer?

Types of Impact Printer:

Impact Printers work like typewriter. The important types Of impact printer are:

• Dot Matrix Printer

• Daisy Wheel Printer

• Line Printer

Dot Matrix Printer:

It is an impact printer. It has a print head containing small pins.

These pins strike on an inked ribbon against paper and make a character or image. Print heads are available, with 9.18 or 24 pins. Higher the number of pins, faster is the speed of printing.

Daisy Wheel Printer:

Daisy wheel printer uses a wheel called daisy wheel. The wheel has a series of petals. There is a character at the end of each petal. This wheel can rotate When a specific petal comes in front of a hammer striker on an inked ribbon and character is printed on paper. 11 is slower than matrix but better in quality.

Line Printer:

Line printer is a high speed impact printer capable of printing an entire line at one time. A fast line printer can print as many as 3000 lines minute. The disadvantages of line printers arc that they can print only one font. they cannot print graphics and print quality is low Drum, chain and band printers are examples print of line printer.

Q. What are the important types of Non-Impact Printers?

Non-Impact Printer:

These printers print text and graphics on paper without sticking the paper. Different types of non-impact printer are as follows:

• Laser Printer

• Inkjet Printer

• Thermal Printer

Laser Printer:

Laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser printer is high quality non-impact printer. It creates images on paper with the help of a laser beam. It throws magnetic ink powder in form of dots. There can be 300 to 2000 dots per inch (DPI). It has a drum. First images are created on drum_ then are transferred from drum to paper. The speed of laser printer is from 5 to 300 pages per minute.

Inkjet Printer:

It prints text and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink on paper. It is cheaper as compared to laser printer. Its resolution is from 300 to 720 DPI. It can print I to 6 text pages per minute. Bubble jet is another type of inkjet printer. Its printing head has 128 tiny nozzles.

Thermal Printer:

It is a non-impact printer. Special heat sensitive papers are used in this printer. For colored output colored wax sheets are required. Thermal printers are expensive and they require expensive papers for printing. They can produce high quality prints.

Q. What are plotters? What are their types?

Plotters:

It is an output device that is used to produce high quality graphics in variety of color. Plotter is used in architectural drawings, maps, graphs, and charts. It can print on large surface. There are two types of plotters.

• Flat Bed Plotters

• Drum Plotters

Flatbed Plotter:

Paper is adjusted on bed. The size of bed is adjusted according to need. It has a set of pens. The pens move on to draw the graph on paper.

Drum Plotter:

It works like flatbed plotter. The paper is placed over a drum. This drum can rotate and move. The pens are stationery. Drum rotates and moves against the pens to draw the graphs and drawing. Drum Plotter is also used to track earthquake readings.

Q. What is Audio Output Device?

Audio Output Device:

The voice produced by computer is called audio output. The device used for audio output is called audio output device. is the most Commonly used audio output device. Moet personal computers have internal speakers. The sound quality of internal speakers is not good. Mostly high quality external

devices are used. These speakers are connected to the computer at sound card port Different speakers are available in the market to satisfy the requirement of the users.

Q. What is the Basic Unit of Data Storage?

Bit:

The binary number I or O can be stored in a bit. It is the basic unit for storing data in computer memory. It is the smallest unit of data storage. One bit takes one storage location in memory.

Byte:

A collection basic unit of-8 of bits is called is a byte. One byte is used to store a single character. The basic unit of memory measurement is byte.

Word:

It is a unit of a CPU at It is normally of register The length of varies from computer If word size is large computer is more powerful.

Q. What is a System. What are its Components?

A system can be defined as the combination of different components that interact with each other to perform specific tasks, 10 perform different tasks in system different procedures are used. A computerized system consists of the following components.

• Hardware

• Software

• People/User

• Data information

• Communication Setup

Q. What is SDLC? What are its important phases?

System Development Life Cycle:

SDLC stands for system development life It is an organized way of developing successful computerized system. SDLC consists of different phase.

These phases are as follows:

• Preliminary Investigati'M-1

• System Analysis Design

• Coding

• Testing

• Implementation

• Maintenance

Q. Describe the Preliminary Investigation phase of SDLC.

Preliminary Investigation:

This is the first phase of SDLC. In this phase the initial analysis of the system is performed. In this phase the following tasks are performed.

System Identification:

The system is identified in this stage. It is very important phase. Everything in future depends upon this phase.

System Scope:

At this stage the scope of the system is defined. The scope is defined keeping in view the financial, political and time limitation.

Alternate Solution:

There are different ways to develop a system. We find all methods and choose the best. We interview different concerning Front view the systems of other competitors to find the best solution.

Feasibility Study:

The feasibility study is performed to find out whether it is feasible to make a new system. During this stage we discuss financial. social and time concerning issues.

Preliminary Plan:

In this stage we make a feasibility In which information is provided. It is submitted to the top management of the organization. Top management takes decision about the system after studying this report.

Q. Describe System Analysis phase of SDLC.

System Analysis:

In this phase the current system is studied in detail. Its purpose is to prepare specification for new system. The analyst the following activities.

Need Analysis:

It is also called requirement analysis. In this phase we finalize all requirements. The new system should fulfill these requirements.

Data Gathering:

In this phase the analyst collects required data to develop the system. The following techniques are used for this purpose.

Written Documents:

Analyst can get required information from the written documents of current system. These documents may be reports. statements and many others.

Interviews:

The analyst conduct interview of the concerning of the organization and tries to know the required information about current system. The questions asked in interviews must be precise and relevant,

Questionnaires:

Some time it is difficult to an interview. questionnaires are designed to collect useful information. It is convenient method of getting information.

Observations:

It is a process of watching the people while they working. The analyst can only observe the working or he participate in working if permission is granted.

Sampling:

If a system is large and many are involved in it is difficult to communicate with all peoples. Information is gathered from some relevant persons.

Data Analysis:

The process of analyzing data to get accurate information. Many tools are used for this purpose.

Analysis Report:

At the end of analysis phase analysis report is generated. It presented to higher management. Analysis has three parts. These are as follows.

• It explains Current system.

• It tells about the of current system.

• It describes the requirements and recommendation for new system.

Q. Describe design phase of SDLC.

In this phase the following activities are performed.

Logical Design:

Logical design represents the general functionality of the proposed system requirements are and system components are defined. Different types of tools are used to prepare logical design.

Physical Design:

Physical design describes how the proposed system Will deliver general capabilities described in logical design. It specifies the following.

• Input Requirements Output Requirements

• System Control

• Backup Recovery

Report:

A detailed report is prepared about logical and physical design. This report is presented to higher management for approval.

Q. What is coding phase of SDLC?

In this phase system is developed. System is divided in to parts. Each part is developed separately. parts arc combined to make a complete System. This phase needs a lot of time and budget. Programmer is person who works in this phase. The program specifications are given to programmer writes the code according to given specification. A single programmer or a team of programmers is used for this System is developed at the end of coding phase, Different languages and tools are used in this phase.

Q. What is testing phase of SDLC?

When the system is developed testing phase starts is very phase. The main of testing is to detect and remove errors in the system. The testing is performed in two stages; these stages are:

Unit Testing:

It is also called modular testing. Different parts of system are tested individually with the help of sample data. Different parts of system are combined to make a complete system. Now this system is tested as a Whole. Sample or actual data can use with system testing.

Q. What is implementation phase of SDLC?

Implementation

If the system is working properly in test phase it is implemented. In this phase we install hardware. software and data in to real environment. In this phase users are also trained. Implementation can be performed in the following ways.

Direct Implementation:

The user stops working on old system and starts working on new system.

Parallel Implementation:

In this of implementation new and old system are used side by side. The results of both systems are compared. When the new system starts working properly old system is stoped.

Phased Implementation:

In this type of implementation different parts of system are implemented at different times. Gradually system is implemented.

Pilot Implementation:

In this of implementation only some selected persons can new system. All workers cannot use new system.

User Training:

Users are the persons who will use new system so it is very important to provide proper training. Different methods are used to train the user. The most common methods are:

• Provide instruction manuals

• Provide videos or CDs

• Deliver Lectures

Q. What is meant by System Maintenance?

Maintenance:

After implementation phase the new system starts working. In maintenance phase we ensure the working of system. Following activities are performed is maintained phase.

Provide support to user

• Correction of errors

• Updating the system

Maintenance is the help provided to users against their queries, problems and ambiguities.

What is Computer? What are its important hardware components in computers

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A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data, process it, into useful information, and store it for later use. Computer is combination of two things hardware and software. Computer works according to set of instructions given to it. This set of instructions is called software. Physical components of computer are called hardware. We can touch, see and feel the hardware. The hardware of computer can be divided into following types

Input Devices:

Data and instructions are entered into computer with the help of input devices. Input devices accept data in the form that can be used by computer.

Processor:

It is the main component of computer. It processes data and converts it in to useful Information. Processor executes instructions of a program.

Output Devices:

These devices are used to SYK»W processed data in the form that user wants. Examples of output devices are Printer. Speaker. Monitor etc.

Secondary Storage Devices:

These are hardware components where data is stored for reuse in future. For example, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, etc.

I/O Devices:

These devices are used for input as well as for output. Terminals and Touch Screens are example of I/O Devices.

Main Memory:

Main Memory is also called RAM. It is used during execution of programs.

Inter Connectors:

These are used to connect different components of a computer. For example, cables, Ports, Buses etc.

Networking Devices:

The hardware devices that are used to make and manage networks are called Networking Devices. For example, modem. bridge. router etc.

What is the modern impact of Information

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Artificial Intelligence:

By using different technologies, we can develop a machine that can see, hear, learn, give response and communicate like human beings. The robotic is an example of Artificial Intelligence.

Web Based Applications:

These are different applications available on web They are used for connecting to the Internet.

E-commerce:

It is a process of doing business transactions on Internet using computer.

M-commerce:

It is a process of doing business transaction on Internet with mobile phone.

Computer Animation:

The process of combining different images to create an effect is called computer Animation.

Multimedia & Hyper Media:

Multimedia is the use of graphics. animation. audio. and video on computer. Hypermedia is the process of creating links between multimedia files.

Distributed Computing:

The process of doing a single task with the help of multiple computers is called distributed computing.

What is Digital Convergence

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Digital Convergence:

Due to information technology. different origination. industries and institutions are linked with each other. They can exchange information with each other. This electronic merge of industries and institutions is called digital convergence. This emerge is very useful. Due to this merge image. sound. text. number. video, and graphics Can be transferred from one organization to another organization. This digital convergence has converted our world in to a global village. Now information can be accessed from any part of the world.

Q. What is Information Technology?

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Q. What is Information Technology?

Information Technology:

Due to these linked computers our world become a global.

Define the following terms Data, Data Processing, Information and Information System

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Q: Define the following terms Data, Data Processing, Information and Information System.

Answer:

Data:

A collation of raw facts and figures is called data. Data is collected from different ways. It is not useful and meaningful. It cannot be used for decision making. Data may be in the form of numbers. characters. (symbols. sounds, images and video clips etc. For example, when a student gets admission in a college he fills an admission form. The form contains raw facts and figures about the student. These facts and figures are student's name. father name. address, phone. marks etc.

Data Processing:

The process of converting data into useful information is called data processing. For this purpose, we perform different operations on data. The most common operations performed on data are:

• Arithmetic operations Logical operations

• Arranging data in a specific order

• Classification of data

• Searching of data

Information:

Information System:

Chapter No-01 Basics of Information Technology

2015-12-16T20:53:00.001-08:00

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ICS Book Chapter 01

یہ وہ تما م سوالات ہیں جو پہلے باب میں موجود ہیں آپ یہاں سے پرنٹ لۓ سکتے ہیں آپکو بازار سے کتاب بھی لینے کی ضرورت نہیں میں نے سارے کتاب آپ کی آسانی کے لئے یہا ں بنادی ہے آ پ کی دعاؤ ں کا طلبگار۔

Select your Question for Answers

Q: Define the following terms Data, Data Processing, Information and Information System.

Q. What is Information Technology?

Q. What is Digital Convergence?

Q. What is the modern impact of Information?

Q. What is Computer? What are its important hardware components?

Q. What is Software? What are its important types?

Q. What are input devices?

Q. What is Enhanced Keyboard? What are its important segments?

Q. What Are Pointing Devices?

Q. What is Mouse?

Q. Briefly describe Pointing Stick and Joy Stick.

Q. What is the function of a Touch Pad, Touch Screen and Light Pen?

Q. What is Digitizing Graphics Tablet?

Q. What is a Pen Based System?

Q. Describe Source Data Entry Devices.

Q. What are Scanning Devices?

Q. What is a Fax Machine?

Q. What is the function of Imaging System?

Q. Discuss different Audio and Video Input Devices?

Q. What is Output? What are Output Devices?

Q. What is a Display Screen? What are its important features?

Q. What is Video Display Adapter? What are its types?

Q. Discuss various types of Display Screen?

Q. What is a Printer? What are its types?

Q. What are the different types of Impact Printer?

Q. What are the important types of Non-Impact Printers?

Q. What are plotters? What are their types?

Q. What is Audio Output Device?

Q. What is the Basic Unit of Data Storage?

Q. What is a System. What are its Components?

Q. What is SDLC? What are its important phases?

Q. Describe the Preliminary Investigation phase of SDLC.

Q. Describe System Analysis phase of SDLC

Q. Describe design phase of SDLC.

Q. What is coding phase of SDLC?

Q. What is testing phase of SDLC?

Q. What is implementation phase of SDLC?

Q. What is meant by System Maintenance?

Short Question of Chapter No 1 Click Here

ICS part 2 5 years Old papers abstract

2015-04-23T23:39:00.000-07:00

Computer Science 2^nd 5 Years old paper till 2015

MS. Access short questions

1. What is secondary key? 2T

2. Define entity.

3. What is meant by database integrity? 2T

4. What is relationship? Give an example. 2T

5. Differentiate between partial independency and transitive dependency. 2T

6. How a referential integrity achieved? 2T

7. Give different parts of MS. Access application windows. 2T

8. Determine three problems in tradition file systems.

9. Define the term of report. 2T

10. Define data redundancy.

11. List important proposes of query language. 2T

12. State the purpose of index file. 2T

13. Which activities are involved in analysis? 2T

14. What is meant by synonym?

15. How is a query is written?

16. Define the term degree of a relation. 3T

17. Which two database object can be used to create report?

18. What is data?

19. What is a field?

20. Define data set.

21. What is view?

22. What is data modeling?

23. How entity integrity is maintained? 2T

24. What is the use of MS Access?

25. What is query? 2Ts

26. What is the use of data sheet view? 2T

27. Define list box.

28. List the file types from usage point of views.

29. Define program file with example.

30. What is file organization?

31. Define the term of table or relation.

32. What is an entity in an ERD?

33. Who is end user?

34. Define insertion anomaly.

35. Describe menu bar.

36. Define the term RDBMS.

37. How a new record is added to a table data sheet view?

38. Write any two advantages of a form.

39. Define infinity.

40. Determine three problems in traditional file system.

41. Differentiate between auto number and number.

C language

1. What is the use of “getch” function? 2T

2. What is control string in printf function? 2T

3. What is the purpose of % C format specification?

4. What are the basic control structure for writing program? 2T

5. Write the syntax of function definition.

6. Differentiate between function definition and function declaration.

7. Define built in function.

8. Write the syntax of for loop.

9. Define function.

10. Trace the output of the following:

K = 0

While ( K < = 5)

{

Printf (“Hello”);

K = k +1

}

11. Define standard output.

12. What is preprocessor directive?

13. List different type of errors in C programs.

14. Write the following statement in C code: Score is between 50 and 60 inclusive

If a = 15 and a + = 3, what is new value of a ?

15. What is object code?

16. Name the type of pre-processor directives.

17. Define compiler.

18. Why are comments used in C language?

19. Define variable in C.

20. Write two rules for naming a variable in C.

21. What is stdio.h?

22. What will be the output of the following code?

int a = 9;

a =a % 4;

printf ( “\n %d is Result 0

23. Trace error in the following code:

# include (stdio.h)

Void main ()

{

float n;

scanf (“ % d “, &n);

Printf (“The number is % f”, n);

}

24. What is meant by the switch statement?

25. What is if-else structure?

26. Trace out error in following code

# include <stdio.h>

# include <conin.h>

void main (

)

if (16 7 10) then

printf (“% C ”, “Pakistan”);

getch ();

}

27. Define go to statement.

28. Define sentinel loop.

29. Trace the output of the following code.

int n;

for (n = 10, n <= 15, n + +)

printf (“%d \n ”, ++n);

30. Differentiate between local and global variables.

31. What is meant by function definition?

32. How data is stored in binary files.

33. What is assembler?

34. Explain constant macro with example.

35. What do you know about C Statements.

36. Define an expression with example.

37. Find the error in the code:

# include <stdio.h>

void main (); {

X = 20

Y = 40

Z = X + Y

Printf (“%d”,z)

Getch( ) ; }

38. What is increment operator?

39. What is the use of scanf ( ) function? Write syntax.

40. What is format specifier? Write example:

41. Explain clrscr ( ) function.

42. Trace the output:

void main ( ) {

char w1, w2, w3;

w1 = ‘A’;

w2 = ‘B’;

w3 = ‘C’;

printf ( “ %c %c w3”, w1, w2);

getch ( ) ;}

43. List some important functions for output.

44. Trace the output

Void main ( ) {

Int a, b, temp;

a = 10;

b = 20;

temp = b;

b = a;

a = temp;

printf (“%d \n”,a);

printf (“%d \n”,b);

getch ( ) ; }

45. Write the syntax of condition operator.

46. What do you mean by selection?

47. What is the output of the following statement:

‘B’ ?

if ( grade = = ‘A’} {grade = = ‘B’ && grade = = ‘C’

printf ( “Fail”);

else

printf (“Pass”);

48. Trace the error in the following code:

Void main (void);

{

int (x > y);

printf (“X is the largest ”);

else;

printf (“Y is the largest”)

getch ( );

}

49. Write the output of the following program fragments.

n = 0;

while ( n < = 4)

printf (“%3d %3d \n”,n,10 - -n);

n + +;

}

50. What is “goto” statement?

51. Describe user defined function.

52. List some benefits of using function.

53. Define pointer.

54. Differentiate between logical error and syntax error.

55. What are header files?

56. What is programming languge?

57. What is an identifier? Give an example.

58. What is variable initialization?

59. What is the use of assignment statement?

60. What is the use of printf() funct-ion?

61. Define escape sequences.

62. Define standard input.

63. Write three advantages of switch statement.

64. What happen if break is missed in case block?

65. Make a flowchart of While loop.

66. What do you mean by function call?

67. How a function returns value?

68. Compare binary and text stream.

69. Write an expression in C language for age is from 15 to 18:

70. Predict the following code output:

int p, q, r;

p = 10;

q= 3;

if (p % q == 3);

r = 0;

else r = 1;

printf (“% d ”,r);

71. How many time will the following loop display the “Hellow”.

for (int i = 20; i > =0; I - -)

printf (“Hellow“);

72. Define infinite loop.

73. Produce the syntax of while loop with example.

74. What do you mean by scope of global variable.

75. List some benefits of using functions.

76. Compare binary and text stream.

77. Define a pointer.

C language Long

1. Write a note on real data types in C-Language.

2. Write a program that input a Number and check whether it is positive, negative or zero.

3. Can we use if and GOTO statement to construct a loop structure? If yes, then how? Explain with example.

4. Explain the following with example.

a. (i) overflow (ii) underflow (iii) Range and precision.

5. What is control structure? Briefly describe the basic control structures for write program.

6. Write a program to produce the following output.

0 1

0 1 4

0 1 4 9

0 1 4 9 16

0 1 4 9 16 25

7. What is data type? Discuss different data types in C . language.

8. Write a program that input a number from the user and determines whether it is positive, negative or zero.

9. Briefly describe the types of loops used in c. language.

10. What is program and programming language? Discuss two main categories of programming language.

11. Write a program which input three numbers, and display largest number.

12. What is “While” loop? Write its syntax. Explain its working with example.

13. Describe characteristics of high level programming language.

14. Write a program that inputs a character and checks whether it is vowel of consonant using switch statement.

15. What is do-while loop? Write the syntax. Explain its working with example.

MS Access 8 Marks

1. What are ingredients of data modeling? Explain with example.

2. Discuss different methods of modifying a table.

3. Define a key. Discuss in detail different types of keys used in database is IDE? What are the advantages.

4. Define data processing. What activates are involved in data processing? Discuss in detail.

5. What is query? Discuss its uses and advantages.

6. What are the database anomalies? Briefly describe insertion, deletion and modification anomalies.

7. What is form? Write the procedure to create forms in design view.

8. Define a key. Define details of different types of keys used in database with example.

9. What is IDE? What are the advantage of using MS. Access IDE?

Practical

1. Explain the procedure to extract data from two tables.

2. Explain the procedure to create form by using wizard mode.

3. Write a program to calculate average of three numbers and shows result on screen in C language.

4. Write a program that displays first 10 odd numbers in C language.

5. Write a program to add two numbers using functions in C language.

6. Explain the procedure to apply primary key on table.

7. Explain the procedure for creating simple form.

8. Write a program that ads two numbers and shows the sum on screen in C language.

9. Write a program that display counting from 1 to 10 using while loop in C-language.

10. Write a program that accepts distance in kilometer and converts into meter by using function in c language.

5 years old paper ics computer science

free download ics past papers

ICS free notes, ICS old papers part 2

HTML Links

2014-07-18T10:53:00.000-07:00

Links are found in nearly all Web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page to page.

Try it Yourself - Examples

HTML links
How to create links in an HTML document.

(You can find more examples at the bottom of this page)

HTML Hyperlinks (Links)

The HTML <a> tag defines a hyperlink.

A hyperlink (or link) is a word, group of words, or image that you can click on to jump to another document.

When you move the cursor over a link in a Web page, the arrow will turn into a little hand.

The most important attribute of the <a> element is the href attribute, which indicates the link's destination.

By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers:

An unvisited link is underlined and blue
A visited link is underlined and purple
An active link is underlined and red

HTML Link Syntax

The HTML code for a link is simple. It looks like this:

<a href="url">Link text</a>

The href attribute specifies the destination of a link.

Example

<a href="http://www.w3shelpers.com/">Visit W3Schools</a>

which will display like this: Visit W3Schools

Clicking on this hyperlink will send the user to STUDYSPK.blogspot.com' homepage.

Tip: The "Link text" doesn't have to be text. It can be an image or any other HTML element.

HTML Links - The target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.

The example below will open the linked document in a new browser window or a new tab:

Example

<a href="http://www.w3helpers.com/" target="_blank">Visit w3helpers!</a>

Try it yourself »

HTML Links - The id Attribute

The id attribute can be used to create a bookmark inside an HTML document.

Tip: Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.

Example

An anchor with an id inside an HTML document:

<a id="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>

Create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" inside the same document:

<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Or, create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" from another page:

<a href="http://www.w3shelpers.com/html_links.htm#tips">

Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

HTML Comments

2014-07-18T09:39:00.000-07:00

Comment tags  are used to insert comments in HTML.

HTML Comment Tags

You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following syntax:

<!-- Write your comments here -->

	Note: There is an exclamation point (!) in the opening tag, but not in the closing tag.

Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help document your HTML.

With comments you can place notifications and reminders in your HTML:

Example

<!-- This is a comment -->

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<!-- Remember to add more information here -->

Try it yourself »

Comments are also great for debugging HTML, because you can comment out HTML lines of code, one at a time, to search for errors:

Example

<!-- Do not display this at the moment
<img border="0" src="/images/pulpit.jpg" alt="Pulpit rock" width="304" height="228">
-->

Try it yourself »

Conditional Comments

You might stumble upon conditional comments in HTML:

<!--[if IE 8]>
    .... some HTML here ....
<![endif]-->

Conditional comments defines HTML tags to be executed by IE only. We will not use conditional comments in this tutorial.

Software Program Tags

HTML comments tags can also be generated by various HTML software programs.

For example  tags wrapped inside HTML comments by FrontPage and Expression Web.

As a rule, let these tags stay, to help support the software that created them.

HTML Text Formatting

2014-07-16T08:30:00.000-07:00

HTML Text Formatting

This text is bold

This text is italic

This is computer output

This is_subscript and ^superscript

Try it yourself »

HTML Formatting Tags

HTML uses tags like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.

These HTML tags are called formatting tags (look at the bottom of this page for a complete reference).

	Often <strong> renders as <b>, and <em> renders as <i>. However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags: <b> or <i> defines bold or italic text only. <strong> or <em> means that you want the text to be rendered in a way that the user understands as "important". Today, all major browsers render strong as bold and em as italics. However, if a browser one day wants to make a text highlighted with the strong feature, it might be cursive for example and not bold!

Often <strong> renders as <b>, and <em> renders as <i>.

However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags:

<b> or <i> defines bold or italic text only.

<strong> or <em> means that you want the text to be rendered in a way that the user understands as "important". Today, all major browsers render strong as bold and em as italics. However, if a browser one day wants to make a text highlighted with the strong feature, it might be cursive for example and not bold!

Try it Yourself - Examples

Text formatting
How to format text in an HTML document.

Preformatted text
How to control the line breaks and spaces with the <pre> tag.

"Computer output" tags
How different "computer output" tags will be displayed.

Address
How to define contact information for the author/owner of an HTML document.

Abbreviations and acronyms
How to handle abbreviations and acronyms.

Text direction
How to change the text direction.

Quotations
How to handle long and short quotations.

Deleted and inserted text
How to mark deleted and inserted text.

Marked/Highlighted text
How to mark/highlight text.

HTML Text Formatting Tags

Tag	Description
<b>	Defines bold text
<em>	Defines emphasized text
<i>	Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood
<small>	Defines smaller text
<strong>	Defines important text
<sub>	Defines subscripted text
<sup>	Defines superscripted text
<ins>	Defines inserted text
<del>	Defines deleted text
<mark>	Defines marked/highlighted text

HTML "Computer Output" Tags

Tag	Description
<code>	Defines computer code text
<kbd>	Defines keyboard text
<samp>	Defines sample computer code
<var>	Defines a variable
<pre>	Defines preformatted text

HTML Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags

Tag	Description
<abbr>	Defines an abbreviation or acronym
<address>	Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document
<bdo>	Defines the text direction
<blockquote>	Defines a section that is quoted from another source
<q>	Defines an inline (short) quotation
<cite>	Defines the title of a work
<dfn>	Defines a definition term

HTML Paragraphs

2014-07-13T03:57:00.003-07:00

HTML documents are divided into paragraphs.

HTML Paragraphs

Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example

<p>This is a paragraph</p>

<p>This is another paragraph</p>

Try it yourself »

Note: Browsers automatically add an empty line before and after a paragraph.

Don't Forget the End Tag

Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph

<p>This is another paragraph

Try it yourself »

The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Forgetting the end tag can produce unexpected results or errors.

Note: Future version of HTML will not allow you to skip end tags.

HTML Line Breaks

Use the <br> tag if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example

<p>This is<br>a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>

Try it yourself »

The <br> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.

HTML Output - Useful Tips

You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed. Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.

With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code.

The browser will remove extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed. Any number of lines count as one line, and any number of spaces count as one space.

Try it yourself »

(The example demonstrates some HTML formatting problems)

Examples from this page

HTML paragraphs
How HTML paragraphs are displayed in a browser.

Line breaks
The use of line breaks in an HTML document.

Poem problems
Some problems with HTML formatting.

More Examples

More paragraphs
The default behaviors of paragraphs.

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their attributes.

Tag	Description
<p>	Defines a paragraph
<br>	Inserts a single line break

HTML Headings

2014-07-13T03:55:00.002-07:00

Headings are important in HTML documents.

HTML Headings

Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Example

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<h2>This is a heading</h2>

<h3>This is a heading</h3>

Try it yourself »

Note: Browsers automatically add some empty space (a margin) before and after each heading.

Headings Are Important

Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.

Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.

Since users may skim your pages by its headings, it is important to use headings to show the document structure.

H1 headings should be used as main headings, followed by H2 headings, then the less important H3 headings, and so on.

HTML Lines

The <hr> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.

The hr element can be used to separate content:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<hr>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<hr>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Try it yourself »

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source

Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"

To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Source" (IE) or "View Page Source" (Firefox), or similar for other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML code of the page.

Examples From This Page

Headings
How to display headings in an HTML document.

Horizontal lines
How to insert a horizontal line.

HTML Tag Reference

tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.

You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.

Tag	Description
<html>	Defines an HTML document
<body>	Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6>	Defines HTML headings
<hr>	Defines a horizontal line
<!-->	Defines a comment

HTML Attributes

2014-07-13T03:52:00.000-07:00

Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes
Attributes provide additional information about an element
Attributes are always specified in the start tag
Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Attribute Example

HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:

Example

<a href="http://www.w3helpers.com">This is a link</a>

Try it yourself »

Always Quote Attribute Values

Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes.

Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed.

	Tip: In some rare situations, when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes: name='John "ShotGun" Nelson'

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive.

However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation.

Newer versions of (X)HTML will demand lowercase attributes.

HTML Attributes Reference

A complete list of legal attributes for each HTML element is listed in our: HTML Tag Reference.

Below is a list of some attributes that can be used on any HTML element:

Attribute	Description
class	Specifies one or more classnames for an element (refers to a class in a style sheet)
id	Specifies a unique id for an element
style	Specifies an inline CSS style for an element
title	Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a tool tip)

For more Visit www.s3schools.com

MCAT Physics Chpter-10, MCAT Physics Chpter-10

2014-07-11T09:17:00.001-07:00

MCAT Physics chapter wise notes, ECAT PHYSICS Notes chapter wise, free notes for entry test, free MCAT MCQS PHYSICS, free notes download for entry test preparation, Physics intermediate notes chapter wise free download

Physics Notes for MCAT, Physics notes for ECAT.

1.	The reciprocal of focal length of lens expressed in meters is called
	a)	Focus	b)	Aperture	c)	Power	d)	Optical centre
2.	The minimum distance between an object and its real image in a convex lens is
	a)	2f	b)	2.5f	c)	3f	d)	4f
3.	An object is placed at 18 cm from a converging lens of focal length 6 cm. the image formed is
	a)	Real and inverted	b)	Real and erect	c)	Virtual and erect	d)	Virtual and inverted
4.	The image of an object 5 mm high is only 1 cm high.the magnification produced by lens is
	a)	0.5	b)	0.2	c)	1	d)	2
5.	Two converging lenses,each of focal length f used in combination,become a telescope if the distance between them is
	a)	2f	b)	4f	c)	f/2	d)	f
6.	For incident angles equal or greater than the critical angle,the glass air boundary will act as a
	a)	Convex lens	b)	Concave lens	c)	Mirror	d)	None of these
7.	The diameter of single mode step index fibre core is
	a)	10μm	b)	30 μm	c)	5 μm	d)	100 μm
8.	The light emitted from LED as wavelength
	a)	1.2μm	b)	1.3μm	c)	1.4μm	d)	1.5μm
9.	The focal length of objective lens of telescope is 60 cm.to obtain magnification of 20 focal length of eye piece should be
	a)	5 cm	b)	4 cm	c)	3 cm	d)	2 cm
10.	Which of the following is used for long distance without dispersion
	a)	Single mode step index	b)	Multimode step index	c)	Multimode graded index	d)	Any of these
11.	A ray of light passing from rare to denser medium bends
	a)	Towards normal	b)	Away from normal	c)	Donot bend	d)	None of these
12.	The index of refraction of diamond is 2 velocity of light in diamond is
	a)	6×10⁸	b)	3×10⁸	c)	2×10⁸	d)	1.5×10⁸
13.	The length of telescope is 36 cm focal length of lenses can be
	a)	30 cm,6 cm	b)	-30 cm,-6 cm	c)	30 cm,-6 cm	d)	-30 cm,6 cm
14.	A compound microscope has a magnification of 30 .the focal length of the eye piece is 5 cm.if the final image is formed at the least distance of distint vision the magnification produced by the objective is
	a)	5	b)	7.5	c)	10	d)	12
15.	In Michelson experiment when object’s image become visible then rotation time of one side of 8 sided mirror is equal to time for light to cover distance
	a)	d	b)	2d	c)	d/2	d)	None of these

16.	When the person grew old its near point of eye
	a)	Increases	b)	decreases	c)	No effect		d)	None of these
17.	With the use of graded index fibre the time difference is reduced between the dispersed signal upto
	a)	1 ns per km	b)	33 ns per km	c)	1 μs per km		d)	None of these
18.	Mode of propagation of light in multimode graded index fibre optic is
	a)	Total internal reflection	b)	Scattering	c)	Continous refraction		d)	All of these
19.	The function of collimeter is
	a)	To produce monochromatic light	b)	To give parallel beam	c)	To observe spectrum		d)	all
20.	To increase resolving power of lens
	a)	Increase λ and decrease D	b)	Decrease λ and increase D	c)	d)	Increase λ and decrease D
21.	The far point for normal eye is
	a)	25 cm	b)	50 cm	c)	100 m		d)	None of these
22.	If multicolored image is formed the defect of lens is
	a)	Spherical aberration	b)	Chromatic aberration	c)	Both		d)	none
23.	Less diffraction is produced in compound microscope if we use light of colour
	a)	Red	b)	Green	c)	blue		d)	all
24.	The turn table of the spectrometer is calibrated in
	a)	degrees	b)	Half degree	c)	radians		d)	None of these
25.	Cladding of optical fibre is made up of
	a)	silica	b)	Plastic	c)	Conducting metal		d)	None of these
26.	In optical fibres system…..are used to regenerate the dim light signal
	a)	Diodes	b)	Transistor	c)	Repeaters		d)	transformer
27.	A convex lens behaves a diverging lens if
	a)	Object is placed far beyond f			b)	If object is placed inside f
	c)	A convex lens can not diverge light			d)	none
28.	Using the combination of lenses ,we can increase magnification in terms of
	a)	Addition of all magnifications	b)	Product of all magnificatins	c)	Division of all magnificatins		d)	None of these
29.	Light always move faster in ……medium
	a)	Rare	b)	Denser	c)	Constant in all		d)	none
30.	Which of the following is not the reason of power loss in optical fibres
	a)	Absorption	b)	Scattering	c)	Refraction		d)	Dispersion

MCAT Physics Chpter-9, MCAT Physics Chpter-9

2014-07-11T09:13:00.000-07:00

1.	For which of the following colours will the fring width will be smaller in young double slit experiment
	a)	Violet	b)	Red	c)	Green	d)	Yellow
2.	A diffraction grating has 500 lines per mm its slit spacing will be
	a)	5×10³mm	b)	5×10^-3mm	c)	2×10³mm	d)	None of these
3.	Two waves originating from sources S1 and S2 have zero phase difference common wavelength λ will show completely destructive interference at a point P if path difference
	a)	5λ	b)	¾ λ	c)	5/4 λ	d)	11/2 λ
4.	An object is placed between two parallel mirrors. The number of images is
	a)	2	b)	4	c)	8	d)	infinite
5.	A point source placed in a homogeneous medium gives rise to….wavefront
	a)	Spherical	b)	Cylindrical	c)	Plane	d)	None of these
6.	Rain bow is due to
	a)	Interference	b)	Diffraction	c)	Dispersion	d)	Reflection
7.	The blue sky is due to
	a)	Diffraction	b)	Scattering	c)	Reflection	d)	Polarization
8.	When one mirror of Michelson interferometer is moved a distance of 0.5 nm,2000 fringes are observed, the wavelength of light used is
	a)	5000 nm	b)	1000A°	c)	1A°	d)	100A°
9.	The wavelength of X-rays is of the order of
	a)	10A°	b)	1000A°	c)	1A°	d)	100A°
10.	If Michelson interferometer by moving the mirrir through a distance of λ/4,the path difference changes by
	a)	λ	b)	λ/2	c)	λ/4	d)	zero
11.	In Newton’s ring the central part appears dark due to
	a)	Phase change	b)	Destructive interference	c)	Both a and b	d)	None of these
12.	In Young’s experiment fringe width is ω if distance between slits is doubled and distance of screen from slit is halved new fringe width will be
	a)	ω	b)	4ω	c)	ω/4	d)	ω/2
13.	Which of the following property of light does not with the nature of medium
	a)	Velocity	b)	wavelength	c)	Amplitude	d)	Frequency
14.	A ray of light travelling from rare to denser medium sufferes a phase change of
	a)	60°	b)	90°	c)	180°	d)	None of these

15.	The shadow of satellite donot seen on earth due to property of light
	a)	Reflection	b)	rarefaction	c)	Diffraction		d)	none
16.	Which property show that wavelength of light is smaller than that of sound
	a)	Diffraction	b)	Polarization	c)	Interference		d)	reflection
17.	Crystals of a material can behave as
	a)	Convex lens	b)	Interferometer	c)	Diffraction grating		d)	concave
18.	Which field is absorbed in polarization of light
	a)	Electric field	b)	Magnetic field	c)	both		d)	none
19.	In a Polaroid light beams can pass ………to the layers of crystal
	a)	Parallel	b)	Perpendicular	c)	Both possible		d)	none
20.	A ray of light is always to wavefront
	a)	Parallel	b)	Perpendicular	c)	d)	All of these
21.	The basic principle in Michelson experiment is
	a)	Diffraction	b)	Dispersion	c)	Reflection		d)	Interference
22.	In young’s double slit experiment phenomenon involved
	a)	Interference	b)	Diffraction	c)	both		d)	none
23.	Polarization can be achieved by
	a)	Absorption	b)	Scattering	c)	Reflection		d)	all
24.	Sodium light λ=589 nm is incident normally on grating having 3000 lines per cm.the highest order of spectrum obtained with this grating
	a)	5^th	b)	12 th	c)	6 th		d)	8 th
25.	The points on a wavefront and points on next wavefront will be said as
	a)	Coherent	b)	Non coherent	c)	Both possible		d)	None of these
26.	When you place your fingers infront of light bulb different colours are due to
	a)	Diffractin	b)	Interference	c)	Reflection		d)	None
27.	Diffraction fringes become narrow if distance from diffracting object
	a)	Increases			b)	Decreases
	c)	Both			d)	none
28.	The path difference for Newton’s bright rings
	a)	nλ	b)	(n+1/2)λ	c)	Nλ/2		d)	All are true
29.	If you want to get more order of diffraction then grating element should be
	a)	Small	b)	Large	c)	No effect by grating element		d)	none
30.	If one the slit is in young’s experiment is covered by blue cover and other with red,then interference fringes will be of the colour
	a)	Blue	b)	Red	c)	Mixture of both		d)	No fringes appear

MCAT Physics Chpter-8, MCAT Physics Chpter-8

2014-07-11T09:02:00.000-07:00

1.	A wave can transport
	a)	mass	b)	energy	c)	momentum	d)	B and c
2.	If water is disturbed in a ripple tank periodically, waves one after the other passing through a point are known as
	a)	Matter waves	b)	Longitudinal waves	c)	Transverse periodic	d)	Mechanical waves
3.	When two identical travelling waves are superposed, the velocity of the resultant waves
	a)	Decrease	b)	Increase	c)	Remains constant	d)	Becomes zero
4.	Under stationary waves setup in a medium, the nodes are located at
	a)	(n+1)λ/4	b)	N λ/4	c)	nλ/2	d)	(2n+1)λ/2
5.	It is possible to distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves from the property of
	a)	Refraction	b)	interference	c)	diffraction	d)	polarization
6.	The wavelength of the fundamental mode of vibration of a closed end pipe
	a)	2l	b)	l	c)	^4l	d)	_l/2
7.	Newtons calculated formula for speed of sound has an error of
	a)	6%	b)	16%	c)	10%	d)	None of these
8.	Velocity of sound in vacuum at 0°c is
	a)	332	b)	280	c)	333	d)	none
9.	The velocity of sound in air would become double than its velocity at 20°c at
	a)	313 k	b)	586 k	c)	899 k	d)	1172 k
10.	Silence zone takes place due to
	a)	Constructive interference	b)	Destructive interference	c)	.beats	d)	resonance
11.	In order to hear echo of sound ,the minimum distance between listener and obstacle must be
	a)	About 33 m	b)	About 17 m	c)	About 9.5 m	d)	About 8.5 m
12.	If 20 waves pass through a medium in 1 second with speed of 20 ms^-1 then the wavelength
	a)	20 m	b)	2 m	c)	400 m	d)	1 m
13.	The number of nodes between two consecutive antinodes
	a)	Zero	b)	3	c)	2	d)	1
14.	It is observed that all the stars normally show
	a)	Red shift	b)	Blue shift	c)	Yellow shift	d)	None of these
15.	Which of the following properties of sound is effected by change in air temperature?
	a)	frequency	b)	Amplitude	c)	intensity	d)	wavelength

16.	If the frequency of a tuning fork is 32 Hz then after ¾ sec,it will complete…vibrations
	a)	12	b)	32	c)	24		d)	1/24
17.	No of harmonics in open pipe=n×no of harmonics in closed pipe,where n is
	a)	Odd number	b)	even number	c)	1		d)	2
18.	Stationary waves is the resultant of ……interference
	a)	constructive	b)	destructive	c)	Both of these		d)	None
19.	The mathematical formula to calculate speed of sound in air contains which modulus
	a)	Young’s	b)	Shear	c)	Bulk		d)	none
20.	The speed of wave in a stretched string is independent of
	a)	No of loops	b)	temperature	c)	d)	Tention force
21.	If pressure and absolute temperature of air is increased 4 times,the speed of sound in air will be
	a)	No change	b)	double	c)	half		d)	4 times
22.	Due to moisture in air speed of sound will
	a)	Increase	b)	Decrease	c)	No effect		d)	All possible
23.	For which gas ð has maximum value
	a)	Monoatomic	b)	polyatomic	c)	diatomic		d)	All have same
24.	If the tension of stretched string is increased 9 times then velocity of wave will become
	a)	3 times	b)	Remains unchanged	c)	2 times		d)	9 times
25.	When a wave is reflected from a medium which one will change
	a)	Frequency	b)	wavelength	c)	speed		d)	None
26.	When a jet fighter moves faster than in air, a huge sound is produced called
	a)	Big bang	b)	Sonic -boom	c)	Ultra boom		d)	None of these
27.	A string vibrates in one loop has frequency 25 Hz.if it moves in 2 loops its frequency will be
	a)	25 Hz			b)	50 Hz
	c)	12.5 Hz			d)	5 Hz
28.	By waxing the prong of tuning fork its frequency will
	a)	decrease	b)	increase	c)	no effect		d)	None of these
29.	Doppler shift can be observed if……is moving
	a)	Source	b)	observer	c)	both		d)	none
30.	The persistence of hearing of human hearing is
	a)	1 sec	b)	0.1 sec	c)	10 sec		d)	0.5 sec

MCAT Physics Chpter-7, MCAT Physics Chpter-7

2014-07-11T08:54:00.000-07:00

1.	An oscillatory motion takes place under the action of
	a)	An applied force	b)	Gravitational force	c)	Restoring force and inertia	d)	All of these
2.	Simple harmonic motion is a type of
	a)	Linear motion	b)	Angular motion	c)	Circular motion	d)	None of these
3.	The wave form of a body executing simple harmonic motion
	a)	Square wave	b)	Sine wave	c)	Circular wave	d)	pulse
4.	When the displacement of an oscillator is one half of its amplitude, the ratio of its potential energy to the total energy is
	a)	½	b)	1/4	c)	1/8	d)	1
5.	Two springs of spring constants 1500 Nm^-1 and 3000 Nm^-1 respectively are stretched with the same force.the potential energy stored in the two springs is in the ratio
	a)	4:1	b)	1:4	c)	2:1	d)	1:2
6.	In which of the following are all the three quantities constant during the motion of an un damped simple harmonic oscillator?
	a)	Acceleration, force,total energy	b)	Amplitude , angular frequency, accelration	c)	angular frequency,acceleration ,force	d)	totenergy,angular frequency,amplitude
7.	The tension in the string of of simple pendulum is
	a)	constant	b)	Zero at mean position	c)	Maximum at the extreme position	d)	Maximum at mean position
8.	In case of forced oscillations,the resonance becomes sharp when
	a)	Restoring force is small	b)	Applied periodic force is small	c)	Daming force is small	d)	none
9.	To double the frequency of a spring mass oscillator,we have to
	a)	Decrease mass four times	b)	Increase mass four times	c)	Increase mass two times	d)	Decrese mass two times
10.	The frequency of a seconds pendulum is
	a)	2 Hz	b)	1 Hz	c)	0.5 Hz	d)	1.5Hz
11.	The force responsible for the vibratory motion of the pendulum is
	a)	tension	b)	mgsinθ	c)	mgcosθ	d)	mg
12.	The force which provide the energy to the damped oscillator
	a)	weight	b)	Damping force	c)	Driving force	d)	Frictional force
13.	Microwave ovens produce frequency of
	a)	2450 KHz	b)	245 MHz	c)	2450MHz	d)	24.50MHz
14.	Time period of pendulum in vacuum depends
	a)	Mass of bob	b)	Length of pendulum	c)	Length and g	d)	None of these
15.	Damping can
	a)	Increase energy	b)	Decrease energy	c)	Both can do	d)	No effect
16.	By dividing a spring into two equal parts then it spring constant of each part
	a)	Also halved	b)	Becomes double	c)	Remain same	d)	None of these

17.	Acceleration and velocity of simple harmonic motion is
	a)	Directly proportional	b)	Inversely proportional	c)	No relation		d)	None of these
18.	A vibrating body shoot out its mean position due to
	a)	Its inertia	b)	Momentum gained	c)	Both of these		d)	Restoring force
19.	Resonance has units similar to
	a)	Frequency	b)	Amplitude	c)	Have no units		d)	none
20.	Restoring force is a
	a)	Constant force	b)	Variable force	c)	d)	Both possible
21.	Which of the following does not work according to resonance
	a)	T.V	b)	radio	c)	Microwave oven		d)	bulb
22.	The distance covered by a body in one complete vibration is 20 cm. what is the amplitude of body
	a)	10 cm	b)	5 cm	c)	15 cm		d)	7.5 cm
23.	In case of simple pendulum ,the cause of damping is
	a)	Drag force of air	b)	gravity	c)	Tension in string		d)	all
24.	Graphical representation of simple harmonic motion is similar to
	a)	AC	b)	DC	c)	Both		d)	None of these
25.	Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion is………of each other
	a)	Opposite	b)	Replica	c)	Different		d)	All true
26.	If we move simple pendulum upward from earth and down to earth in which direction more decrease in time period is observed
	a)	Upward	b)	Downward	c)	Same in both directions		d)	None of these
27.	Sharpness of resonance curve is …….related to damping
	a)	Directly			b)	Inversely
	c)	Both possible			d)	None of these
28.	To double the time period of pendulum, we have to make length
	a)	Double	b)	4 times	c)	No change		d)	Half
29.	The length of second pendulum is
	a)	100 cm	b)	99 cm	c)	98 cm		d)	99.2 cm
30.	The SI unit for spring constant is identical with
	a)	force	b)	pressure	c)	Surface tension		d)	loudness