SUSANTA KUMAR PANIGRAHI

NATIONAL SYMBOLS OF INDIA

2014-10-19T17:49:00.001+05:30

SYMBOL NAME	SYMBOL
NATIONAL FLAG	TRIRANGA
NATIONAL EMBLEM	LION CAPITAL OF ASOK
NATIONAL CALENDAR	SAKA CALENDER
NATIONAL ANTHEM	JANA GANA MANA
NATIONAL SONG	VANDA MATARAM
NATIONAL FLOWER	INDIAN LOTUS
NATIONAL FRUIT	MANGO
NATIONAL RIVER	GANGA
NATIONAL TREE	INDIAN BANYAN
NATIONAL ANIMAL	ROYAL BENGAL TIGER
NATIONAL AQUATIC ANIMAL	RIVER DOLPHIN

ALL INDIAL'S STATE ALONG WITH MINISTER NAME

2014-10-19T15:38:00.003+05:30

SL NO	STATE NAME	CHIEF MINISTER NAME
1	Andhra Pradesh	Nara Chandrababu naidu
2	Arunachal Pradesh	Nabam Taki
3	Assam	Tarun gogoi
4	Bihar	Jiten ram manjhz
5	Chhattisgarh	Dr. raman singh
6	Goa	Manohar parrikar
7	Gujarat	Anandiben patel
8	Haryana	Bhupinder singh hooda
9	Himachal Pradesh	Virabhadra singh
10	Jammu and Kashmir	Omar Abdullah
11	Jharkhand	Hemant soren
12	Karnataka	Siddera mazih
13	Kerala	Oommen chandy
14	Madhya Pradesh	Shivraj chavan
15	Maharashtra	Prithviraj chavan
16	Manipur	Okram ibobi sing
17	Meghalaya	Dr. mukul sengmk
18	Mizoram	Du.lalzthanhauk
19	Nagaland	t.r.zeliang
20	Odisha	naveen patnaik
21	Punjab	prakash shing badal
22	Rajasthan	ms. Vasundehar raje
23	Sikkim	pavan chaming
24	Tamilnadu	ms. J. jaxalalithea
25	Telengana	kalavan kuntla chandrasekher rao
26	Tripura	manik sarkar
27	Uttar Pradesh	akhilesh yadav
28	Uttarakhand	harish pawat
29	West Bengal	ms. Mamata banerjee

INDIA'S ALL STATE'S CAPITAL ALONG WITH OFFICIAL LANGUAGES

2014-09-16T15:15:00.001+05:30

SL NO	STATE	CAPITAL	LANGUAGE
1	ANDHRA PRADAS	HYDRABAD	TELUGU
2	ARUNACHAL PRADAS	INTANGAR	NISHI
3	ASSAM	DISPUR	ASSAMESE
4	BIHAR	PATANA	HINDI
5	CHHATTISHGARH	RAIPUR	HINDI
6	GOA	PANAJI	MARATHI & PAHARI
7	GUJARAT	GANDHINAGAR	GUJARATI
8	HARYANA	CHANDIGARAH	HINDI
9	HIMACHALPRADAS	SHIMALA	HINDI & PAHAR
10	JAMMU & KASHMIR	SRINAGAR/JAMMU	PANJABI & URDU
11	JHARKHAND	RANCHI	HINDI
12	KARNATAK	BENGALUR	KANNADA
13	KERAL	THIRVANATAPURUM	MALAYALAM
14	MADHYA PRADAS	BHOPAL	HINDI
15	MHARASTRA	MUMBAI	MARATHI
16	MANIPUR	IMPHAL	MANIPURI
17	MEGHALAY	SHILLONG	JAINIA & GARO
18	MIZORAM	AIZAWL	MIZO
19	NAGALAND	KOHIMA	LOTHA & SEMA
20	ODISHA	BHUBANASWAR	ODIA
21	PUNJAB	CHANDIGARH	PUANJABI
22	RAJASTAN	JAIPUR	RAJASTANI & HINDI
23	SIKKIM	GANGOTAK	NEPALI,HINDI, MANIPURI
24	TAMILNADU	CHENNAI	TAMIL
25	TELANGANA	HYDERBAD	TELUGU
26	TRIPURA	AGCTALA	TRIPURI & MANIPURI
27	UTTARPRADASH	LUCKNOW	HINDI
28	UTTARAKHAND	DERHADUN	HINDI
29	WEST BENGAL	KOLKATA	BENGALI

UNION TERRITORIES	CAPITAL
Andaman & Nicober Island	Portblair
Chandigarh	Chandigarh
Dadar &Nagar haveli	Shivassa
Damon & Due	Daman
Delhi	Delhi
Lakiadweep	Kavaratti
Pondicherry	Pondicherry

NEW TRAIN TIMINGS IN ODISHA

2014-09-01T13:05:00.002+05:30

NEW RAILWAY TIMETABLE FROM 1ST SEPT IN ODISHA

ACCORDING TO EAST COAST RAILWAY OFFICIAL SITE PRESS RELEASE THAT "NEW RAILWAY TIME TABLE TO COMMENCE FROM 1ST SEPTEMBER" ON 27-AUG-2014.

9 TRAIN TIMINGS CHANGES AND 13 NEW TRAIN WILL BE NOTIFIED IN DUE COURSE.

FOR GUNUPUR TRAIN NO-58417(Puri-Gunupur passenger) WILL ARRIVE AT GUNUPUR AT 19:45 HRS(7:45 PM) AND NEW TRAIN(Visakhapatnam-Gunupur daily passenger via Nawapara) WILL BE NOTIFIED.

9 TRAIN TIMINGS CHANGES FORM 1ST SEPTEMBER ARE:-

18301 Sambalpur-Rayagada Express will leave Sambalpur at 0600hrs instead of its present earlier timings at 0630hrs and will arrive at Rayagada at 1300hrs. The timings for this train at Bargarh, Balangir and Titlagarh have also been changed.
18304 Puri-Sambalpur Inter City Express will leave Puri at 1520hrs instead of 1525hrs and will arrive at Sambalpur at 2210hrs. The timings for this train at Khurda Road, Bhubaneswar, Dhenkanal and Angul have also been changed.
58301 Sambalpur-Koraput passenger will leave Sambalpur at 0715hrs and will arrive at Koraput at 2330hrs instead of its earlier timings. The timings for this train at Bargarh, Balangir, Titlagarh and Rayagada have been changed.
58422 Puri-Angul passenger will leave Puri at 1550hrs and will arrive at Angul at 2140hrs instead of earlier timings. The timings for this train at Khurda Road, Bhubaneswar & Dhenkanal have also been changed.
58414 Puri-Talcher passenger will leave Puri at 1615hrs and will arrive at Talcher at 2225hrs instead of its earlier timings. The timings for this train at Khurda Road, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack & Dhenkanal have also been changed.
58416 Puri-Cuttack passenger will leave Puri at 0800hrs and will arrive at Cuttack at 1105hrs instead of earlier timings. The timings for this train at Sakshigopal, Khurda Road and Bhubaneswar have also been changed.
58417 Puri-Gunupur passenger will leave Puri at 0800hrs and will arrive at Gunupur at 1945hrs instead of earlier timings. The timings for this train at Sakshigopal and Khurda Road have also been changed.
18567 Visakhapatnam-Kollam Express will leave Visakhapatnam at 0830hrs and will leave Duvvada at 0900hs instead of its earlier timings over East Coast Railway jurisdiction from 1^st September.
22203 Visakhapatnam-Secunderabad Duronto Express will leave Visakhapatnam at 2015hrs and will arrive at Secunderabad at 0615hs on the next day instead of its earlier timings from 1^st September.

13 NEW TRAINS:

Visakhapatnam-Chennai Central Weekly Super Fast Express.
Visakhapatnam-Paradeep weekly Super fast Express.
Paradeep-Santragachhi weekly Super Fast Express.
Gandhidham-Puri weekly Express via Vizianagaram & Titlagarh.
Visakhapatnam-Secunderabad AC weeklySuper Fast Express.
Howrah-Yesvantpur AC weekly S/F Express.
Tata Nagar- Baiyyapanahali weekly Express via Jharsuguda, Titlagarh, Rayagada & Visakhapatnam,
Kamakhya- Baiyyapanahali weekly Premium via Howrah & Bhubaneswar.
Howrah-Chennai AC weekly Premium.
Kamakhya-Chennai weekly Premium.
Sambalpur-Bhawanipatna daily passenger via Titlagarh.
Visakhapatnam-Gunupur daily passenger via Nawapara.
Rourkela-Sambalpur daily passenger except Sunday.

WINNER OF BHARAT RATNA

2014-04-07T22:10:00.000+05:30

WINNER OF BHARAT RATNA

Bharat Ratna is India’s highest Civilian Award. It was first awarded in 1954. The actual award is designed in the shape of a peepal leaf with Bharat Ratna inscribed in Devanagri script in the sun figure.
The reverse aide of the decoration Satyamev Jayate has been write in Hindi with an inscription of state emblem. The emblem, the sun and the rim are of platinum. The inscriptions are in burnished bronze.

YEAR	WINNER
2013	Sachin Tendulkar
2013	Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao
2008	pandit bhimsen Joshi
2001	ustad Bismillah Khan
2001	Lata Dinanath mangeshkar
1999	Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi
1999	prof Amarty Sen
1999	loknayak jayprakash narayan
1999	pandit ravi Shankar
1998	smt Madurai shanmukhavadidu
1998	Sri Chidambaram Subramaniam
1997	Sri (Dr) Avul Pakir Jainualabdeen Abdul Kalam
1997	Smt Arunna Asaf Ali
1997	Sri Gulzari Lal Nanda
1992	Sri Maulalana Abul Kalam Azad
1992	Sri SAatyajith Ray
1992	Sri Jahangir Ratanji Dadahai Tata
1991	Sri Rajiv Gandhi
1991	Sardar Vallabhai Patel
1991	Sri Morarji Ranchodji Desai
1990	Dr Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
1990	Dr Bhimaro Ramji Ambedkar
1988	Sri Marudur Gopalan Ramachan -dran
1987	Khan Abdul ghaffar khan
1983	Shri acharrya Vinoba Bhave
1980	Mother Teresa(Agnes Gonxha)
1976	Shri kumaraswamy kamraj
1975	Shri varahagiri venkata Giri
1971	Smt indira Gandhi
1966	Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri
1963	Dr Zakir Hussain
1963	Dr Pandurang Vaman Kane
1962	Dr Rajendra Prasad
1961	Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy
1961	Shri Purushottam Das Tandon
1958	Dr dhonde keshav Karve
1957	Pt Govind Nallabh Pant
1955	Shri Jawaharlal Nehru
1955	Dr Mokshagundam vivesvaraya
1955	Dr Bhagwan Das
1954	Dr Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
1954	Dr Sarvapali Radhakrishnan
1954	Shri Chakravati Rajagopalachari

NOTE: Abdul Ghaffar Khan was the first foreigner to be honoured with this award in 1987. And Later Nelson Mandela (1990).

Award to Naturallsed Indian Citizen -- Mother Teresa(1980).
Youngest Overall to Receive the Bharat Ratna – Rajn Gandhi (Posthumously).
Wldest Overall to Receive the Award -- Vallabhabhai Patel.

FIRST IN INDIA(FEMALE)

2014-04-07T12:54:00.002+05:30

FIRST IN INDIA(FEMALE)

Achieve	Person
The first lady to become Miss World	Reita Faria
The first woman Judge in Supreme Court	Fatima Beevi
The first woman Chief Justice of High Court	Leela Seth
The first woman Judge	Anna Chandy
The first woman Lawyer	Comelia Sorabjee
The first woman Amnassador	CB Muthamma
The first woman Governor of a state in free India	Sarojini Naidu
The first woman Speaker of a State Assembly	Shanno Devi
The first woman Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
The first woman Minister of Government	Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
The first woman to climb Mount Everest	Bachhendri Pal
The first woman to climb Mount Everest twice	Santosh Yadav
The first woman Pilot in Indian Air Force	Harita Kaur Dayal
The first woman Airline Pilot	Durga Banerje
The first woman Honours Graduate	Kamini Roy
The first woman Olympic Medal Winner	Karnam Malleswari
The first woman Asian Games Gold Medal Winner	Kamaljit Sandhu
The first woman President of United Nations General Assembly	Vijaya Laxmi Pandit
The first woman Chief Minister of an Indian State	Sucheta Kripalani
The first woman Chiefman of United Public Service Commission	Rose Millian Bethew
The first woman Director General of Police	Kanchan C Bhattacharya
The first woman Lieutenant General	Puneeta Arora
The first woman Air Vice Marshal	P Bandopadhyaya
The first woman Chairperson of Indian Airlines	Sushma Chawla
The first woman IPS Officer	Kiran Bedi
The first woman to receive Ashoka Cahkra	Nirja Bhanot
The first woman to receive Jnanpith Award	Ashapurna Devi
The first woman to cross English Channel	Arati Saha
The first woman to receive Noble Prize	Mother Teresa

FIRST IN INDIA

2014-04-07T12:29:00.000+05:30

FIRST IN INDIA(MALE)

Achieve	Person
The first Indian to win the Noble prize	Rabindranath Tagore (1913)
The first Muslim President of India	Dr Zakir Hussain
The first man to introduce Printing Press in India	James Hicky
The first Indian to join the ICS n	Satyendra Nath Tagore
India’s first man in Space	Rakesh Sharma
The first Prime minister of India who resigned before the full term	Morarji Desai
The first Indian Commander-in-Chief of India	General Cariappa
The first Chief of Army Staff	General Maharaj Rajendra Singh Ji
The first Chief of Air Staff	Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst
The first Indian Member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council	SP Sinha
The first Field Marshal of India	SHFJ Manekshaw
The first Indian to receive Bharat Ratna Award	DR Radhakrishnan
The first person to receive Jnanpith Award	Sri Shankar Kurup
The first Education Minister	Abul Kalam Azad
The first Home Minister of India	Saradar Vallabhbhai Patel
The first Indian Air Chief Marshal	Subroto Mukherjee
The first Indian Naval Chief	Vice Admiral R D Katari
The first Judge of International Court of Justice	Dr Nagendra Singh
The first person to reach Mt Everest without oxygen	Sherpa Anga Dorjee
The first person to get Pram Vir Chakra	Major Somnath Sharma
The first person to receive Magsayasy Award	Acharya Vinoba Bhave
The first person of Indian origin to get Noble Prize in Medicine	Hargobind Khorana
The first person to receive Stalin Prize	Saifuddin Kitchiew
The first person to resign from the Central Cabinet	Shyama Mukherjee
The first Indian to get Noble Prize in Physics	CV Raman
The first Indian to receive Noble Prize in Economics	Amartya sen
The first Indian Pilot	JRD Tata(1929)

SPEAKERS OF LOK SABHA

2014-04-03T22:34:00.001+05:30

SPEAKERS OF LOK SABHA

NAME	PHOTO	TENURE
NAME	PHOTO	FROM	TO
GV Mavalankar		15.05.1952	07.02.1956
MA Ayyangar		08.03.1956	10.05.1957
MA Ayyangar		11.05.1957	06.04.1962
Hukam Singh		17.04.1962	16.03.1967
N Sanjeeva Reddy		17.03.1967	19.07.1969
Dr GS Dhillon		08.08.1969	19.03.1971
Dr GS Dhillon		22.03.1971	01.12.1975
Baliram Bhagat		05.01.1976	25.13.1977
N Sanjeeva Reddy		26.03.1977	13.07.1977
KS Hedge		21.07.1977	21.01.1980
Dr Balram Jakhar		02.01.1980	15.01.1985
Dr Balram Jakhar		16.01.1985	18.12.1989
Rabi Ray		19.12.1989	09.07.1991
Shiv Raj Patil		10.07.1991	22.05.1996
PA Sangma		23.05.1996	23.03.1998
GMC Balyogi		24.03.1998	21.10.1999
GMC Balyogi		27.10.1999	03.03.2002
Manohar Joshi		10.05.2002	20.02.2004
Somnath Chatterjee		05.06.2004	02.06.2009
Meira Kumar		03.06.2009	04.06.2014
Sumitra Mahajan		06.06.2014	Till Date

IMPORTANT DATES AND DAYS OF THE YEAR

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IMPORTANT DATES AND DAYS OF THE YEAR

January

1        Army Medical Corps Establishament Day

5        Louis Braille Day

9        NRI Day

12      National Youth Day[Birthday Of   Swami Vivekanand]

15      National Tourism Day,Voter’s Day

25      Army   Day

26     Indian   Republic Day, International   Customs Day

30     Martyr’s Day   [Mahatma Gandhi’s Martyrdom], World Leprosy Eradication Day

February

24     Central Excise Day

28      National Science Day

March

8        International Women’s Day

15      World Consumer Rights Day, World Disabled Day

21      World Forestry Day, International Day For The Elimination Of Racial Discrimination

22      World Water Day

23      World Meteorological Day

24      World TB Day

April

5        National Maritime Day, Internal   Day For Mine Awareness

7        World Health Day

17      World Haemophilia Day

18      World Heritage Day

21      Civil Service Day

22 World Earth Day

May

1        International Labour Day(May Day)

3        International Energy Day, World     Press Freedom Day

8        World Red Cross Day

12      International Nurses Day

17      World Telecommunication Day

July

4        American Independence Day

7        International Day Of Co-Operatives

11      World Population Day

August

6        Hiroshima Day

8        World Senior Citizen’s Day

9        August Kranti Divas, Nagasaki Day

12      International Youth Day

15      India’s Independence Day

18      Day Of The World Indigenous Day Persons

29      National Spots Day( Dhyanchand’s Birthday)

September

5        Teacher’s Day (Radhakrishnan Birthday)

8        International Literacy Day(UNESCO)

14      Hindi Day, World, World First Aid Day

15      Engineers Day, International Day Of Democracy

16      World Ozone Day

18      International Day Of Peace

21      Biosphere Day, World Alzheimer’s   Day

27      World Tourism Day

October

2        International Non-Violence Da Y, Lal Bahadur Shastri And Mahatmas Gandhi’s Birthday

3        World Habitat Day

5        World Teacher’s Day

8        Indian Air Force Day

16      World Food Day

24      United Nations Day

November

9        Legal Service Day

14      Children’s Day, World Diabetics Day

17      National Epilepsy Day

20      Universal Children’s Day (UN),Africa Industrialization Day

21   World Fisheries Day

December

1        World AIDS Day

4        Navy Day

5        International Volunteer’s Day

7        Armed Forces Flag Day

10      Human Rights Day

11      UNICEF Day , International Mountain Day

14      National Energy Conservation Day

16      Vijay Divas

23      Kisan Divas(Farmer’s Day)
25      National Good Governance Day

INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES

2014-04-03T15:12:00.003+05:30

INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES

Invention	Year	Inventor	Country
Air conditioning	1902	Carrier	USA
Atomic bomb	1945	J Robert Oppenheimer	USA
Ball-Point Pen	1888	John J Loud	USA
Barometer	1644	Evangelista Torricelli	Italy
Bicycle	1839-40	Kirkpatrick Macmillan	Britain
Car(stream)	1769	Nicolas cugnot	France
Carburetor	1876	Gottlieb daimiler	Germany
Car(Petrol)	1888	Kari Benz	Germany
Cassette(videotape)	1969	Sony	Japan
Cinema	1895	Nicolas & Jean Lumiere	France
Compact disc	1972	RCA	USA
Computer(Laptop)	1987	Sinclair	Britain
Diesel engine	1895	Rudolf Diesel	Germany
Dynamo	1832	Hypolite Pixii	France
Electric washing machine	1906	AlvaJ Fisher	USA
Electron	1897	Thomson J	Britain
Fiber optics	1955	Kepany	Britain
Film(Moving Outline)	1885	Louis Prince	France
Film(Talking)	1922	J Engl, J Mussolle & H Vogt	Germany
Gramophone	1878	Thomson Alva Edison	USA
Helicopter	1924	Etienne Oehmichen	France
Hydrogen Bomb	1952	Edward teller	USA
Jet Engine	1937	Sir Frank Whittle	Britain
Laser	1960	Theodore maiman	USA
Microphone	1876	Alexander Graham Bell	USA
Microwave Oven	1947	Percy LeBaron Spencer	USA
Pacemaker	1952	Zoll	USA
Photoelectric Cell	1893	Julius Eister, Hans F Geitel	Germany
Pistol, Revolver	1836	Colt	USA
Radar	1922	A H Taylor & Leo C Young	USA
Radiocarbon dating	1947	Libby	USA
Radio telegraphy	1864	Dr Mohlon Loomis	USA
Refrigerator	1850	JAMES Harrison, Alexander catlin	USA
Rubber(Tyres)	1846	Thomas hancock	Britain
Ship(Stream)	1775	I C Perier	France
Stream Engine	1698	Thomas Savery	Britain
Steel(stainless)	1913	Harry Brearley	Britain
Super computer1976	1976	J H Van Tassel	USA
Telegraph	1787	M Lammond	France
Telephone(Cellular)	1947	Bell Labs	USA
Telephone(Imperfect)	1849	Antonio Meucci	Italy
Telephone(Perfect)	1976	Alexander Graham Bell	USA
Telescope	1608	Hans Lippershey	Naetherlands
Television(mechanical)	1926	John Logie Baird	Britain
Television(electronic)	1927	P T Farnsworth	USA
Television(Color)	1928	John Logie Baird	Britain
Transformer	1831	Michael Faraday	Britain
Transistor	1948	Bardeen, Shockley & Brattain	USA
Uranium Fission(Atomic reactor)	1942	Szilard Fermi	USA

VICE-PRESIDENT OF INDIA

2014-03-31T15:10:00.002+05:30

LIST OF VICE-PRESIDENTS( INDIA )

PHOTO	NAME	TENURE	NOTES
	Dr S Radhakrishnan	1952 to 1962	1^st Vice-president had the longest tenure (10 year, elected twice)
	Dr Zakir Hussain	1962 to 1967
	V V Giri	1967 to 1969	Shortest tenure so far(2 years)
	G S Pathak	1969 to 1974
	B D Jatti	1974 to 1979
	Mohd Hidayat-ul-lah	1979 to 1984
	R Venakataraman	1984 to 1987
	Dr S D Sharma	1987 to 1992
	K R Narayanan	1992 to 1997
	Krishan kant	1997 to 2002	Died in office
	Bhairon Singh Shekhawat	2002 to 2007
	Mohammad Hamid Ansari	2007 to till date

What are mahavira’s contributions to mathematics?

2013-06-23T13:53:00.000+05:30

Mahavira was an Indian mathematician who lived in 9^th century. He worked in Mysore in southern India. Where he was a member of a school of mathematics. Mahavira made significant contributions to the development of algebra.

The only known book by mahavira is ‘Ganita Sara Samgraha,’ dated 850 AD. It consisted of nine chapters, and included all the mathematical knowledge of 9^th century India.

There where many indian mathematicians before the time of mahavira but perhaps, surprisingly, their work on mathematics is always contained in texts which discuss other topics such as astronomy.

The ganita sara samgraha by mahavira is the earliest Indian text we possess, which is devoted entirely to mathematics. Mahavira also stressed the importance of mathematics in all kinds of disciplines, including cooking.

Why is brahmadeva considered one of the immortals of mathematics?

2013-06-23T12:45:00.003+05:30

Brahmadeva was an Indian mathematician who wrote a commentary on the work of Aryabhata. He lived between 1060 and 1130 AD in the Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh.

Brahmadeva’s commentary is in nine chapters, and it follows the contents of the original work of aryabhata, including the longitudes of the planets, problems relating to the daily rotation of the heavens, eclipses of the sun and moon, risings and settings, the lunar crescent, and conjunctions of the planets.

Brahmadeva’s commentary, dealing partly with trigonometry and its applications to astronomy, was particularly popular in madras, Mysore, and Maharashtra.

Brahmadeva died at the age of 70, but his reputation as a scientist, mathematician, astronomer, and academician lives on.

TERMS FOR NUMBERS

Bhaskaracharya has given the terms for numbers in multiples of ten. They are eka(1), dasha(10), shata(100), sahasra(1000), ayuta(10,000), laksha(100,000), prayuta(1,000,000=1 milion) and so on.

Bhaskaracharya considered a genius

Bhaskaracharya was a genius in mathematics, especially in algebra and geometry. He was born in sahyadri, and headed the astronomical observatory in Ujjain.

Bhaskaracharaya also known as Bhaskara II(AD 1114-1183), wrote six books on arithematic, algebra, trigonometry, calculus, geometry, and astronomy. He suggested simple methods to calculate the square, square roots,cube, and cube roots of big numbers.

The Pythagoras theorem was proved by him in only two lines. Bhaskaracharya wrote about the gravitational force that helps to keep the planets, the sun, and the moon in their respective orbits much before the rest of the world even though about such an explanation. His work on calculus predates newton and Leibniz by over half a millennium. He is particularly known for the discovery of the principles of differential calculus, and its application to astronomical problems and computations. His renowned works are ‘Lilavati’ and ‘Bijaganita’.

Why is sridhara considered to be a great mathematician?

2013-06-19T00:20:00.002+05:30

Sridhara

Sridhara, was an Indian mathematician who lived around the 10^th century (AD 870-930). There are two theories concerning his birthplace. Some historians believe that sridhara was born in southern india. He is famous for his writings on the practical applications of algebra, and he was one of the first to give a formula for solving quadratic equations.

Sridhara is known as the author of two mathematical treatises, namely the trisatika, sometimes called the patiganitasara, and the patiganita. However, at least three other works have been attributed to him too. The patiganita covers the mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, finding squares, cubes and their roots, fractions, proportions, and some geometrical principles, but the last section is lost. The Trisatika is a brief summary of the patiganita.

Why is patanjali respected to this day?

2013-06-18T23:27:00.000+05:30

Statue of Patanjali

Patanjali, or Acharya Patanjali as he has been known through the ages, was one of the great yogies of all time. He lived in the 2^nd century BC, and is credited with the first attempt to bring together all the knowledge contained in the ancient indian science of yoga. He prescribed the control of prana or life breath as the means to conrol the body, mind, and soul. Acharya Patanjali’s 84 yogic postures effectively enhance the efficiency of the respiratory, circulatory, nervous, digestive, and endocrine systems, and many other organs of the body.

The yoga system of patanjali is known as the Eightfold Path, which leads to the final goal of God-realization. Acharya Patanjali will forever be rembered and revered as a pioneer in the science of self-discipline, happiness, and self-realization.

Why is Brahmagupta considered a great mathematician?

2013-06-12T13:52:00.002+05:30

Brahmagupta was a great 7^th century(AD 597-668) Indian mathematician and astronomer hailing from the state of Rajastan. Brahmagupta become the head of the astonomical observatory at Ujjain.

Brahmagupta

In his work on arithematic, Brahmagupta explained how to find the cube and cube-root of an integer, and gave rules facilitating the computation of squares and square roots. He also gave rules for dealing with five types of combinations of fractions.

Brahmagupta’s genius, however, came in his treatment of the concept of zero. Although the number zero is often also attributed to the 7^th century Indian mathematician Bhaskara I, Brahagupta’s ‘Brahhma Sphuta Siddhanta’ is probably the earliest known text to treat zero as a number in its own rigth, rather than as simply a placehoder digit as was done till then.

Brahmagupta also dedicated a substantial portion of his work to geometry and trigonomery.

Why is Aryabhata considered to be one of the greatest of astronomers?

2013-06-12T13:49:00.004+05:30

Aryabhata is a famous indian mathematician and astronomer, who was born in 476 AD, he studied at the University of nalanda. Later, he become the head of the university.

ARYABHATA

Aryabhata is considered to have changed the course of mathematics and astonomy to a grate wxtent. He was the first to deduce that the Earth is round, and that it rotates on its own axis, creating day and night. He declared that the moon is dark and shines only because of sunlight, and that the eclipses are caused by the shadows cast by the Earth and Moon.

His most famous works are Aryabhatiya, and the arya Siddhanta. Aryabhata was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and astonomy. India’s first satellite is named after him.

Why was Varahamihira considered one of the nine jewels of Vikramaditya’s court?

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Varahamihira

Varahamihira was an indian astrologer, astronomer, and mathematician who lived in Ujjain between 505 and 587 AD. His book ‘Pancha Siddhanta’ holds a prominent place in the realm of astronomy. The work is a treastise on mathematical astonomy, and it summarizes five earlier astronomical treatises.

Varahamihira’s other works reveal his discoveries in the fields of geography, science, botony, and animal science.

In his treatise on botanical science, Varahamihira presents cures for various diseases afflicting plants and trees. His work ‘Brihat Samhita’ gives us desciptions of heavenly bodies, their movements, and conjunctions.

Varahamihira made some important mathematical discoveries as well. He was considered to be one of the nine jewels or navaratnas of the court of the legendary ruler Vikramaditya of Ujjain for his contributions to different branches of science.

Who was nagarjuna?

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Nagarjuna was a great indian scientist who was born in Gujarat in AD 931. He was a chemist, an alchemist, metallurgist and medicine man.

As an alchemist, he knew the art of transmuting base metals to look like gold. The Arabs learnt the technique from him, and called it AI kimia. Medieval Europeans learnt about it from the Arabs, and called it alchemy.

Nagaruna’s most famous work is ‘Rasaratnakara,’ which deals with preparations of rasa- or mercury- compounds. In his treatise, he has discussed methods for the extraction of metals like gold, silver, tin, and copper.

As the author of medical books like ‘Arogya manjari’ and ‘Yogasara’, he also made significant contributions to the field of curative medicine. Because of his profound scholarliness and versatile knownledge, he was appointed as chancellor of the famous University of Nalanda. He was one of the wizards of chemistry, and his discoveries continue to impress and astonish scientist even today.

CHARAKA SAMHITA

‘Charaka Samhita’ is the famous Ayurvedic treatise written by Charaka. It has remained a standard work on the subject for more than two thousand years, and has been trsnslated into many languages, including Latine and Arabic.

Why is kanada associated with the atom?

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The sage kanada, who lived in the 6^th century BC, was the world’s first proponent of the ‘atomic theory’. He stated that the atom- or paramanu- is indivisible, and that the world is made up of atoms. He has classified all the objects of creation into nine elements earth, water, light, wind, ether, time, space, mind, and soul. According to him, every object of creation is made of atoms. Kanada added that there are a variety of paramanu that are as different as the different classes of substances. Each paramanu has a peculiar property which is the same as the class of substance it belongs to. Kanada spoke of the tendency of atoms or paramanu to combine together to form what we now call molecules. Kanada also put forward the idea of chemical change, which he said is caused by heat. Kanada was a genius, philosopher, and the pioneer of the atamic theory.

HALAYUDHA

Halayudha was an indian mathematician who lived in the 10^th century AD. He is believed to be the first person to give a clear description of a geometrical arrangement now known as pascal’s triangle.

Why is charaka called the ‘the father of medicine’?

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Acharya Charak

Charaka was born around 300 BC. He is belived to have benn a wandering Buddhist monk and physician, and was one of the principal contributors to the ancient art and science of ayurveda. He wrote a famous treatise called ‘Charaka Samhita’, which is used as a referance book even today. Charaka was the first physician to present the concept of digestion, metabolism, immunity, and the fundamental of genetics. He studied the anatomy of the human body and various organs, and calculated 360 as the total number of bones, including teeth, present in the human body. He wrongly believed that the heart had one cavity, but he was right when he considered it to be a contolling center.

Charaka never just treated diseases. He would first study all the factors, including enveronment, which influence a patient’s disease, and only then, prescribe a course of treatment. To this day, charaka is called the father of medicine, and is famed for his power to illuminate the reason for illness with the lamp of knownledge and understanding.

Why is sushruta called ‘the father of plastic surgery?’

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SUSHRUTA STATUE

Sushruta was one of the earliest surgeons in recorded history. He lived in the 6^th century BC, nearly 150 years before hippocrates, and left a book, the ‘Susthruta Samhita,’ explaining his surgical methods.

In his book, sushruta described how to pull teeth, how to fix broken bones, and how to fix blockages of the intestines.

Sushruta was the first physician to advocate what is today known as the ‘caesarean’ surgery. He was also an expert in removing kidkey stones, and locating and treating fractures.

Sushruta was the first physician who mened a nose almost 26 centuries ago. The technique he used is not very different from what a plastic surgeon uses today.

Why is Baudhayana associated with the pythagoras theorem?

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BAUDHAYANA

A famous theorem in geometry, known as the pythagoras theorem was actually explained by an indian mathematician called baudhayana, many years before pythagoras was born. Baudhayana lived around 800 BC. Pythagoras lived between 580 and 500 BC. Baudhayana was the author of one of the earliest documents in indian mathematics. It is believed that pythagoras actually travelled to Egypt, and then india, and learned many important mathematical theories, among them what is now known as the pythagoras theorem. Baudhayana has made many other important discoveries. These included how to draw a circle and a square having the same area, the value of the square root of two, and the approximate value of ‘pi’ which is calculated and corrected to five decimals.

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

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An Internet Cafe in China

An internet service provider is a company that acts like a gateway between your computer, and the rest of the net. An internet service provider or ISP, maintains cabling and network services in order to transfer and deliver web content to those paying the subscription fee. Depending on where you live, you might pay a set price per month or year, for unlimited access. You can also opt for an hourly rate or a tariff based on how much you download. The ISP you select gives you a software package, username and password. Equipped with a device called a modem, you can then log on to the internet, browse the World Wide Web.

Spam

When many copies of the same message flood the internet, the message is considered to be spam or junk mail. Spam is basically any kind of unwanted online communication. The most common form of spam is annoying but harmless while others can be a part of a fraudulent scheme. To protect yourself against email spam, use email software with built-in spam filtering.

search engines important

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A search engine is a software program in your computer that enables you to locate information on the World Wide Web. Searchengines look through their own databases of information in order to find what it is that you are looking for. To use a search engine, you must find type in what you want to find. The search engines software quickly sorts through millions of pages in its database to find matches to the words you have typed in.

Ted Nelson

Hypertext

Hypertext is a special database system. It links related objects like text, pictures, and music programs. When you select an object, you can see all the other objects that are linked to it, and access them by clicking on that phrase or object. Example, if you are reading about a singer, the name of his most famous songs will be part of the document. If you click on a name, the words of the screen. Hypertext was invented by Ted Nelson in the 1960’s.

SUSANTA KUMAR PANIGRAHI

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Air conditioning