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Thinking About Insects ...

2010-01-06T07:06:00.001-08:00

Many things can be thought of by someone who spent the day in the house. When he was cleaning the house, he encountered a spider who wove their nest in a corner of the house. When he realized the need to think of animals that are often ignored this man, he will understand that knowledge has opened doors for him. Small insects that are witnessed was a miracle. Cobwebs are a form of perfect symmetry. He also impressed on a spider's tiny but has the ability to create a perfect design that is so amazing. After that he made a brief observation to get some other facts: the use of fiber spiders were 30% more flexible than rubber fibers with the same thickness. Fibers produced by this spider has a high quality so that emulate the human in the manufacture of bulletproof jackets. It was great, cobwebs that are considered modest by most people, it is made of quality materials equivalent to the ideal industrial material in the world.

As I watched the perfect design in living things around him, people continue to think until then encouraged to find more facts amazing. When watching a fly at all times but had never met or even noticed very annoyed and wanted to kill him, he saw that the insect has a habit of cleaning themselves up to the parts that even the smallest of the body. Flies are often settled in a place and clean hands and feet separately. After it was cleaned of dust flies attached to the wings and head with his hands and feet thoroughly. These flies continued to do so until sure of its cleanliness. All the flies and insects to clean their bodies the same way: with care and precision to things that are small. This indicates the existence of one Creator who teaches them how to clean themselves.

When flying, the fly flaps its wings about 500 times per second. Yet none of man-made machines that could have an incredible speed of this. If there, the machine will be destroyed and burned due to friction. But the wings, fly muscles or joints are not damaged. The flies can fly in any direction without affected by wind direction and speed. With the most advanced technology even though, humans are still not able to make machines that have flown technical specifications and outstanding as flies. Thus, living things tend to be underestimated and is not too get people's attention, can do work that humans can not be done. No doubt, it is impossible to claim that a fly doing this solely because of the ability and intelligence he has. All the special characteristics of the fly is the ability that God gave him

All things visible by the human face of it where there is life, good looking or not. Not one square inch on earth in which it contained no life. Humans, plants and animals are beings who can be seen by humans. However, there are other creatures that are not seen by humans but the man is aware of its existence. For example the house he inhabited filled with microscopic creatures, called "mites". Similarly, the air he breathed, in it contains a virus countless, or garden soil containing bacteria very much.

Someone who thought about the incredible diversity of life on earth, will find the perfection of these creatures. Every creature he sees is a sign of greatness of God's creation of art, so does the incredible wonders hidden in microscopic creatures are. Viruses, bacteria or mites are not visible to the naked eye have a unique mechanism of the body. Habitat, feeding, reproduction and defense systems they all created by God. Someone who thought deeply about this phenomenon of God remembered the verse:

"And how many animals that do not (can) take (care) rezkinya own. It is Allah Who gives sustenance to him and to you and He is the Hearer, the Knower." (QS al-Ankabut, 29: 60)

Berpikir Tentang Serangga…

2010-01-06T07:06:00.000-08:00

Natural gyroscope on Dragonfly

2010-01-06T06:55:00.000-08:00

There is one more requirement for the good flight. The flight is very dangerous if not supported by good vision system. For this reason, aircraft and modern helicopters have sophisticated visual system. Dragonflies also have a very sophisticated visual system: it has a micro eye altogether thirty thousand pieces, and each eye leads to a different point. All the information from micro spy was forwarded to the dragonfly's brain, which then process it like a computer. With this system, the dragonfly has the ability to see the extraordinary.

Dragonfly maneuverability superior to that owned the helicopter. For example, in one quick maneuver at the last minute, dragonfly escaped from a truck coming from opposite direction.

Even the dragonflies are able to get away from the two hazards, namely when he had to avoid hitting a car windshield that was speeding toward him and had to escape from a chasing birds. He managed to save himself with a clever maneuver.

One problem faced by pilots, who often have to maneuver, is that after a maneuver, the pilot had difficulty in determining the aircraft's position relative to the surface of the earth. If the pilot confusion positioning top and bottom of the plane after the maneuver, the plane can have an accident. The technicians have developed a tool to overcome this, the gyroscope. This tool shows a pilot on the horizontal line that indicates the position of horizon. Pilot compares this horizontal line with the real horizon, and thus he can determine the position of the aircraft quickly. Over millions of years, the dragonfly has used equipment similar to that developed by these technicians. In front of the dragonfly's eyes there is a virtual horizontal line at fixed positions. Not a problem, at whatever point he flew, he was always positioned his head parallel to this horizontal line.

When the dragonfly's body position changes during the flight, the hairs on the body and head become aroused. Nerve cells in the hair root is sending information to the flight muscles of dragonflies in the air about his position. This allows the muscle automatically adjust the amount and velocity of the wing. Thus, in the most difficult maneuvers, the dragonfly has never lost direction or control. This system really is a miracle of engineering.

Here, a reasonable man would think. Dragonflies do not know of their remarkable system he has. Then, who is put on the body of this insect flight systems that are so complex that even an expert engineers have been using it as a model? Who are these insects complete with perfect wings, motors that move the wings and excellent vision system? Creator Who designed this incredible?

Dragonflies: Advanced Super Flying Machine

2010-01-06T06:41:00.000-08:00

Humans have been trying different ways to be able to fly. Since the first aircraft built about a hundred years ago, thousands of models of different aircraft have been designed. Scientists are countless have tried to make machines better flying until they were finally able to make the latest flying machine with amazing designs.

Miracle on Squid and Octopus

2010-01-06T06:24:00.000-08:00

Vertebrate animals are creatures on earth that can run fastest, best swim and fly the farthest. All this because of the existence of skeleton made of hard material in their bodies, for example in the form of bones strong. Bone serves as a strong support for the muscles tensed and relaxed, which made continuous movement through the joints that can rotate.

Invertebrates to move with speed lower than vertebrates. This is because their body structure is not reinforced.

Although referred to as fish, squid, including invertebrates that do not have a bone in his body. However, they have great mobility thanks to a very unique system in the body. Body of tender squid is covered by a layer of thick jacket. Below this layer, the water sucked up and blown out by strong muscles, making it able to move backwards.

Mechanism in squid are complicated. On both sides of his head there is a hole-like pockets. Air is drawn through this hole and into the cavity or cylinder-shaped tube in the body. Then he was out menyemburkankan water with high pressure through a small pipe located just below the head, so he can move quickly in the opposite direction due to a reactive force, which is the thrust in the opposite direction to the direction of spray of water.

Technique squid swimming speed and endurance that is suitable for him. Japanese squid named Todarodues pacificus, in the distance migrations 1250 miles (2000 km), moving at about 1.3 mph (2 km / h). For close range, he was able to speed it up to 7 mph (11 km / h). Several species known to exceed the speed of 19 mph (30 km / h).

Squid escape from the enemy with very fast movements due to a rapid contraction of the muscle. If the motion is not fast enough, clouds of thick, dark ink expelled from the body, so that the enemy was surprised for a moment. This gives enough time for squid invisible behind the cloud of ink to immediately leave the place and escape.

Defense systems and reactive way of swimming squid also worked during the hunt. They can attack and pursue the enemy with a high speed. The nervous system is very complex set of muscle tension and relaxation needed for a swim. Therefore, their respiratory systems also must be perfect, allowing work to prime the body's metabolism is necessary for the water jet system (jet propulsion) on the squid.

The squid is not the only animals that swim with the system reactive. Octopuses also use this system. However, the octopus is not a true swimmer, he spent most of his time walking across the rocks and steep valleys in the deep.

The skin of the octopus is composed of many layers of muscle that overlap each other. These muscles are grouped into three types: longitudinal, circular and radial. Muscle composition and mutually reinforce each other to balance it allows the octopus to do various movements.

As the water gushed out, shrinking the direction of the circular muscle length. However, the nature of the volume which tends to cause the muscles are still widening, and this usually makes the octopus's body lengthwise. However, preventing the longitudinal muscle is lengthening. Radial muscles remain in a stretched state during this event occurred so the jacket layer thickens. After the water spouted, radial muscles shrink and shorten, causing the jacket layer thinning, and the cavity was filled with water jacket back.

Muscle system in the squid, almost like an octopus. But there is one difference: the squid has a layer of tendons, called the coat instead of the longitudinal muscle in the octopus. This coat consists of two layers that cover the exterior and in the body, as well as longitudinal muscle. In between these two layers is a circular muscle. Radial muscle located between the circular muscle layer, in an upright position.

There is also a flawless design in the breeding system of the squid. The eggs have a sticky surface that enables it to stick and hang cavities or caves in the depths of the ocean. Squid embryos obtain nutrients that have been available in the eggs until they hatch. Embryo perforated leather cover with the egg using a small organ in the brush-like tail. This organ disappeared soon after the eggs hatched. Every little detail of the breeding system of the squid has been designed and serves as its design goals. All of this amazing creation is nothing but the manifestation of God's knowledge is infinite.

Thinking About Planet Earth

2010-01-06T06:05:00.000-08:00

Have you ever thought that all things were created for humans only?

As someone who believes in Allah and observe all existing systems, alive or not alive, there in the universe with a caring eye, he saw that everything was created for humans. He knows that none appear and be there in the world by chance, but were created by God in a state that is suitable for human life.

For example, from the past until now people can breathe without difficulty at any time. Breathe air that he did not burn the nose channels, do not make him drunk or headache. The composition of the elements or compounds in the air gases specified in the most appropriate number for the human body. Someone who thought it reminded of something else very important: if the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere a little more or less than they are now, in these two states of life will be destroyed. He then remembered how difficult it is to breathe when in a place that does not contain air. When a believer constantly thinking about this problem, he will always be grateful to his Lord. He saw that the earth's atmosphere can be created in such a way that make it difficult to breathe, as many of the planets other. But not so in reality, the earth's atmosphere is created in the balance and order so very perfect that makes millions of people to breathe without difficulty.

Someone who endlessly thinking about the planet where he lives, how important water meyadari created by God for human life. Then he was thinking: people in general understand the importance of water only when they are short of water in a long time. Water is a substance that we need every moment of our lives. For example, most of the body cells, and blood that reaches every small part of our body is made up of water. If not, then the fluidity of blood is reduced and blood flow will be very difficult in the veins. Fluidity of water is not only important for our bodies but also for the plants. The water can reach the most tip of the leaf with the vein-veins are fine as thread.

Water mass is very large in the ocean making our earth a habitable place. If the proportion of the earth's oceans to be smaller than the land, everywhere will turn into a desert that does not allow for life.

Someone who is aware and think about it would really believe that there is such a perfect balance of the earth is certainly not a coincidence. After watching and thinking about these phenomena, it would appear that all things were created with a purpose by the Creator Owner of the Most High and Eternal Power.

In addition, he also realized that the examples he had thought as the above is very limited. Indeed, it is impossible to mention the total number of examples related to the perfect balance of the earth. For someone who thinks he can easily see the order, perfection and balance the obvious in every corner of the universe, and to reach a conclusion that all things were created by God to mankind. Allah says in the Qur'an:

" And has subjected to you all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth; it is all as a favour and kindness from Him. Verily, in it are signs for a people who think deeply." (Surat al-JAATSIYAH, 45: 13)

NIELS BOHR

2009-06-10T01:31:00.000-07:00

Pig, frog, trenggiling, man, they all have fathers, official or unofficial. So also the theory of atomic structure have no father. He was Niels Henrik David Bohr was born the year 1885 in Copenhagen. In 1911 he achieve physics doctorate from the University of Copenhagen. Not long after he went to Cambridge, UK. There he studied under the care J.J. Thompson, famous scientists who found electrons. Only in a few months after that Bohr moved to Manchester, to study at the Ernest Rutherford some years earlier found Nucleus (the core) atom. Rutherford is asserted that this (with different opinions before) that the atom is generally empty, with a heavy punch in the middle and the electrons at the outside. Not long after Bohr theory soon develop its own new and radical about the structure of atoms.

Bohr paper that is like the history of swing "On the Constitution of atoms and Molecules," Philosophical Magazine published in the year 1933.

Bohr introduced the atomic theory as a kind of miniature planetary orbit the sun, with the electron-electron orbitnya girth around the core, but with a very important difference: when the laws of classical physics says about the rotation in the orbit of all sizes, Bohr proved that the electron-electron in a atom can only rotate in orbitnya in a specific size. Sentence or in other formulations: the electron-electron orbit is on the main level of energy (skin) without a shed or absorb energy. Electrons can move from layer to layer in the outside if the energy absorbed. Conversely, electrons will move from the outside layer to layer in more with the energy emit.

Bohr introduced the theory of radical difference between the idea theory of classical physics. Some scientists of imagination (such as Einstein) immediately make paper Bohr praised as a "masterpiece," a big job; although so many other scientists initially ignore this new theory of truth. Experiment is the most critical is the ability to explain the Bohr theory of hydrogen atom spectrum. Has long been known that hydrogen gas when heated at high levels of heat, light akan issue. However, the light is not cover all colors, but only in light of the particular frequency. Value of the theory of Bohr atom departs from the hypothesis is simple but able to explain the provisions of imposing on the wave length of the exact line of all Spectral (color) which is issued by hydrogen. Furthermore, the Bohr theory of the Spectral estimate of additional, not previously seen at the time, but then ascertained by the tester. In addition, the Bohr theory of atomic structure overlooking the obvious explanation for the atoms have what size as such. Ditilik of all ensure that this incident, immediately accepted the theory of Bohr, and Bohr in the year 1922 can, Nobel prize for physics field.

Year of Physics 1920 the institution was established theoretical Bohr in Copenhagen and a Director. Under pirnpinannya quickly attract young scientists-a brilliant scientist, and soon became the center of scientific investigation of the world.

But while the Bohr theory of atomic structure of the difficulties. Terpokok problem is that the Bohr theory, even with a perfect difficulty explaining the future of atom (eg hydrogen) that have one electron, not with the exact estimate spektra atom-atom from another. Some scientists, terpukau by extraordinary success in the Bohr theory explain the hydrogen atom, with the hope that the way to refine a few Bohr theory, they can also explain the more spektra atomic weight. Bohr was one of his own first realize that the small improvement will not help, because it is the radical renovation is required. But, however he geniusnya mobilize all the intellect, yet he was not able to solve.

Solution eventually found by Werner Heisenberg and others, starting from 1925. It is interesting to note here, that Heisenberg - and generally scientists who develop new theory - to study in Copenhagen, with no more suspicion has taken a big benefit from the discussions with Bohr, and each other. Bohr own rushing towards new ideas and help develop it. He makes important contributions to the theory, and sodomy disuksi-discussion and posts, he helped raise more systematically.

1930-an shows more attention to the problem of the basic structure of the atom. He developed a model of important "drops down" the basic atom. He also put the theory on "a combination of the basic" atom in the reaction to be solved. Moreover, is the Bohr who quickly said that the uranium isotope involved in nuclear division is U235. This statement has important significance in the development of the next atom bomb.

In 1940 German troops occupied Denmark. This place themselves in danger Bohr, in part because he has anti-Nazi attitude is widespread, in part because his mother a Jew. Year 1943 Bohr fled from Denmark so that the occupation, to Sweden. He also helped a large number of Danish Jews escape to avoid death in the gas room Hitler. Bohr fled from Swedish to English and from there cross over to the United States. In this country, takes place during the war, Bohr help make atomic bombs,

After the war, Bohr returned to Denmark and village institutions tend to drift rohnya year 1 `562. In the years after Bohr war effort - albeit unsuccessful - to encourage the international order to supervise the use of atomic energy.

Bohr kawin 1912, around the time he was doing great work in the field of science. He has five children, one named Aage Bohr, won the Nobel prize for physics in the field in 1975. Bohr is the most groove scientists in the world, not merely observe the knowledge of genius, but also personality and character and a sense of depth kemanusiaannya.

Although the original Bohr theory of atomic structure of the past fifty years past, he still is one of the great figures in 20th century. There are several reasons why so. First, some of the things important theory is still considered correct. For example, the idea that the atom can have only on the level of energy that is careful not an integral part of all theories atomic structure of the next. Other things, a description of the Bohr atom has a big meaning to find something for themselves, although modern scholars do not consider it literally true. The most important of all, perhaps, is that Bohr's ideas is the driving force for the "quantum theory." Although some ideas have expired, but the clear-historical theory is a theory already proven point of departure of the modern atomic theory and the development of the next field of quantum mechanics.

RATU ELIZABETH

2009-06-10T01:30:00.000-07:00

Throughout the history of England, Queen Elizabeth I is generally considered the king of the most notable. Forty-five-year reign is a period of economic prosperity, literary development, and the emergence of English so the strength of marine bully on the ocean. When the UK no longer have kings that prominent, muncullah of the golden era to the UK.

Elizabeth was born in the year 1533 Greenwich, England. His father, King Henry VIII, a pioneer round of the UK. His mother, Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry is. Anne cut her head to roll like a nyiur year 1536 and for several months and then remove the announcement that the parliament of the time Elizabeth was aged three years as a "child prostitute." (This is the general attitude of English Catholics who do not consider valid Henry divorce with first wife). Although there are the curse of the parliament, Elizabeth grew up in a household and obtain the kingdom of good education.

Henry VIII closed the age of 1547 years, when Elizabeth aged thirteen years. Eleven years after that there is no English authority which can be considered successful. Edward VI, stepsister Elizabeth ascended the throne between the years 1547 to 1553. Under his reign, one obvious political pro Protestannya. Reign of Queen Mary I of five years after that support the rule of papacy and the Roman Catholic pengokohan back. During his reign the Protestant English-uber be pursued and be crushed, and about three hundred pemeluknya die. (This caused the queen can not sapid nickname: "the bloody Mary." Elizabeth and disekap own arrest in London Tower. Although eventually released, some time in his life is in danger of the threat. When Mary close age (year 1558) that Elizabeth was already two puluh ascend the throne five years. The increase in the brightness of this gives a UK population.

Many of the problems that prevent young queen is young: the war against France; strained relationship with Scotland and Spain; government monetary conditions, and above all it is a dark cloud religious divisions that depend on the head of the UK.

Crisis in the last first. Soon after Elizabeth ascended the throne, the law on "the rule and Persamaan" year 1559 was passed, set the Anglican religion as the official English. This is the party of moderate Protestants, the Puritans, but require a more drastic change. Although opposition to the Puritans on the one hand and the Catholics on the other hand, during the reign stabilizing compromise still survive within the law in 1559 years.

The situation becomes complicated with the religious situation in relation to the Queen Mary of Scotland. Mary was forced to leave Scotland and fled to England. Sesampai in the UK he was a captive of Queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth is not a step on the basis of violence and free at: Mary and the Roman Catholics also have a claim worthy of the throne replace Elizabeth. This means that, if there is rebellion or murder of a successful, England will have more religious Catholic queen. Mary detention during the nine years that it is true there are some times the plot and Elizabeth have enough evidence of the involvement of Mary. Finally, in the year 1587 Mary die. Elizabeth signed vonis punishment with a bit reluctantly. The menterinya and members of parliament generally want that Mary killed the sooner the better.

Religious antagonism downright dangerous to Elizabeth. In 1570 Pope Pius V memerintahkannya down and expel the throne, and in 1580 Pope Gregory XIII issued a proclamation that it is not a sin to kill Elizabeth. However, the situation is also beneficial Elizabeth. Throughout the period of his reign, the Protestant tercekam fear insurrection against the Catholic Religion back in the UK. Elizabeth expose himself like a shield that revival. And this is the main source of kepopulerannya among the mass of the Protestant English is.

Elizabeth handle foreign policy with the careful, elegant, and blow away. In the early-early 1560 he merampungkan "Edinburgh Agreement" that ensures the settlement of peace with Scotland. The war ended with the French and the relationship the two countries improved. But, gradually, gradually the British forces involved with the Spanish antagonism. Elizabeth tries to avoid war, but a militant Catholic Spain-16 th century, the war between the Protestant English Spain terelakkan difficult. Rebellion in Holland against the Spanish authorities is a factor parlormaid: rebel general, the Protestant Netherlands and Spain when menggenjot rebels, helped Elizabeth Holland, although the actual time Elizabeth did not have passion, fight. English people in general as well as the ministers and parliament more ardent than the lift arms Elizabeth. Therefore, when the war with Spain finally erupt in the years 1580an, Elizabeth gained strong support for British people.

Elizabeth for many years to build a zealous English Navy, but, King Philip II of Spain is also rushing to build a fleet big - Spanish Armada - melabrak to the UK. Spain have a fleet of ships is almost balanced with many of the UK, but less kelasinya; more than that, more English seamen trained well and the quality of ships and weaponry meriamnya better. Contention was broken in 1588 years, and a violent sea battle that ended with the defeat of Spain absolute. As a result of this victory, the United Kingdom to be steady as the strength of the Navy thumbs in the world, a position that remains dipegangnya until this century to 20.

Elizabeth always careful in the matter of finance. At the beginning of the beginning of the government-the kingdom of the UK's financial condition is really healthy. But, of course, quarrel with Spain and ask for the cost of expensive government at the end of the financial situation is very poor. However, despite poor kingdom, the country as a whole rather berkondisi more prosperous at the time of Elizabeth knit crown in ubun-ubunnya.

Elizabeth during the forty-five years (from year 1558 to 1603) are often considered "golden Age Britain." Some of the famed English writers, including William Shakespeare, lived in that era. Elizabeth clearly have shares in the development of this culture. He gave the spirit of Shakespeare theater opposition of London local government. However, there is no development of music or painting that could rival the development of literary.

Elizabeth era also witnessed bangkitnya English as explorers. Have repeatedly traveled to Russia and the experiment-an experiment by Martin Frobisher and John Davis find a way northwest to the Far East. Sir Francis Drake sailed around the world (from the years 1577 to 1580), set foot in California in the journey. There are also experiments that failed (by Sir Walter Raleigh and others) to establish settlements in North America.

Lack of Elizabeth may be the biggest reluctantly provides the opportunity for change tahtanya. Not only was he never marries, but he always set the successor. (Perhaps because he was afraid, if he so successor point someone will soon be rivalnya). No matter what the reason Elizabeth did not want his successor, if only he died young (or at any time before the death of Mary's Scottish), UK may have kecemplung stage in the civil war after the replacement. Fortune for the UK, Elizabeth lived until the age of seventy years. Above the bed rohnya sail, he called King James II of Scotland (son of Mary of Scotland) a successor. Although this means that the union between England and Scotland under one crown, this is a confusing choice. Both James and Charles I puteranya unduly authoritarian appetite for English, and in the middle of the century war also meledaklah.

Elizabeth has the intellect beyond the ordinary and that a skilled politician, firm, have the broad view. Concurrently with that he has carefully and conservative. He ketidaksukaan have a war and bloodshed if necessary, although he can bersiteguh. Like his father, he was running with the cooperation of government and parliament not melawannya. Because he does not marry, it seems like he is still virgin dikemukakannya in public. However, it is not too well right if he is considered including the type of man women hater. Even otherwise, he clearly loves the man and go interact with them. Elizabeth has the ability choose the ministers menterinya-capable. Some of the results dicapainya, among other blessings Williarn Cecil (Lord Burghley), which is the main adviser in 1558 until her death in 1598.

Key success Elizabeth can be summarized as follows: First, he led the English stage during the second era of bloodless means. (Unlike Germany where the thirty-year war (1618-1648) killed more than twenty-five percent of the population, quite striking). Besides him, mitigate religious hatred between Catholic and Protestant English English, he also succeeded in maintaining the unity of the nation. Second, the forty-five-year reign - Elizabeth Era - generally considered a golden era of the nation in the world. Third, is also in the UK government appears as the main force, a position that many can dipertahankannya next.

Elizabeth's position in the list in the order of this book have a clear exit biasaan. At any rate, this book is a list of the great innovators, the people who put new ideas or bring something changes the situation. Elizabeth is not a reformer, not a innovators, and the political policy generally cautious and conservative. Despite that, a lot of progress going on in the government compared with the general penguasaa conscious desire progress.

Elizabeth did not try to deal directly with issues that are crucial parliamentary affairs authority and dominion. However, the only way to be a stand off satrap, he may be the main life supporter of democracy in the UK than he announced a democratic constitution. Elizabeth does not find the field intensity and the military is not interested in building a large empirium. (Indeed, under Elizabeth, the UK did not have signs of a empirium). Despite that, he bequeath most British Navy in the world and lay the foundations of the English empirium follow later.

Eminency empirium the sea is English Elizabeth after her death, at least in part terbesamya. Many people who play an important role empirium establishment of the UK in some cases can be considered reasonable as a result of European expansion in general and the geographical position of the UK. Should also note that many other European countries that border Atlantic Ocean (French, Spanish and even Portuguese) also build empirium large.

Moreover, the role of Elizabeth English and maintain the threat of Spain easily be exaggerated. If examined, it did not appear to Spain once a serious threat to the independence of the United Kingdom. Must be remembered, contention between the British fleet opponent is Spain's fleet does not take place too close distance. (Not one British ship lost!). And more than that, even if successful Spanish troops land in the UK, sukarlah they can be menaklukkannya. Spanish armed forces did not achieve victory in that strike anywhere in Europe. If Spain is not able to quell the rebellion in the Netherlands, there is no discount is clear he can conquer the UK. Towards the 16-th century, English nationalism is far more robust against Spain can menaklukkannya.

So where Elizabeth should be placed in the list of this book? He basically local leaders. If compared with Peter the Great of Russia did not seem equal. Ditilik from the point of fact clearly Peter is far more innovative rather than Elizabeth. I will get trouble convincing the Russian people have a clear mind that Elizabeth is placed higher in the order of Peter. Instead, it measured the importance of the role played in the UK and the UK in the last century-a century after Elizabeth is an error placing unduly far behind Peter. In many ways, it seems clear that only a few kings in history have the success of Elizabeth.

JOHN DALTON

2009-06-10T01:29:00.000-07:00

Dalton was born year 1766 in the village of Eaglesfield in the UK North. School formal end when the new age is seven years, and he was almost entirely in their own learning of science. He was a young man to understand something that always comes first from the average normal person, and when I reached twelve years he has been a teacher. And he became a teacher or private instructor almost throughout his life. When age increased fifteen years he moved to the city, Kendal, age twenty-six to Manchester and lived there until the last breath out of tenggorokannya year 1844. May need to know, he never marries.

Dalton became interested in meteorology in 1787 when the age twenty-one years. Six years later he publish books about it. Penyelidikannya on the air and the atmosphere to generate interest in general the quality of gas. By doing serentetan experiment, he found two laws that control the behavior of gas. First, who are 1801 years old Dalton, stressed that the volume of gas that is filled with proporsiona1 temperature. (This is generally known as "Charles Law" after the French scientists find that a few years before Dalton, but failed to publish the results penyelidikannya). Second, are also year 1801, known as the nickname "Dalton law" part of pressure per section.

By the year 1804, Dalton has formulated a theory he has set up a list of atom and atomic weight. However, the main book A New System of Chemical Philosophy terbit new year 1808. This book makes it stellar, and in following years, interest in the award ditabur the top of his head.

Chance, Dalton suffered a similar color-blind disease. This fact raised the desire tahunya. He learned it, and publish a scientific paper on color blindness, a topic which is written the first time!

VASCO DA GAMA

2009-06-10T01:27:00.000-07:00

He it is, Vasco da Gama, Portuguese investigators who found a direct sea route way from Europe to India with a sail beset Africa.

Portuguese people are looking for long lines this time since Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460). Year 1488 a Portuguese expedition under the command of Bartolomeus Dias was up and around Tanjung Harapan in the southern tip of Africa and back to the Portuguese. With this success, King Portuguese mahfum that business long distance off to explore India is now almost close to reality. However, there are numerous delays, and the year 1497 a new expedition to India is completely implemented. To lead the expedition that the king appointed Vasco da Gama, a nobleman from the junior class, who was born around 1460 in the city of Sines, Portugal.

Da Gama pieces weigh July 8, 1497, consisted of four ships under komandonya tar all with the number of 170 people, including an Arabic language. The first expedition sailed to the islands of Cape Verde. Then, browse through the coast of Africa, he as done by Dias, da Gama sailed to the south, far outside the Atlantic Ocean. He continues to sail far to the south, and then turn east to reach Tanjung Harapan. This is the right choice, rather than the beach to the south, though the act requires more courage and shrewdness navigation. Due to the chosen route, ships Gama is not visible from the mainland for not less than ninety-three days - over two and a half times longer than the ship experienced Colombus!

Da Gama Tanjung Harapan orbit on 22 November, then sailed north along the east coast of Africa. In sailing to the north that he cast anchor in the various cities of predominantly Muslim people, including Mambasa and Malindi which is now called Kenya. Malindi take him in a pilot of the nation India which menuntunnya for 23 days across the Arabian Sea to India. On 20 May 1498, about 10 minutes after the departure of the Portuguese until da Gama in Calicut, the city's most important trade center in the southern part of India. Hindu ruler of Calicut, Zamorin, initially welcomed the arrival da Gama. But, then feel disappointed because Zamorin the prize tribute da Gama who are too cheap a price. Related to the severity merchant-traders of the Muslim way of trade routes in the Indian Ocean, this becomes a hindrance da Gama forward trade transactions with the Zamorin. Despite that, when da Gama leave August Calicut, da Gama given load various spices in order to be submitted to the Portuguese government, as well as a number of Indian people.

Return trip seems rather more difficult to go away. Meal period of about 3 hours across the Arabian Sea and a lot of crew who died as a result of the blood disease mostly eat meat, but lack of fruit and plants. Finally, only two ships survived until the house: the first ship anchored in the Portuguese on 10 July 1499 and da Gama own boat new to 2 weeks later. Only 55 children fruit can survive, it means that when less than a third departure vagabondage start. However, when da Gama returned to Lisbon on 9 September 1499, both he and the King understand that travel over two years is a big success.

Six months later, King Portuguese send troops advanced under the command of Pedro Alvares Cabral. Cabral arrived in good time in India, find the travel routes to Brazil (despite the historikus is believed that the Portuguese have to find another first), and brought back to the Portuguese spice stack. However, some children fruit Cabral killed Calicut in the year 1502 so that da Gama sent back there to make the punishment of reckoning, a fleet consisting of 20 ships.

Behavior in the da Gama expedition is truly vicious. Outside the coastal waters of India he was to seize a ship is in Arabic, and after moving through the capacious but not passengers, he burned the ships in the sea. All passengers are on board, including women and children, destroyed. When he was up to da Gama in Calicut with cocky Zamorin mengahalau requested that all Muslims from the port. When Zamorin doubt, da Gama and catch her, and set aside 37 sea-sea port of India then dibomnya it. Not angry but powerless people Zamorin grant request da Gama. In return trip up some of da Gama Portuguese colony in East Africa.

For the works he acquired this great gift from the King of Portugal, earl be, given the plantation, and retirement security are given various gifts of money. Da Gama did not return to India until 1524 when the new King of Portuguese King so young lifting India. Several months after arriving in India he fell ill and died there in December 1524. He finally dimakamkan back in Lisbon. Da Gama married and have seven children.

Primary importance trip Vasco da Gama is because he is a direct sea route between Europe and India and the Far East, the good succession can dikecap by many countries.

In the short term, the biggest benefit known only fall on the Portuguese. Through new channels of trade to East, the country was on the fringe of this protracted European berbudaya so suddenly torn richest country in Europe. Portuguese quickly established colonies around the colony Ocean Indonesia. They have strongholds and post-post soldiers in India, Indonesia, Madagascar, on the east coast of Africa and in many places anymore. To be sure this is a mere addition of the area they already kuasai such as Brazil and the regions other colony in western Africa that has been building even before they travel Vasco Da Gama. Portuguese people successfully maintain areas colony until mid-20th century.

Opening of new trade routes to India by Vasco da Gama brought tremendous setback due to a merchant-trader who was the Muslim trade routes in the Indonesian Ocean. Muslim traders-traders soon completely defeated and replaced by the Portuguese place. Furthermore, the trade through land route between India to Europe to be not useful because the path through the sea of Africa by the Portuguese dirintis much cheaper. This is a bitter jolt for both the Turkish and Ottoman cities Italy trade (such as Venice), which was the trade to the East. However, for other this means that European goods from the Far East worth more than the cheap.

Finally, the influence of the Vasco da Gama is not against Europe or the Middle East, but more of India and Southeast Asia. Before the year 1498 India isolated from Europe. Indeed, throughout the history of India is a country stand on its own, unless there are outside influences that come from the northwest. Vasco da Gama Travel jemmy keterasingan this relationship and serve immediately with the European culture via the sea. European power and influence grew steadily more and more strong in India, until the mid 19th century that the entire subcontinent fell under the power to crown the kingdom of England. (Please note, this is the only time in history that dipersatukan India under one ruler). While for India, initially acquired a European influence, and all fall under the authority of Europe. Only after the mid-20th century these areas to obtain autonomy.

Leaders who can clearly disejajarkan with Vasco da Gama is Christopher Colombus. In some cases, this comparison gives advantages to the Vasco da Gama. Journey, for example, brings far more impressive results. And far longer than either Colombus travel distance measured from and ever. More than three-fold! And require more navigation caginess. (Colombus, no matter how much he lost direction, at most he did not find the New World, while Vasco da Gama lost akan Tanjung Harapan and disappeared somewhere to everywhere in Indonesia Ocean). More than that, not like Colombus, Vasco da Gama successfully to the destination direncanakannya.

Certainly can be, Vasco da Gama did not find the New World, but just make the relationships between people with the European countries that were already inhabited. If the case, what is the difference with the Colombus.

Travel Colombus akhimya have a tremendous influence on the culture that has not been developed in the New World; travel da Gama finally produce cultural change in India and Indonesia. In assessing the importance of Colombus and Vasco da Gama, one thing should be remembered, in spite of South America and North America rather than much larger India, but India has more people of all residents of New World merged so one!

However, clearly more influential Colombus rather broad Vasco da Gama. First, the circumnavigation Africa to India is not the desire comes from Vasco da Gama himself. Portugislah the king decided to send expeditions far before he was selected for the Vasco da Gama memimpinnya. While the expedition emerged from Colombus encouragement Colombus own, and owing to the approach and how to seize the Queen Isabella so careful menunjangnya prepared with the financial. If it was not because of Colombus, New World (although sooner or later people will be found as well) new akan diinjak people know how many years later, and perhaps by other European citizens. In addition, the Vasco da Gama if not diberanakkan by bundanya to this world, the king of Portuguese people living choose to lead the expedition. Even if Vasco da Gama is not capable and failed, the Portuguese will not stop search path direct intention to appear if India is not likely by far. And, if the Portuguese did not establish any base-station along the west coast of Africa, little possibility of the nations capable of other European first set foot in India.

Second, the influence of Europe on the Far East and India are not comparable with the influence of Europe on the New World. Indian culture has changed quickly after contact with the West. However, in several decades after the voyage Colombus, New World culture may be spelled out even splinters. Also there is no equality between India with the United States in the New World.

Like people can not compliment (or curse) to Christopher Colombus on all the events that occurred in the New World, as well as people can not appreciate the Vasco da Gama with all the results from the contact between Europe and the East. Vasco da Gama only make one of the chain only because more people can be recorded as a pioneer: Henry the Navigator, a number of Portuguese seamen who explore the west coast of Africa; Bartolomeus Dias, Vasco da Gama own; after the replacement (such as Francisco de Almeida and Alfonso d'Albuquerque), and many more. I think, Vasco da Gama only a very important chain. However, he is not so that people have an important role as Christopher Colombus made Eropanisasi in the New World. On the basis of important principles that Vasco da Gama is included in the list of this book is below Colombus.

JOHN F. KENNEDY

2009-06-10T01:25:00.000-07:00

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in the year 1917 Brookline, Massachusetts. He was President of the United States so began 20 January 1961 until 22 November 1963 when he was killed in Dallas, Texas. I will eliminate most of the data biografisnya, because the problem is already known and because the general political and personal activities with little relevance Kennedy he was in the presence of this book.

Thousand years to come, the "Peace Corps" or "Alliance for Progress" and the "Bay of Pigs" people will not mind. Similarly Kennedy political action in the field of tax legislation and civil rights. John F. Kennedy noted in the book list is only for one reason only: he who is responsible for the "Space Program, Apollo." If people do not bring up small objects in between the time you're busy, we can ensure that even the year 5000 will come to our travel days is still considered an extraordinary event, a milestone in the history of humanity.

I mean perbincangkan akan important program to more days. First, allow me to solve this problem with a question, whether the correct John F. Kennedy, at most, people who travel to the role in this month. Whether or not Neil Armstrong Edwin Aldrin, the first person that actually set foot on the moon? If we put the name in the list on the basis of this book kemasyhurannya in the long term, may be so, because I supposedly looks like Neil Armstrong akan dikenang the year 5000 compared to the akan datang John F. Kennedy. But from the point of impact, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin Samasekali not important. If because of this or that because the two people that died two months before the launch of Apollo 11, akan dozen astronauts who have trained well and berkemampuan high slide that is ready to replace it monthly.

Or should we give the award to Wernher von Braun or scientists or engineers who have given donations and thoughts of a power that allows the exploration of outer space is? No doubt more Wernher von Braun have a larger share in the mystery of the promotion process space (as is also done preceding such Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert H. Goddard and Hermann Oberth). However, once a political decision has been taken for implementation of the Apollo project, a scientist was not - did not they also group which consists of experts topnotch - able to break through this complex problem. Pendobrakan trip to the complexity of the month is not a purely scientific progress, but a political decision. Politiklah the lights turn yellow, and provide 24 billion dollars for this project.

On 20 July 1969 Apollo 11 astronauts left foot impressions on the surface months, Kennedy's promise to meet in May 1961 akan land vehicle space bermanusia in the days "before the end of this decade"

Well, how is a matter of political decision-making? Whether fast or slow decision also came despite akan without John F. Kennedy? I guess hard - although this is not so sure - at a time the government will take a decision to fund human travel days. Of course, John F. Kennedy does not impose this program when people object to.

On the other hand, there is no pressure and the pressure of the people with the implementation of the projects that berbiaya not the size of the beam remarkably. When in the year 1959 or in 1960, Congress passed the United States Apollo program and provide funds for it, and when the law was diveto by President Eisenhower, Kennedy bisalah spelled that brought by a flow of public opinion. However, the fact that of the show: many people want the United States space program, but there is no kick-up in the community against the objections of a large-scale program. Even after the successful Apollo 11, there is no public pergunjingan which means the problem of whether the program is indeed beneficial to the carriage of it. Since year 1969, of course, declining NASA budget once downpours.

Therefore, once clear, is because the leadership of John F. Kennedy that the Apollo program that can run. Kennedylah that on 1 May 1961 pledged that the United States akan land vehicle space had people in "before the end of this decade." Kennedy is that the funds obtained from Congress, and under the Kennedy-lah program was designed. People can only believe that the program will be a month to fast or slow (something that actually debatable), but the Kennedy has been clear that to do so.

Some people, of course, still feel that the Apollo project is only a quasi-quasi-an only and have no importance. During this the symptom does not appear on 20 July 1969 as a historic day, for example, the national day. Conversely, we also know, although not Colombus day diperingati in 16-century, he now diperingati this morning as a sign of rising new era.

In fact, if the project Apollo never to be, yet still dikenang akan continue as a result of the paper in perpacuan people reach the highest achievement. But, I think, will be forwarded Apollo program and a trip to space will be larger role in the future than previously. If the case, our children and grandchildren will feel that the Apollo 11 journey, as well as Colombus travel across the Atlantic Ocean, is a point of departure of the whole new era in human history.

JULIUS CAESAR

2009-06-10T01:24:00.000-07:00

When the political atmosphere is not warm, medium-and insufficient sharpness, was born in a Roman military and the famous Roman politician, Gaius Julius Caesar, 100 years BC.

In the second century before Christ, after his victory in the war subjected the Cartago Punik second, the Roman people have successfully established a vast empire. Conquest make this abundant wealth they have. However, the war cast a socio-economic circumstances porak poranda and many farmers terusir of rice field. Roman Senate, which originally such a small city council, evidently can not afford to manage land that is so broad efficiently. Political corruption reign and the whole Mediterranean region is suffering due ketidakbecusan the Roman government. In Rome itself, beginning in the year 133 BC, kekacaubalauan has happened in a long time. Politicians, the general and wrestle each other demagog seat of power and seize rebel forces (such as that led by year 87 BC Marius and Sulla, led 82 years old SM) move directly to the heart of Rome. Although the government has lousiness clearly for each person, the Roman general, people still want to maintain the republic system of government. Julius Caesar may be the first important political leaders with a clear view that the democratic government in Rome is no good, and indeed the long-take no avail.

Caesar own nature-derived noble old families. He got good education and as a young child he was to plunge the world politics. Various positions that have been dipegangnya, growth is impressive political career, alliance relationships that dibuatnya, the detail will not be described here. But, 58 years BC when the age of forty two tread Julius Caesar was appointed governor who supervise the three provinces under the Romans: Cisalpine Gauls (northern Italy); Illyricum (the coastal region is now Yugoslavia); Narbanese and the Gauls (French coast now). Under komandannya at that time there are four forces of 20,000 Roman soldiers.

During the years between 58-51 BC, Caesar was using troops invade and conquer the rest of the Gauls, the area roughly consisting of France and Belgium now, the following parts of Switzerland, Germany, and Holland. Although the number of pasukannya teramatlah little, she managed to beat people Gallik and expand the authority of the Roman to the River Rhine. He is also sending two expeditions to England, but not successfully conquered permanently.

Conquest Gauls make Caesar - who was already a political leader - a hero when to return to Rome. And in the eyes political opponents even outrageously popular and outrageously strong. When the control command militernya ended, he was ordered by the Roman Senate to return to Rome and becomes a normal population. Which means that no troops have Samasekali. Caesar worry, fear, and this baseless, because if he returned to Rome without troops, political opponents will use the opportunity menghancurkannya. Therefore, in the night 10-11 on January 49 BC, in open opposition to the Senate, Caesar led the pasukannya cross the Rubicon River in the north of Italy and to Rome. This is a step in violation of rules and no other than a beginner troops war between Caesar on the one hand against the forces loyal to the Senate, on the other hand. Activists berkecamuk not less than four years which eventually won by Caesar. Determine the ultimate battle going on in munda, Spain, on 7 March 45 BC.

Caesar conclusion that the despotism of the Roman efficient required only that he can do. He returned to Rome in October year 45 BC, and soon to be dictator for life. In February of 44 BC he ditawari crown but raw ditolaknya. Although he had already been a military dictator, is not steady enough to persuade the opponents to follow a course republic. Date 15 March 44 BC, Caesar killed in the Senate hearing by the hand of a gang.

In the period-end hayatnya, Caesar various program design improvements. He planned the placement of veterans and the poor population in a Roman society in the new empire. He also expanded the Roman citizenship to give the opportunity to enter various groups. He put the basic plan for the uniform administration of all the cities across the country. And do not forget to plan development, as well as Roman legal codification. That is not successful the system is prepared to satisfy the Constitution that the Roman government. And this is probably the main reason to be kejatuhannya.

Because the difference between the one-year victory in the Caesar with the munda terbunuhnya him at the Senate hearing in Rome, many plan-plan was not implemented. Therefore, perfection is difficult to how the government will be able to enjoy if Caesar can continue to live. Of all the improvements, which have caused most sustainable is the introduction of a new calendar. The introduction of a new calendar, with little improvement, still in use since then.

Julius Caesar is one of the leaders who have political power in the history of charisma, embedded itself in the form of various talents. He was a successful politician, a brilliant general who, an orator who enchain, and an author of good. Written a book (De bello Gallico) depict particulars defeat Gauls, long regarded as the classic works of literature. According to many students, the book most readable and most interesting of all literary classic. Caesar berpembawaan brave, full of energy, and sharp. Not one note, Caesar was also a famous seducer whizbang, a Don Yuan, even according to the size of time he was including topnotch. (Adventure love the most famous of course - the appalling romannya with Cleopatra).

Caesar character so often targeted critics. Ambisinya of power too large, and he is exactly the use perkaya for self occupation. But, generally not as an ambitious politician, he is not underhand and plintat-plintut, nor prudish. Caesar a truculent when fighting Gauls. On the other hand, he is very friendly to people who already penentangnya Roman dipatahkannya.

This is an indication of the name attached to the well itself. Therefore, both the title of king of German "Kaiser" and the king of Russia "Czar", derived from the name Caesar. He's always more glorious grandchildren kemenakannya August Caesar, the real leaders of the Roman empire. But, indeed the influence of the history of Julius Caesar is not equivalent to the fame name. Indeed correct, he hold an important role in the fall of the Roman Republic. But this importance should not be exaggerated, because the republic has stagger itself.

Caesar is the most important works on the Gauls penaklukannya. Ditaklukkannya areas remain under the authority of the Roman for almost five centuries. In that time period, all diromawikan. " Law, custom-istiadatnya, language, and Roman Christianity. French is now in the basic-rate derived from the Latin origin that time.

Conquest Caesar on the Gauls against the Roman influence important itself, because it provides a protective Italy during the centuries of attacks from the north. Indeed, defeat Gauls are factors for the overall security of the Roman empire.

Are Roman - sooner or later - able to conquer Julius Caesar without the Gauls? They do not have the technology or the excess amount of the excess of the tribes Gauls. But on the other hand, have extended the Roman area in the period before Caesar conquered the Gauls, as well as after. Assess the effectiveness of the terms of the Roman military at that time and that there are cracks in the body of Gallic tribes, it seems likely that small Gauls can survive as an independent nation. However, no more doubt Caesar was a general who has indeed conquered the forces of the Celts and Gauls conquered. And he tercantumnya in this list of books is mainly because of what is already done.

ASOKA

2009-06-10T01:03:00.000-07:00

Raja important in the history of India may once Asoka, the third Maurya dynasty and the grandson of the founder of the dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya. Chandragupta a military leadership that India - in the nick at the same time with the battle been Alexander the Great - conquered almost the entire North India, and by itself bisalah regarded as a founder of the first great empire in India.

Persisnya years at the birth of Asoka is not known. May be approaching the year 300 BC, and he ascended the throne around 273 BC. In the beginning he was just following the trail of the great-grandfather and try to extend the power through military action. At the 8-year reign he clinch a successful war against Kalinga, the state on the east coast of India (approximately the current location of Orissa). But, once he realized how dahsyatnya price that must be redeemed for this victory, Asoka inner feeling beaten. One hundred thousand people killed, and thousands of people injured beratus. Depressed and feel guilty, Asoka berkeputusan stop the movement of military conquered India, and along with that dissociate themselves from the aggressive act, he became Buddhists and receive filosofinya, try to practice the values of "dharma" which contains the telling the truth, benevolence and ketidakagresifan.

Create your own personal Asoka stopped hunting and became "vegeterian" (do not eat meat except vegetables). -In terms of still another important aspect of many attitudes that humanity dianutnya. He founded hospitals and places of liturgy, issued the rules for ease of population, to build roads and water to promote. Even Asoka specifically refer to government officials called the "official dharma," duty, told the people that worship to God, that life be kind to develop the spirit of good fellow-men. All religions get the same place in the kingdom. Asoka tolerance is evident, even though the Buddha Religion earn special attention to the profitable growth of religion. Buddha's messengers sent abroad, their mission and achieve great results, especially in Sri Lanka.

Asoka ordered the record of life and step kebijaksanannya written on poles or rocks scattered across the country. Many monuments, monuments that can still hold up to now.

The placement of the monument, the monument is geographically possible we can get reliable information about the broad powers of Asoka, and posts listed above are the main source of knowledge about our career. Chance, poles are also seen as the work of high artistic level.

In time fifty years after Asoka died, the Kingdom of Mauryan disordered and can never rise again. Meanwhile, through its support to the Buddhist Religion, the influence of long-term Assoka against the world itself to be very knowledgeable. When he ascended the throne, Religion Buddhist adherents is still tiny, only a local, known only in the northwest India. But, when his death, adherents have included all of India and they have quickly spread to neighboring countries. More than anyone else too - except their own Gautama - Asoka is a man who is responsible for the development of Buddhist Religion into the world of religion.

Ir. Soekarno (6 June 1901 - 21 June 1970)

2009-04-27T07:01:00.000-07:00

President of Indonesia is the first served during the period 1945 - 1966. He played an important role to liberate the nation from the colonial Dutch Indonesia. He is a spade Pancasila. He is Proklamator Independence of Vietnam (along with Mohammad Hatta) that occurred on 17 August 1945.
He published a letter on March 11 1966 Command Center is controversial, it seems that, among others, the content is assigned Lieutenant-General Soeharto to secure and maintain kewibawaannya. But the Center is misused by Lieutenant-General Soeharto to merongrong kewibawaannya way menuduhnya participate manipulate Movement 30 September. Alleged that the People's Assembly Permusyawaratan While the members have been replaced with a pro Soeharto, Soeharto switch to the presidency.
Background and education
Soekarno was born with the name Kusno Sosrodihardjo. His father named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, a teacher in Surabaya, Java. His mother named Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai comes from Buleleng, Bali [1].
When small Soekarno Her grandfather lived together in Tulungagung, East Java. At the age of 14 years, a friend of his father who called Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto invite Soekarno live in Surabaya and disekolahkan to Hoogere Burger School (HBS), while there mengaji in place Tjokroaminoto. In Surabaya, Soekarno met with many leaders Sarekat Islam, the organization that led Tjokroaminoto at that time. Soekarno and then join the organization Jong Java (Jawa Youth).
Graduate H.B.S. 1920, to continue the Soekarno Technische Hoge School (now ITB) in Bandung, and graduated in 1925. While in Bandung, with Soekarno and Dr Tjipto Mangunkusumo. Douwes Dekker, who was the leader at the National organization Indische Partij.
Family Soekarno
Soekarno wife
• Oetari
• Inggit Garnasih
• Fatmawati
• Hartini
• Ratna Sari Dewi Soekarno (original name: Naoko Nemoto)
• Haryati
Children Soekarno
• Guruh Soekarnoputra
• Megawati Soekarnoputri, President of the Republic of Indonesia 2001-2004 term of office
• Guntur Soekarnoputra
• Rachmawati Soekarnoputri
• Sukmawati Soekarnoputri
• Taufan and Bayu (from his wife Hartini)
• Kartika Sari Dewi Soekarno (from his wife Ratna Sari Dewi Soekarno)
The period of the national movement
In the year 1926, Soekarno up Studie Algemene Club in Bandung. Organization is the embryo of the Indonesian National Party was founded in 1927. Summary Soekarno PNI cause arrested in the Netherlands in December 1929, and bring pledoinya a fenomenal: India contest, to be back on 31 December 1931.
In July 1932, Soekarno join the Party of Indonesia (Partindo), which is a fraction of PNI. Soekarno re-arrested in August 1933, and exiled to Flores. Here, Soekarno almost forgotten by the national figures. But still fervent enthusiasm as implied in every suratnya to a Teachers' Union of Islam called Ahmad Hassan.
In the year 1938 to year 1942 Soekarno exiled to Bengkulu province.
Soekarno-free return on the new period of occupation in Japan in 1942.
Japanese colonial period

Fatmawati Soekarno together and Guntur
At the beginning of the Japanese colonial period (1942-1945), the Japanese government had not seen figures for the movement, especially Indonesia "secure" exists in Indonesia. This is seen in the Movement with the 3A and Mr Shimizu tokohnya. Syamsuddin less so popular.
However, eventually, the Japanese government pay attention and take advantage of prominent leaders such as Soekarno Indonesia, Mohammad Hatta and others in every organization and institution to institution engaging in Indonesia. Mentioned in various organizations such as Java Hokokai, Central People's Power (Putera), BPUPKI and PPKI, prominent leaders like Soekarno, Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara, KH Mas Mansyur and other called-a visible and very active. And finally figures in cooperation with the national government of Japan to achieve the independence of Indonesia, although some are doing the movement as subversive and Syahrir Sutan Amir Sjarifuddin because Japan is considered a dangerous fascist.

Leader of the Soekarno Dunia.JPG
President Soekarno himself, during a speech by reading the text of the proclamation of independence, despite the fact that we cooperate with Japan in fact we believe and trust and rely on their own strength.
He was active in business preparation independence of Indonesia, which are formulated Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution and the basic foundation of government to formulate a script including Indonesia Independence proclamation. He had to be evacuate to Rengasdengklok Current Rengasdengklok.
In the year 1943, Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo invite leaders of Indonesia Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta and Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo to Japan and received directly by Emperor Hirohito. Stars give even emperor empire (Ratna Holy) to the three leaders in Indonesia. Of the Stars that make the Japanese government surprised, because it means that the three figures that are considered families Indonesia Japan Emperor himself. In August 1945 he was invited by Marsekal Terauchi, leadership Forces South East Asia region in Dalat Vietnam, which was then stated that Indonesia is the proclamation of independence the Indonesian people own affairs.
However, involvement in organizational bodies create derivative Japan Soekarno was accused by the Netherlands in cooperation with Japan, among others, in the case romusha.
Period of Revolution War

Room house hiding in the Bung Karno Rengasdengklok.
Soekarno with national figures begin to prepare themselves before the Proclamation of independence of the Republic of Indonesia. After hearing the investigator Usaha Indonesia Independence Preparation BPUPKI, Small Committee consisting of eight (official), Small Committee consisting of nine-person committee Nine (which is the Jakarta Charter) and the Preparation Committee of Indonesian Independence PPKI, Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia established the State based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
After a Marsekal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam, there were Rengasdengklok Events on 16 August 1945; Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta be by the youth hostel for the troops to evacuate the country Defenders Map Rengasdengklok. Youth leaders, among others, encouraging Soekarni, Wikana, Singgih and Chairul Saleh. The youth demanded that Soekarno Hatta and immediately proclaim independence of the Republic of Indonesia, as occurred in Indonesia kevakuman power. This is because Japan has surrendered and the troops have not arrived ally. However, Soekarno, Hatta and its leaders refused to wait for clarity on the delegation of Japan. Other reasons is a growing set Soekarno exact moment of freedom for choosing the Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1945 when it coincided with the date of 17 Ramadan, the Muslim holy month that is believed to fall on the first revelation of Muslims to the Prophet Muhammad SAW namely Al Qur-an. On 18 August 1945, Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta PPKI be appointed by the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia. On 29 August 1945 nomination to become president and vice president be KNIP.Pada by date of 19 September 1945 Soekarno authority can be completed without bloodshed Field events where 200,000 people Ikada Jakarta akan conflicts with the Japanese troops are still fully armed.
At the time of arrival associate (AFNEI) led by Letjen. Sir Philip Christison, Christison finally recognize the sovereignty of Indonesia de facto after a meeting with President Soekarno. President Soekarno also seeks complete crisis in Surabaya. However, due to provocation of troops been NICA (Netherlands) a sponge associate. (under UK) meledaklah Events 10 November 1945 in Surabaya and gugurnya brigadier General Mallaby aws.
Because a lot of provocation in Jakarta at the time, President Soekarno eventually move the capital of the Republic of Indonesia from Jakarta to Yogyakarta. Followed by vice president and other officials high country.
The position of President Soekarno according to the 1945 Constitution is the President's position as head of government and head of state (presidensiil / single executive). During the revolution of independence, the system of government changed to semi-presidensiil/double executive. President Soekarno as Head of State and Sutan Syahrir as Prime Minister / Head of Government. This is happening because of the vice presidential edict No. X, and the government's declaration in November 1945 on political parties. This is implemented so that the Republic of Indonesia is considered a more democratic country.
Although the system of government has changed, at the time of the revolution of independence, President Soekarno position remains the most important, especially in the event at Madiun in 1948 and the Netherlands Military II aggression that caused President Soekarno, Vice-President Mohammad Hatta, and a number of high state officials in the Netherlands. Although there is the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) with the head of the Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, but in fact the international situation in the country and still acknowledge that the Soekarno-Hatta Indonesia, which is indeed a leader, only policies that can resolve disputes Indonesia-Netherlands.
The period of independence

Soekarno and Joseph Broz Tito
After Kedaulatan Recognition (Government of the Netherlands as it Kedaulatan), President Soekarno was appointed as President of the Republic of Indonesia States (Ris) and Mohammad Hatta was appointed as prime minister Ris. Occupation President of the Republic of Indonesia submitted to Mr Assaat, which was then known as Java, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. But as the demands of all the Indonesian people who want to return to the country of unity, then on August 17, 1950, Ris again changed to the Republic of Indonesia and President Soekarno became President of RI. Mr Assaat mandate as manager of office the President of the Republic of Indonesia submitted back to the Ir. Soekarno. President Soekarno authorized the president is constitutional, but in fact the government policy after consultation with it.
Myth duumvirate Soekarno-Hatta quite popular and more powerful than the people be against the government of prime minister. Fall bangunnya cabinet as the famous "cabinet semumur corn" to make President Soekarno multipartai not trust the system, and even called as the "party system disease." Not infrequently, he also hands down mediate conflicts in the body of the military also berimbas the fall bangunnya cabinet. As events in October 1952 and 17 events in the Air Force.

Soekarno and John F Kennedy
President Soekarno also provides many ideas in the international world. Concern for the fate of the nation Asia-Africa, are still not free, not have the right to determine their own fate, the president Soekarno, in 1955, took the initiative to hold Asia-Africa Conference in Bandung that the Dasa Sila. Bandung is known as the Capital of Asia-Africa. Discrepancies and conflicts due to "time bomb" left by the western countries that still stamped to the imperialism and colonialism, discrepancies and concerns will be the emergence of nuclear war that changed civilization, injustice bodies in the international conflict is also a breakthrough distracted. Together with the President Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Mohammad Ali Jinnah (Pakistan), U Nu, (Burma) and Jawaharlal Nehru (India) it was the Asia Africa Conference of Non Blok bear movement. Thanks to the services, many Asian countries gain independence of Africa. But unfortunately, many are drawn to the conflict at this time because of injustice in the problem-solving, which is still occupied countries or adikuasa strong. Thanks to the services is also, many people from Africa, Asia does not forget that when Soekarno akan remember or recognize akan Indonesia.

Jawaharlal Nehru and Soekarno
In order to run the foreign policy of free-active in the international world, President Soekarno visited many countries and met with state leaders. Including Nikita Khruschev (Soviet Union), John Fitzgerald Kennedy (United States), Fidel Castro (Cuba), Mao Tse Tung (China).
The period of the fall of Soekarno-start since he "divorced" with Vice President Moh. Hatta, in 1956, due to retirement from the stage perpolitikan Hatta Indonesia. Plus a number of separatist rebellion going on in all corners of Indonesia, and the peak, rebellion G 30 S, the Soekarno in the occupation can not "meet the" ideals of a nation prosperous and safe.
Sick to death
This section requires the development.

Soekarno own died on 21 June 1970 at Wisma Yaso, Jakarta, after the excommunication by Soeharto's successor. Jenazahnya buried in the city of Blitar, East Java, and has become the icon of the city, because every year hundreds of thousands of visitors to the millions of tourists from all over the world. Especially at the time of delivery Haul Bung Karno.
Residual

This section requires the development.

On 19 June 2008, the Government of Cuba issued a postage stamp image of Soekarno and the Cuban president Fidel Castro. [2] Publishing the same birthday with the 80-to Fidel Castro and the warning "President visits Indonesia, Soekarno, to Cuba."
Naming
Full name of birth is when Soekarno Kusno Sosrodihardjo. [3] While still small, because often ill-weakly, according to the Javanese custom [reference?]; By her parents changed its name as Soekarno [reference?]. In the future when a President of the Republic of Indonesia, Soekarno spelling of the name itself to be replaced by the Sukarno name because according to him was spelling the colonists (Netherlands) [reference?]. He still uses the name of Soekarno in the signature because the signature is the signature listed in the text Proclamation of Independence of Indonesia can not be changed [reference?].
Familiar to a Ir. Soekarno is Bung Karno.

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847-1922

2009-04-25T07:46:00.000-07:00

How can no formal education, but taught by both his family and their own learning, that's the case inventor Alexander Graham Bell tilpun who was born in the year 1847 Edinburg, Scotland. Bell produces interest back vowel sound reasonably arise because his father, an expert in vocal physiology, speech and improve the teaching of the deaf.

Bell never been to Boston, state of Massachusetts in 1871 years. There in the year 1875 he created an experiment-experiment that leads to the discovery of tilpun. He collects patents for mengokohkan penemuannya in February 1876 and got rewarded a few weeks later. (Interesting to note that one other named Elisha Gray also collect patents for inventions pengokohan on similar equipment at the unison with which consist Bell, the difference is only a few hours only).

Not long after patennya received, Bell tilpun exhibit in the exhibition 100 years of Philadelphia. Penemuannya attract the attention of the public and received an award on the results of his work. However, The Western Union Telegraph Company that offers money of $ 100,000 for the invention of tools that circumvent paying. Therefore, Bell and his friends, in July 1877, the company established itself, the ancestors of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company now. Tilpun quickly and achieve massive success in a commercial. Sakarang this AT & T is the largest business companies in the world.

Bell and his wife in March of 1879 holds 15 percent shares of the company seems to have no shadow of how akan fantastisnya that will benefit received by the company. In just seven days time, they are selling most of their stock price with the average $ 250 per share. In November the price has increased so melesat $ 1000 per share! (In March of his wife who urged rush sale because he is not concerned about stock prices at will until it again!) In the year 1881 with the more reckless they sell the remaining third of the number of shares they have. However, in the year 1883 yet they can earn profits at around a million dollars.

Despite the invention of Bell tilpun orbit is so wealthy, he never stopped penyelidikannya forward, and she managed to find many more useful tools that despite not sepenting tilpun. Interest a wide range, but the main goal is to help the deaf. She alone was the deaf girl dilatihnya own. Four children, two women, two men out of marriage but the blessing fourth died young. 1882 Bell Year so the United States citizen and died in 1922 years.

Large influence of small-Bell is located on the size of the assessment of meaning tilpun itself. According to the sparing me, the huge influence because not so much the invention of the widely used and so far-reaching in daily life.

I place the order at the Bell in the bottom of the Marconi radio interconnect more diverse usage rather tilpun. For example, through discussion tilpun can in principle be done via radio, but in some cases (such as communication with the aircraft that are flying) tilpun can not replace the function of the radio. If only a factor so that only the size, the Bell will be much more down the order more than Marconi. However, there are two things worthy of consideration. First, although discussion tilpun time can be done via radio, akan shocking sulitlah replace our entire system pertilpunan radio network with the equivalent. Second, the principal method of distributing the re-designed sound that Bell created in the recipient tilpun later taken over and used by the receiver, record appearance and various other equipment. That's why I consider the influence of Bell just a little more rather than less Marconi.

GUGLIELMO MARCONI 1874-1937

2009-04-25T07:44:00.000-07:00

Of the family are, Guglielmo Marconi was born in the year 1874 Bologna, Italy. The radio can be a private education from a teacher. Year 1894, when he turn twenty, Marconi read-trial experiment done by Heinrich Hertz a few years earlier. Experiment-with this experiment demonstrates the palpable waves elektromagnetik that is not visible by eye, moving through the air with the speed of sound.

Marconi temperamental away with the idea that these waves can be used to send the signs across the distance without wires through which provides many of the communication possibilities that can not be reached telegram. For example, with how this news can be sent to the ship in the middle of the sea.

Year 1895, only a year of hard work, Marconi successfully memprodusir equipment needed. Year 1896 she tool penemuannya model in the UK and obtain patents for the invention of this first. Marconi make up the company and "Marconi" first year post in 1898. The next year he was able to tell the news without the wires cross over passage through the UK. Although obtaining the most important patennya year 1900, Marconi and the making of forward mempatenkan much perfection-perfection on the basis of penemuannya itself. In 1901 he successfully send radio news across the Atlantic Ocean, from England to Newfoundland.

The meaning of important new findings be depicted dramatically in 1909 when the ship SS Republic damaged by the collision and sinking to the seabed. News radio is very helpful, all passengers can be saved except for six people. In the same year, Marconi succeeded in reaching the Nobel Prize for penemuannya. And the following year he successfully send radio news from Ireland to Argentina, a distance of more than 6000 miles.

All the news is sent through signs Marconi system code. As known, the sound can be sent via radio, but this can be done around the new year 1915. Radio broadcasting in the new commercial scale began early 20s, but the meaning and importance kepopulerannya grow with very quickly.

A discovery of the rights patennya have a high price by itself cause a disagreement in the courts. However, the various claims through the courts sirna disappear after the year 1914 when the court recognizes the rights of Marconi. In the next year, Marconi also conduct important investigations in the field of short wave and microwave communications. He exhale breath in Rome last year in 1937.

Besides Marconi became famous as the inventor, it is clear they are no doubt important in the case mean the radio and things that are associated with it. Marconi did not find the television. However, the invention of radio is an important way for television, because it is considered feasible Marconi shares have also in the development of television.

Clearly, without communication wires have very important meaning in the modern world. This is very useful for sending the news, for entertainment, for military purposes, for scientific investigation, for police duties, and other purposes. Although some of the wire to the (already found the person more than half a century earlier) may have spelled out the purpose, the use of the radio mass-produce truly not tertandingkan. He can reach the cars, ships at sea, aircraft that are mengudara, even space planes. Clearly, the findings are more important rather than because tilpun news sent via tilpun can also be sent via the radio, more messages can be sent via radio to places that can not be achieved tilpun.

Marconi has a higher order in this list Graham Bell rather than merely preparatory communication without wires is more important than the invention of tilpun. I put a little more high-Edison in the order in this list of books rather than Marconi because a large number of inventions that have been made, although no one from it surpass the importance of radio. Because radio and television is only a small part only of the practical use of theoretical work of Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell, Marconi adillah when the order must be placed in a little more down from the second person. At the same time clear that only a small number of political figures who have a large influence on the world such as the Marconi owned, so worthy he also placed a high enough position in the list in the order in this book.

THOMAS EDISON 1847-1931

2009-04-25T07:40:00.000-07:00

The self can be born Thomas Alva Edison in the year 1847 Milan, Ohio, United States. But he got three years of formal education, after school disepak out because the teachers treat children nitwitted extraordinary.

First creation, a voice recorder when dibikinnya electronic age twenty-one years. His results were not dijualnya. After that he menekuni fabrication equipment diharapnya be sold in the market, not long after he successfully make electronic voice recorder, he found a wire and improved the engine that automatically print the letter, which dijualnya worth 40,000 dollars, a large amount at that time. After that, he is like queuing find new work and a brief interruption in Edison not only famous but also berduit. Perhaps, the most penemuannya original engine is dipatenkannya a record year in 1877. However, more famous in the world is the development of the incandescent light bulb a practical year in 1879.

Edison is not the first person to create the electric lighting system. Some years earlier bersinarkan lamp electric current was used for lamp lighting the way in Paris. However, following the ball Edison incandescent electric power distribution system that allows the development of practical electric lighting for the home. Year 1882, company began to produce electricity for homes in New York, and in a short time to have spread all over the world.

With the company's first electric lighting for homes, means that Edison has put the basis for the development of big industry. The use of electrical energy not only for lighting but for all aspects of household needs, ranging from televisions to washing machines. Furthermore, the use of electricity through the distribution networks established Edison itself encourages the use of electricity for the industrial sector.

Edison also gave large donations outside the normal development of a film camera and projector. He makes these important pertilponan (carbon transmiternya improve clarity hearing), improvement in the telegraph, and typewriter. Among other findings, among others, dictation machine, coffee machine and a storage baterei driven. May be spelled, Edison designed more than 1,000 inventions, an amount that is not exactly reasonable.

One because its productivity is very surprising because in the early-early career he built a laboratory investigation in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Situlah him concentrate on the groups that helped berkemampuan. This is the embryo of a laboratory investigation, which was then imitated by so many industries. Laboratory beginners modern Edison, a major investigation a tub in which so many people working together as a team, is also a result of his work is important, though, of course, something that he can not patenkan.

Edison is not only an inventor, he is also involved in organizing various construction and industrial companies. The most important of which eventually blossom into the General Electric Company.

Although he was not the result of a pure scientist, Edison make a scientific discovery. In 1882 he found that in the near empty air, electric current can be flowed between the two wires that do not touch each other. This phenomenon - called the invention of Edison - not only have an important theoretical meaning, but also have a sense of practical meaning. This led to the development of the vacuum flask and the laying down basic electronics industry.

Almost the whole of his life, Edison suffered from weak hearing. However, despite such, he is more than just overcome the obstacles that can work with the severity attention. Edison marries twice (first wife died young), have three children from each wife. He died 1931 in West Orange, New Jersey.

There is no dispute about the talent Edison understand. Each person agrees that he inventor of a genius who ever lived. Line-discovery of a very useful penemuannya considered appalling and raise a knee tremble, although some may be developed by other people in the tempo of thirty years. However, when we look at the invention of the invention of-personality, will appear by that we do not have one from the importance of a set. For example, incandescent ball, although widely used, not the goods that are not replaceable in the modern world. The facts show, the lighting comes from the radiation and sprawl out in the form of light, which works on the basis of scientific principles that completely different, people also used widely, and in the life of our day-to-day did not have anyone when we do not use incandescent light bulb Samasekali. Indeed, before the lighting electricity use, candles, lamp oil, and gas light has been generally regarded as a satisfactory degree of light.

Hearing record the discovery of a jockey, but not the one tool that can change our lives day-to-day as well as the role that are radio, television or tilpon. More than that, in recent years this has been the tool can be created with the method of recording sound different, such as a magnetic tape cassette. And if there is no record engine, it does not do anything. Many Edison patents related to these tools, has found by other people first, even already in the form that is can be used. Perfection-perfection is - even though a lot of help - can not be considered as an important meaning in the history of the series of movements in general.

However, despite not one of invention Edison has important appalling, is also useful to note that he does not merely create a single tool, but more than a thousand. On the basis of this consideration I put Edison higher rather like famed inventor Guglielmo Marconi and Alexander Graham Bell.

ADOLF HITLER 1889-1945

2009-04-25T07:38:00.000-07:00

Adolf Hitler was born 1889 in Braunau, Austria. As a teenager he was a failed artist who neglected and sometimes in the young age he became a German nationalist fanatics. During the Second World War-I, he entered German Armed Forces, got injured and two medals for keberaniannya.

Defeat Germany membikinnya beaten and furious. In the year 1919, when I turn thirty years old, he joined a small party with the right follow a course in Munich, and immediately change the name of this party to be nationalist German Labor Party (Nazi summarized). Tempo in the two years he climb so the leader without a rival in Germany called the nickname "Fuehrer."

Under the leadership of Hitler, Nazi party with extraordinary speed to become a force and in November 1923 failed experiment kupnya. Howdah is famous as "The Munich Beer Hall Putsch." Hitler arrested, accused traitor, and guilty. Instead, he issued from the prison is in there after less than a year.

In the Nazi party in 1928 is still a small party. However, large-scale depressi make people not satisfied with the political parties that have large and well established. In circumstances such as the Nazi party is becoming increasingly strong, and in January 1933, when the age of forty-four years, Hitler became German chancellor.

With that position, Hitler quickly and form a dictatorship with the deft use the government apparatus melabrak all opposition. Please dicamkan, this process is not through erosion freedom and civil rights against self-incrimination pertahankan-criminal allegations, but been with sabetan flash once and often does not capture Nazi party dizzy with the procedures in court Samasekali. Many political opponents digebuki, even murdered in the place. However, before World War broke out to-2, Hitler reach most of the support Germany because he successfully pressing the number of unemployment and economic improvements.

Hitler then design a way to conquest-conquest that ultimately brought the world to stage the Second World War-2. He grab the first practical without war through Samasekali. English and French besieged by various kinds of economic difficulties, therefore, want peace so that they do not take a headache when Hitler denounce Versailles Agreement with the Armed Forces to Germany. Similarly, they do not take care when Hitler occupied the fort and the strengthening in the Rhineland (1936), and also when Hitler swallow Austria (March 1938). Even while they receive nod-nod when Hitler Sudetenland swallow, bunker Czech border. International agreement known as the "Munich Treaty" by the UK and France are expected as a result of the purchase of "Peace throughout the period of" terinjak tread left and they bengong when Hitler to seize part of the Czech few months later because the Czech Samasekali not powerless. At each stage, with Hitler perceptivity merge justify actions with the argument that the threat of war when he akan hasratnya considered quiet, and at each stage of democratic countries tremble and feel weak back.

However, England and France be careful to maintain Poland, Hitler the next target. First Hitler protect himself with the way treaty signer "not attack each other" of August 1939 with Stalin (the substance of the agreement aggression because both agreed how to divide a two Polish interest each). Nine days later, Germany attacked Poland and sixteen days after a similar Soviet Union. Although England and France declared war against Germany, Poland may soon ditaklukkan.

Year peak intensity is Hitler in 1940. April, Force Bersenjatanya melabrak Denmark and Norway. In May, he was run into Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Month of June, France genuflection. But in English, she also desperately defend against air attacks, the German-named "Battle of Britain" and Hitler never able to set foot on British earth.

German troops conquer Greece and Yugoslavia in April 1941. And in June the same year Hitler mangle "the Agreement does not attack each other" with the Soviet invasion and open. German Armed Forces to occupy the very area of Russia but can not afford a total melumpuhkannya before winter. Although the battle opponents English and Russian, unsparing Hitler promulgate war with the United States in December 1941 and several days later Japan melabrak the United States, mengobrak destroy marine Force base in Pearl Harbor.

In the mid-year 1942 Germany is the largest part of Europe that have not been able to be done by anyone in history. Moreover, he was the North Africa. Point behind the war occurred in the second half year 1942, when Germany was defeated in the complex at El-Alamein in Egypt and Stalingrad in Russia. After this setback, both the fate of Germany was memayungi slowly-slowly and leaves regularly. However, despite defeat Germany seems not terelakkan again, Hitler refused surrender. Rather he was more afraid, even penggasakan forward for more than two years after Stalingrad. The bitter end of the story occurred in spring 1945. Hitler killed himself in Berlin on the 30th of April and seven days after Germany surrendered less.

During the period of power, Hitler engaged in acts of mass murder there is no standard tandingannya in history. He was a fanatic who racially, special to the Jews with such a venomous bark-letup. Openly announced he killed every Jew in the world. In the government, Nazi internment kampkamp build large, equipped with a gas chamber. In each region which is the area authority, the people not guilty, men and women and children digiring and dijebloskan to livestock in the carriage pulled to the next room in the soul-gas chamber. In a period of only a few years only about 6,000,000 Jews returned to the afterlife.

Jews are not the only one of the victims of Hitler so. Kediktatorannya in the government, the Russian and Gypsy also be, as well as replace those who are considered, including low or race enemies country. Never be the murder was done spontaneously, or in the summer and sengitnya war. But Hitler build camps mautt the organization with the neat and carefully as if he designed a large business enterprise. Data-structured data, the amount specified, and the bodies are systematically stripped members of the body such as the valuable gear and gold wedding ring. Also many of the clay-clay is used for soap factory. Once telitinya plan by Hitler to murder even in the last war will be finished, when the German lack of materials for the use of both civilian and military, cattle wagon still get to the camps of terror mission in the framework of non-military.

In many cases, clearly Hitler akan luster finish. First, he is considered by knowledgeable people of the world's most blooming throughout history. If the person such as Nero and Caligula a wrong step is not very meaningful if compared to Hitler and Hitler is still just a symbol of cruelty remain for 20 centuries, it seems not melesetlah people predict that if Hitler is not such a bad reputation in history terlawankan akan dikenang people in tens to centuries.

The scenes in the concentration camp at Buchenwald

More than that, of course, Hitler akan dikenang as a higher-up to the outbreak World War-2, a war that never happened on earth. The progress of nuclear weapons is an impossibility as there will be a wide-scale war in the future. Therefore, two or even three thousand years from now, the Second World War-2 may still be considered to be major events in history.

Furthermore, Hitler will remain popular because the whole story himself so creepy and interesting, how a foreign (Hitler was born in Austria, not Germany), how a lack of political experience Samasekali, have no money, have no political connections, able to - in less than four years - to become world leaders the strength of the prominent, truly amazing. Ability as orator truly extraordinary. Measured the ability of the mass in the actions necessary, can be said that Hitler was an orator in history. Finally, the dirty way to the top of the lifting power, not once terpegang hands akan quickly forgotten.

Perhaps no figure in history who have so much influence on the Adolf Hitler generasinya instead. In addition to the tens of million people who died in the war that he keladinya mother, or those who died in concentration camps, still berjuta million terlunta-lunta without shelter or a place of his life fall apart due to war.

Other estimates of the influence of Hitler must consider two factors. First, many are truly going under his leadership will never happen if without Hitler. (In this regard he is very different from figures such as Charles Darwin or Simón Bolívar). Of course, true that the situation in Germany and Europe to provide the opportunity for Hitler. Kemiliterannya and passionate anti Yahudinya, for example, that the spectacular pendengamya. No visible signs, for example, that generally the people in Germany 1920's or 1930's have meant that the government as driven by Hitler, and very few signs that the German promoter-promoter akan do other similar Hitler. What is the least Hitler never suspected would happen by the observer.

Second, the entire Nazi movement dominated by a leader to the level of extraordinary. Marx, Lenin, Stalin and other leaders have the same role for the growth of communism. However, national leaders have no socialism important before the emergence of Hitler, so also there is no beyond. Hitler led the party to the summit of power and remain in the top. When he died, Nazi party and the government dipimpinnya die with him.

However, despite the influence of Hitler generasinya so big, the result of action-action in the future it seems is not how much. May be spelled Hitler failed merampungkan total target goal of anywhere, and the consequences that are visible on the even of the next generation of what he will. For example, Hitler wanted to spread the influence of Germany and the region of Germany. However, areas taklukannya, although very knowledgeable, just a short and temporary. And now even West Germany and East Germany merged so if one is still rather small Republic of Germany when Hitler so the head of government.

Militancy is encouraged Hitler want to slaughter Jews. But five years after Hitler in power, an independent Jewish state was established for the first time after the year 2000. Hitler hated communism and the Soviet Union. But, after her death and in part caused by the war started, even Russia to expand his power in the broad areas of the East and in Europe the influence of communism in the developing world even more. Hitler menggencet even intend menghancurkannya democracy, not only in the country but in Germany itself. However, West Germany is now running the country and the democracy of the people seem more hated dictatorship of the generation of any period prior to Hitler.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE 1769-1821

2009-04-25T07:36:00.000-07:00

The French Emperor and the noise, Napoleon I, out of his mother's womb in Ajaccio, Corsica, the year 1769. Original name Napoleon Bonaparte. Corsica entrance region of France only fifteen months before Napoleon was born, and at the time remajanya Napoleon a Corsican nationalist who considered the French oppressor. But Napoleon sent incoming military academy in France and when he graduated year 1785 at the age of fifteen years he was a French army lieutenant have an important position.

Four years later, the French Revolution exploded in recent years and the new French government is involved with some of the foreign country. The first opportunity is kebolehannya Napoleon appeared in the year 1793, in combat in Toulon (France retake the city from the hands of UK), where Napoleon duty in the artillery unit. At that time he was no longer hold on the nationalist Corsicanya understand, but people already consider themselves French. Successful-successful in obtaining the Toulon lift himself so Brigjen and in 1796 he was given the burden of responsibility so in command of French in Italy. In the country, between the years 1796-1797, Napoleon successfully serentetan seize victory also made her a hero when to return to France.

In 1798 he led the French invasion to Egypt. This step was a catastrophe. On land, troops Napoleon generally successful, but the British Navy under the command of Lord Nelson with a steady mengobrak upset French fleet, and in 1799 Napoleon in Egypt pasukannya leave and return to France.

Once up in France, Napoleon is a charming conclusion can be that more French people to be victory-victory in Italy rather than the failure of French expedition to Egypt. Hold on this fact, only a month after he tread the earth France, Napoleon took part in the seizure of power with Albe Sieyes and others. Howdah this birth of a new government called the "Consulate" and Napoleon became first consul. Although the constitution has been prepared with care and received approval through a plebiscite of the people, this is merely window dressing to cover the military dictatorship of Napoleon with the right elbow and is able to immobilize the opponent-lawannya.

Napoleon rise to power of the throne truly incredible. Precisely in August 1793, before hostilities Toulon, Napoleon Samasekali unknown person. He was not more than one officer was low twenty-four years old and not fully French. However, less than six years later - still in the age of thirty years - has come into the ruler so that France can not be debated again, a position that digenggamnya for more than four years.

During the years of his power, Napoleon conducted a large-scale renovation in the administrative system of government and law French. For example, he recast the structure of financial and judicial, he founded the Bank France and the University of France, and menyentralisir administration. Although each of these changes have important meaning, and in some cases have a long-term influence of power, especially to France, did not have a means for other countries.

But one of the renovation done by Napoleon have power beyond the influence of the French nation itself. Namely, the preparation is famed as the Code Napoleon. In many cases, this code reflects the ideas Revolution France. For example, under this code does not have privileges based on birth and origin, all the same degree in the eyes of law. Concurrently with the code is quite near the old laws and customary practices so received by the French people and French pengadilannya system. In general, the code was moderate, neatly organized and written with a concise, clear, and acceptable, besides easily understood. As a result, the code is only valid in France (French civil law that apply now almost similar to the Code Napoleon), but also well received in other countries with the changes that are tailored to local needs.

Napoleon is always the political confidence that he is defending a French Revolution. However, in the year 1804 that he himself also memperoklamirkan themselves as Emperor of France. Moreover, he was the three brothers in the kingdom over the throne a few European countries. This step can not not not a happy feeling on the part of the Republic of France considers that the sole whim of treason against the ideas and objectives of the French Revolution. However, the main difficulty faced is the battle with Napoleon countries foreign.

In the year 1802, in Amiens, Napoleon signed a peace treaty with England. This gives the wind relieved to France in time of ten years continue to be in the atmosphere of war. However, in the peace treaty the following year and dropped out of the long war with the British and allies also start again. Although Napoleon troops repeatedly won the battle on the mainland, the UK can not be defeated if it is not terlumpuhkan marine fleet. Malangnya to Napoleon, in the abstruse Trafalgar in the year 1805, the UK marine grab big victory. Therefore, supervision and the sea flooded the UK need not doubt. Although the victory of Napoleon (in Austerlitz against Austria and Russia) occurred six weeks after Trafalgar, it is not clear the bitterness of defeat marine sector.

In the year 1808 Napoleon do great folly to involve France in the war a long and uncertain pangkalnya at the end of the Iberia Peninsula, where the French army stuck motionless for many years. But Napoleon is the biggest mistake serangannya against Russia. Napoleon in the year 1807 face-to-face with the Czar, and the agreement they agreed Tilsit shore lasting friendship. However, the alliance persepakatan and slowly destroyed, and in June 1812 Napoleon led the army of giants trample Russian earth.

The results of this are the same note. Russian army's combat generally avoid dealing directly with the Napoleon army, so Napoleon can forward so quickly. In September Napoleon occupied Moscow. However, the Russian membumihanguskan the city and most of the flat to the ground. After waiting five days in Moscow (with the vain hope that Russia will offer peace), Napoleon finally decided backwards, but this decision has been delayed. Combination between Russia and the brunt of the cruel winter, not memadainya supply French troops resulted in the movement back into the movement back helter-skelter. Less than ten percent of the French giant could come out of the Russian earth alive.

European countries, like Austria and Prusia, aware they have the opportunity to correct the French lace. They combine all the strength of Napoleon, and during the hostilities in Leipzig in October 1813, Napoleon got back to the bitter staggerer stagger. The following year he stopped and removed to the Island of Elba, a small island offshore Italy.

In 1815 he fled from the island of Elba, to return to France, was well and back in power. European forces immediately serve notice of war and a hundred days after he duduknya again in the throne of power, the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo death.

After Waterloo, Napoleon dipenjara by people in the UK St. Helena, a small island in the South Atlantic Ocean. Here he winded exhale the last 1821 years as a result of cancer.

Napoleon military career presenting an interesting paradox. Kegeniusan movement taktiknya very spectacular, and when measured in terms of it only, so he can be considered a general during the biggest time. But the basic strategy in the field he had fallen due to make big mistake, error, such as invasion to Egypt and Russia. Strategic mistake so stupid, so Napoleon unfit military leaders dijuluki single class. Whether this presumption is not just a second? I think not. Indeed, the size of a general greatness lies in the ability of a dodge mistakes that lead towards destruction. Such things do not happen in the self-Alexander the Great, Jengis Khan and Tamerlane the army never invincible. Due Napoleon was defeated in the end may be in the year 1815, France has a rather small area that had dipunyainya in the year 1879, when the outbreak Revolution.

Napoleon, of course, an "egomaniac" and often seen semodel with Hitler. However, there are differences between them difficult. If Hitler acted terbesarnya some encouragement on the ideology that is hidden, Napoleon merely pushed by ambition that he oportunistis and have no appetite to do large slaughterhouse and preposterous. Napoleon in the government, there is no such concentration camps as Hitler owned.

Transcendental masyhurnya name Napoleon is very easy to trap people consider him the major influence of overconfidence. The period of short-term influence of the large, may be greater than Alexander the Great even if not of Hitler. (According to the estimate, about 500,000 French soldiers died in the war Napoleon, and Germany about 800,000 people died during the Second World War-2). By any measure, the act of Napoleon rather less what consist Hitler.

In relation to the influence of long-term, it seems more important rather than Napoleon Hitler, although more or less important than Alexander the Great. Napoleon make broad changes in the administration of French grammar, but the French only one per seventy of the world population. In each incident, the types of administrative changes to be reviewed from the perspective of rights perspective. The impact of the French people much less rather than changes in a number of advances in technology in the recent two centuries.

Many people say, Napoleon provides the opportunity for changes to the terkonsolidasinya and the mapannya the borjuais France. In the year 1815, when the French monarchy eventually be back, these changes ditopang so well protected and so the possibility can return patterns of social order that an entirely impossible. However, the most important changes actually occur and in which before Napoleon. In the year 1799 when Napoleon control of every possible way to the return to the status quo is too late. But, separated from the ambition of Napoleon own keraja-rajaan, he indeed hold an important role to spread revolutionary ideas throughout Europe.

Napoleon also brought the influence of precipitation due to the influence of broad-and great revolution in Latin America. Spain Penyerbuannya to weaken the government so that Spain cengkraman kolonialnya in the areas jajahannya also melonggar itself and not effective. In a situation this is the de facto autonomy of independence movements in Latin America began to explode.

Napoleon at Waterloo battle.

Doing all the steps of Napoleon, the most important and most have long-term effect would be outside the plan and there is no relevance to the plan of Napoleon himself.

In the year 1803, Napoleon sold the United States to the knowledgeable. He knew, the property of France in North America face difficult protected attacks UK. In addition, he also needs money, Louisiana is selling the land may be the sale-purchase of land in peace, the biggest change at a time in the history of the United States became a continent-sized country. Difficult to be what shape U.S. Louisiana without this. Pasti akan Samasekali is a country that is different from what we know now. Reasonable doubt and the United States can be a strong country without a buy-sell Louisiana this.

Napoleon, of course, is not the only person who berperanan and was responsible for this sale. United States government clearly also hold the role. However, the French offer to sell Louisiana, decided in consultation by one person. And the man Napoleon Bonaparte.

GEORGE WASHINGTON 1732-1799

2009-04-25T07:35:00.000-07:00

Born in the year 1732 Wakefield, Virginia, son of the farmer, George Washington inherited the plantation sebidang knowledgeable on the age of twenty-seven years. From 1753-1758 the Washington office of the entrance, take active part in the battle of the French Indian opponents, and earn a lot of experience and praise. He returned to Virginia the end of the year 1758, and take a pension. Not long after he marries the widow Martha Dandridge Custis is a rich two. (He never have a child).

Washington in the next five years to manage the plantation with the management of neat. In the year 1774, when he selected a representative attend the Virginia First continental congress, he was the richest colony in the United States. Washington is not the first person to proclaim independence, but in June 1775 in the second continental congress (which he also be representative Virginia), so he elected commander of the entire continental. Militernya experience, and reputation kekayaannya, discount body (high hefty 1.9 m), administratomya talent, and - above all - the establishment and a firm character, menopangnya so that they can occupy the position. Throughout the battle without the reward money and provide examples of the dedication without intention.

The success of Washington's most prominent dirampungkannya around 1775 when he led the continental army, and in March 1797 when the tenure kepresidenannya to a 2-ended. He was the last breath against the house in Mount Vernon, Virginia, in December 1799.

The position of the key that determines the country in order to establish the United States departs from the three types of role that dimainkannya.

First, he was a successful military leader in the independence war the United States. It is true that, Washington is not a military genius, is not more prominent rather than Alexander the Great, Caesar Yulius. However, keep in mind, while many American commander suffered heavy defeat, Washington (although some also have small defeat) is still able to carry forward the battle and flag-pennant victory.

Second, Washington became the head of the constitutional convention. Although the idea not to play the role of Washington in determining America drafting the constitution, but dorongannya, reputation, once when determining pengesahannya. When there are new challenges to the constitution, and only if it's without the influence of Washington's constitution is difficult to accept.

Third, Washington is the first president of the Republic of the United States. United States indeed have a reasonable feel lucky to have the president's first big weight and strong character. Try to see it and compare it with so many examples of countries in Latin America and Africa, although the base was established through a democratic constitution, but very quickly degenerate so the military dictator. Meanwhile, the Washington teguhnya keep republic of rupture accompanied ambition without continual power. He will not be king or dictator. He is the principle the need to embed a shift of power from one hand to another hand through peaceful means. The Code is still held in the United States until now.

George Washington is not a pure and sharp thinker as well as promoter-American leaders in their time as another Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin. However, he is superior of them all. Soalnya, Washington - both at war and at peace - always give a donation in the form of fiber strength in the leadership of government, without which he will not have political steps that work. Stocks role in the establishment of the Republic of Madison United States is important, but in this regard, what the Washington was almost the same importance and menentukannya.

George Washington Inclusion in the list of the order book is largely dependent on the historical assessment of the establishment of the Republic of the United States. Determination that is not aligned on the importance the United States, of course, made difficult by an American now living. Although the United States dipertengahan 20th century held the position of military superiority, and have political influence even greater than that which was owned by the Roman Empire at the time of peak kejayaannya, but political power is not held as long as the Roman. Instead, it is clear that some technological progress achieved by the United States have considered the meaning of culture by others and at the other. The invention of the aircraft - for example - and the human landing on the moon is merealisir dream past era and it seems unimaginable that the invention of nuclear weapons can be proven.

George Washington because of an American political figure who in general can be connected with Augustus Caesar of the Roman, it seems reasonable to place Washington's position in the list is almost close to Augustus. If Washington put more down, this is solely because of his leadership over a short period rather than the government Augustus, and as many leaders (such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madision) also play an important role in the establishment of the Republic of the United States. However, the order of George Washington is higher than figures such as Alexander the Great and Napoleon as Washington works and successes so it produces have a higher coverage and more sustainable.

JAMES WATT 1736-1819

2009-04-25T07:32:00.000-07:00

James Watt, a Scottish inventor often associated with the steam engine, is the key Industrial Revolution.

In fact, Watt is not the first person to make a steam engine. Similar design is also structured by Hero's Iskandariah in the early Christian era. In 1686 Thomas Savery patented a raise steam engine used for pumping water, and in the year 1712, a British Thomas Newcomen, patented goods also raise a similar version with a more perfect, but the creation Newcomen engine still low quality and less efficient, can only used to pump water from coal mines.

Watt became interested in the case steam engine in the year 1764 are correct when he Newcomen engine creation. Although Watt only get one year of education as a toolmaker craftsman, but he has talent, a great creator. Perfection-the perfection of the Newcomen engine preparation so important, so consider layaklah indeed Wattlah creator of the first practical steam engine.

Watt's first success in the dipatenkannya year 1769 is the addition of a separate space diperkokoh. He also cast a separator insulation to prevent heat dissipation in the steam cylinder, and in 1782 he found ganda machine. With some small improvements, this update menghasilan efficiency steam engine with a four-fold or more. In practice, this efficiency increase is the result of an intellect, but is not so useful tools and functionality have also not unusual from the point of ditilik industry.

Watt also found (in 1781) of serration to change the movement behind the engine so that a rotary movement. This increase in the use of large-scale steam engine. Watt also successfully created checker auto motive circle (year 1788), which caused the engine speed can be automatically monitored. Also create gauge bertekanan (year 1790), the tool speed, tool and equipment instructions as additional steam controller repair other equipment.

Watt does not have the own business. However, in the year 1775 to fellowship with him Matthew Boulton, an engineer, a businessman and a deft. During the twenty-five years after that, Boulton and Watt company produces a large amount of steam engine, and both became rich.

Steam engine to work the invention of Watt ganda year 1769

Indeed difficult to exaggerate the importance steam engine. For, indeed a lot of other discovery-discovery that play an important role to encourage development of Industrial Revolution. For example, the development of the mine, metallurgy, and various machine tools. The shuttle slide back and forth in a loom (the invention of John Kay in 1733 years), or spun tool (the invention of James Hargreaves year 1764) all occurred precede creation Watt. Some of the findings-findings that only a perfection that means less and not have any vital meaning in connection with the Industrial Revolution bermulanya. Another case with the invention of steam engine which play an important role in the Industrial Revolution, the situation seems to be another form of experience. Previously, even if steam power is used for the windmill and water cycles, a basic energy source is located on the engine manpower. This is a factor limiting the production capacity of the industry. Thanks to the discovery of steam engine, this tersingkirkan limitations. A large amount of energy can now be channeled to things that are productive with a very uphill derasnya. Oil embargo of 1973 makes us realize how sengsaranya if reduced energy and material capable of crippling the industry. This experience, at a certain level, encouraging us to imagine the importance Industrial Revolution thanks to the invention of James Watt.

In addition to the benefits of energy for factories, steam engines also have a large order in the fields of others. In 1783, Marquis de Jouffroy in Abbans successful use of steam engine for ships. In the year 1804, Richard Trevithick's first steam locomotive to create. Not one of the beginner models that are commercially successful. In several decades, the good ship and train the revolution both in the field of land and sea transportation.

Industrial Revolution took place almost concurrently with the United States and the French Revolution. Although time seems trivial, is now seen clearly how the Industrial Revolution as outlined have meaning far more important to peri meaning of human life rather important political revolution. James Watt, therefore, classified as one who has a significant influence in history.

JENGIS KHAN ± 1162-1227

2009-04-25T07:24:00.000-07:00

Jengis Khan, Mongol conqueror largest, was born about 1162 years. His father heads a small tribe, Temujin named his son after he beat the other tribe. When Temujin was nine years old, his father killed by the tribe of lawannya, and after that members familinya a chance to be still living in the grip of fear and keterasingan. This is truly a beginner's life is bitter, and for Temujin moreover before changes are made to better himself. When he is young teenagers tread, he captivity in a battle against the tribe lawannya.

He can to prevent the pass, a bracelet digantungkan bamboo rod in his neck. Of circumstances that do not appear to pass in the way prisoners are illiterate group of primitive, from the land of the dry-out papa kerontang, Temujin able to rise to become the most powerful man in the world.

His resurrection from the beginning of efforts to escape custody lawannya. Then he joined the Toghril, familiar friend departed father, a chieftain who has a connection in the relationship area. Following years of fisticuffs between the tribes, Temujin inch struggling to reach the peak.

Mongol tribes famous old equestrian rider, and the advanced-Pendekar Pendekar the hard-hearted. Throughout the history of their unrelenting storm northern China. However, before Temujin appear, among the Mongol tribes fight each other like a waste of energy. Caginess combine with attitude, courage, diplomacy, violence and organizing ability, Temujin succeeded to unite all tribes under the leadership of Temujin, and in 1206 a large permusyawaratan between Mongol tribes surname Temujin "Jengis Khan" which means "of the Emperor." Military strength Jengis Khan is frightening that the tip of the digalangnya vector tombaknya to the lands of adjoining. At first he melabrak HSI Hsia in northeast China and the Chin Empire in northern China. When the battle took place Jengis strife arose between Khan and Muhammad Shah Khwarezm who ruled the kingdom of the sizable amount of in Persia and Central Asia. In the year 1219 Jengis Khan pasukannya melabrak Khwarezm the Shah. Asia and the Middle Persian, and taken over the kingdom Khwarezm Shah Muhammad dihancurluluhkan. At the same time part of the Mongols attacked the Russian troops, private Jengis Khan led the army invade Afghanistan and northern India. He returned to Mongolia in 1225 years and died there in the year 1227.

Shortly before Jengis against Khan last breath, he requested that the son of three, Ogadai, so defined successor. This is a wise choice because Ogadai be a brilliant general results on the business itself. Under his leadership, Mongol forces penyerbuannya forward in China, as the Russian, and rush forward towards Europe. In the year 1241 the mix of Polish, German, Hungarian completely beaten by the Mongols who advanced rapidly towards Budapest. However, that year Ogadai died and Mongol troops back from Europe and never come back.

It's obvious that the space when the head of the Mongol tribes compete for each other on the issue of leadership. However, while the bottom two in the next Khan (Mangu Khan and Kublai Khan, grandson of both Jengis Khan) Mongol people continue pushing forward the progress in Asia. 1279 Year of the Mongols has been a master empirium the terluas in history. Control region includes China, Russia, Central Asia, Persia and also Southeast Asia. Army to advance the full success of the region that extends from Poland to the north of India, and the power of Kublai Khan ended in Korea, Tibet, and some parts of Southeast Asia.

Empirium that such a wide area in itself difficult to overcome through the transportation system that is still primitive. The result is abstruse maintain integrity of the authority, so that in the end empirium the split pieces. However, the Mongols still capable of enduring for many years. Mongol terhalau new people from most of the Chinese year 1368. In fact, their power over the Russian take longer. "Rover Gold," that's the nickname commonly given to the kingdom called the grandson of Batu Khan Jengis established in Russia to take up to a century-16 from the Crimea and Khamate stand up to year 1783. Great-great-great-great-establish another Jengis Khan of dynasties of the Central Asia and Persia. Both regions in this century to be caused to bow-14 by Timurleng (Tamerlane), Mongol is also bloody and claimed themselves descendants of Jengtis. Tamerlane dynasty ended in the 15th century. But even though this means the end is not the conquest-Mongol conquest and control is stop. Great-great-called Tamerlane and Baber invade and occupy India established Mogul dynasty (Mongol). Ruler-Mogul ruler, who control almost all of India still hold power calyx to mid-18 th century.

In the history of travel may have been ascertained by control of human-human - people say "eccentric" if want to - who has been able to conquer the world and successfully menguasainya. The most prominent of the "Megalomaniak" This is Alexander the Great, Jengis Khan, Napoleon Bonaparte and Hitler. And for what reason I put four people in this thread on the list of books in this list? Is not the idea more meaningful rather than army troops? I certainly agree that in the long term pen far rather have the strength of the sword. Even in the short-term measure. Each of the four top leaders in the area so knowledgeable and so many people and so the influence embed those sejamannya and they called and can not be such a common bandit.

Mongol Conquest
What's the conclusion I Jengis Khan is more important than the three other leaders? Some - of course - because they spread to the wider area of influence of another. And more importantly, they take place within a longer time. Napoleon and Hitler invincible when they are still alive and penaklukannya short measure. Although Alexander the Great army is not invincible at the time he closed the age, he was never appointed successor after his death and empiriumnya soon fall apart. However, Khan Jengis able to organize regional taklukannya so carefully and rapinya, and both the children and grandchildren-grandchildren are all heir to the firm. Mongol people forward control of wide areas in Asia so many centuries after the death of Khan Jengis.

One result indirectly defeat by Khan Jengis meaning save itself. Mongol conquest in unison with the incorporation of most of the more developed Asian trade routes in the area than the previous. And encourage the flow of trade between China and Europe. European traders-traders such as Marco Polo can thus travel to China and brought back stories of various shapes and how rich makmurnya China. Increased economic activities with the East and the increasing interest in China because one of your own that tempt people came to explore Europe and exploit Rejeki East.

One important fact: if Christoper Colombus, Simón Bolívar and Thomas Edison was not born to their mother's world, there may be others who find the continental United States, Latin America is free, find the electric light. However, if Jengis Khan emaknya never been born, not the world see the potential conquest so terrible and large-scale by the Mongols. Mongol tribes never be together before the 13th century and now they can not be united again. Khan Jengis thus no longer is a suspicion of the prime mover of the act in human history.

MAO TSE-TUNG 1893-1976

2009-04-25T07:23:00.000-07:00

Mao Tse-Tung led the Communist party to the summit of power in China, and in the twenty-seven years after the control head, startling changes and measure far there in the history of a nation is so large in number.

Mao Tse-Tung was born year 1893 in the village of Shao-shan in Hunan province, China. His father was quite the farmers. In the year 1911, when Mao still students age nine years, the revolution broke out memporakporandakan of the Ch'ing dynasty have become weak and useless, when this dynasty ruled China since 17th century. Only in several months are already terhalau the emperor and the keel, and diproklamirkan China as a republic. Malangnya, revolutionary leaders do not establish a government capable of a compact and stable and revolution marked by unrest and civil war in a long time, may be spelled in progress until 1949.

As a young adolescent age, Mao understand exactly cover the left in political views, and in 1920 he truly is so sincere Marxis. In 1921 he was one of the twelve founders of China's Communist party. But peningkatannya the highest peak of the party leadership to run slow, so the new year in 1935 he became the head of the party.

Meanwhile, on the whole is the way China's Communist party crawl, twist, shake-guncang hold power in the business. Party suffered many setbacks in the years 1927 and 1934, but somehow he is able to survive and continue living. Years after 1935, under the leadership of Mao, the party in power steadily increased and continues to grow. In the year 1947, China's Communist party is ready to topple the government combat nationalist party leader Chiang Kai-shek. In the year 1949, pasukannya snatch victory gilang-signal and the Communist party is absolutely all of the Chinese mainland.

China at the time of Mao, the Communist party leaders held the government after the calyx through fierce battle during the thirty-eight years, almost a China that is tercabik-torn, ragged, poor papa, and traditional and backward and illiterate, so that seems to haunt the dark career Mao with numerous obstacles and the appearance of dead end road.

But, contrary to the fact that, because thanks to the extraordinary influence of the mass, all the lack of it is not the end but the beginning of his leadership career, because at the time of his death in 1976 have been recast Mao practical total throughout China. One aspect of the renovation is a general modernization of the country, especially industrialization, improving the education standards of the extraordinary and rapid improvement of health level of people appalling. These changes, however important, is not to be the main reasons put Mao in the order in the list this book because other countries are in at the same time that do similar things.

By other terms of the success of China under Mao economic system is a change from the capitalist system to the socialist system. Politically, to be sure this penggarapan implemented through totalitarian means that hard. But keep in mind, through brainwashing and upgrading the intensive and no tired, Mao succeeded in not only a revolution in the economic but also political and social revolution. Only in the tempo of a quarter century has been done can be recast in terms of loyalty to the kefamilian into a narrow loyalty to the nation as a whole. Have recast the meaning of this very important considering that throughout history and ties of loyalty system kefamilian in China teramatlah kokohnya. Moreover, the Chinese government's persistent fight against wage propaganda ideology Kong Hu Cu-business and seems to reach this target.

Of course, Mao is not a line that determines the political government under the Communist party. Mao did not hold the role as a self-made by Stalin in the Soviet Union. However, Mao is the correct figure is far more important than anyone in the government of China until the end of the hayatnya 1976.

One project that is not more suspicion is the primary responsibility is what Mao called the famous "leap to the far future" at the end of the year 50-an. Many thought that the project inspector, including penitikberatan on pengintensifan production methods with the use of manpower, including in small-scale agriculture in the form of a commune, as a project that failed. (In many instances not even digubris). Other projects that Mao gained the support, the risk can be a challenge of many Chinese leaders others, is the "culture of proletarian revolution" in late 1960s. This is a sharp disagreement, in some cases nearly similar to the civil war between Mao and supporting on the one hand with the implacable bureaucracy of Communist party, on the other hand.

Interesting to note, Mao has aged in the mid-sixties age when the political "to leap far ahead", and been through the age of seven when dozens of "cultural revolution" driven. And in the time-step approach with the United States occurred, he was already nearly eighty years.

Mao hold the first opinion, the labor industry in the cities is the basis for most Communist party backer. This is in line with the theory of Marx. However, around 1952 Mao concluded - at least in China - the party came from pillar peasantry, not the labor. This contention is basically, because during the long and fierce battle with the nationalist regime, Mao always in rural areas. Applied this idea when he became head of state. For example, when Stalin, when the Russian general in charge of development in the sector dititikberatkan production industry, Mao generally attract greater attention on the development of the agricultural sector and rural areas. However, development of industry in China under Mao with the rapid progress.

Not that easy a rate the importance of long-term from a figure of contemporary politics. Consider in order that Mao must appear in the list of this book, can not we have to make a comparison with figures significant other. Mao Tse Tung get a place in the sequence above George Washington, because of renovation, the renovation of the country is the responsibility of the act is far more fundamental Mao rather what have sent by George Washington. Mao may also be the place up rather more Napoleon, Hitler and Alexander the Great due to the influence of long-term inherent in himself, and this is clearly greater than that the their predecessor.

Real comparison is between Mao and Lenin. Mao ruled in the time period that is longer than Lenin, Moreover the population of the country far more. (The fact was revealed, the berkuasanya Mao exceed a period of any ruler in history!) However, Lenin and Mao precede emit strong influence of Mao, with streets and establish communism in Russia means that he prepare and pave the way for the establishment of Communist China in the next.

People can almost work a business disejajarkan with Mao is a Shih Huang Ti. Both the Chinese and the two-renovation architect for renovation of his country. Shih Huang Ti could place further up in the order in this book because we know they last for not less than twenty-two centuries. While the changes implemented Mao likely more important and more fundamental, but we not yet know how long until they can survive.

SHIH HUANG TI 259 SM-210 SM

2009-04-25T07:09:00.000-07:00

Chinese Emperor Shih Huang Ti of years from 238-210 BC unify China with the power of weapons and put the basic renovation, renovation. This renovation is a major factor in the cultural unification China until now.

Shih Huang Ti (also famous with the nickname Ch'in Shih Huang Ti) was born 259 years BC, and died 210 years BC. Important to understand the meaning of privacy, we first need to know the background historical era. He was born in the year of the Chou dynasty, which was established around 1100 BC. Many time before, Chou dynasty already loss keampuhannya as the ruler, and China split split into numerous feudal states.

Various feudal kings this unending battle with one another, and finally some small ruler disappear. One of the most powerful country always scuffle that Ch'in, in the west of China. Leaders embrace the kingdom of Ch'in philosophical sect that made legalis country basis. Kong Hu Cu-recommend that people be an example through good example of moral leaders. But, according to the sect's philosophy legalis, people are not adequately shown through the way-Kong Hu Cu, because it is not possible ditrapkan. Mild, the people are strictly supervised by the rules of perspective and forced without feathers. Law and rules outlined by the ruler and the ruler if he can change the perspective necessary for the political future of the country.

Could be due to go on the idea legalis, could be also due to geographical location of the position, or may be owing to the ability of Ch'in, the country became among the country's most powerful countries in the kingdom of China at the time of Cheng (Shih Huang Ti offspring in the future ) was born. Cheng symbolically ascend the throne in 246 BC at the age of thirteen years, but in practice the council holds a government Cheng enough to mature in the year 238 BC. King is the new general-general of berkemampuan with the spirit and flame-flaming eliminate feudal countries still live. Feudal land fall last year 221 BC and after that he can proclaim himself as Wang (king) throughout China. Just to give weight, in order to cut off business relations with the past, he was wearing a new title and call himself a Shih Huang Ti means "the first Emperor."

Shih Huang Ti to immediately make big changes. Based on a determination to prevent divorce-berainya that China has more havoc Chou kingdom, he decided to delete out all the feudal system of government. Dikuasainya the region-divided into 36 provinces for him, and in each province appointed a civilian governor directly appointed by the emperor. Shih Huang Ti governor issued an edict that the province is not based more offspring. As a result of this decision, there were habits shift from the governor of one province to another province to prevent the possible occurrence of an ambitious local officials and prepare the basis for the power itself. Each province also has a military leader, appointed by the emperor, and at times can be moved at any time he was. In addition ditunjuknya the third official to maintain a balance between the civil governor and military governor. He built a long road connecting the capital and tidy with the provincial cities. Road is built in such a way - in addition to the meaning ekonomisnya - also at times can be used to maneuver the center to the regions that case many natural and try to make ulah can disrupt the stability and integrity of the power center. Shih Huang Ti also not forget the rules for aristokrat-aristokrat old who still lives in the capital have settled Hsieng with the purpose that they can be easily monitored with the movement-geriknya.

However, Shih Huang Ti was not satisfied until there. He was not satisfied only to matters political and military unity but also seeks support economic unity. He set norms for the size of the balance of goods and long term. He set a standard currency, various equipment, width and length of vehicles and overseeing the construction of roads and water channels. And he also set a uniform legal system for all of China following the standard language writing.

Doing the most illustrious emperor (or perhaps not the most popular) are rules that the year 213 BC that the fuel of all books in China, except for books related to the problems of agriculture, medicine, historical notes about the country Ch'in and the book - philosophy books written by author-author of the legalis understand. The rest - but not books doctrine Kong Hu Cu-- be destroyed. With the rules that may be diagnosed this is the first example of large-scale sensor in history. He intends melabrak-out philosophy philosophy lawannya, especially understood Kong Hu Cu-. However, Shih Huang Ti ordered the copy books are forbidden and are stored in the library in the capital.

Politics outside of his country no less loud and strong. To defeat him in the southern part of China, and the regions that ditaklukkan included in the China region. Also in the north and the west pasukannya successful, but he was not able to subjugate the population permanently. To prevent them not to attack China, Shih Huang Ti connect the various walls that already have the border in northern China which will be a giant line of the wall. Wall of China is still intact there is until now. Construction of this project following battle-field with outside parties, with the burden of high taxes, and this does not make them popular. Because of the rebellion against the government may not besinya hand, a series of acts done for the people spend soul. However, no one is killing this business works, and Shih Huang Ti reasonably died 210 years BC.

The Great Wall China
Son of Emperor replaced them erh title Shih Huang Ti. However, the child does not have the ability to father, so also some rebellion erupt. In the four years when he was killed. Library dibumihangus kingdom, and the Ch'in Dynasty fully prostrate.

However, the work of Shi Huang Ti businesses that are not things that dirampungkannya useless. The Chinese government really be pleased tiraninya has ended, but, there is a small eager to return to the atmosphere of anarchy such as the past. Next dynasty (Han Dynasty) forward the basic administrative system that ditegakkan by Ch'in Shih Huang Ti. And indeed, in reality, throughout the twenty-first century empire China continue lines that have been placed. Although the legal system of the Ch'in immediately dilunakkan by the Han Dynasty emperor, and even philosophy overlooks legalis already dijauhi and become more philosophical Confucianisme countries, political and cultural fusion that has been established by Shih Huang Ti is not changeable.

Overall, the essential meaning of Shih Huang Ti Chinese never to see. Western people always terpukau by the large size of China, but throughout history generally is not actually larger population rather than Europe. The difference is that Europe continues to be in pieces small country while China dipersatukan become a big country. This difference appears owing to political factors and social, not because geography factors, such as in the case of long distance mountain in China is not much different to that in Europe. Are known, China's unification is not considered to be the sole work of a Shih Huang Ti. Many people - such as Sui Wen Ti - also play an important role, but need not doubt that Shih Huang Ti's most important is important. He sentralnya point.

Talking about Shih Huang Ti is not complete without the perfect breathe prime menterinya a smart and powerful, Li Ssu. Indeed, the importance of the influence of Li Ssu to the emperor so that decisions are difficult to distinguish between them better determine the changes that occur. To avoid trouble look here look there, I set all services to their combined act Shih Huang Ti. (After all, even though Li Ssu ask advice, have the last word on the emperor).

Shih Huang Ti, among others, inflicted burn books, generally condemned by writers berfaham Kong Hu Cu-back in the day. They mengutuknya as tiran, kedukun-dukunan, full of superstition, hell, a child prostitute and berkemampuan inadequate responsibilities. Conversely, Chinese Communist general memujanya as a progressive thinker. Western writers sometimes compare the Shih Huang Ti with Napoleon. However, it seems he is more similar to Augustus Caesar, the founder of the Roman empire. Empirium dirikan that they have a little more similarity in size and number of knowledgeable local people. The difference, the Roman empirium stand much more brief and by region that are not able to August Caesar dipersatukan in a long time. Not so on Shih Huang Ti. That's why Shih Huang Ti have more influence rather than Augustus Caesar.

SHIH HUANG TI 259 SM-210 SM

2009-04-25T07:06:00.000-07:00