tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70406810429039377282024-02-20T13:28:37.457-03:00.Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.comBlogger305125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-77266681125631599542023-04-29T15:26:00.002-03:002023-04-29T15:26:16.541-03:00Contratempo<p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"> Olá para você que chega até aqui... não sei dizer se é culpa minha ou se o blogger (esta distinta plataforma que uso para sediar meu blog) me sacaneou... mas minhas postagens perderam as imagens... algumas poucas se salvaram e não faço ideia de como reverter isto. Não recebi qualquer satisfação ou explicação. Sorte que mantenho um backup da maioria das postagens, aquelas de conteúdo escolar. Então farei o upload das imagens de cada postagem. Até lá, peço a sua paciência.</span></b></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-51296504205810120222023-04-12T21:29:00.004-03:002023-05-14T19:32:23.018-03:00O que é Ciência?<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: x-large;">Quando comecei (<a href="https://paulosutil.blogspot.com/2022/03/introducao-quimica-e-conceitos-iniciais.html" target="_blank">link</a>) a explicar o que é química, iniciei dizendo que ela é uma ciência. Como não podemos deixar palavras diferentes passarem direto, temos de nos perguntar: o que é ciência?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_RYpB5VFbouLJxi0_l9Cm-hQo0EDmuKZUOf940l27T1KQoNOM3f-dOLRzqkglgFllzU2rLhVcl59PA39bGbnNE62dvYktshG6HXkZS2fObonIu_dSM7E-glzz10sDEKUd0WG-15iYLDXHKnpyOubOhbmr85A7xro69cfBNhWF9B1pJYYphTiD4pF4/s646/011%20o%20que%20%C3%A9%20ci%C3%AAncia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="646" height="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_RYpB5VFbouLJxi0_l9Cm-hQo0EDmuKZUOf940l27T1KQoNOM3f-dOLRzqkglgFllzU2rLhVcl59PA39bGbnNE62dvYktshG6HXkZS2fObonIu_dSM7E-glzz10sDEKUd0WG-15iYLDXHKnpyOubOhbmr85A7xro69cfBNhWF9B1pJYYphTiD4pF4/w640-h540/011%20o%20que%20%C3%A9%20ci%C3%AAncia.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">É comum associar a imagem de um laboratório e uma pessoa manuseando utensílios como béqueres (líquido amarelo), erlenmeyers (líquido azul) e balões de destilação (líquido verde). Este último aquecido por uma chama fornecida pelo bico de Bunsen. Ciência também é feita dessa forma.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Antes de responder imediatamente o que é ciência, quero falar de conhecimento. Tudo aquilo que você aprende durante a vida forma o seu conjunto de conhecimentos. Alguns úteis, outros não. Alguns pessoais, outros você deseja compartilhar. Alguns verdadeiros, outros não. Alguns você acha que fazem sentido, outros acha que não fazem. Toda informação que armazenamos na memória chega até nós de alguma maneira, não importa como, o que importa é como distinguir o verdadeiro do não verdadeiro, que muitos confundem com falso, mas deixarei isto para outra oportunidade.<span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Algumas vez você já teve azia? Azia, também conhecida como pirose, é caracterizada por uma sensação de desconforto e queimação na garganta e nas regiões superior e média do peito, além de um gosto ácido (azedo) na boca. Como você pode notar, azia é um sintoma de acidez estomacal. Nesta circunstância você já tomou algum remédio para acidez estomacal? Ou ocorreu de uma senhorinha da sua família sugerir chá de boldo?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Boldo, boldo africano ou boldo-de-jardim é uma planta “Indicado como analgésico, estimulante da digestão e para combater azias. Quando usado por longos períodos, pode causar irritação gástrica. Seu uso é eficaz no combate a males hepáticos. O boldo deve ser evitado durante a gravidez, pois pode ter propriedades abortivas. Os praticantes da medicina popular consideram que estimula as funções digestivas, aumentando a secreção biliar, e é diurético”. Esta última parte eu retirei do verbete da wikipédia a respeito do boldo.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw_VEZR4Zx0Rv1mEYWKMYd0hemvhG0JIjMq-eNVa_QRGt9984TEpkQAiYmiXBv9tT8k0r4eVffyQlr-w3oDktuMikvDdZ-_2azC-5rIRf31F0ntLGtZzOd0AbaEkEQHPPU9stXYVWmz-PLlzUn4X763XmY2MPrriTRuhuAtmZWX2H5ra9AwY-e_Lxq/s1024/012%20boldo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw_VEZR4Zx0Rv1mEYWKMYd0hemvhG0JIjMq-eNVa_QRGt9984TEpkQAiYmiXBv9tT8k0r4eVffyQlr-w3oDktuMikvDdZ-_2azC-5rIRf31F0ntLGtZzOd0AbaEkEQHPPU9stXYVWmz-PLlzUn4X763XmY2MPrriTRuhuAtmZWX2H5ra9AwY-e_Lxq/w640-h426/012%20boldo.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pode ser que a senhorinha não saiba todos os detalhes citados acima. Mas ela carrega consigo uma ideia desde a infância, passada por gerações, de que o chá de boldo ajuda em situações específicas. Esta é uma forma de conhecimento. Por acaso é verdadeira.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Provavelmente você conhece alguma superstição. Seja a de usar um pé de coelho, uma ferradura ou o trevo de quatro folhas. São ideias passadas adiante pelas pessoas que não parecem fazer sentido e acabam por fazer parte de rituais. Às vezes funcionam, às vezes não, mas é comum lembrarmos apenas das vezes em que funcionam.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4u0ESE77Wn3WN07PS6wfzGNcFb99pIcAql00Ix9BGezQVkhft0sQX1hveqs4BSVIE1IggxNV_qh0KwMPMbLIxRiuKduwGDGfPuBkp03oiYyVj8d75mu2qvMXzaZTml2aayC-98YAcqmOZSL_0ZNyVnAPpyZOORZj4HzmT1zNBJfZS_gJaEO5KcpCK/s550/013%20supersti%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="550" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4u0ESE77Wn3WN07PS6wfzGNcFb99pIcAql00Ix9BGezQVkhft0sQX1hveqs4BSVIE1IggxNV_qh0KwMPMbLIxRiuKduwGDGfPuBkp03oiYyVj8d75mu2qvMXzaZTml2aayC-98YAcqmOZSL_0ZNyVnAPpyZOORZj4HzmT1zNBJfZS_gJaEO5KcpCK/w640-h480/013%20supersti%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A pergunta mais pertinente que devemos nos fazer agora é: como distinguir aquele conhecimento que funciona do que não funciona? Ciência é a resposta!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDGnO3wj3OYmnBj9U0AitMOxn266lxORHMy4HKgU8Lt6lEdJe0GN-RPbDzHkmeL5KsuHRi27F8XXNPWsgL9bqlo_ggW-9vx9_jbV2FvMFc0Zq4ysvdMMFToTG8jR2AHzQlZ1Y4JOFTg3Xq8tcRmhStd4yHHv4G_Vn2hiQQw2Ho1e4h1bhqBs0vJ1Bb/s680/014%20science.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="680" height="590" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDGnO3wj3OYmnBj9U0AitMOxn266lxORHMy4HKgU8Lt6lEdJe0GN-RPbDzHkmeL5KsuHRi27F8XXNPWsgL9bqlo_ggW-9vx9_jbV2FvMFc0Zq4ysvdMMFToTG8jR2AHzQlZ1Y4JOFTg3Xq8tcRmhStd4yHHv4G_Vn2hiQQw2Ho1e4h1bhqBs0vJ1Bb/w640-h590/014%20science.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Veja bem, ciência é uma ferramenta desenvolvida pela humanidade para identificar como a natureza funciona. Pois ela não vem com manual de instrução. Como a ciência nos ajuda a saber se alguma ideia corresponde à realidade? As pessoas que trabalham com ciência, ou seja, os cientistas, seguem o método científico.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">E como funciona esse tal de método científico? Bem, ele possui etapas. Vamos a elas:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;">1ª Etapa: observação de um fenômeno.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Por exemplo, um fenômeno observado há séculos pelos seres humanos, é a lua de sangue. Quando a lua é cheia e passará por um eclipse (lunar). Como é de se imaginar, ela fica avermelhada nesta circunstância.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilbK4ql_YdJoy5Q7ednQXckSTAyGwGBay6Z74gW14WiWse7U6_S99wCklO0o2cgMHt8XvdnM_Wfio6uVu5ukm9buK4PEG6nyJW-WeTDF5bgaNO9W7ydm6muZ5BcsZqQb-A8HZCmGlTspnhdUHtIj2TOWtZhF3rKizhdrKzmD__rU0wNTmqESlXmcJb/s650/015%20observa%C3%A7%C3%B5es.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="650" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilbK4ql_YdJoy5Q7ednQXckSTAyGwGBay6Z74gW14WiWse7U6_S99wCklO0o2cgMHt8XvdnM_Wfio6uVu5ukm9buK4PEG6nyJW-WeTDF5bgaNO9W7ydm6muZ5BcsZqQb-A8HZCmGlTspnhdUHtIj2TOWtZhF3rKizhdrKzmD__rU0wNTmqESlXmcJb/w640-h400/015%20observa%C3%A7%C3%B5es.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Muitas vezes você não precisa testemunhar o fenômeno. Basta receber um relato dele. É o caso de Eratóstenes de Cirene, diretor da Biblioteca de Alexandria, num dos manuscritos dessa instituição, ele tomou conhecimento de que, no Solstício de Verão, na cidade de Siena (atual Assuão), ao meio-dia, o Sol ficava quase exatamente no zênite (quando os objetos não fazem sombra), de modo que podia ser observado no fundo de um poço.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyCLcO7yp77dRyg6FqCy8WArjLsIKr8ZunrDFjaQ_d-wgcnrvHsw2Bug9j_ZvBvG9fsWslS5C8RonEzHkQSi3k2H5QLU2mqfSoTXSCg13sl4PDEBSDiOQX3mX9BPbDtv5jAVNLjCT5NvzXyNzsudDUmt0wUwDRApReJeReF8UX14tNqTe-ZiE69rsS/s255/016%20Erat%C3%B3stenes.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="184" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyCLcO7yp77dRyg6FqCy8WArjLsIKr8ZunrDFjaQ_d-wgcnrvHsw2Bug9j_ZvBvG9fsWslS5C8RonEzHkQSi3k2H5QLU2mqfSoTXSCg13sl4PDEBSDiOQX3mX9BPbDtv5jAVNLjCT5NvzXyNzsudDUmt0wUwDRApReJeReF8UX14tNqTe-ZiE69rsS/w462-h640/016%20Erat%C3%B3stenes.jpg" width="462" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>Eratóstenes (276 a 194 aec)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Chamo a atenção para esses dois casos pelo seguinte motivo. Às vezes o fenômeno é explícito ou pouco discreto. Por vezes ele é tão sutil que mal se percebe. Neste caso, nota-se a genialidade do Eratóstenes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;">2ª Etapa: elaboração de uma pergunta.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A pergunta que um ser humano faria a si mesmo diante de uma lua de sangue depende de quando na história ele viveu. Depende também de seu acesso a informações cruciais a respeito de astronomia e, possivelmente, de sua localização no planeta. Se uma pessoa acredita que tais fenômenos são causados pelas divindades cultuadas por sua sociedade, sua pergunta envolverá uma delas. Caso ela saiba que as divindades “nãos e importam” com a cor da lua, sua pergunta será no sentido de saber como isto foi possível. Como uma pessoa comum explicaria a troca de cor da lua? Ela foi pintada manualmente? As divindades assim quiseram? Estas são perguntas possíveis, mas não as únicas.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">No caso de Eratóstenes, bem mais específico, ele ficou curioso para saber se, no mesmo solstício de verão, o sol ocuparia o zênite em sua cidade. Ele se perguntou algo como “em Alexandria será igual ou diferente de Siena?”.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;">3ª Etapa: formulação de hipóteses.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A formulação de hipóteses é a etapa na qual a pessoa responde à pergunta de forma direta ou com riqueza de detalhes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">É possível alguém pintar a lua? A princípio não, então descartamos esta hipótese antes mesmo de avançar para as próximas etapas. Sabemos que a lua reflete a luz do sol, pois ela é um astro, não possui luz própria como uma estrela. Algo acontece com a luz do sol antes de refletir na lua ou após sua reflexão, mas ocorre em algum momento antes de chegar até nós. Apresentarei duas hipóteses neste sentido.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Hipótese 1: a luz do sol é alterada antes de chegar à lua.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Hipótese 2: a luz do sol é alterada após refletir na lua.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Quanto ao Eratóstenes, a hipótese criada por ele é a de que a terra é uma esfera.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;">4ª Etapa: experimentação.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">É nesta etapa que testamos nossas hipóteses. Normalmente fazemos testes de modo a demonstrar que são falsas. Daí a expressão falsear. Em ciência, o processo não é o de confirmar uma hipótese. Pelo contrário, tentamos mostrar que ela é o não falsa. Os menos atentos podem pensar que é a mesma coisa, mas não é, e mostrarei o motivo. O fato de um teste ou experimento mostrar que uma hipótese não é falsa, não impede que outro teste ou experimento futuro mostre onde ela é falsa. Quando se trata de ciência, estamos sempre tentando refutar as hipóteses. Algumas são testadas há mais de um século e sobreviveram por todo este período.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sobre o fenômeno da lua de sangue, podemos testar as duas hipóteses usando um prisma semelhante ao que Newton usou para mostrar que a luz branca é constituída das cores do arco-íris. Hoje chamamos esta área de espectroscopia. Quando estudamos a luz visível, chamamos de espectroscopia de luz visível.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOkD2rZT9c9PgbYwBtzDznVmRotNx0REg14D5LKQnz4G4_3sLOGTQYKsBRkQsAJ6jiQLE4p6Owkjm1-8LOgrGml2dNra2h30frw4kzG0a1iLinDPkmwaMjNr_cDFrxo1R7OAi7tucCUyeaPWmCOigZ-9JSSwRND6u5tFP2nN1X8HfEGP1sIOe3JETm/s700/016%20prisma%20Newton.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="700" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOkD2rZT9c9PgbYwBtzDznVmRotNx0REg14D5LKQnz4G4_3sLOGTQYKsBRkQsAJ6jiQLE4p6Owkjm1-8LOgrGml2dNra2h30frw4kzG0a1iLinDPkmwaMjNr_cDFrxo1R7OAi7tucCUyeaPWmCOigZ-9JSSwRND6u5tFP2nN1X8HfEGP1sIOe3JETm/w640-h416/016%20prisma%20Newton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Se compararmos, com a ajuda de um espectrômetro de luz visível, as luzes antes e depois de refletir na lua com a luz que sai do sol, teremos uma ideia do que se passa com a luz de modo a causar o fenômeno lua de sangue. Se houver uma diferença nas duas comparações, a lua interage de forma especial com a luz nos instantes que precedem e sucedem o eclipse dela e a hipótese um é descartada. Caso contrário, a descartada será a hipótese um e algo acontece com a luz antes de chegar à lua.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">No caso de Eratóstenes, o experimento consistiu de duas etapas. Na primeira ele aguardou meio-dia do solstício e mediu o ângulo formado pela sombra com um objeto posicionado na vertical, ou seja, perpendicular ao chão. Como a hipótese de Eratóstenes é a de que a terra não é plana, ele esperava encontrar um ângulo diferente de zero. De posse desse ângulo, mandou contarem a distância de Alexandria a Siena. De posse dessas duas informações, ele seria capaz de calcular o raio e a circunferência do planeta terra.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFeTJViDl9xr3_OVWHJG2EJWcelx3BKtaQzSJvf_80McqJu4RsYi1IZpp_C5uoszWWcUgEs0p7xsU9eATNf3UZzItyEkOAvA7zKb4dxAapGjYeKMPso-z49AGwIkbtg4GnlOl2zQGEx3roarnuy7vjcv229Pha_HFQCfETvsjMmB8Ja96mjIajaUDE/s1000/017%20contando%20passos.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFeTJViDl9xr3_OVWHJG2EJWcelx3BKtaQzSJvf_80McqJu4RsYi1IZpp_C5uoszWWcUgEs0p7xsU9eATNf3UZzItyEkOAvA7zKb4dxAapGjYeKMPso-z49AGwIkbtg4GnlOl2zQGEx3roarnuy7vjcv229Pha_HFQCfETvsjMmB8Ja96mjIajaUDE/w640-h480/017%20contando%20passos.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">5ª Etapa: resultados e conclusão.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Às vezes os experimentos são rápidos e os resultados deles são imediatos. Em outros casos, os experimentos são demorados e podem demorar décadas. Pode acontecer de quem começa o experimento não o terminar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">No caso da lua de sangue, os resultados não são demorados com nossa tecnologia atual. Na verdade, alguém já o fez antes de nós. E verificou que a luz é igual antes e depois de refletir na lua quando comparada com a luz do sol. O que se conclui a respeito disto? Que a hipótese dois sobrevive para ser testada novamente.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">No caso de Eratóstenes, ele encontrou um ângulo de 7,2° entre a sombra e o objeto vertical. O homem contratado por ele mediu uma distância de aproximadamente 785 quilômetros. Com isto ele concluiu que a terra possui circunferência de 39250 km e raio de 6247 km. Considerando que o valores medidos com a tecnologia atual são de 40070 km (circunferência) e 6370 km (raio), é um excelente resultado para quem, viveu nos séculos III e II antes da era atual.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMmTY_u9ptc100cN2ZV7xi5Q6cd6bNX-_FkWsubXyFOLCCJKOTB0mYeiYccdpzTinz6WfSznP5f_yaP9AO5-3HkhmtlnPCsGmbfyfmGZmgb58ZxEmC-UCt1BcW1G_B_hZObJ_1FW0_LE5t-awgu4WaOzSBpjhE6jJiXOpAhHCGQS3LXvuw56hMyyO8/s800/018%20resultado%20Erat%C3%B3stenes.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="800" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMmTY_u9ptc100cN2ZV7xi5Q6cd6bNX-_FkWsubXyFOLCCJKOTB0mYeiYccdpzTinz6WfSznP5f_yaP9AO5-3HkhmtlnPCsGmbfyfmGZmgb58ZxEmC-UCt1BcW1G_B_hZObJ_1FW0_LE5t-awgu4WaOzSBpjhE6jJiXOpAhHCGQS3LXvuw56hMyyO8/w640-h424/018%20resultado%20Erat%C3%B3stenes.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Em uma terra plana, ele observaria que os ângulos são iguais. Em uma terra dotada de curvatura, as sombras têm de ser diferentes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red;">6ª Etapa: descarte ou publicação.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As hipóteses demonstradas falsas passam por dois processos: descarte ou adaptação. Se reformuladas, passam novamente por todo o crivo do método novamente. Até a exaustão ou completo descarte. A hipóteses aprovadas nos testes são divulgadas para a comunidade científica.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A seguir um mapa mental com todas as etapas, você é capaz de identifica-las?</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjehaDCx9UBRg_tcZbDUrc5VV6nk-HjGroY70FeIE-iYIOr0HS2wbIoT02WHkmhECJIHDkDIkc9FRC_0bVyMt4i7s0DBwJ2v8GYkljF3tSKxni1lvEz1KirdgJJbDNtZ3weh3PiS1KjuycTlQewgop6Y9DAfyYjKN2TKuQ0dEhOU14ByHESx2x98fNQ/s1204/010%20Mapa%20mental%20MC.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1204" data-original-width="1112" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjehaDCx9UBRg_tcZbDUrc5VV6nk-HjGroY70FeIE-iYIOr0HS2wbIoT02WHkmhECJIHDkDIkc9FRC_0bVyMt4i7s0DBwJ2v8GYkljF3tSKxni1lvEz1KirdgJJbDNtZ3weh3PiS1KjuycTlQewgop6Y9DAfyYjKN2TKuQ0dEhOU14ByHESx2x98fNQ/w592-h640/010%20Mapa%20mental%20MC.jpg" width="592" /></a></div></span> </div>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-30488065402554978832022-06-01T14:38:00.008-03:002023-03-30T06:53:58.664-03:00Isomeria plana de cadeia.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="text-align: justify;">É hábito na isomeria classificarmos as substâncias com base em suas diferenças. Quanto mais sofisticado o detalhe, mais avançamos na classificação de isômeros. Como é de se esperar pelo nome, na isomeria plana não é necessária a fiel representação das fórmulas estruturais dos isômeros.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD4k98yB-6S5FAq89k_g_sifPvl0hNTfB5diuj9ZCnCz5LnB0LtMRUAMsz2JB_wvUrOJ_lMvs_rdjsberAza5XnrOV3ecyrPZ9CC0o5LL2q7-uib_a1o6MelZLle4RwU6RD4xjbMcS-eyyGZnST0BtvVxS7yflXffXkxXCc-4hinrFBddqfqG4RHXFaQ/s768/09%20isomeria%20plana%20intro.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="768" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD4k98yB-6S5FAq89k_g_sifPvl0hNTfB5diuj9ZCnCz5LnB0LtMRUAMsz2JB_wvUrOJ_lMvs_rdjsberAza5XnrOV3ecyrPZ9CC0o5LL2q7-uib_a1o6MelZLle4RwU6RD4xjbMcS-eyyGZnST0BtvVxS7yflXffXkxXCc-4hinrFBddqfqG4RHXFaQ/w640-h352/09%20isomeria%20plana%20intro.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veja as formas geométricas planas acima. Se eu te disser que elas são apenas o topo de um cilindro ou de prismas, você não precisará ver os sólidos por completo para estabelecer uma distinção entre eles. Apenas uma parte ou uma perspectiva da estrutura basta.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Na isomeria plana é assim, basta a representação no plano das fórmulas estruturais para reconhecermos a distinção entre elas. Vamos aos casos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ Isomeria de Cadeia:<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ocorre quando dois compostos orgânicos possuem a mesma fórmula molecular, pertencem à mesma função orgânica e suas cadeias são diferentes. Exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdCtdcvSEjOkbgLhYAuMYDcrrwGZe8zd6RVXiLgPcDbL3KNWdENox9AlcBOAM1lbavU2sKmsXypQr6T7JhK9-jX35gmgYCO9HXPR7e4E3wUQwpgHXuZta96-88gmGfYroGuVngnkC2jsveXCPJndxi4ThjmtxEcHaOgO7w3Qg_QcoLV0IMkR3-H5y5A/s1356/17%20iso%20plan%20cadeia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="1356" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdCtdcvSEjOkbgLhYAuMYDcrrwGZe8zd6RVXiLgPcDbL3KNWdENox9AlcBOAM1lbavU2sKmsXypQr6T7JhK9-jX35gmgYCO9HXPR7e4E3wUQwpgHXuZta96-88gmGfYroGuVngnkC2jsveXCPJndxi4ThjmtxEcHaOgO7w3Qg_QcoLV0IMkR3-H5y5A/w640-h118/17%20iso%20plan%20cadeia.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veja estes dois hidrocarbonetos, em um deles a cadeia principal tem seis carbonos, no outro a cadeia principal tem cinco carbonos e um sexto como ramo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIniYkuds0W2AFyXqDwMltROizdo4W7_I_83rcmgiFrw0R1LnXoBFwJvD5WxVMihzY4VUmYO84yWuLyK4nrOcecqlNwNOGWK1XDyUoz-IVb1cf-tteNsc_EI0QmSEt2kdQXF-SFfSOGi1E8T3G8DB8_IBiomZ9pk1n1F3uc48v4R1A3guGgn9PGIa91g/s1134/18%20iso%20plan%20cadeia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="1134" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIniYkuds0W2AFyXqDwMltROizdo4W7_I_83rcmgiFrw0R1LnXoBFwJvD5WxVMihzY4VUmYO84yWuLyK4nrOcecqlNwNOGWK1XDyUoz-IVb1cf-tteNsc_EI0QmSEt2kdQXF-SFfSOGi1E8T3G8DB8_IBiomZ9pk1n1F3uc48v4R1A3guGgn9PGIa91g/w640-h218/18%20iso%20plan%20cadeia.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mesmo que os isômeros tenham a cadeia principal de mesmo "tamanho", outros fatores as tornam diferentes. No caso dos álcoois acima apresentados, um deles tem a cadeia fechada e saturada e ou outro tem a cadeia aberta e insaturada com ligação dupla, cadeias principais diferentes mesmo tendo iguais quantidades de átomos de carbono.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiGv6o9Rpp5JG1eo8Pyjm4lQ6MJl2VGASb9oIbnxmkNV2TNdYLNEYw9oqaQLDCq0UJX-khfm1tqJr3UBK-rglufopU5TkTe447QRcNBVz1RpFxOsxdJR3mm4PIUo3G0Fm7R4iPH2tE6A86tw-CQK0IkovT5TcvPuIYkfZrBhVKso-jFVC-DNAAsxSl2w/s1276/19%20iso%20plan%20cadeia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="1276" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiGv6o9Rpp5JG1eo8Pyjm4lQ6MJl2VGASb9oIbnxmkNV2TNdYLNEYw9oqaQLDCq0UJX-khfm1tqJr3UBK-rglufopU5TkTe447QRcNBVz1RpFxOsxdJR3mm4PIUo3G0Fm7R4iPH2tE6A86tw-CQK0IkovT5TcvPuIYkfZrBhVKso-jFVC-DNAAsxSl2w/w640-h190/19%20iso%20plan%20cadeia.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É necessário que os detalhes contribuam, no final das contas, para uma mesma quantidade de átomos de hidrogênio. No caso das cetonas acima, uma dupla e um ciclo têm o mesmo feito que uma ligação tripla.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7q5BLCIpqcF1IYkUpIGW3GRBAZGRdYQ6sKQbZiB5AJ8sH3gEbQB-7VQO69V2YB3pVBmn86TRE4aAZgyWRkvXHVbOvXUYnt9XiIT44hMXBAuG4a28XZVECYfCRgo0S5kWZDaN9jBjMDdLnRx4PFCdobPM8G2j4lVyuxzFQHdfjgVNe0vpCgFqLwCgIrA/s2046/20%20iso%20plan%20cadeia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="694" data-original-width="2046" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7q5BLCIpqcF1IYkUpIGW3GRBAZGRdYQ6sKQbZiB5AJ8sH3gEbQB-7VQO69V2YB3pVBmn86TRE4aAZgyWRkvXHVbOvXUYnt9XiIT44hMXBAuG4a28XZVECYfCRgo0S5kWZDaN9jBjMDdLnRx4PFCdobPM8G2j4lVyuxzFQHdfjgVNe0vpCgFqLwCgIrA/w640-h218/20%20iso%20plan%20cadeia.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Em alguns casos, a diferença se encontra na ramificação e não na cadeia principal, mas como ambas fazem parte da cadeia, é tudo isomeria de cadeia.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Na próxima categoria teremos a isomeria plana de posição. Qualquer dúvida sobre esta, só comentar.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-49924742985120655572022-06-01T10:16:00.002-03:002022-06-01T10:18:44.194-03:00Isomeria plana de função.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É hábito na isomeria classificarmos as substâncias com base em suas diferenças. Quanto mais sofisticado o detalhe, mais avançamos na classificação de isômeros. Como é de se esperar pelo nome, na isomeria plana não é necessária a fiel representação das fórmulas estruturais dos isômeros.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD4k98yB-6S5FAq89k_g_sifPvl0hNTfB5diuj9ZCnCz5LnB0LtMRUAMsz2JB_wvUrOJ_lMvs_rdjsberAza5XnrOV3ecyrPZ9CC0o5LL2q7-uib_a1o6MelZLle4RwU6RD4xjbMcS-eyyGZnST0BtvVxS7yflXffXkxXCc-4hinrFBddqfqG4RHXFaQ/s768/09%20isomeria%20plana%20intro.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="768" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD4k98yB-6S5FAq89k_g_sifPvl0hNTfB5diuj9ZCnCz5LnB0LtMRUAMsz2JB_wvUrOJ_lMvs_rdjsberAza5XnrOV3ecyrPZ9CC0o5LL2q7-uib_a1o6MelZLle4RwU6RD4xjbMcS-eyyGZnST0BtvVxS7yflXffXkxXCc-4hinrFBddqfqG4RHXFaQ/w640-h352/09%20isomeria%20plana%20intro.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veja as formas geométricas planas acima. Se eu te disser que elas são apenas o topo de um cilindro ou de prismas, você não precisará ver os sólidos por completo para estabelecer uma distinção entre eles. Apenas uma parte ou uma perspectiva da estrutura basta.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Na isomeria plana é assim, basta a representação no plano das fórmulas estruturais para reconhecermos a distinção entre elas. Vamos aos casos:<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ Isomeria de Função:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ocorre quando duas substâncias possuem a mesma fórmula molecular e pertencem a funções orgânicas diferentes. Exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMgWHv97oTsSKjHdWbpq6tdNqpFRKIxVoWbO1pWE3KQ7FF07awHYOG4Dek2GQ7NZUDwABWXxeDtSaE1JNMXG2MrnkWmxk9WAzIpSLqNkuezpVQPkStm_khn9AMV_l7fPV6c3pBM4IZBe6wSRYslEkb_-GGUHTS9KqGVMxrMAb28m4rUhyoa3ScBI3f5w/s1098/10%20%C3%81lcool%20e%20%C3%A9ter.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="1098" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMgWHv97oTsSKjHdWbpq6tdNqpFRKIxVoWbO1pWE3KQ7FF07awHYOG4Dek2GQ7NZUDwABWXxeDtSaE1JNMXG2MrnkWmxk9WAzIpSLqNkuezpVQPkStm_khn9AMV_l7fPV6c3pBM4IZBe6wSRYslEkb_-GGUHTS9KqGVMxrMAb28m4rUhyoa3ScBI3f5w/w640-h202/10%20%C3%81lcool%20e%20%C3%A9ter.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Se compararmos duas cadeias abertas e saturadas de um álcool e de um éter, eles serão isômeros de função caso tenham a mesma quantidade de átomos de carbono. Atenção ao detalhe, nem todo álcool é isômero de função de todo éter se tiverem a mesma quantidade de átomos de carbono. Repito, é necessário que sejam cadeias igualmente abertas e saturadas. Se uma for fechada com um ciclo, a outra também precisa ser. Se uma for insaturada com uma tripla ligação, a outra também precisa ser. Se você tentar explorar esses detalhes, verá que uma ligação dupla tem o mesmo efeito sobre a quantidade de átomos de hidrogênio da estrutura que um ciclo, ou que duas duplas têm o mesmo efeito que uma tripla. Atenção à contagem de átomos de carbono e de hidrogênio.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv1vp27MEfMHROxZJmbEEKh37PzAmjQ2yNrP1Qc656TwJXAl9zB-638ODk4na9s1j0tEjj5sIY5IdCJwb-kmlhy_jggNyzeahQOmbKpyQZ9tl4S1a8YmayDkscS_oHFE6L-B_9pMpxjmS6cRF6d4RIFHs76JgIq8j1S-07J-bk0l31sp29aThaZXJzfQ/s1174/11%20cetona%20e%20alde%C3%ADdo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="1174" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv1vp27MEfMHROxZJmbEEKh37PzAmjQ2yNrP1Qc656TwJXAl9zB-638ODk4na9s1j0tEjj5sIY5IdCJwb-kmlhy_jggNyzeahQOmbKpyQZ9tl4S1a8YmayDkscS_oHFE6L-B_9pMpxjmS6cRF6d4RIFHs76JgIq8j1S-07J-bk0l31sp29aThaZXJzfQ/w640-h186/11%20cetona%20e%20alde%C3%ADdo.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Se compararmos duas cadeias abertas e saturadas de uma cetona e de um aldeído, caso elas tenham iguais quantidades de átomos de carbono, elas serão isômeras. O mesmo raciocínio desenvolvido anteriormente permanece. Se compararmos cadeias com muitos detalhes como ciclos e insaturações, é necessário que esses detalhes sejam equivalentes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSGcziryQXmRabggeG9Jrx-0VJax5Q7cE6io2h_imxFO6xGLWOxB8i2Ru7Qal__c8QXJVXdt_1xFn80TlwL9gl01DrSf3xExsi8qjnEpWSVQ_-aLHnP2m-WGMfKbhuYHB8qbCAsyyqef0VgF35r1M6LYlkUOfRN2DGrXCV8oo0xJ9P7dxXS_xl15GvMg/s1079/12%20%C3%A1cido%20e%20%C3%A9ster.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="1079" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSGcziryQXmRabggeG9Jrx-0VJax5Q7cE6io2h_imxFO6xGLWOxB8i2Ru7Qal__c8QXJVXdt_1xFn80TlwL9gl01DrSf3xExsi8qjnEpWSVQ_-aLHnP2m-WGMfKbhuYHB8qbCAsyyqef0VgF35r1M6LYlkUOfRN2DGrXCV8oo0xJ9P7dxXS_xl15GvMg/w640-h202/12%20%C3%A1cido%20e%20%C3%A9ster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O mesmo princípio se repete para ácidos carboxílicos e ésteres. Se as cadeias forem abertas e saturadas, em caso de empatarem na quantidade de átomos de carbono, as estruturas serão de isômeros.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Um equívoco muito comum cometido por estudantes é o de acreditar que álcoois só podem ser isômeros de função de éteres, ou que aldeídos só podem ser isômeros de função das cetonas e o mesmo para ésteres e ácidos carboxílicos. Esta ideia não poderia estar mais errada. Veja os casos abaixo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeo8XcfiRgg1QlaHUoDgaR92tsGi-YfnMLKgfXaUNV2n3vNQsG3HFnXpWL4VIr-JfDBVvkONHD5PP1Qn4guiS882lzIXycV6Ye8HNM-_omCjIAr7d9Gl-XD9EuGI_2gMZGpnHP7ctbBor1HZwauEjo3kNq8xNLqZSKv5jwxN90Hi3guCJnO-639sxDzQ/s1292/13%20%C3%A1lcool%20e%20fenol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="1292" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeo8XcfiRgg1QlaHUoDgaR92tsGi-YfnMLKgfXaUNV2n3vNQsG3HFnXpWL4VIr-JfDBVvkONHD5PP1Qn4guiS882lzIXycV6Ye8HNM-_omCjIAr7d9Gl-XD9EuGI_2gMZGpnHP7ctbBor1HZwauEjo3kNq8xNLqZSKv5jwxN90Hi3guCJnO-639sxDzQ/w640-h180/13%20%C3%A1lcool%20e%20fenol.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Desde que as devidas modificações sejam feitas, é possível um álcool ser isômero de função de um fenol. No caso, o álcool precisa ter uma cadeia aromática.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR7w4-xTXEo3gIbZKB4AxTSLCqy4KHExKgeDyk0bNLlS6AFqGfITb0V7WeaVH4M9TC7gudAAY1hSoQfa95DrCVpgXX4Yi1EyEWs15VxVQWLnjRp_79PfyUyCqClGo5OSiicRbE7eIXw1nve0VhILAfJ1nnL9jljyXU_O3QbT2byKpInOcY8m5N-7_tMA/s1222/14%20%C3%A1lcool%20e%20enol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="1222" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR7w4-xTXEo3gIbZKB4AxTSLCqy4KHExKgeDyk0bNLlS6AFqGfITb0V7WeaVH4M9TC7gudAAY1hSoQfa95DrCVpgXX4Yi1EyEWs15VxVQWLnjRp_79PfyUyCqClGo5OSiicRbE7eIXw1nve0VhILAfJ1nnL9jljyXU_O3QbT2byKpInOcY8m5N-7_tMA/w640-h176/14%20%C3%A1lcool%20e%20enol.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicAZy5W490faQbBVbRzpP8ah7toxfAy0Ak0AsBKV3f5BTUoMVAfC9TTDenHml8E81jI75knd7a31WAW74kHM1U-Ot-CLjfLcMXP7zfgdHm71aPJmRmDQU5mo_0xiwJRm8vk8zq6oY3hqvovUl4fFqP09zUss6ybK3cHlm6PxfRAZJMTpi3Prbtj26BFA/s1222/15%20%C3%A1lcool%20e%20alde%C3%ADdo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="1222" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicAZy5W490faQbBVbRzpP8ah7toxfAy0Ak0AsBKV3f5BTUoMVAfC9TTDenHml8E81jI75knd7a31WAW74kHM1U-Ot-CLjfLcMXP7zfgdHm71aPJmRmDQU5mo_0xiwJRm8vk8zq6oY3hqvovUl4fFqP09zUss6ybK3cHlm6PxfRAZJMTpi3Prbtj26BFA/w640-h176/15%20%C3%A1lcool%20e%20alde%C3%ADdo.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgND-onl37zdJiPj8fgWX7r1fu2hBr80_SDEkc2R0aS5-xRuv36rmkjZ7OOJh87c63dxDsoxhgyQ_4yeSlnz08AAFwpKeB1hcgbZj0Mt4bNIGwIeDieA91cnNByiBLhp9pxW1tSvFRPw6SqN2OhH-bMS56QVC3i81mJDIML57KSLhQMWzGhh_dAkDI1Pg/s1222/16%20%C3%A1lcool%20e%20cetona.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="1222" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgND-onl37zdJiPj8fgWX7r1fu2hBr80_SDEkc2R0aS5-xRuv36rmkjZ7OOJh87c63dxDsoxhgyQ_4yeSlnz08AAFwpKeB1hcgbZj0Mt4bNIGwIeDieA91cnNByiBLhp9pxW1tSvFRPw6SqN2OhH-bMS56QVC3i81mJDIML57KSLhQMWzGhh_dAkDI1Pg/w640-h176/16%20%C3%A1lcool%20e%20cetona.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Feitas as adaptações necessárias, como acréscimo de um anel benzênico, de um ciclo ou de uma ligação dupla, um álcool pode ser isômero de função de outras que não sejam um éter. Porém, é mais comum encontrarmos esta semelhança entre éteres e álcoois.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-33182633649973521412022-05-31T22:42:00.003-03:002022-05-31T22:42:20.777-03:00Introdução à isomeria.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Observe as duas imagens abiaxo:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9VJzENjP0ZD2mOt6lCbF1QJ-izgUXlEs3qlpBsk3g2SL-i9Kb5eZ_Ok__dI8gWznXXI9ZDMprWtsU4k464jd7cYh_DZ56w5emUZbExATY8l_2Ob3fkOFnqrgslfcTGzZ43qEogSsckOxCK8CvtAb26eoZ1uBWkrHgcGggAvCSH3jSU-9wExEbA97YvQ/s1322/01%20intro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="1322" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9VJzENjP0ZD2mOt6lCbF1QJ-izgUXlEs3qlpBsk3g2SL-i9Kb5eZ_Ok__dI8gWznXXI9ZDMprWtsU4k464jd7cYh_DZ56w5emUZbExATY8l_2Ob3fkOFnqrgslfcTGzZ43qEogSsckOxCK8CvtAb26eoZ1uBWkrHgcGggAvCSH3jSU-9wExEbA97YvQ/w640-h476/01%20intro.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Faz sentido para você eu dizer que a substância no erlenmeyer da esquerda é líquida e que a da direita está evaporando?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É bem provável que uma evapore mais rápido que a outra, principalmente se suas temperaturas de ebulição forem diferentes e se elas estiverem à mesma temperatura.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E se eu lhe disser que as duas substâncias têm a mesma fórmula molecular?<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Em outras palavras: e se eu te disser que as duas substâncias têm em suas moléculas as mesmas quantidades de átomos de carbono, hidrogênio, oxigênio ou qualquer outro elemento?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pois é, vejas </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">fórmulas estruturais a seguir:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsrtU96YsGYlci-Bl4skvX4aaNlJa0HPe63to9wq3usfwoHY47GUIBy5nM6Rjg7uf2gcLWTmK-hHsnxIuZujDUGDru7cQICJLDGNMohpQAH0Phjh4eFbtw-tjMgZ7s7RizcO7ESTEaduq-c3lDo4qVfgPePxKEw5BoZbPdMRs4NP3PDIEmi2xf-1iFJQ/s1223/02%20Exemplos%20de%20isomeria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="1223" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsrtU96YsGYlci-Bl4skvX4aaNlJa0HPe63to9wq3usfwoHY47GUIBy5nM6Rjg7uf2gcLWTmK-hHsnxIuZujDUGDru7cQICJLDGNMohpQAH0Phjh4eFbtw-tjMgZ7s7RizcO7ESTEaduq-c3lDo4qVfgPePxKEw5BoZbPdMRs4NP3PDIEmi2xf-1iFJQ/w640-h268/02%20Exemplos%20de%20isomeria.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">À esquerda temos o butano e à direita temos o metilpropano, também chamado de 2-metilpropano ou isobutano. Ambos com fórmula molecular C₄H₁₀ e duas propriedades físicas diferentes. O butano entra em ebulição a -0,5 °C, o metilpropano a -11,7 °C. Suas densidades quando líquidos são iguais a 0,6 g/cm³ e são incolores. Agora veja essas outras duas estruturas:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJVK4oAHgn_7VkRqMaepk1kyApLP3QMjTc-Xst0OLL6TSlwcWLWGTwbzVIOX9Mhl3V4zAx9VtGLD-S7-3GAxyRXNbvlusBfmFUBPAyh6Oi0xwOZrQJOe6SGlmVEvryVzZEl1T9odU9TVVDBaBp0iLyU0EYPhe7uaOEdgZf-h_pJ7nV7_UpuYEA9mqbog/s1098/03%20Exemplos%20de%20isomeria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="1098" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJVK4oAHgn_7VkRqMaepk1kyApLP3QMjTc-Xst0OLL6TSlwcWLWGTwbzVIOX9Mhl3V4zAx9VtGLD-S7-3GAxyRXNbvlusBfmFUBPAyh6Oi0xwOZrQJOe6SGlmVEvryVzZEl1T9odU9TVVDBaBp0iLyU0EYPhe7uaOEdgZf-h_pJ7nV7_UpuYEA9mqbog/w640-h202/03%20Exemplos%20de%20isomeria.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">À esquerda temos o etanol (álcool etílico) e à direita temos o metoximetano (éter metílico). Ambos possuem fórmula molecular C₂H₆O, mas suas propriedades físicas são bem distintas desta vez. O etanol possui temperatura de ebulição igual a 78,25 °C, a do éter metílico é de -23 °C. Suas densidades quando líquidos são 0,79 g/cm³ e 0,67 g/cm³, respectivamente. Ambos inflamáveis, mas um líquido e outro gás à temperatura ambiente. Veja mais esse caso:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiw4z9CCFh0WMUqtIsSKZhZaDpk6tmrRKg0hjHmgWMdwHJkrZueSy8L-z0b7P4VNY2eMHIURdUKCLRYh6XoOpq3LrdTB4L2ZpzbKf6GYNsT5CbgkzYKUCLLl3HqVpuuZhfd7QqB6dFzzzT0HarLWYidd2AufiMJHc_8OcIUUgJWwcqPT3auWMlhXLtdw/s933/04%20talidomida.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="933" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiw4z9CCFh0WMUqtIsSKZhZaDpk6tmrRKg0hjHmgWMdwHJkrZueSy8L-z0b7P4VNY2eMHIURdUKCLRYh6XoOpq3LrdTB4L2ZpzbKf6GYNsT5CbgkzYKUCLLl3HqVpuuZhfd7QqB6dFzzzT0HarLWYidd2AufiMJHc_8OcIUUgJWwcqPT3auWMlhXLtdw/w640-h352/04%20talidomida.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">É apenas uma estrutura, pois a sua semelhante é tão parecida com ela que a diferença é difícil de notar, pois precisamos representar as duas no espaço e não no plano da tela para percebermos a diferença entre elas. O nome é talidomida, um faz aquilo a que se propõe e o outro é capaz de afetar o desenvolvimento do feto. Basta não receitá-la para gestantes, você pensou. Mas não sabiam isto...</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-xWfWcEvmX40nrHhIHoaewsrsZWd6R_sWyItlqcNBPuFpKeinv8Qb86exu13iyy6wwhoG_PyHZISRPLAGbaTsEpLf8noT6HPItdi7CIUD-OiVszJQKGKzmp9z4oTDLWh_pYTqXAfO-hQH8LNZKCi8xPCbO3r9vcxHUlNQ2BcKkYpa-nk_IgQZhH_eHw/s243/05%20talidomida.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-xWfWcEvmX40nrHhIHoaewsrsZWd6R_sWyItlqcNBPuFpKeinv8Qb86exu13iyy6wwhoG_PyHZISRPLAGbaTsEpLf8noT6HPItdi7CIUD-OiVszJQKGKzmp9z4oTDLWh_pYTqXAfO-hQH8LNZKCi8xPCbO3r9vcxHUlNQ2BcKkYpa-nk_IgQZhH_eHw/w527-h640/05%20talidomida.jpg" width="527" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Muito tempo se passou entre a ingestão por parte das gestantes e a confirmação dela como causa de seus efeitos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJI6LjCXwlXRpUqvRlFmg1841HSS1XQcNMpVaX6MZ6hvQDNkgJj-SdLIDyT0JcDZ_zRmJftxaxA1hlqyE87g2qVyyKlJ_b4CllqlR_7eAnKX_sCcCnuv6xGlYZ0VERgXcWsTqkSKhyYeYKWkKCP3AObORvIJulJ-vYYoIMseV0ZMro9w5-fDj4XXvmAA/s730/06%20talidomida.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="730" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJI6LjCXwlXRpUqvRlFmg1841HSS1XQcNMpVaX6MZ6hvQDNkgJj-SdLIDyT0JcDZ_zRmJftxaxA1hlqyE87g2qVyyKlJ_b4CllqlR_7eAnKX_sCcCnuv6xGlYZ0VERgXcWsTqkSKhyYeYKWkKCP3AObORvIJulJ-vYYoIMseV0ZMro9w5-fDj4XXvmAA/w640-h336/06%20talidomida.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">A substância foi desenvolvida em 1954 como um sedativo, comercializada a partir de 1957 como uma alternativa para combater enjoos e, em 1961, descobriu-se seus efeitos. Mas o estrago estava feito de forma irreversível para milhares de pessoas ao redor do mundo. Mesmo assim continuou sendo vendida.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqMSLEXP3asQfaN08oZ1ZZX9GbJj830_GqVfwWUnlT6G416RFRzYeTQCHN69_sderf5B6dmJyRveSDd_QkiIrdkbarobJwaAT-FKSf21oOYTzqzp_xF1nQbwy_uu53aBYrSnKSfgaXX9Qh08EMeh4_6Qasa1-QJdy0wlh4CP5kI99RYjD5KFyC0NsDRw/s1000/07%20talidomida.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="856" data-original-width="1000" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqMSLEXP3asQfaN08oZ1ZZX9GbJj830_GqVfwWUnlT6G416RFRzYeTQCHN69_sderf5B6dmJyRveSDd_QkiIrdkbarobJwaAT-FKSf21oOYTzqzp_xF1nQbwy_uu53aBYrSnKSfgaXX9Qh08EMeh4_6Qasa1-QJdy0wlh4CP5kI99RYjD5KFyC0NsDRw/w640-h548/07%20talidomida.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Não sei como se deu em outros países, mas no Brasil, apenas em 1994 seu uso por mulheres em idade fértil foi proibido. A talidomida não foi proibida por completo por ser eficiente no combate à hanseníase, por exemplo. Há muito mais informações neste <a href="https://g1.globo.com/minas-gerais/triangulo-mineiro/blog/mao-na-roda/post/sindrome-de-talidomida-saiba-o-que-e-os-direitos-e-o-que-dispoe-altera-e-sugere-lei.html" target="_blank">link</a> caso seja do seu interesse. Há também um documentário chamado "Tá faltando alguma coisa" (<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdnmMDHdj7E">link</a>).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Voltando à química... chamamos de isômeros os compostos que possuem mesma fórmula molecular e, por algum motivo, são diferentes. A área dedicada a distinguir os isômeros a classificar a forma como esta distinção é feita, chamamos de isomeria.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgesgeaLYaRiRkiTPl3q54Wuygdz_-lXnQoCOwYYHR0yLAlnRL_tdR5y0METBhqhLDagHYU_gJ22xGPPeDBlJ5Etr9O0EVhSlfInjv8faaBXWOhZewM0RhjOIZdPSFbLoY20nOUZR2DIsXAyxoUBqmqBqWXRTzIZa9LLzBq_sLIY2vC2XUM8pnPMouuNQ/s699/08%20categorias.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="699" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgesgeaLYaRiRkiTPl3q54Wuygdz_-lXnQoCOwYYHR0yLAlnRL_tdR5y0METBhqhLDagHYU_gJ22xGPPeDBlJ5Etr9O0EVhSlfInjv8faaBXWOhZewM0RhjOIZdPSFbLoY20nOUZR2DIsXAyxoUBqmqBqWXRTzIZa9LLzBq_sLIY2vC2XUM8pnPMouuNQ/w640-h456/08%20categorias.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">A isomeria é dividida em duas grandes categorias: a isomeria plana e a isomeria espacial, também chamada de estereoisomeria. Cada uma delas é dividida em outras categorias. De uma forma resumida, a categoria de isomeria corresponde ao que é necessário para diferenciarmos dois isômeros. Veremos em três postagens distintas a isomeria plana, a geométrica e a óptica.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Qualquer dúvida, só comentar... até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-56426565990231729102022-05-24T00:07:00.003-03:002023-05-17T21:29:21.179-03:00Geometria molecular.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">É comum na geometria plana estudarmos os pontos, as retas e as relações entre essas entidades. Na geometria espacial acrescentamos os planos à brincadeira e estudamos as relações entre eles. É claro que fui muito simplista nesta apresentação, pois é isto que faremos ao falar de geometria molecular. Se correta, quanto mais simples for a interpretação para a forma geométrica de uma molécula, mais frequentemente a usaremos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3urvPn0lB0UP340sP22pBTiQSSGrgnzxKYCGUCEQZrWudom2N5GMA2Q01qDFl3B_RscVfjJ6nrU8g5GImgpPavOG0Ks0rVBVn_abAiC2qA2x9odzPkZL4h7iZ4omQ1xvh-dJ3pwYos7eNG84Gpt0gekAmuFXOpz44qDH5NYiz0FTRa75sSljBvV9p/s960/01%20aleat%C3%B3rio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3urvPn0lB0UP340sP22pBTiQSSGrgnzxKYCGUCEQZrWudom2N5GMA2Q01qDFl3B_RscVfjJ6nrU8g5GImgpPavOG0Ks0rVBVn_abAiC2qA2x9odzPkZL4h7iZ4omQ1xvh-dJ3pwYos7eNG84Gpt0gekAmuFXOpz44qDH5NYiz0FTRa75sSljBvV9p/w640-h480/01%20aleat%C3%B3rio.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Eu imagino que passa algo parecido com a imagem acima na cabeça de quem tenta imaginar as formas das moléculas. Mas não precisa ser assim. Existem moléculas com formas unidimensionais, bidimensionais e tridimensionais. Quanto mais dimensões, mais difícil representar e imaginar a estrutura. Antes de apresentar cada caso, lembre-se que, neste tópico, trataremos os átomos como pontos e as ligações covalentes entre eles como retas. Não é o correto diante do que já apresentei em outros momentos, mas é uma boa analogia e ajuda a compreender.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">E qual o motivos de usarmos pontos e retas? Para que as moléculas se pareçam com polígonos ou poliedros e possamos classificá-las de acordo com os nomes de tais formas geométricas. Antes de avançarmos, resta apenas um detalhe muito importante neste processo, trataremos com cuidado tanto dos elétrons compartilhados na ligações químicas, quanto dos não compartilhados, chamados, respectivamente, de ligantes e não ligantes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Esses elétrons se repelem e a consequência de sua repulsão é que ficam o mais distante possível uns dos outros. Influenciando na forma geométrica da molécula. Vamos aos casos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura monoatômica: ponto.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjck1H8QmwYResLb3_5U_sTr6Y--phEB4bKmepDAMHMEEVmm_x3gwQE6EZ6gPGqCU8wl2VaYOhFKl5e49x0Zj284U6UTP2zenq9PXPK__Qibq-9rvY9IVea4fKXB6ekp2kFn_K2tcMEwLag8NpZkYyagQWWTOXSYP5omBHB-FsGNlTweQrNZuvLtqVC/s193/02%20monoat%C3%B4mico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="176" data-original-width="193" height="584" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjck1H8QmwYResLb3_5U_sTr6Y--phEB4bKmepDAMHMEEVmm_x3gwQE6EZ6gPGqCU8wl2VaYOhFKl5e49x0Zj284U6UTP2zenq9PXPK__Qibq-9rvY9IVea4fKXB6ekp2kFn_K2tcMEwLag8NpZkYyagQWWTOXSYP5omBHB-FsGNlTweQrNZuvLtqVC/w640-h584/02%20monoat%C3%B4mico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Os gases nobres (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn e Og) são exemplos de substâncias constituídas por partículas constituídas de um único átomo. Não há ligação química alguma e suas partículas (átomos) são tratadas apenas como pontos. Outras substâncias aquecidas à temperatura de um plasma (quarto estado da matéria) sofrem a ruptura de suas ligações químicas e seus átomos também ficam isolados. À temperatura ambiente, apenas os gases nobres apresentam tal comportamento.<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura diatômica: linear.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU_LgLtY-O3E4EBgBlIAGYlGC_8LfC7mx_am_OprJPOgbj8KJCWJw5T3o5vkOS8URw9mCSbi6SAQq6BkUcVonWTRmRMDIDXQaOrOxknwjoYOQTvHS1venMZXoc-bg9jZ_TUjmNKL6qg6jNNSl6w5m-tnh2JIGXc7fj5_HlVSqCka1nJWCY0fx18O06/s1271/03%20diat%C3%B4mico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="1271" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU_LgLtY-O3E4EBgBlIAGYlGC_8LfC7mx_am_OprJPOgbj8KJCWJw5T3o5vkOS8URw9mCSbi6SAQq6BkUcVonWTRmRMDIDXQaOrOxknwjoYOQTvHS1venMZXoc-bg9jZ_TUjmNKL6qg6jNNSl6w5m-tnh2JIGXc7fj5_HlVSqCka1nJWCY0fx18O06/w640-h290/03%20diat%C3%B4mico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Duas expressões da geometria plana cabem aqui. Quantas retas passam por um único ponto? Infinitas. Quantas retas passam por dois pontos? Apenas uma. Isto nos ajuda a definir que toda molécula diatômica será linear, não importa se seus átomos são iguais ou diferentes. São exemplos H₂, N</span><span>₂, O</span><span>₂, F</span><span>₂, Cl</span><span>₂, Br</span><span>₂ e I</span><span>₂ entre as substâncias simples. HF, HCl, HBr, HI, NO, CO, FCl, FBr, FI, ClBr, ClI e BrI são exemplos entre as substâncias compostas. Não cito aqui o astato (At) e o tenessino (Ts) por serem halogênios radioativo e artificial, respectivamente. Insisto no fato que toda estrutura diatômica é linear pelos conceitos de geometria plana citados acima. Isto faz com que sua representação seja muito simples.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura triatômica: linear.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyqYWqilRUSC1LWBQMbBa4M-R6pHzfS_jm5Sp6D_6GI9adUenATgL0H8ktKTwVBYWw2_k0eZyapRcKSBuL8xM4Vll9m7RC03pXL2xHfqqeblpFT8OokH8vWcQZ5-kRSGw4lJ36x7Kf4Ijsy_RkIxLerFGoiRBzGMc99IXlzxYnjtcVUeVFFDBe8915/s850/04%20triat%C3%B4mico%20linear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="193" data-original-width="850" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyqYWqilRUSC1LWBQMbBa4M-R6pHzfS_jm5Sp6D_6GI9adUenATgL0H8ktKTwVBYWw2_k0eZyapRcKSBuL8xM4Vll9m7RC03pXL2xHfqqeblpFT8OokH8vWcQZ5-kRSGw4lJ36x7Kf4Ijsy_RkIxLerFGoiRBzGMc99IXlzxYnjtcVUeVFFDBe8915/w640-h146/04%20triat%C3%B4mico%20linear.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Considere a imagem acima meramente ilustrativa. Três pontos distribuídos nos espaço podem formar um triângulo ou podem ser colineares. Quando três átomos são colineares, dizemos que a geometria da molécula é linear. Isto acontece com o dióxido de carbono (CO</span><span>₂) e ácido cianídrico (HCN), assim como seus derivados halogenados ClCN, FCN, BrCN e ICN. Até mesmo com o HNC e o BeH</span><span>₂. Sim, o berílio é capaz de formar ligações covalentes, é o mais eletronegativo entre os metais.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW56iHTGX2MVOZx7tpgHduRS2uwx9fI-mjMBLS6wyrP0EQ6nPfRH8eZbPihaq2XGTnP0VXtr02K0FyTozRb33m0XvPPVEx0eqtpuBfKqnlly2-xRgXiiAvuVCDJBu7aQ_1aEFCDIcwB158spYMNtlBQTbZLQd6gD7D2cazGtev3CsuucltrbMIheH2/s804/05%20triat%C3%B4micos%20lineares.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="804" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW56iHTGX2MVOZx7tpgHduRS2uwx9fI-mjMBLS6wyrP0EQ6nPfRH8eZbPihaq2XGTnP0VXtr02K0FyTozRb33m0XvPPVEx0eqtpuBfKqnlly2-xRgXiiAvuVCDJBu7aQ_1aEFCDIcwB158spYMNtlBQTbZLQd6gD7D2cazGtev3CsuucltrbMIheH2/w640-h226/05%20triat%C3%B4micos%20lineares.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Note que, em todos os casos acima, o átomo central não possui pares de elétrons não ligantes. Isto permite que os átomos ligados ao átomo central fiquem o mais distante possível entre si, com as ligações em linha. Observe também que a natureza das ligações não interessa, ou seja, se é ligação simples, dupla ou tripla. O importante é a quantidade de nuvens eletrônicas distribuídas ao redor do átomo central, uma nuvem eletrônica pode ser uma ligação tripla ou uma simples.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Outra situação pouco comum ocorre quando o átomo central possui um excesso de pares de elétrons não ligantes. Mais precisamente três, pode ocorrer com o XeF</span><span>₂ e os ânions I</span><span>₃</span><span>⁻ e ICl</span><span>₂</span><span>⁻.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcgy4Da9Lna9S5v-T9Dxt1WPdEa6ONGAKRsZVPqRlMguEJEOMTv6wJo9BjHtnSHL0Ojt5Dc2TAvLxSNfIQyW6bHbb_3N7QaH3mqWsZqOX2cLP0_TzJIZWw4vhsN0EHse_gf1R8ZnFMqHPRU2gk31T-Cy-2sbMOQP_O39sxH4HHZ6kHiE_EgZm3mBO5/s634/06%20triat%C3%B4micos%20lineares.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="634" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcgy4Da9Lna9S5v-T9Dxt1WPdEa6ONGAKRsZVPqRlMguEJEOMTv6wJo9BjHtnSHL0Ojt5Dc2TAvLxSNfIQyW6bHbb_3N7QaH3mqWsZqOX2cLP0_TzJIZWw4vhsN0EHse_gf1R8ZnFMqHPRU2gk31T-Cy-2sbMOQP_O39sxH4HHZ6kHiE_EgZm3mBO5/w640-h406/06%20triat%C3%B4micos%20lineares.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">E como ter certeza que a forma dessas estruturas é linear? Veja a imagem abaixo:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM-2-guVDDB9YKEuqVgQzsnOx-uaGAz6BMx9gi5dBmahX4BrSTlZWLCV6HYPtj9hgFV-Ml1MD7HVyJK0d9tLudqWYXS-kG5MZUlWFmCE1W2-VQHbeX_cKEqpk415pSJI2iGH0HF7mjwu9m0H7Vmc19AWz7bJsGMVQvILickbNnUb0ORBwVjnzifeJu/s871/07%20triat%C3%B4micos%20lineares.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="871" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM-2-guVDDB9YKEuqVgQzsnOx-uaGAz6BMx9gi5dBmahX4BrSTlZWLCV6HYPtj9hgFV-Ml1MD7HVyJK0d9tLudqWYXS-kG5MZUlWFmCE1W2-VQHbeX_cKEqpk415pSJI2iGH0HF7mjwu9m0H7Vmc19AWz7bJsGMVQvILickbNnUb0ORBwVjnzifeJu/w640-h354/07%20triat%C3%B4micos%20lineares.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Veja os três átomos em linha e os lóbulos com os pontos indicando os pares de elétrons não ligantes. Nesta circunstância o átomo central possui um total de cinco nuvens eletrônicas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura triatômica: angular.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZtfnEF3IwiHp4GqpVZBnaG-7N3hRJj1bmKq3lXndvV0Yhd86h9OwqO6SXNUbhnA_Jn6_e_0SaH4XdoFSEUzuOMeI9sFDKWDG5q6L4T_P0cbAQz4ECFvQNbYsTQ0Lan0u6bZM2OO6IkrnDt_o3icScy4EpchrI8VC3YAFXZPkcPQ0WEHvwiZr3UG5R/s762/08%20triat%C3%B4micos%20angulares.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="762" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZtfnEF3IwiHp4GqpVZBnaG-7N3hRJj1bmKq3lXndvV0Yhd86h9OwqO6SXNUbhnA_Jn6_e_0SaH4XdoFSEUzuOMeI9sFDKWDG5q6L4T_P0cbAQz4ECFvQNbYsTQ0Lan0u6bZM2OO6IkrnDt_o3icScy4EpchrI8VC3YAFXZPkcPQ0WEHvwiZr3UG5R/w640-h228/08%20triat%C3%B4micos%20angulares.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Como é de se imaginar pela imagem acima, é possível encontrarmos dois tipos de estruturas moleculares triatômicas, aquelas que o átomo central possui dois pares de elétrons não ligantes e aquelas que o átomo central possui apenas um par de elétrons não ligantes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Do primeiro grupo, a água (H</span><span>₂O)</span><span> e o ácido sulfídrico (H</span><span>₂S)</span><span> são exemplos, assim como os semelhantes de sua coluna na tabela periódica, H</span><span>₂Se e H</span><span>₂Te, ácidos selenídrico e telurídrico.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjobQWhnBBYJ_FYCWyuoKUfoWFKvtpKLN01cE2sJCLIcdm6alWjbJ661WmQlr7R3UfirJQWnMAeC2gH0PJXO5SAukI_SIFVR_dRVhWxU8uVES-l3Z1G1NgXBi7aVag-iLHPr5IJNwhoyFy38bwnHQvv1Eqln2SjNLlXZDwcpn9dC68UF9STyXuWwSBe/s617/09%20triat%C3%B4micos%20angulares%202NE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="617" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjobQWhnBBYJ_FYCWyuoKUfoWFKvtpKLN01cE2sJCLIcdm6alWjbJ661WmQlr7R3UfirJQWnMAeC2gH0PJXO5SAukI_SIFVR_dRVhWxU8uVES-l3Z1G1NgXBi7aVag-iLHPr5IJNwhoyFy38bwnHQvv1Eqln2SjNLlXZDwcpn9dC68UF9STyXuWwSBe/w640-h358/09%20triat%C3%B4micos%20angulares%202NE.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Os ácidos hipocloroso (HClO), hipobromoso (HBrO) e hipoiodoso (HIO) seguem a mesma linha, mas com estrutura não simétricas. Os ânions derivados da perda de hidrogênio por parte dos ácidos cloroso (HClO</span><span>₂), </span><span>bromoso (HBrO</span><span>₂) e iodoso (HIO</span><span>₂) também são exemplos.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgllpOD5T8FGoAvmnnWEXdhFSVODR6vo1C0cbNhRt4CpbKhf5kbtU7r9YF76pD5gA9iMvxeooRqfG_rvfNVBs8PfzLxlOfpNT5F4Bp7r77yesXe2nE9UAsPod3BqeqsgWUtaVLigyIu0ZO7y--3XmC5bDGotcIZPrQBS-Sa41WBVsxUa8at6_0J2neg/s823/10%20triat%C3%B4micos%20angulares%202NE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="823" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgllpOD5T8FGoAvmnnWEXdhFSVODR6vo1C0cbNhRt4CpbKhf5kbtU7r9YF76pD5gA9iMvxeooRqfG_rvfNVBs8PfzLxlOfpNT5F4Bp7r77yesXe2nE9UAsPod3BqeqsgWUtaVLigyIu0ZO7y--3XmC5bDGotcIZPrQBS-Sa41WBVsxUa8at6_0J2neg/w640-h490/10%20triat%C3%B4micos%20angulares%202NE.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Do segundo grupo temos como exemplos o ozônio (O₃), o anidrido sulfuroso (SO</span><span>₂) e o ânion derivado da ionização do ácido nitroso (HNO</span><span>₂).</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGxqGjkhl1s6BjD9V1OQPlUrw8ZrdoM52oQaOoJv9LjzQLIxnfE5nHCnL1BrEnB51aOiRM2-AwsufYMJdG2Jmk_agBT1wkxhNdCePnJyuKfJoebyuRlk1spvkQexCzr7DR5YTzCaJfE06XRJyksNhBS9jSM8qLiv2ZozkDb1gd5XK7LJi58ImDmho2/s618/11%20triat%C3%B4micos%20angulares%201NE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="378" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGxqGjkhl1s6BjD9V1OQPlUrw8ZrdoM52oQaOoJv9LjzQLIxnfE5nHCnL1BrEnB51aOiRM2-AwsufYMJdG2Jmk_agBT1wkxhNdCePnJyuKfJoebyuRlk1spvkQexCzr7DR5YTzCaJfE06XRJyksNhBS9jSM8qLiv2ZozkDb1gd5XK7LJi58ImDmho2/w392-h640/11%20triat%C3%B4micos%20angulares%201NE.jpg" width="392" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Insisto, a presença dos pares de elétrons não ligantes afetam e muito o ângulo entre as ligações. Na água este ângulo é de 104,5°, no ozônio é de 116,8°. Mas o tamanho do átomo central contribui para isto, no ácido sulfídrico </span><span>(H</span><span>₂S) é de 92,1°, no </span><span>anidrido sulfuroso (SO</span><span>₂) é de 119°.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura tetratômica: linear.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOV8V2LdJht2HhDB811JoOfJWq60FcvhBsQBtkclFVv_PIONauaw7QVfQwP4i8r699_jpzfbEG5Gu3rHX72oTYHZmS5mp5Ch1GiICc37YP4tLNO4nTS0ONugeUYT5vxDwMzhjBKxA6Q4Yqbl8UDlLw5uIIjCT34vl69OIMgkJwRdXDNOW4aUYZuiRQ/s660/12%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20linear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="660" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOV8V2LdJht2HhDB811JoOfJWq60FcvhBsQBtkclFVv_PIONauaw7QVfQwP4i8r699_jpzfbEG5Gu3rHX72oTYHZmS5mp5Ch1GiICc37YP4tLNO4nTS0ONugeUYT5vxDwMzhjBKxA6Q4Yqbl8UDlLw5uIIjCT34vl69OIMgkJwRdXDNOW4aUYZuiRQ/w640-h276/12%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20linear.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>São pouquíssimos os exemplos de quatro átomos colineares em uma molécula. Existe com certeza o etino (C</span><span>₂H</span><span>₂), também chamado de acetileno e o hipotético C</span><span>₂N</span><span>₂, que pode existir de duas formas. De qualquer forma, é necessário que os dois átomos centrais tenham apenas duas nuvens eletrônicas sem pares de elétrons não ligantes.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3ke5dAhrlFgUlEORhQ3HyxnPA0M4d1TTsrHEx_L8q49V2aVFqhwXDi8OjvmmidVdRekRIBXnHbGqaq8bS-h-p_LHQjAsTZQvj7yj9GS9zAbkpei1wUNPekus9B6PcmrLBEkxO3oqmNhooQXEG3YLkebxEcEvarIYa1glqez25NcZG3JsF-5FGFFK23w/s489/11%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20linear.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /></span></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZQZkEmm6h9BRXQyWjp3AImEeBn3oZRwCy66Wqi9PeIGZ0cvbQFyRtglF-w-SDZHEHTjx9F2xEqusmIz0SbEf9lbTCHomUZQAGBh1I3ki_S93VNBHJyM7CVUH8UuRwjA3c7HRdwly5p9GCydYmect6fcHTf5Z6fbsow_H8N8NZXjM085lHMv-x8vwq/s489/13%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20linear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="489" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZQZkEmm6h9BRXQyWjp3AImEeBn3oZRwCy66Wqi9PeIGZ0cvbQFyRtglF-w-SDZHEHTjx9F2xEqusmIz0SbEf9lbTCHomUZQAGBh1I3ki_S93VNBHJyM7CVUH8UuRwjA3c7HRdwly5p9GCydYmect6fcHTf5Z6fbsow_H8N8NZXjM085lHMv-x8vwq/w640-h490/13%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20linear.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Observe que no </span><span>C</span><span>₂N</span><span>₂ de baixo existe uma ligação covalente coordenada entre o carbono e o nitrogênio, sendo que é este quem forneceu o par de elétrons compartilhado nela.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura tetratômica: triangular plana.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ZYGW7N4m1hUih5kugBpSZqXsUi4AO4Fy8t8VBYgKxuWodTbEPuDU_7DqvQzaeKDuN7Cjdgd6DD8835G7RZHUXqpiXtG0Ks2d9qYGh0Ir7QS7hCV7oWXSD5SLuXScztN3V0lULY9GrexXY2a2nNX-vh6Jms1DqorGNrPNGUhBH7Dz2k_8KFbP5STu/s840/14%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20triangular%20plana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="840" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ZYGW7N4m1hUih5kugBpSZqXsUi4AO4Fy8t8VBYgKxuWodTbEPuDU_7DqvQzaeKDuN7Cjdgd6DD8835G7RZHUXqpiXtG0Ks2d9qYGh0Ir7QS7hCV7oWXSD5SLuXScztN3V0lULY9GrexXY2a2nNX-vh6Jms1DqorGNrPNGUhBH7Dz2k_8KFbP5STu/w640-h560/14%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20triangular%20plana.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Também chamada de trigonal plana, pelo fato de os átomos periféricos formarem um triângulo ao redor do átomo central. Também é necessário que este átomo central tenha apenas três nuvens eletrônicas sem par de elétrons não ligantes. São exemplos estruturas constituídas de boro, como o trifluoreto de boro (BF</span><span>₃) e o trihidreto de boro (BH</span><span>₃), também chamado de borano. Outras combinações de boro com átomos monovalentes também obedecem esta geometria.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbo_GBJwF9EmyWN0gkwmV3287_yXETLTG4k9BDR3shiqi1e9i1lgA7IHBUoxWpHHdg6MODPrLbMC6-8PPIEW8Vxuv2ir70V1WXdYSwtSNWkuCYiz8sdCN1EZ-Q9bFUPESesnX1_p8EWjwWBDqjhfh4J_r_qJpUVA0SHFKTVG7lHzXw2E2o57G6Lxvb/s760/15%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20triangular%20plana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="760" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbo_GBJwF9EmyWN0gkwmV3287_yXETLTG4k9BDR3shiqi1e9i1lgA7IHBUoxWpHHdg6MODPrLbMC6-8PPIEW8Vxuv2ir70V1WXdYSwtSNWkuCYiz8sdCN1EZ-Q9bFUPESesnX1_p8EWjwWBDqjhfh4J_r_qJpUVA0SHFKTVG7lHzXw2E2o57G6Lxvb/w640-h520/15%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20triangular%20plana.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Se os átomos periféricos são idênticos, os ângulos entre as ligações são de 120°, como os ângulos entre os raios que partem do centro para os vértices em um triângulo equilátero inscrito em uma circunferência. Se os átomos periféricos são diferentes, esses ângulos podem ser próximos de 120°, mas não terão este valor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHbzsTpCtHq2rlBDewHko1sQ1oEpmU1FPGM8XM12el9PurOuJIqVB487zZOICHL-FQAKa56_UJ8MBopDQKH7Ac1rtlr7hTXS54G0uCpTqIPXBZvabXe0xe_GyujqSmEOaJMf7RlcPEpPy-uXV7FeYG0H-8FjLOTK-4VrWUo6q6j-hK_PXjywrKoapG/s392/16%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20triangular%20plana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="372" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHbzsTpCtHq2rlBDewHko1sQ1oEpmU1FPGM8XM12el9PurOuJIqVB487zZOICHL-FQAKa56_UJ8MBopDQKH7Ac1rtlr7hTXS54G0uCpTqIPXBZvabXe0xe_GyujqSmEOaJMf7RlcPEpPy-uXV7FeYG0H-8FjLOTK-4VrWUo6q6j-hK_PXjywrKoapG/w608-h640/16%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20triangular%20plana.jpg" width="608" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>O ânion nitrato, derivado da ionização do ácido nítrico (HNO</span><span>₃)</span><span> também possui esta geometria.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWZ6M4OFfoi_sXDfN_JdxLwjE3H2vdCSR_Xb4U9CCk5Wfx3fhqbY5zcEjq6gVeENqTr_0yOdpoeIW3q3QrKgYJVL5qe_3yEVqzSSZGTramHMQAQHAIdz8r35ru6MwY3rIsKfJK4_NsKXQXM4d7FtjyqhteMMwfWXbUltOaQGEpbAUy5zPuUPBmHLGt/s412/17%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20triangular%20plana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="412" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWZ6M4OFfoi_sXDfN_JdxLwjE3H2vdCSR_Xb4U9CCk5Wfx3fhqbY5zcEjq6gVeENqTr_0yOdpoeIW3q3QrKgYJVL5qe_3yEVqzSSZGTramHMQAQHAIdz8r35ru6MwY3rIsKfJK4_NsKXQXM4d7FtjyqhteMMwfWXbUltOaQGEpbAUy5zPuUPBmHLGt/w640-h504/17%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20triangular%20plana.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura tetratômica: trigonal piramidal.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY1Rv0lZ2hu6T5DW3Qqku_SpHjPPf0YYFxkwIdUMi1BCK4s3ySxrn5nHTLf9JZZ0JlKTGtkmzpTFIpOGCPKzO36lan8XTAt-uuc9UCSErpAReZFbf_L8T5WMlVDZKgdg8A_14X-Owpe8eKRgX_-C0_LIIvmzxs-vcaWu9_3PvkBK198gOXyaXObj1A/s864/18%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20trigonal%20piramidal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="864" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY1Rv0lZ2hu6T5DW3Qqku_SpHjPPf0YYFxkwIdUMi1BCK4s3ySxrn5nHTLf9JZZ0JlKTGtkmzpTFIpOGCPKzO36lan8XTAt-uuc9UCSErpAReZFbf_L8T5WMlVDZKgdg8A_14X-Owpe8eKRgX_-C0_LIIvmzxs-vcaWu9_3PvkBK198gOXyaXObj1A/w640-h480/18%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20trigonal%20piramidal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Também chamada de triangular piramidal, os átomos periféricos formam a base de uma pirâmide em relação ao átomo central. E o que os obriga a não ficar no mesmo plano que o átomo central? Um par de elétrons não ligantes do átomo central. Com isto, ele tem um total de quatro nuvens eletrônicas e as distribui ao seu redor o mais distante possível umas das outras, por isto apresenta um nome que remete a algo tridimensional.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>São exemplos dessa geometria a amônia (N</span><span>H</span><span>₃) e o tricloreto de fósforo </span><span>(PCl</span><span>₃)</span><span>. Variações de nitrogênio ou fósforo ligados a três átomos monovalentes, idênticos ou não, configuram esta geometria.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnEcSb-zXS_i_RbCnNELsRnYRZBx_K1Egp4ahWeMKoo54-A0mq2w_KvOPCbhcY5r5LmcPi3hQWgVMjOCsEnhWmm4P4H2ZbspFXkuD9FHdlM9gaUvCOC7-64IETDDRxEXD_GjuZO4JbNbUzotFyeeymbqQ_LUI1CfPyXlX6twlbEIDNItRakVUj1eqM/s516/19%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20trigonal%20piramidal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="388" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnEcSb-zXS_i_RbCnNELsRnYRZBx_K1Egp4ahWeMKoo54-A0mq2w_KvOPCbhcY5r5LmcPi3hQWgVMjOCsEnhWmm4P4H2ZbspFXkuD9FHdlM9gaUvCOC7-64IETDDRxEXD_GjuZO4JbNbUzotFyeeymbqQ_LUI1CfPyXlX6twlbEIDNItRakVUj1eqM/w482-h640/19%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20trigonal%20piramidal.jpg" width="482" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Na amônia o ângulo entre as ligações é de 107°, na fosfina </span><span>(P</span><span>H</span><span>₃), esses ângulos são de 93,5° e no tricloreto de fósforo são de 100°.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFdRFRJS9NphzoxURB4FlW5XZyID1gnGUyEOjdUB-1r3dG5vc94mup6Tjf_sZ8-yrazyL3fOsDF7fqw4X5iRb3-SPbuEQNbapQK3ExACYmsjMtFttpK4ofjLg-r3nOoWx1uN19mL1tkpnwph-gZcZZmsVqRu0kUHOJy7lRor8v5kJJGhGPFzk4Dbcc/s342/20%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20trigonal%20piramidal%20a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="342" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFdRFRJS9NphzoxURB4FlW5XZyID1gnGUyEOjdUB-1r3dG5vc94mup6Tjf_sZ8-yrazyL3fOsDF7fqw4X5iRb3-SPbuEQNbapQK3ExACYmsjMtFttpK4ofjLg-r3nOoWx1uN19mL1tkpnwph-gZcZZmsVqRu0kUHOJy7lRor8v5kJJGhGPFzk4Dbcc/w640-h510/20%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20trigonal%20piramidal%20a.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>São também exemplos de geometria piramidal os ânions derivados da ionização completa dos ácidos sulfuroso (H</span><span>₂</span><span>SO</span><span>₃)</span><span>, clórico (HClO</span><span>₃)</span><span>, brômico (HBrO</span><span>₃)</span><span> e iódico (HIO</span><span>₃)</span><span>.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkKoHNC-1mf74mV1xxN4LubpVVDK2oooM1bzYsvpAv9JbpYPLywbMR_b0QXDz4sN_v08sY3Bjou_Vb3a1xfiupzVjXHCLp77ljAVEUlY8z-n7xKRNkw7IkmDExouAaOUT6sX6ggqaHotbBvIq_1w1uTxXXcb5hCcoO1KjNytXQ9V7mef5O9cZFtvYR/s889/20%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20trigonal%20piramidal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="889" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkKoHNC-1mf74mV1xxN4LubpVVDK2oooM1bzYsvpAv9JbpYPLywbMR_b0QXDz4sN_v08sY3Bjou_Vb3a1xfiupzVjXHCLp77ljAVEUlY8z-n7xKRNkw7IkmDExouAaOUT6sX6ggqaHotbBvIq_1w1uTxXXcb5hCcoO1KjNytXQ9V7mef5O9cZFtvYR/w640-h406/20%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20trigonal%20piramidal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura tetratômica: forma de T.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAMmI9zb4JHNwCF8DMhRaECZGfVGpx7nHc2Sw_ZxujBZ8XquPz2NcdFZztT4gAqSHb-M-aUbX_XLc_TnbIGFdYME_Is2uQHxtltCbqIm7cMK9EFsf_GI8NfXHNUv9yczqqp8o_SqPyAUPhX1nzst6MvowRK83nN96l31VCQB9TB1rFcnORR24xSod/s1050/21%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20forma%20de%20T.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="758" data-original-width="1050" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAMmI9zb4JHNwCF8DMhRaECZGfVGpx7nHc2Sw_ZxujBZ8XquPz2NcdFZztT4gAqSHb-M-aUbX_XLc_TnbIGFdYME_Is2uQHxtltCbqIm7cMK9EFsf_GI8NfXHNUv9yczqqp8o_SqPyAUPhX1nzst6MvowRK83nN96l31VCQB9TB1rFcnORR24xSod/w640-h462/21%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20forma%20de%20T.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Esta não é das mais comuns. Ocorre quando um átomo de halogênio expande sua regra do octeto e faz três ligações com dois pares de elétrons não ligantes, totalizando cinco nuvens eletrônicas. ClF</span><span>₃ e BrCl</span><span>₃ são dois exemplos.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWHYqvR_-tWwcuL6cQ6qAxlRYOkqztM4mxduePFQrU381o9e6g2dZfLuQJQfImLSrihza9er8S91jIOS-frdDgK6ZQb41pfv2C4sGbQWXVcMJq-It0e9FgMsOnwGiAXOq0umWzHSiBlTUU5amSMsdiZikwK0L6PWEEdelNuaQM3fi_Y-Jg_wC-FHi6/s244/22%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20forma%20de%20T%20a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="244" height="538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWHYqvR_-tWwcuL6cQ6qAxlRYOkqztM4mxduePFQrU381o9e6g2dZfLuQJQfImLSrihza9er8S91jIOS-frdDgK6ZQb41pfv2C4sGbQWXVcMJq-It0e9FgMsOnwGiAXOq0umWzHSiBlTUU5amSMsdiZikwK0L6PWEEdelNuaQM3fi_Y-Jg_wC-FHi6/w640-h538/22%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20forma%20de%20T%20a.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Os dois pares de elétrons não ligantes estão no mesmo plano que a ligação na horizontal. Este plano é perpendicular às duas ligações na vertical, por isto a forma de T.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjytna6RIyaq8ctBdAG3J-G-IuTTdeHt2FK1xhZetqWLeBZ_53G82s2yXNRgvHXFjVIft6ljsjGSCAIKjJyR_BeYurC3DDKwyTbx543P73as0Of5_jZW-DZ4VKqRMQs3xunWdZGINRkjQ3G9sIiOBQ5txY0jyhbcZEwD7P83LpDahX8IMclfO0-Tq_w/s738/22%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20forma%20de%20T.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="738" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjytna6RIyaq8ctBdAG3J-G-IuTTdeHt2FK1xhZetqWLeBZ_53G82s2yXNRgvHXFjVIft6ljsjGSCAIKjJyR_BeYurC3DDKwyTbx543P73as0Of5_jZW-DZ4VKqRMQs3xunWdZGINRkjQ3G9sIiOBQ5txY0jyhbcZEwD7P83LpDahX8IMclfO0-Tq_w/w640-h344/22%20tetrat%C3%B4mico%20forma%20de%20T.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Em amarelo estão os dois pares de elétrons não ligantes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura pentatômica: tetraédrica.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeg2UkIk2QKLPOwJ05Ey0HqjlVwP-owCHCxfj3TyzNg7KJjHVtIyWMLXYDuMg4-mRRfhseq6HedFqX9WR6tUT4wUmF_Jsi9AbUEOV8whCJZ8iOTBA9QJyqxrDQ7U3RxMMBA13Z8Zx1yln2tXXiParlbiM5yK0d6OmvFR5QffEEHLMXKnEhHrwr6dBH/s682/23%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20tetra%C3%A9drica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="657" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeg2UkIk2QKLPOwJ05Ey0HqjlVwP-owCHCxfj3TyzNg7KJjHVtIyWMLXYDuMg4-mRRfhseq6HedFqX9WR6tUT4wUmF_Jsi9AbUEOV8whCJZ8iOTBA9QJyqxrDQ7U3RxMMBA13Z8Zx1yln2tXXiParlbiM5yK0d6OmvFR5QffEEHLMXKnEhHrwr6dBH/w616-h640/23%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20tetra%C3%A9drica.jpg" width="616" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Quando o átomo central se liga a quatro átomos periféricos idênticos sem que sobre par de elétrons não ligantes, os átomos periféricos se distribuirão simetricamente de tal maneira que eles formem um tetraedro regular. Observamos esta geometria com átomos de carbono (CH₄, CF</span><span>₄, CCl</span><span>₄</span><span>) e de silício (SiH</span><span>₄)</span><span>. Caso os átomos periféricos não sejam idênticos, o tetraedro formado não será regular.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTkE7AXRXn6dANPfxspT2GTrbiCOsD0Ohje1rxNWRGtIuWj8WYPkzs3uYyif_ubn3IbpnVTZX-6TSP6bZ8zWitdT411pFSNlAhVWOlx9kpOIB4ZTdtCWgdeJPe4jC_Ojwvw2buVQLgKL2UBEoK3dPHtJhQxp-OCOIgddVCIm0_b59t7knD2oTo70aD/s682/24%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20tetra%C3%A9drica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="682" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTkE7AXRXn6dANPfxspT2GTrbiCOsD0Ohje1rxNWRGtIuWj8WYPkzs3uYyif_ubn3IbpnVTZX-6TSP6bZ8zWitdT411pFSNlAhVWOlx9kpOIB4ZTdtCWgdeJPe4jC_Ojwvw2buVQLgKL2UBEoK3dPHtJhQxp-OCOIgddVCIm0_b59t7knD2oTo70aD/w640-h302/24%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20tetra%C3%A9drica.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Entre os íons, amônio (NH</span><span>₄⁺), tetrafluorborato (BF</span><span>₄⁻) e íons derivados da ionização completa dos ácidos fosfórico (H</span><span>₃</span><span>PO</span><span>₄), sulfúrico (H</span><span>₂</span><span>SO</span><span>₄), perclórico (HClO</span><span>₄), perbrômico (HBrO</span><span>₄) e periódico (HIO</span><span>₄) </span><span>são exemplos de estruturas tetraédricas.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilb0C6aLmvckU7Vd8ipdSejrNBAF6csT9sBVHFoRYh7R8XMUEddpinF4eVfAnM30RSLZP66Ks6mlUIJR1wfbQUc3sfZ-yCb10GaytjX9Q_6xNPsrqRk7Jk6DMwJ3BuEBqr-QFl-RsDNLSkpXINn56FCU40lgwlmdubZkVSabJgVjPQ-5KrZ6qt6aEQ/s1221/25%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20tetra%C3%A9drica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="724" data-original-width="1221" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilb0C6aLmvckU7Vd8ipdSejrNBAF6csT9sBVHFoRYh7R8XMUEddpinF4eVfAnM30RSLZP66Ks6mlUIJR1wfbQUc3sfZ-yCb10GaytjX9Q_6xNPsrqRk7Jk6DMwJ3BuEBqr-QFl-RsDNLSkpXINn56FCU40lgwlmdubZkVSabJgVjPQ-5KrZ6qt6aEQ/w640-h380/25%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20tetra%C3%A9drica.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura pentatômica: gangorra.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8RYJc1vEUuEReVMvMXWwZx7OSWcqg7lp33bbmiUTa527EnBhaUSKeA7SvC6XQ--z4AxlNrnL_V2oBSuWFag7LLp_-LYrueWnHbjRMrGQiWxwhyuGofBPIjFig5eq0U0AveZjnPIOLRAjSd275QlBnpAN44CO_jEBT2ukZB9MlvelT9kdX1oZOmf_z/s1048/26%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20gangorra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="1048" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8RYJc1vEUuEReVMvMXWwZx7OSWcqg7lp33bbmiUTa527EnBhaUSKeA7SvC6XQ--z4AxlNrnL_V2oBSuWFag7LLp_-LYrueWnHbjRMrGQiWxwhyuGofBPIjFig5eq0U0AveZjnPIOLRAjSd275QlBnpAN44CO_jEBT2ukZB9MlvelT9kdX1oZOmf_z/w640-h330/26%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20gangorra.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Esta geometria ocorre quando o átomo central possui um total de cinco nuvens eletrônicas, sendo que apenas uma delas é um par de elétrons não ligantes. Ela ocorre em casos de expansão da regra do octeto, como no tetrafluoretro de enxofre (SF</span><span>₄), seu análogo de selênio (</span><span>SeF</span><span>₄) e do cátion </span><span>IF</span><span>₄⁺.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj50zIFPQhcqcqveeQ03jSy4N57bhyb_qWNmzarbwpdW04x8tbbufOD6ucN96ifE3eaCjs4adIXl9gcwgEWkvTKujyqxFkq5NWshnMKyk9O5xvvk88MihmpykaNi9c0skmp-dfgsI8eR87UFMAIJCy3AFf55y8e8xY-U473rW4BvXg1_bDwvojoJrBK/s226/27%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20gangorra%20a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="226" data-original-width="217" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj50zIFPQhcqcqveeQ03jSy4N57bhyb_qWNmzarbwpdW04x8tbbufOD6ucN96ifE3eaCjs4adIXl9gcwgEWkvTKujyqxFkq5NWshnMKyk9O5xvvk88MihmpykaNi9c0skmp-dfgsI8eR87UFMAIJCy3AFf55y8e8xY-U473rW4BvXg1_bDwvojoJrBK/w615-h640/27%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20gangorra%20a.jpg" width="615" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>O enxofre possui seis átomos na camada de valência, ele compartilha quatro deles e o par restante é não ligante. No </span><span>cátion </span><span>IF</span><span>₄⁺ é necessário observar que o iodo possui originalmente sete elétrons na camada de valência. Ao perder um deles fica situação similar à do enxofre ou do selênio, forma quatro ligações covalentes usando quatro de seus seis elétrons restantes e o par não usado atua como não ligante.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiNmXYrojc8M1XSm7WS9ufg59gvZ7DxB07jbkiqWJXqSxDw_gZeL8DC-zPd2c-8EF1XpetJm0L6xUAhJfE1pJ6O1V5V5LLi6HV49dec1G-CFKOKGZ14Mq-LsMHujLRgs-oPMQ4eXyrpalv57Pudn8Fs5DG3reG05OQuphp0GFsENtA6ju-LkiLm0Bx/s769/27%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20gangorra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="769" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiNmXYrojc8M1XSm7WS9ufg59gvZ7DxB07jbkiqWJXqSxDw_gZeL8DC-zPd2c-8EF1XpetJm0L6xUAhJfE1pJ6O1V5V5LLi6HV49dec1G-CFKOKGZ14Mq-LsMHujLRgs-oPMQ4eXyrpalv57Pudn8Fs5DG3reG05OQuphp0GFsENtA6ju-LkiLm0Bx/w640-h234/27%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20gangorra.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Em verde é o par de elétrons não ligantes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura pentatômica: quadrática plana.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipAw6VDoVyTD1g3p_8yqReeA9DG0rx9VByOML-A9IORlCg6pk7m7ftKPnhwG-N2aufRnlkQWADEupG7ldDgoXSmQUfRxw125IEsXK1K5zqrt6jI_RiJIR6B3x21EuWCGpgSuaTpEgPND3HcXhZYd6tS0D1B3BUJRudb9ER1v_IfPXpE2P80Iyt3skB/s260/28%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20quadr%C3%A1tica%20plana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="188" data-original-width="260" height="463" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipAw6VDoVyTD1g3p_8yqReeA9DG0rx9VByOML-A9IORlCg6pk7m7ftKPnhwG-N2aufRnlkQWADEupG7ldDgoXSmQUfRxw125IEsXK1K5zqrt6jI_RiJIR6B3x21EuWCGpgSuaTpEgPND3HcXhZYd6tS0D1B3BUJRudb9ER1v_IfPXpE2P80Iyt3skB/w640-h463/28%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20quadr%C3%A1tica%20plana.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Quando o átomo central possui quatro ligações e dois pares de elétrons não ligantes, as quatro ligações tentem a se distribuir em um plano e os dois pares de elétrons ocupam posições acima e abaixo deste plano. O </span><span>XeF</span><span>₄ e o </span><span>BrF</span><span>₄⁻ são exemplos desta geometria.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU-rSeB8zexG_rku4GYNeOThCV1eJJWpZoxiMCPH_LGVxvIUPW2ZijSOQWydG79pcHkhBpMVwtFcgbW0FMKDRDI2ntk4xqfAPGr0oEMBeJEw78NUuHR7Yivj16OlxRmqNLxZEK8vuchDqPXy8p2y9O6iTRxjuLXFomtVGELLQahykYjVe6crLKbHee/s895/29%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20quadr%C3%A1tica%20plana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="895" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU-rSeB8zexG_rku4GYNeOThCV1eJJWpZoxiMCPH_LGVxvIUPW2ZijSOQWydG79pcHkhBpMVwtFcgbW0FMKDRDI2ntk4xqfAPGr0oEMBeJEw78NUuHR7Yivj16OlxRmqNLxZEK8vuchDqPXy8p2y9O6iTRxjuLXFomtVGELLQahykYjVe6crLKbHee/w640-h194/29%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20quadr%C3%A1tica%20plana.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Observe na imagem abaixo a disposição dos orbitais dos pares de elétrons não ligantes.<br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI0yb98ifePRksB5Nepwoy3PyuVbLrtahO7BsjsuRzKnod_zSuCX8DxOmP1f3kEYNtYUCqLq4G_aea5SdOzSgMZo6NkGVl6Hqp9c9HJ3lsMSt0a32HuEcYwl1he9s3aWVgvK_cV-_7gVXn_6X8z-myJGu5OaWRYCg97uZvN1tH42nJYlKaicDAsIO6/s301/30%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20quadr%C3%A1tica%20plana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="292" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI0yb98ifePRksB5Nepwoy3PyuVbLrtahO7BsjsuRzKnod_zSuCX8DxOmP1f3kEYNtYUCqLq4G_aea5SdOzSgMZo6NkGVl6Hqp9c9HJ3lsMSt0a32HuEcYwl1he9s3aWVgvK_cV-_7gVXn_6X8z-myJGu5OaWRYCg97uZvN1tH42nJYlKaicDAsIO6/w621-h640/30%20pentat%C3%B4mico%20quadr%C3%A1tica%20plana.jpg" width="621" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura hexatômica: bipiramidal.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEyDSpcR8ExEQOCUJ3aJoD1xUQbNt83-FrHSgbYNRhhtf0YbqO_77l4vzeECWObcZVd9BFmCXkphljYdkTI9hFhSlL9mhbUKXbR4YIosu4DjEyJ9d-3vJdrTGwyR_49QFMGmr4FK18y-X8qRRuoEj1VHEYYoCjea98yDxUUyuebFIUxD_-20BSoIMn/s1100/31%20hexat%C3%B4mico%20bipiramidal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1100" data-original-width="968" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEyDSpcR8ExEQOCUJ3aJoD1xUQbNt83-FrHSgbYNRhhtf0YbqO_77l4vzeECWObcZVd9BFmCXkphljYdkTI9hFhSlL9mhbUKXbR4YIosu4DjEyJ9d-3vJdrTGwyR_49QFMGmr4FK18y-X8qRRuoEj1VHEYYoCjea98yDxUUyuebFIUxD_-20BSoIMn/w564-h640/31%20hexat%C3%B4mico%20bipiramidal.jpg" width="564" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Neste caso o átomo central possui cinco nuvens eletrônicas e todas elas são ligações químicas. PCl₅, </span><span>PBr₅ e PBr</span><span>₃</span><span>F</span><span>₂</span><span> são exemplos desta configuração.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYU1RW6uF6OWlKjq_bQu2Jfh3cESSG2tzTL2GT60proFFvojFk_H-ALtbqDrLmykLe2pFyiKlEzwO98QCnUUTuaDFUsMrI_Q-_Y5WGNMLa6sHAvwmjQpx1FwMGEWNxDw15ecxbUeFvNWOCe1rhjtRQVCHr9kiZvdx2zxUUJQx5rTIZwy4_4sXIOiJt/s379/32%20hexat%C3%B4mico%20bipiramidal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="379" height="586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYU1RW6uF6OWlKjq_bQu2Jfh3cESSG2tzTL2GT60proFFvojFk_H-ALtbqDrLmykLe2pFyiKlEzwO98QCnUUTuaDFUsMrI_Q-_Y5WGNMLa6sHAvwmjQpx1FwMGEWNxDw15ecxbUeFvNWOCe1rhjtRQVCHr9kiZvdx2zxUUJQx5rTIZwy4_4sXIOiJt/w640-h586/32%20hexat%C3%B4mico%20bipiramidal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura hexatômica: piramidal quadrada.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYx9RB3cYT1zHVLhU79lSVK6_pKRnwc70FrCrnYJ60FqJkGiL-9gLtHUs6utRULWeJtMTqMw67fv85m3rq3I4L2XMpaj24i68qzNJSe3gALotDFEelAommAfeS4eV41pr3KPFc9RQyZ22YmwDag1p39LJAeA00EofamJzF1RVdKSfNzUNo8EP9dt2p/s1100/33%20piramidal%20quadrada.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="891" data-original-width="1100" height="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYx9RB3cYT1zHVLhU79lSVK6_pKRnwc70FrCrnYJ60FqJkGiL-9gLtHUs6utRULWeJtMTqMw67fv85m3rq3I4L2XMpaj24i68qzNJSe3gALotDFEelAommAfeS4eV41pr3KPFc9RQyZ22YmwDag1p39LJAeA00EofamJzF1RVdKSfNzUNo8EP9dt2p/w640-h518/33%20piramidal%20quadrada.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Neste caso o átomo central possui um total de seis nuvens eletrônicas e apenas uma delas é um par de elétrons não ligantes. </span><span>BrF₅ e IF</span><span>₅ são exemplos.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsxTWA2KcKWynUB04QhpEFtiBEzXhCQ1ns3ms082Wi7-8pyMTnr70XaXCsRqWy8Jw26cx0-4ToHLoOuICrEZTSWZ0ZKjDWxejP76Hm5MrJu9pLlDE2Joov2t8zouT820emGRTHtr0_4a62maBeLm2VwzTDnMthYmF4AJGZvSOJr3lmlxV6ZTX03scA/s424/34%20piramidal%20quadrada.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="424" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsxTWA2KcKWynUB04QhpEFtiBEzXhCQ1ns3ms082Wi7-8pyMTnr70XaXCsRqWy8Jw26cx0-4ToHLoOuICrEZTSWZ0ZKjDWxejP76Hm5MrJu9pLlDE2Joov2t8zouT820emGRTHtr0_4a62maBeLm2VwzTDnMthYmF4AJGZvSOJr3lmlxV6ZTX03scA/w640-h492/34%20piramidal%20quadrada.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Observe que o par de elétrons não ligante está em oposição à ligação na vertical.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuAaWCYoQNS8quAV3mF9bCVv375rKwSNVIzInJBwWG-vJb4avaX6vpONdF3qLcjuLSNFEDEo2qUf2boQ5oWq1Fm4IRluaYwzoVhGrVk98ZVMrT-jGHnNQWVTPMTxRq9rFk_cpQ21_LX9cYRymwXD3E1CL2in16LSbMiugLBoiLAdYedherJNpD0_gB/s308/35%20piramidal%20quadrada.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="308" height="625" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuAaWCYoQNS8quAV3mF9bCVv375rKwSNVIzInJBwWG-vJb4avaX6vpONdF3qLcjuLSNFEDEo2qUf2boQ5oWq1Fm4IRluaYwzoVhGrVk98ZVMrT-jGHnNQWVTPMTxRq9rFk_cpQ21_LX9cYRymwXD3E1CL2in16LSbMiugLBoiLAdYedherJNpD0_gB/w640-h625/35%20piramidal%20quadrada.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura heptatômica: octaédrica.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj9d0COC15aPfSBJzMyhg6uKSC9540uDIltzMyW5R_Bee4IPrTNvJL-aGlNWho6RyVQuBFbUqTTBjof2Bmoap4oN7dv5W5CWbcUoAVycS2PjlyDq-vpdRzhOfeHLzP-GyjlXwlpzpQ7z2DFGoWYMs0E35ElvU6J5dk4sJ5WvHDS0kC2CniJ-gqDf15/s668/36%20heptat%C3%B4mica%20octa%C3%A9drica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="668" data-original-width="640" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj9d0COC15aPfSBJzMyhg6uKSC9540uDIltzMyW5R_Bee4IPrTNvJL-aGlNWho6RyVQuBFbUqTTBjof2Bmoap4oN7dv5W5CWbcUoAVycS2PjlyDq-vpdRzhOfeHLzP-GyjlXwlpzpQ7z2DFGoWYMs0E35ElvU6J5dk4sJ5WvHDS0kC2CniJ-gqDf15/w614-h640/36%20heptat%C3%B4mica%20octa%C3%A9drica.jpg" width="614" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Neste caso o átomo central possui seis nuvens eletrônicas e todas elas são ligações químicas. A forma geométrica de modo que os átomos periféricos fiquem equidistantes do central é aquela na qual eles ocupam os vértices de um octaedro regular. O hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF₆) e o ânion P</span><span>F₆</span><span>⁻</span><span> são exemplos.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-LscM6V2uyzSGCJmvh9KvBAz9QDVqdKXOkcGXAW0ua9P8PqBMN_muS30zCr98721ov5GuKno63hg9FqD-bCaNV8hCuQbAwisUtKBn5wE4U6ABMWXn9hpw3Y3kz05-FGH0LeSlk9-0gJ3GQ2xn7F0KrO5QFS99zFshruQ_xFRKSLC3XaBIjPaZbYwn/s417/37%20heptat%C3%B4mica%20octa%C3%A9drica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="417" height="590" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-LscM6V2uyzSGCJmvh9KvBAz9QDVqdKXOkcGXAW0ua9P8PqBMN_muS30zCr98721ov5GuKno63hg9FqD-bCaNV8hCuQbAwisUtKBn5wE4U6ABMWXn9hpw3Y3kz05-FGH0LeSlk9-0gJ3GQ2xn7F0KrO5QFS99zFshruQ_xFRKSLC3XaBIjPaZbYwn/w640-h590/37%20heptat%C3%B4mica%20octa%C3%A9drica.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura octatômica: bipiramidal pentagonal.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEienHG_kd3wvoS1zSLHyW2IaS_Z87G-1XQ0pvhUgvw1dWpCw_xpWc7rG9fvDc_1HGHyPwzMhqCrMCxTuRpJoYj2PRiKaMy4N8gpyiJn1nNZpGyM8QPWokAGiuPR-xzdC7ZlEVFrk_vZ3FdXk_Yx53b2vEQ-M_m4pUlBPU9NuitdsBZknL4xA14knMgd/s1100/38%20octat%C3%B4mico%20bipiramidal%20pentagonal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1096" data-original-width="1100" height="638" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEienHG_kd3wvoS1zSLHyW2IaS_Z87G-1XQ0pvhUgvw1dWpCw_xpWc7rG9fvDc_1HGHyPwzMhqCrMCxTuRpJoYj2PRiKaMy4N8gpyiJn1nNZpGyM8QPWokAGiuPR-xzdC7ZlEVFrk_vZ3FdXk_Yx53b2vEQ-M_m4pUlBPU9NuitdsBZknL4xA14knMgd/w640-h638/38%20octat%C3%B4mico%20bipiramidal%20pentagonal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">O átomo precisa fazer sete ligações químicas sem par de elétrons não ligantes para formar esta, observamos ela no heptafluoreto de iodo (IF₇).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMwc2Q2VE0nYvAXP4H50hPJ5fi9YyMCMw7ANps9_h0R6ih1y_s4sN3fZOp17WgOUaBTXYmjlXS5-hNpt0POfi9W29MzPr7oG9oOsr8Ka-qOqWlqQL2wnRUrnSqWLMxAwIJd7EmmHlevExLCBbm7g9rSHIdtU45ZZ8Po4WatezkaT8MUpBNtQAEi2cz/s348/39%20octat%C3%B4mico%20bipiramidal%20pentagonal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="335" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMwc2Q2VE0nYvAXP4H50hPJ5fi9YyMCMw7ANps9_h0R6ih1y_s4sN3fZOp17WgOUaBTXYmjlXS5-hNpt0POfi9W29MzPr7oG9oOsr8Ka-qOqWlqQL2wnRUrnSqWLMxAwIJd7EmmHlevExLCBbm7g9rSHIdtU45ZZ8Po4WatezkaT8MUpBNtQAEi2cz/w616-h640/39%20octat%C3%B4mico%20bipiramidal%20pentagonal.jpg" width="616" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">¬ Estrutura eneatômica: antiprismática.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: red; font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxT0oALQRpOBoEYEso9140dQ8JsQyNCygO_sbMKz1a3oQbePPwJsbfPvUkZ7i9WR_-qDh7WtNB3IILSLvWAxF8rqD583WRahwdMULsMt36yHDOAng058SjbEikRdAmHBd6vdmZekMZkFVcHu3in3vNKOg8zuPhzwK3Y-vrTTnYYiT5H4cE2xDnvR9f/s570/40%20antipism%C3%A1tico%201.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="570" height="566" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxT0oALQRpOBoEYEso9140dQ8JsQyNCygO_sbMKz1a3oQbePPwJsbfPvUkZ7i9WR_-qDh7WtNB3IILSLvWAxF8rqD583WRahwdMULsMt36yHDOAng058SjbEikRdAmHBd6vdmZekMZkFVcHu3in3vNKOg8zuPhzwK3Y-vrTTnYYiT5H4cE2xDnvR9f/w640-h566/40%20antipism%C3%A1tico%201.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQpEXT8WeWSPMG-Aea4S9sWTD2Y55IXckTNVBRUr3yhtHRif7ZHPkx40n6fMJ9wVxfhihSXFW22ORwvUFAeci2gMP1be82TEz7V7aVVvn0K_u2Jlz-leTaCvmXq85QcF6QRLt_BWodJYHj2W4MNIyWa4zsGHQrbpxXt85z7BSSOhS2jP35rcp-aDC2/s659/41%20antipism%C3%A1tico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="659" height="624" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQpEXT8WeWSPMG-Aea4S9sWTD2Y55IXckTNVBRUr3yhtHRif7ZHPkx40n6fMJ9wVxfhihSXFW22ORwvUFAeci2gMP1be82TEz7V7aVVvn0K_u2Jlz-leTaCvmXq85QcF6QRLt_BWodJYHj2W4MNIyWa4zsGHQrbpxXt85z7BSSOhS2jP35rcp-aDC2/w640-h624/41%20antipism%C3%A1tico.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Se você encontrar um átomo capaz de formar oito ligações covalentes com oito átomos periféricos idênticos, eles se distribuirão no espaço ao redor do átomo central de forma simétrica. E a figura geométrica resultante disto não é um cubo, é um anti-prisma de base quadrada. O octafluoreto de xenônio é um exemplo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR1Pd2dN182VUMusjW1bC6-cyI2jl3GjlZTyQZZuuQI1irrvi3TzBNPYpLHJbd5uE-TIf7Usxw6Vpadp0JvHmQ2f5WxUDPleuk0-pV-2-7G5H6Kk9oCkEHtg4MZcZeCyOB4YJWCnd12dJrHhGiT6rovel4Cz-Ep9-NIK2aX7o0h63kZVCQMfmdrn5x/s311/42%20anti.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="310" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR1Pd2dN182VUMusjW1bC6-cyI2jl3GjlZTyQZZuuQI1irrvi3TzBNPYpLHJbd5uE-TIf7Usxw6Vpadp0JvHmQ2f5WxUDPleuk0-pV-2-7G5H6Kk9oCkEHtg4MZcZeCyOB4YJWCnd12dJrHhGiT6rovel4Cz-Ep9-NIK2aX7o0h63kZVCQMfmdrn5x/w638-h640/42%20anti.jpg" width="638" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Caso você não tenha compreendido bem como é um antiprisma, veja as duas imagens abaixo:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPjeEn1kF6O_As3WfAHrnO7enx2ypJJhInlU8p-rpiBv8zVB5xvLctdRr7bRW8RHahLLwzIA1L_7pqJWh7JxN1GyUrH3Y7aqRBb3MVKHk1Ee-fUIivelsTDhev2FKNTmkemChQFMqDZ51zxi1ToXkbNMh3QyEgpkV15DGthako8ZMkr4abwQkZ7pm/s209/43%20antiprisma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="184" data-original-width="209" height="563" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIPjeEn1kF6O_As3WfAHrnO7enx2ypJJhInlU8p-rpiBv8zVB5xvLctdRr7bRW8RHahLLwzIA1L_7pqJWh7JxN1GyUrH3Y7aqRBb3MVKHk1Ee-fUIivelsTDhev2FKNTmkemChQFMqDZ51zxi1ToXkbNMh3QyEgpkV15DGthako8ZMkr4abwQkZ7pm/w640-h563/43%20antiprisma.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br style="text-align: left;" /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPs57vI4jI7c3nLqPOGTnjE9_zdcw7eOTLsXp3elYiY5vZHL7OKkUopiuYBbSULTevcspzxizHdE8nHagYQMKt8zVn6Z4KL6jxGu0iZjcwX5Di32OjPEjrXP1qxmAsLvjaICTM-Ihza5XLfwqqkDn-LKCgu2OmlxUTc6B_RBTMJE3YqA1MsKUQWdb4/s640/44%20antiprisma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="640" height="602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPs57vI4jI7c3nLqPOGTnjE9_zdcw7eOTLsXp3elYiY5vZHL7OKkUopiuYBbSULTevcspzxizHdE8nHagYQMKt8zVn6Z4KL6jxGu0iZjcwX5Di32OjPEjrXP1qxmAsLvjaICTM-Ihza5XLfwqqkDn-LKCgu2OmlxUTc6B_RBTMJE3YqA1MsKUQWdb4/w640-h602/44%20antiprisma.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Ele possui duas bases quadradas neste caso e as faces laterais são triângulos, fazendo com que os vértices de suas bases fiquem exatamente desalinhados, diferente dos prismas.</span></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Outra forma de apresentar este conteúdo é com uma tabela na qual temos o total de nuvens eletrônicas do átomo central, então a dividimos e pares de elétrons ligantes e não ligantes. Veja:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdnwVGM_QaqrYwQPZf8tREXyQgDH7xzlHMex-5a-NT0HH6j9l-UFBcFrEVApnIu7gA_2BhhwgBOQ4iMuBRf5aLIJG_HZ3CPi8WHU5Ywb6aRx4qQmSN6vNinbulhoI-6Wr6IdD5vv5vWgg0Qz6SMonB4gtvGXUV1dV9J4zRXIOQ7B9ALgrkarIa3Tgz/s1168/45%20tabela.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1002" data-original-width="1168" height="550" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdnwVGM_QaqrYwQPZf8tREXyQgDH7xzlHMex-5a-NT0HH6j9l-UFBcFrEVApnIu7gA_2BhhwgBOQ4iMuBRf5aLIJG_HZ3CPi8WHU5Ywb6aRx4qQmSN6vNinbulhoI-6Wr6IdD5vv5vWgg0Qz6SMonB4gtvGXUV1dV9J4zRXIOQ7B9ALgrkarIa3Tgz/w640-h550/45%20tabela.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Nesta tabela, TNE significa total de nuvens eletrônicas, é a soma de pares de elétrons não ligantes e grupos de ligações químicas. QLA significa quantidade de ligações agrupadas, nela uma ligação tripla conta o mesmo que uma simples ou uma dupla ou uma coordenada. PENL significa pares de elétrons não ligantes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Como você deve ter imaginado, o céu é o limite para as geometrias moleculares. Existem muitas outras envolvendo metais formando compostos de coordenação nos quais eles fazem ligações covalentes coordenadas, como a hemoglobina, por exemplo. Mas encerrarei por aqui. Eventualmente apresentarei outras. Se tiveres alguma dúvida, já sabe... comenta aí... até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-30753855663937932982022-05-22T19:21:00.011-03:002023-05-17T20:45:34.476-03:00Ligações químicas: ligações covalentes, parte IV.<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Pense na ligação química covalente de forma semelhante à maneira como você vê uma disputa de cabo de guerra entre duas pessoas. Elas exercem forças horizontais de sentidos opostos com a intenção de uma deslocar a outra.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRfvQsds9eo4_yEf189LnJH1qF6_ZL399Qyhrdgj3ETsprz4evxm88Cv-pAxAcgww6F1J7Ot1Eu72a6gIZ4En6WAUMww9IyUXGff3A-74bdJ5KtcTTtyV6lh1OS8EtjP4AVaOecmju_3yuF0MMTAjtH6PvxhfWco3A9A_dNO1qs5ucSV9h_ASolEHq/s360/27%20cabo%20de%20guerra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="359" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRfvQsds9eo4_yEf189LnJH1qF6_ZL399Qyhrdgj3ETsprz4evxm88Cv-pAxAcgww6F1J7Ot1Eu72a6gIZ4En6WAUMww9IyUXGff3A-74bdJ5KtcTTtyV6lh1OS8EtjP4AVaOecmju_3yuF0MMTAjtH6PvxhfWco3A9A_dNO1qs5ucSV9h_ASolEHq/w638-h640/27%20cabo%20de%20guerra.jpg" width="638" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>No cabo de guerra, a massa, a força e a habilidade do competidor contam para o resultado desta disputa. Entre os átomos, outros fatores contarão, como a carga nuclear e o tamanho, ambas características atômicas influenciam em uma propriedade chamada eletronegatividade, que é </span><span>periódica, por sinal</span><span>.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">No cabo de guerra, o objeto onde os competidores aplicam a força é uma corda. Entre os átomos, os alvos desta força são os elétrons compartilhados na ligação química covalente.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhClqJ3saIvUCRtdx28_P0bo2RDX21ktqRBb6pJwUJUQUvUiPAva13yaUI5xwiIXkYZJstJrRSgfxN1TyuuyvbiW1AW4xlQ6TyD87P5hQmh3KSNO_uey4qg0NQQGdL60KvKB7Wzl_sN2qLM7EKN_oqytTCaNP78lQCOdie6qsk6nRtVv6BhoNRNMMtQ/s415/28%20vit%20cab%20gue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="119" data-original-width="415" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhClqJ3saIvUCRtdx28_P0bo2RDX21ktqRBb6pJwUJUQUvUiPAva13yaUI5xwiIXkYZJstJrRSgfxN1TyuuyvbiW1AW4xlQ6TyD87P5hQmh3KSNO_uey4qg0NQQGdL60KvKB7Wzl_sN2qLM7EKN_oqytTCaNP78lQCOdie6qsk6nRtVv6BhoNRNMMtQ/w640-h184/28%20vit%20cab%20gue.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">No cabo de guerra, vence a equipe ou pessoa que faz seu adversário atravessar uma linha equidistante delas no início da disputa. Entre os átomos, esta disputa não tem um fim, enquanto a ligação química existir, os átomos que a formam atrairão os elétrons compartilhados com forças de natureza elétrica que podem ter intensidades iguais ou diferente.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Átomos do mesmo elemento químico terão a mesma eletronegatividade, atraindo os elétrons com mesma intensidade. Átomos de elementos químicos diferentes, terão eletronegatividades diferentes e atrairão os elétrons compartilhados com intensidades diferentes. E qual a consequência dessas atrações com intensidades iguais ou diferentes? A ligação química pode ficar polarizada ou não.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Pense em uma esfera metálica e eletricamente neutra pendurada ao teto por um fio isolante. Se um bastão dotado de carga elétrica se aproxima da esfera, esta sofrerá uma eletrização por indução. Suas cargas elétricas estarão deslocadas e ela estará polarizada.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6GErR86o8e6JoAT2RmEc0lCQSW10UnEqL9XO7pQvYpIyUMkrOEnWyL84B2-VYT3-R2MajGizLvWWHsohYWA6l-RqdFqcJJe2KpqMCjtAKVr2qDdQ8wSuQ-SAdCt0BUuCpu9_nPdB6BzgTrZg95F6t_yPpv17rdkMeDkRnZtCSOhZYjPNu-dfMztBX/s1180/29%20elet%20ind.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="1180" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6GErR86o8e6JoAT2RmEc0lCQSW10UnEqL9XO7pQvYpIyUMkrOEnWyL84B2-VYT3-R2MajGizLvWWHsohYWA6l-RqdFqcJJe2KpqMCjtAKVr2qDdQ8wSuQ-SAdCt0BUuCpu9_nPdB6BzgTrZg95F6t_yPpv17rdkMeDkRnZtCSOhZYjPNu-dfMztBX/w640-h290/29%20elet%20ind.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Esta condição é semelhante ao que acontece a uma molécula diatômica quando esta é constituída por átomos de diferentes elementos químicos. Com uma diferença gritante. A esfera está eletrizada por fatores externos a ela enquanto que a molécula se encontra polarizada por fatores internos: a diferença de eletronegatividade entre seus átomos.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidCbo-HzobbU6NbQHuZMCiTvgcHFCANn3MP6YhR7WaGV9FjL-UVObZweaVSt4LzIc3n0g4BUlwSGgAj-e4yXh0xJUoHrok29HPpyE-JTX8JtRZ6ih3ButxOTvV8jnpjmtCQiOQqNJi3XS899ordlUPKMTDBr2Us_vHaQr0URTgN6-A1UoH03Bqd9TL/s646/30%20polaridade.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="646" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidCbo-HzobbU6NbQHuZMCiTvgcHFCANn3MP6YhR7WaGV9FjL-UVObZweaVSt4LzIc3n0g4BUlwSGgAj-e4yXh0xJUoHrok29HPpyE-JTX8JtRZ6ih3ButxOTvV8jnpjmtCQiOQqNJi3XS899ordlUPKMTDBr2Us_vHaQr0URTgN6-A1UoH03Bqd9TL/w640-h294/30%20polaridade.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Observe a forma simétrica como o orbital molecular fica distribuído ao redor dos núcleos quando eles são de átomos idênticos. Quando eles são diferentes, o orbital tende a se distribuir ao redor do núcleo mais eletronegativo. Lembre-se que orbital é a região da eletrosfera na qual se tem a maior probabilidade de encontrar um elétron.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjidvR6tLy4M1XH9Dxe-K5wN66sB6r3tesykywd1eVhy6b24ZFqN36puJcn7ah3tQa3ANazyWSdy_6EMvqYrKn-sgAZqQTkVpv5FVCPWAiTSZEXgHUB42kHyVvT0H88Y7lhNUdXBRDigV01Y1Z5vb2UfpPIIpHMQLgvkG0pGafuAQJLEYPTuCDAhGz/s236/31%20simetria%20e%20assimetria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="102" data-original-width="236" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjidvR6tLy4M1XH9Dxe-K5wN66sB6r3tesykywd1eVhy6b24ZFqN36puJcn7ah3tQa3ANazyWSdy_6EMvqYrKn-sgAZqQTkVpv5FVCPWAiTSZEXgHUB42kHyVvT0H88Y7lhNUdXBRDigV01Y1Z5vb2UfpPIIpHMQLgvkG0pGafuAQJLEYPTuCDAhGz/w640-h277/31%20simetria%20e%20assimetria.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">No exemplo acima, você nem precisa de legenda para saber qual a ligação polarizada (polar) e a não polarizada (apolar). A falta de simetria na esquerda e a presença dela na direita entregam isto.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">E como saber a eletronegatividade dos elementos. Nós vimos isto em propriedades periódicas (<a href="https://paulosutil.blogspot.com/2012/05/tabela-periodica-propriedades.html" target="_blank">link</a>), mas repito aqui:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qEAMhXdPA0_g64y8d82yDR7T_Lh1fH9xkMWvxadENTJFfqqzeOxUKRQSd0W-lplv3j4ixP33EwH9Z0SCkQ1bmJSVLgHizhV4u3NytN3O2eej_xMvnZVWEDgvvtpv5Ziug4gdeSbBL2j5W5Ex_-3CwWC3e5PXe1kweHI6qWKsROIdNq1_dagk1Nsg/s643/016%20Pot%20Ion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="643" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-qEAMhXdPA0_g64y8d82yDR7T_Lh1fH9xkMWvxadENTJFfqqzeOxUKRQSd0W-lplv3j4ixP33EwH9Z0SCkQ1bmJSVLgHizhV4u3NytN3O2eej_xMvnZVWEDgvvtpv5Ziug4gdeSbBL2j5W5Ex_-3CwWC3e5PXe1kweHI6qWKsROIdNq1_dagk1Nsg/w640-h268/016%20Pot%20Ion.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Os elementos mais eletronegativos se concentram na parte superior e direita da tabela periódica, com exceção dos gases nobres, que não fazem ligações químicas do tipo covalente na maioria dos casos.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbpefFA2-DTm0OrI0mXsnKZKcQ_85QYHs66FxCRmi_ChuWbi1ApriWxsPZD_bNXj5cO2IaoRNvjvVsB-pm_vycvysgSwC9RN3MRbfm4fu7gdcZQhYTh_aO7cuv67ta4IlJMWY7_AZF92N91f9xnBDzuXgqIBQ_ROydFT_FJZqA9d44amvKtBbGYg3e/s934/019%20Eletroneg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="934" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbpefFA2-DTm0OrI0mXsnKZKcQ_85QYHs66FxCRmi_ChuWbi1ApriWxsPZD_bNXj5cO2IaoRNvjvVsB-pm_vycvysgSwC9RN3MRbfm4fu7gdcZQhYTh_aO7cuv67ta4IlJMWY7_AZF92N91f9xnBDzuXgqIBQ_ROydFT_FJZqA9d44amvKtBbGYg3e/w640-h264/019%20Eletroneg.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Este método mnemônico lhe ajudará a lembrar a sequência de eletronegatividade entre o ametais mais comuns. De um modo simplificado, ajuda se considerarmos que os metais perdem em eletronegatividade e que o elemento hidrogênio se encontra na fronteira entre eles. Esta ideia não está correta, mas ajuda em tantos casos que a passo adiante, com esta ressalva, é claro.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Retornando à polaridade, trataremos ela como um vetor que parte do átomo menos eletronegativo para o mais eletronegativo. Quanto maior a diferença de eletronegatividade, maior a intensidade deste vetor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZCOu-1-l6kp3iCdL1ESXQrDeVhBWKY_u9DcpyswV8k9swUngvPiCGvZ1tl0OvTMj5py5of1kl1rm3SNV1qbaxXXMMug78i2T3ELZ85FdOcvBdPYbDZOojXqjOHHAMQcWv6uFjcEdzTHrz2ASJyHch1hm8SJACepLG_Faa_5SaY1oTA6h7_rR_fSH/s800/32%20tab%20geral%20ele.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="800" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZCOu-1-l6kp3iCdL1ESXQrDeVhBWKY_u9DcpyswV8k9swUngvPiCGvZ1tl0OvTMj5py5of1kl1rm3SNV1qbaxXXMMug78i2T3ELZ85FdOcvBdPYbDZOojXqjOHHAMQcWv6uFjcEdzTHrz2ASJyHch1hm8SJACepLG_Faa_5SaY1oTA6h7_rR_fSH/w640-h318/32%20tab%20geral%20ele.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Imagem retirada de "registro de marcas e patentes" (<a href="https://registrodemarca.arenamarcas.com.br/educacao/eletronegatividade/" target="_blank">link</a>).</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Como você pode ver, o mais eletronegativo entre os elementos é o flúor (F) e o menos é o frâncio (Fr). Veja como ficam alguma ligação tendo esses valores em vista:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRF86Z9xozckcFcC1DXjl38TYxRniFDSsjt2oXZhCXVLxkHUkF1abq8fH5MFCnSoDXQxdiAjvSVwQNCU7NMaFs3KAdry8DCwQsZ9LRkfBp1AZ3WXcS2r8OZ5zkSIXuZp2xJcfF0KU4jHGTlmBVncZ7i_IQWMKiH_12_Tid_UIY2hqYV_WXrgRcl9Yj/s529/33%20polaridade%20em%20n%C3%BAemro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="529" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRF86Z9xozckcFcC1DXjl38TYxRniFDSsjt2oXZhCXVLxkHUkF1abq8fH5MFCnSoDXQxdiAjvSVwQNCU7NMaFs3KAdry8DCwQsZ9LRkfBp1AZ3WXcS2r8OZ5zkSIXuZp2xJcfF0KU4jHGTlmBVncZ7i_IQWMKiH_12_Tid_UIY2hqYV_WXrgRcl9Yj/w640-h302/33%20polaridade%20em%20n%C3%BAemro.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Não se obrigue e memorizar valores. Tenha em mente que eles serão fornecidos caso você precise deles. Saiba que, quanto maior a diferença, maior a polarização da ligação. No caso acima, a ligação C一O é mais polarizada que a ligação H</span><span>一Cl. A ligação Cl</span><span>一Cl é depolarizada ou apolar, pois os dois átomos apresentam a mesma eletronegatividade.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Este tema termina por aqui. Alguma dúvida? Comente aí... até a próxima.</span></div>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-10266906432086561392022-05-21T16:28:00.004-03:002023-05-17T20:39:01.820-03:00Ligações químicas: a ligação covalente, parte III. <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Ao estudarmos as diferentes substâncias constituídas exclusivamente por ligações covalente, não tarda encontrarmos situações nas quais a regra do octeto é "ludibriada" ou até mesmo ignorada. Antes de chegarmos a eles, apresentarei alguns exemplos de estruturas com átomos de três ou mais elementos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Ácido nitroso (HNO₂):</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYDifNZzgB1yIZHaddwfdpyV3cMLKfP09pYcNTD4WsDOM7SRm_rCFjCx8Yu8ClePSakr77_zQNIYC5QjyW1gtUarPPuSjetsP1-wF93n07pgBAWK8lvAPPYgn0JuvHS0R-e1udHIYsEtQovWKS4hTXUcVW8r-hDfa0geGmF5hAW_CYTDXzr-HVy2Kh/s422/10%20HNO2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="422" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYDifNZzgB1yIZHaddwfdpyV3cMLKfP09pYcNTD4WsDOM7SRm_rCFjCx8Yu8ClePSakr77_zQNIYC5QjyW1gtUarPPuSjetsP1-wF93n07pgBAWK8lvAPPYgn0JuvHS0R-e1udHIYsEtQovWKS4hTXUcVW8r-hDfa0geGmF5hAW_CYTDXzr-HVy2Kh/w640-h330/10%20HNO2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Note que o nitrogênio (N) precisa fazer três ligações, cada oxigênio (O) precisa de duas e o hidrogênio (H) precisa de uma ligação. Todas elas covalentes, não custa lembrar. Nestas situações é necessário saber que os átomos de oxigênio evitarão ligações entre si, a menos que se trate de um peróxido ou superóxido, alguém lhe avisará quando for um deles. A única configuração possível sem ligações entre átomos de oxigênio é a que vemos acima.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Ácido hipobromoso (HBrO):</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi45__PjzhhatbG35kZUhhD3_zHuGNxILrgmgc-VrKV_tzXbv5HuoXmfU9AaNKgVU3updLQAzs2g7tzkX6i5Li21DSqErmwZhF3AI69TEiD8P14YCOYxWuvFjrL3776KTtGYtDH9txKY_CBtIzOegnpgA3Nj4p0Yz9uLOcZmlMQDLkaHbt5zOY0FrQU/s323/11%20HBrO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="323" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi45__PjzhhatbG35kZUhhD3_zHuGNxILrgmgc-VrKV_tzXbv5HuoXmfU9AaNKgVU3updLQAzs2g7tzkX6i5Li21DSqErmwZhF3AI69TEiD8P14YCOYxWuvFjrL3776KTtGYtDH9txKY_CBtIzOegnpgA3Nj4p0Yz9uLOcZmlMQDLkaHbt5zOY0FrQU/w640-h344/11%20HBrO.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">No que o hidrogênio e o bromo (Br) fazem uma ligação cada e o oxigênio faz duas. Nada mais justo que o oxigênio se ligar a cada um deles. Certo?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ácido hipossulfuroso (H</span><span>₂SO</span><span>₂):</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEingJ9Mr8evo-0uvznDEs7huRCBLEDitxO09E2F81KvnJdjUEsy8yMyUYDBLev4fEmJ7JeBxnr70K8-7cw2vqvnBqatbYaDhK67EmwtwKZhXtomzRxO6nZh3S6ouQRkBKbPs2Lqy4Fy2A64u0ZWP5XLWLRFnmINUi7qZo-qTiKJ0h1_33mzauuYl_Gs/s471/13%20H2SO2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="471" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEingJ9Mr8evo-0uvznDEs7huRCBLEDitxO09E2F81KvnJdjUEsy8yMyUYDBLev4fEmJ7JeBxnr70K8-7cw2vqvnBqatbYaDhK67EmwtwKZhXtomzRxO6nZh3S6ouQRkBKbPs2Lqy4Fy2A64u0ZWP5XLWLRFnmINUi7qZo-qTiKJ0h1_33mzauuYl_Gs/w640-h232/13%20H2SO2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Está é uma que não existe na prática, mas servirá de referência para o que desejo mostrar. Assumindo que o enxofre (S) faz duas ligações e cada oxigênio também, com o hidrogênio fazendo apenas um ligação, a imagem acima seria a única forma de eles se combinarem sem que os átomos de oxigênio se liguem.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Tricloreto de fósforo (PCl</span><span>₃</span><span>):</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilu5dOU5aDr1okt7QfEfFIXrzw3NQlnU_fDpo_r3O-F_wQyQKcJz-wbhtXdY5cvo_ciLenaZ7Cj8kjsrbkrB9XX9d8QVGlBu7myyn8uHoWKQq79aaQfwC6W0fiapBXz7vdd9ZsZ1NRpEHk3PFf4JxpQ94np3MsGf1o_GLjB13pqTExezpaPBiElhQS/s369/12%20PCl3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="369" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilu5dOU5aDr1okt7QfEfFIXrzw3NQlnU_fDpo_r3O-F_wQyQKcJz-wbhtXdY5cvo_ciLenaZ7Cj8kjsrbkrB9XX9d8QVGlBu7myyn8uHoWKQq79aaQfwC6W0fiapBXz7vdd9ZsZ1NRpEHk3PFf4JxpQ94np3MsGf1o_GLjB13pqTExezpaPBiElhQS/w640-h416/12%20PCl3.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Cada átomo de cloro (Cl) necessita de apenas uma ligação para cumprir a regra do octeto e o fósforo (P) precisa de três, fica meio óbvio o que fazer. Note que, com exceção do hidrogênio, em todos os caso citados até agora, a soma de ligações e de pares de elétrons não ligantes é quatro. Como se compartilha um par na ligação e um par são duas unidades, cada átomo tem para si oito elétrons.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>E se eu disser que existem as seguintes substâncias: HNO₃, HBrO₂, HBrO</span><span>₃, HBrO</span><span>₄,</span><span>H</span><span>₂SO</span><span>₃</span><span>, </span><span>H</span><span>₂SO</span><span>₄</span><span> e PCl₅. Como montar suas fórmulas estruturais sem quebrar a regra do octeto e sem átomos de oxigênio se ligarem uns aos outros? Veja caso a caso:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ácido nítrico (</span><span>HNO₃):</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBPNXjucJfSQuDoL1FogMEVVp9rzT5Qb5O7-8Jw31_eFI37kUb49ejLOlBm0-6Vtm_dLOIDO9FPtKalgguRyWjOwoIVMha-jR8ebXWQTr31YiSLAOF-rF3vvZSKbrxv54Pt7j1qZhlwSkQL3dMD65EQiyz8OBBrAP6Z4kh8rRvIHcdWwbitvZIf-pY/s414/14%20HNO3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="307" data-original-width="414" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBPNXjucJfSQuDoL1FogMEVVp9rzT5Qb5O7-8Jw31_eFI37kUb49ejLOlBm0-6Vtm_dLOIDO9FPtKalgguRyWjOwoIVMha-jR8ebXWQTr31YiSLAOF-rF3vvZSKbrxv54Pt7j1qZhlwSkQL3dMD65EQiyz8OBBrAP6Z4kh8rRvIHcdWwbitvZIf-pY/w640-h474/14%20HNO3.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Se você comparar exatamente com a estrutura do </span><span>HNO₂, notará que o terceiro átomo de oxigênio se ligou ao nitrogênio onde antes havia um par de elétrons não ligantes do nitrogênio. Mais ainda, este terceiro átomo de oxigênio possui um total de três pares de elétrons não ligantes e apenas uma ligação covalente. A regra do octeto se encontra intacta, mas esta ligação é um pouco diferente da ligação simples. Trata-se de uma ligação covalente coordenada, antigamente chamada de dativa. Nela o par de elétrons compartilhado tem sua origem em apenas um dos átomos que a compartilham. Como o oxigênio não usou qualquer um de seus seis elétrons, eles permanecem como elétrons não ligantes.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Então é isto que veremos nos próximos casos? Não. A ligação covalente coordenada é realizada em situações bem específicas. O átomo "fornecedor" do par de elétrons tem de pertencer a um elemento do segundo período da tabela periódica. Se pertencer a um dos períodos abaixo, ele fará uma expansão de sua regra do octeto, tendo uma soma superior a oito elétrons entre ligantes e não ligantes. Veja os exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ácido bromoso (</span><span>HBrO₂</span><span>):</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzAAI8DVcYRsHEk3xYBZWVwNarIrOEpsKC7ULcq53GosiyOfAxW30Xswce_-H8GMNJyDy_GBMxqkVGGTLJIWUBKwz7ldVLljO_F_8cYgIIl6DWtO_O-uxgmnemGjIampU0-0vYYeNSWLAItS0BBGyy_8FQHaX9axtBDiORVsQDzfhqPVBIlFZvgnD/s403/15%20HBrO2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="403" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzAAI8DVcYRsHEk3xYBZWVwNarIrOEpsKC7ULcq53GosiyOfAxW30Xswce_-H8GMNJyDy_GBMxqkVGGTLJIWUBKwz7ldVLljO_F_8cYgIIl6DWtO_O-uxgmnemGjIampU0-0vYYeNSWLAItS0BBGyy_8FQHaX9axtBDiORVsQDzfhqPVBIlFZvgnD/w640-h308/15%20HBrO2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ácido brômico (</span><span>HBrO</span><span>₃</span><span>):</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJQYGE7f7VsJnVgYVjlr06ueP7Xqd9mwwFMUFmIxBTy3dMUao4jFxiM6B1KTxvz9rCALOXP2yJOD7ICQeSysCyzrsKTC3Ue3ZOZit-lr5jlE5uoHagNLM3E4-z1taTIRVNEluiftx_YCYtQ6GMAax386ygYMgxcX6ta0L0Sd-SqadrL9kVITWTw1xl/s396/16%20HBrO3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="396" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJQYGE7f7VsJnVgYVjlr06ueP7Xqd9mwwFMUFmIxBTy3dMUao4jFxiM6B1KTxvz9rCALOXP2yJOD7ICQeSysCyzrsKTC3Ue3ZOZit-lr5jlE5uoHagNLM3E4-z1taTIRVNEluiftx_YCYtQ6GMAax386ygYMgxcX6ta0L0Sd-SqadrL9kVITWTw1xl/w640-h366/16%20HBrO3.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ácido perbrômico (</span><span>HBrO</span><span>₄</span><span>):</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFNetnj2QVkRq865OnMatdEuCxSPiX2t73fRhVFuadd4nk9glGqUbREZjK3NUUMklMw0ZG7oxynYyflxYP93crFL7_my_6hQ6bjGlZ3KKMCcLxRIOVPsewqSZMMxt8a-EOMnS9BmtdRKu7b_bIzwyULXZdL6O6fm95eWa0K9akRZdzuveWgYg9DKaZ/s398/17%20HBrO4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="398" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFNetnj2QVkRq865OnMatdEuCxSPiX2t73fRhVFuadd4nk9glGqUbREZjK3NUUMklMw0ZG7oxynYyflxYP93crFL7_my_6hQ6bjGlZ3KKMCcLxRIOVPsewqSZMMxt8a-EOMnS9BmtdRKu7b_bIzwyULXZdL6O6fm95eWa0K9akRZdzuveWgYg9DKaZ/w640-h514/17%20HBrO4.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Originalmente o átomo de bromo possuía três pares de elétrons não ligantes quando fazia parte do HBrO e um total de oito elétrons, dois ligantes e seis não ligantes. À medida que átomos de oxigênio são adicionados à estrutura, eles se ligam por ligação dupla ao átomo de bromo, que passa a ter 10, 12 e 14 elétrons ao todo no </span><span>HBrO₂, HBrO</span><span>₃ e HBrO</span><span>₄, respectivamente.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">O raciocínio é semelhante para os compostos de enxofre:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ácido sulfuroso (</span><span>H</span><span>₂SO</span><span>₃</span><span>):</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQC-j9JtVPiJywx-6onwFMT9OFEXvWoQpVFRFL5qENuJ4dsV7R575460DvpAstL5Zln9EwIge590q3Hw5JHDAvDwONDNqxr_6dgMGYNnhmOcFa0pS9h9ZorR0gvW9RYkDEG8w7qsiu0kHm6RV316wdzVWXilGnVFCQWt9NwnON_58_DH8ElEUjiSi/s457/18%20H2SO3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="457" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQC-j9JtVPiJywx-6onwFMT9OFEXvWoQpVFRFL5qENuJ4dsV7R575460DvpAstL5Zln9EwIge590q3Hw5JHDAvDwONDNqxr_6dgMGYNnhmOcFa0pS9h9ZorR0gvW9RYkDEG8w7qsiu0kHm6RV316wdzVWXilGnVFCQWt9NwnON_58_DH8ElEUjiSi/w640-h296/18%20H2SO3.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ácido sulfúrico (</span><span>H</span><span>₂SO</span><span>₄):</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgezk3YxtEQPtcdvEYIk4-ciTx32hXA3mPSAY3d9HMF086MEAsM3hR62rrqMEJ6Vq7LKqnaGYeyMJBI1fQoNMFiE5MFE2sIdLTmT1tRsidQnWdmaXDKBfQLkFdslisG_tMgCg4Y41QrAf8fQV2HBdAjZkK3R2vO05O6PhgEkVhw4Ytn8kYT2sLr0HQl/s457/19%20H2SO4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="457" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgezk3YxtEQPtcdvEYIk4-ciTx32hXA3mPSAY3d9HMF086MEAsM3hR62rrqMEJ6Vq7LKqnaGYeyMJBI1fQoNMFiE5MFE2sIdLTmT1tRsidQnWdmaXDKBfQLkFdslisG_tMgCg4Y41QrAf8fQV2HBdAjZkK3R2vO05O6PhgEkVhw4Ytn8kYT2sLr0HQl/w640-h428/19%20H2SO4.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Note que o enxofre teria oito elétrons em sua última camada caso seja parte no </span><span>H</span><span>₂SO</span><span>₂, mas tem dez elétrons no </span><span>H</span><span>₂SO</span><span>₃ e doze elétrons no </span><span>H</span><span>₂SO</span><span>₄. Neste último caso, todos eles compartilhados com átomos de oxigênio, ou seja, seus seis elétrons da camada de valência compartilhados com outros seis elétrons das camadas de valência de outros quatro átomos de oxigênio. Isto só é possível expandindo a regra do octeto. E como eles fazem isto? Não aprofundarei em detalhes, mas eles usam subníveis vazios da camada de valência, no caso o subnível "d". Átomo de elementos do segundo período não possuem esse subnível disponível, mesmo que vazio, na segunda camada, por isto resta a eles a ligação coordenada. Veja mais dois exemplos de expansão da regra do octeto.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Pentacloreto de fósforo (</span><span>PCl₅</span><span>):</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYoWj_3291tILiJiMR_YHB8w-_v2VZU8mSYIJTQ4vXVBmiITCXuEb3sdo7gHPfhF-Fvh9b1fGNYp6t80YIbBI8n9XUnOsuUqSsbT1TzP0azheOaKKv3ZEVXltI5Jjdh0z3fjhqOcLy1TU9EbJdDDWE2ygcmFx0ai3Hybjoe_RN1VrFCT63OxDbHaUa/s379/20%20PCl5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="379" height="586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYoWj_3291tILiJiMR_YHB8w-_v2VZU8mSYIJTQ4vXVBmiITCXuEb3sdo7gHPfhF-Fvh9b1fGNYp6t80YIbBI8n9XUnOsuUqSsbT1TzP0azheOaKKv3ZEVXltI5Jjdh0z3fjhqOcLy1TU9EbJdDDWE2ygcmFx0ai3Hybjoe_RN1VrFCT63OxDbHaUa/w640-h586/20%20PCl5.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF₆):</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiIyQE9cL7dvDToeD6MTJKm3H7avH4x3Ex6_1s789DckuqGXdnvxe6UNroOXDztY7egI7CyFjsD66zL4EZPGQqvzuUVdnxIwIlz0HA9dY2jvbyInP2Nf28lu-bM-SqIZq0ovmQf8u2ilGL3GMao1zZZ9jh7cGR3mfa5b9AD5H-MNpNR4ftcSOar7lj/s417/21%20SF6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="417" height="590" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiIyQE9cL7dvDToeD6MTJKm3H7avH4x3Ex6_1s789DckuqGXdnvxe6UNroOXDztY7egI7CyFjsD66zL4EZPGQqvzuUVdnxIwIlz0HA9dY2jvbyInP2Nf28lu-bM-SqIZq0ovmQf8u2ilGL3GMao1zZZ9jh7cGR3mfa5b9AD5H-MNpNR4ftcSOar7lj/w640-h590/21%20SF6.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Em ambos os casos, fósforo e enxofre usam cada um de seus elétrons em suas respectivas camadas de valência em ligações simples com átomo de cloro e flúor, respectivamente. Dessa forma, eles chegam a dez e doze elétrons, expandindo, assim, suas regras do octeto. É possível observar isto com o iodo (I) se ligando a sete átomos de flúor e, pasme, com o xenônio (Xe) se ligando a uma quantidade de átomos de flúor que varia entre dois e oito átomos. Sim, um gás nobre fazendo ligações químicas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Hepafluereto de iodo (IF₇):</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA9mrjmWF_J1WV4qKIt9u58iwmr86rcxromlQkoBUzHB--gcn1lBqWX4eaMUuPdQTz2eOPce8hSV4DD8-jNLz5YOw_rbjOoly1yVBgPZf4E08b7EEpPi6SGJizAvOoy9k_FgRjt1aw0VLp0hasSenuWr_202kvaBaD9Q02_Ob3AnFT2UexZ0cUSTBi/s348/22%20IF7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="335" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA9mrjmWF_J1WV4qKIt9u58iwmr86rcxromlQkoBUzHB--gcn1lBqWX4eaMUuPdQTz2eOPce8hSV4DD8-jNLz5YOw_rbjOoly1yVBgPZf4E08b7EEpPi6SGJizAvOoy9k_FgRjt1aw0VLp0hasSenuWr_202kvaBaD9Q02_Ob3AnFT2UexZ0cUSTBi/w616-h640/22%20IF7.jpg" width="616" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Octafluereto de xenônio (XeF</span><span>₈):</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfxSiVazFC0wPBcXXqs8XqPP1qdyENgs-ppPNZKW5DkARuhXCLhzc3MCGrVEQ75LQz-I0dBKJteZDjK9rwocouEIyAzQh333qZx9rALOESqW37Z-8tvcH-IP3ssoZnIcwXv1dL9wNkhVBzU9kQAeISyKaPt38BHFUDq-o0A4q4Xg6jNftCGH0w3O6f/s311/23%20XeF8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="310" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfxSiVazFC0wPBcXXqs8XqPP1qdyENgs-ppPNZKW5DkARuhXCLhzc3MCGrVEQ75LQz-I0dBKJteZDjK9rwocouEIyAzQh333qZx9rALOESqW37Z-8tvcH-IP3ssoZnIcwXv1dL9wNkhVBzU9kQAeISyKaPt38BHFUDq-o0A4q4Xg6jNftCGH0w3O6f/w638-h640/23%20XeF8.jpg" width="638" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Não representei os pares de elétrons não ligantes dos átomos de flúor deste último para não ficar mais confuso ainda. Se, por acaso, você se pergunta como ele pode fazer tanta ligação. Lembre-se que, com um subnível "d" vazio, ainda há vaga para outros dez, ele pode compartilhar todos os seus oito elétrons com oito de outros átomos e ainda sobra uma vaguinha para mais dois.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Retornando à ligação covalente, ela surge em situações para explicarmos certas substâncias como o monóxido de carbono, o ozônio e as isonitrilas, uma classe de compostos orgânicos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Monóxido de carbono (CO):</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEKzYV2vNxGMKRLqWTvGEt5HlqPlFGRwvkRsLZnv-T-OBB-CH-w8qozuZ6g7x-idJujOlACg59rRKZLv52_PhWLKpdv8bvt_uEgNafFo-dQWeEWPd2-yanNf4NgU_oqxZYSkd9-5NYU2_2W_Nqlm2cWhsuJpz-xgtP3a4s-eIswvMCU4oIayFn1uP4/s221/24%20CO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="69" data-original-width="221" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEKzYV2vNxGMKRLqWTvGEt5HlqPlFGRwvkRsLZnv-T-OBB-CH-w8qozuZ6g7x-idJujOlACg59rRKZLv52_PhWLKpdv8bvt_uEgNafFo-dQWeEWPd2-yanNf4NgU_oqxZYSkd9-5NYU2_2W_Nqlm2cWhsuJpz-xgtP3a4s-eIswvMCU4oIayFn1uP4/w640-h200/24%20CO.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Há uma ligação dupla e uma ligação covalente coordenada entre o oxigênio e o carbono, mas quem forneceu o par compartilhado nesta ligação é o oxigênio. Como sei disso? O oxigênio possui apenas um par de elétrons não ligante e o carbono também possui um, algo que não é lá muito comum. O carbono só compartilhou dois de seus elétrons, por isto dois são não ligantes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ozônio (</span><span>O</span><span>₃)</span><span>: </span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhms2R-ij2HFUpqHliKxUmkPC_KNFaZKuElhQKkz0FLCjJ1wLc02v-MD6M9y4TxDllikhjgXaiixEik6WSZ7inDX2CprIcqG7lVXMGOiYJtsZ9UER0sKZXv7o8AuT5eelvk9cOwv8eBbzB0RupN-631GUWfY17CubL833DTe1Z6nbfXR-tVtADwWrxH/s323/25%20O3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="191" data-original-width="323" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhms2R-ij2HFUpqHliKxUmkPC_KNFaZKuElhQKkz0FLCjJ1wLc02v-MD6M9y4TxDllikhjgXaiixEik6WSZ7inDX2CprIcqG7lVXMGOiYJtsZ9UER0sKZXv7o8AuT5eelvk9cOwv8eBbzB0RupN-631GUWfY17CubL833DTe1Z6nbfXR-tVtADwWrxH/w640-h378/25%20O3.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Aqui há mais ainda do que pretendo explicar, mas, de forma resumida, um átomo de oxigênio se liga por dupla a um e fornece um par de elétrons para outra coordenada com o da direita.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><span>Isonitrila (CH</span><span>₃NC):</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVEJaOShrMQ03x2vXZ6t_88_OFLe_UwPBXqMIrR2L-l3ImIYHslNVMWba2FE4nnN_cDqAMBEBppXPHxvl19q87Po_3GCuB__cww4httIrNUXVlVrpa_ENjQTlZuLVotVAJm_T4ctUd8DatgzoNDavOpkS5oVI8L0aM9Ft6unt-gORxQ6yf-TzNHy0B/s444/26%20isonitrila.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="444" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVEJaOShrMQ03x2vXZ6t_88_OFLe_UwPBXqMIrR2L-l3ImIYHslNVMWba2FE4nnN_cDqAMBEBppXPHxvl19q87Po_3GCuB__cww4httIrNUXVlVrpa_ENjQTlZuLVotVAJm_T4ctUd8DatgzoNDavOpkS5oVI8L0aM9Ft6unt-gORxQ6yf-TzNHy0B/w640-h402/26%20isonitrila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Entre o carbono da direita e o nitrogênio existe exatamente a mesma relação que entre o carbono e o oxigênio no monóxido de carbono. Veja o par de elétrons não ligante dele.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-large;">Esta parte encerra por aqui. Tem algum caso que você queira saber? Comenta aí, ou eu crio uma postagem nova, ou eu aumento esta aqui. Até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-33297751129690724912022-05-20T18:39:00.001-03:002022-05-20T18:39:00.232-03:00Termoquímica: entalpia de formação, parte 2.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"> Vou te mostrar três equações para uma mesma reação química, será muito bom se você conseguir notar a diferença entre elas. Cuidado ao rolar a página.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggQLE_fnqpKrtjAC33ldvsGXBVlL9qYlMR1aPGtg0xiM66sjtCAnbWuXxVWCgozsJu_O4hIlyGdk2mOLiAbx8MfWYEJshiIRt2x043cwykLtJvF6NmajPhZAyATUHd0abQi6-rflUBiEPTp-jBAlYn7vX8Fo2bs2LexuqSuvJhuMSm5rg_tprU32IPBA/s609/40%20delta%20H%20e%20est%20fis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="609" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggQLE_fnqpKrtjAC33ldvsGXBVlL9qYlMR1aPGtg0xiM66sjtCAnbWuXxVWCgozsJu_O4hIlyGdk2mOLiAbx8MfWYEJshiIRt2x043cwykLtJvF6NmajPhZAyATUHd0abQi6-rflUBiEPTp-jBAlYn7vX8Fo2bs2LexuqSuvJhuMSm5rg_tprU32IPBA/w400-h319/40%20delta%20H%20e%20est%20fis.jpg" width="400" /></a><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Espero que tenha notado os estados físicos da água diferentes em casa equação. Em uma o produto é água gasosa, em outra é líquida e na última é sólida. Como existe um custo energético ou de entalpia ao se alterar o estado físico de uma substância, é de se esperar que as três equações tenham variações de entalpia diferentes. Mas quais serão?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGp3WRHt_oA_Jt-NvO9dYmaH3yXnqPa5KBWEfURi-swCU0ZTelCxfdfX2P0Ba3tY0mkiuXKm3XK7nHy0g7HcQbOdA4JOEDKaFShXle_8szSQ4ZWyz4lhWx_FrLMpU2vnLXw9-74Qxg4vUgYIPP84ZJstnai9RSktGDWYE-h8o_MbZ9mvqiQNJrDGn6oQ/s1205/41%20delta%20H%20e%20est%20fis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="1205" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGp3WRHt_oA_Jt-NvO9dYmaH3yXnqPa5KBWEfURi-swCU0ZTelCxfdfX2P0Ba3tY0mkiuXKm3XK7nHy0g7HcQbOdA4JOEDKaFShXle_8szSQ4ZWyz4lhWx_FrLMpU2vnLXw9-74Qxg4vUgYIPP84ZJstnai9RSktGDWYE-h8o_MbZ9mvqiQNJrDGn6oQ/w837-h329/41%20delta%20H%20e%20est%20fis.jpg" width="837" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Boa parte dos alunos estranha o fato de a reação que libera mais energia ser aquela na qual a água sólida é produzida. Mas isto faz todo o sentido, seja ele químico, físico ou matemático. Veja o gráfico:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4TVUOJuYbEoGsD1UyglOe9P2Pu1xTh6Jjne9JgEJylUt2FdPyJE39IdLyPu4936KOPDXhkrknbgSuASemKTWhplD2pV_1XGRt-aY1QQLO5xe0ZAqVYM70ihBHMh7RGuPrrypy6WKYZazgv0tihh2G2sBsWNcgdGoIjy-KweIJdr38Lfra5hz_eAXqaA/s1398/42%20delta%20H%20e%20est%20fis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="902" data-original-width="1398" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4TVUOJuYbEoGsD1UyglOe9P2Pu1xTh6Jjne9JgEJylUt2FdPyJE39IdLyPu4936KOPDXhkrknbgSuASemKTWhplD2pV_1XGRt-aY1QQLO5xe0ZAqVYM70ihBHMh7RGuPrrypy6WKYZazgv0tihh2G2sBsWNcgdGoIjy-KweIJdr38Lfra5hz_eAXqaA/w640-h412/42%20delta%20H%20e%20est%20fis.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lembre-se que o fenômeno de fusão da água, assim como qualquer fusão, é endotérmico e vale +7,3 kJ por mol de água. Logo a água líquida tem mais entalpia que a água sólida. A vaporização, por sua vez, também é endotérmica e vale +43,9 kJ por mol de água. Logo a água gasosa tem mais entalpia que a água líquida. É por isso que as três diferentes reações de combustão do hidrogênio apresentam três diferentes variações de entalpia.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E se eu considerar reagentes que não sejam as substâncias simples em suas formas alotrópicas mais abundantes e estados físicos mais comuns à temperatura ambiente?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Neste caso, vamos à reação entre carbono grafite e ozônio.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe-rvKOu9rwJAbzV3waf34JqPbhcYkA3pDP1pwpEunswGDVfm3w6vSwSbuKo9MUKoi1ynJh9WNrLD8lIicu-4NLeMbepJprb0KlQLQw5mb7QNqDhFf_jRM0GLW8jxK4Tg1_BbBCe8GUAfjedgI1lAzT3pzT555m6WJGhrVZVAc7kCQZb9ke_ouq6968g/s1176/43%20delta%20H%20e%20alotropia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="894" data-original-width="1176" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe-rvKOu9rwJAbzV3waf34JqPbhcYkA3pDP1pwpEunswGDVfm3w6vSwSbuKo9MUKoi1ynJh9WNrLD8lIicu-4NLeMbepJprb0KlQLQw5mb7QNqDhFf_jRM0GLW8jxK4Tg1_BbBCe8GUAfjedgI1lAzT3pzT555m6WJGhrVZVAc7kCQZb9ke_ouq6968g/w640-h486/43%20delta%20H%20e%20alotropia.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Observe que a variação de entalpia padrão de formação do ozônio não pode ser zero, pois ele não é a forma alotrópica mais abundante do elemento oxigênio. E quanto custa para produzir um mol de ozônio a partir de gás oxigênio?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhevGstEakTE4qkupJ-fdsEFclH7ex5LXQHKZjOpqxYrQgA6QLtyyJZPCtYj2wJsKnfuDAIB0Ugwotv_E-WEpHfV6kD8rWRfcPuGyFxkS7NZDXkufBdkGHD6opdjIOvGaigUi-KUnhd9XRIL2dGinzYjGFz-fJ7aoMFc1qDNtVRjoQdUmceWslMbB5GiQ/s985/44%20oxi%20-%20oz%C3%B4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="985" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhevGstEakTE4qkupJ-fdsEFclH7ex5LXQHKZjOpqxYrQgA6QLtyyJZPCtYj2wJsKnfuDAIB0Ugwotv_E-WEpHfV6kD8rWRfcPuGyFxkS7NZDXkufBdkGHD6opdjIOvGaigUi-KUnhd9XRIL2dGinzYjGFz-fJ7aoMFc1qDNtVRjoQdUmceWslMbB5GiQ/w640-h112/44%20oxi%20-%20oz%C3%B4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Note que a </span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">variação de entalpia padrão de formação do carbono grafite é zero, por isso não há problema em colocá-lo no patamar do ozônio ou do oxigênio, ele não acrescenta entalpia ao patamar.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Então podemos concluir que queimar algum material com ozônio liberará mais energia que queimar o mesmo material com gás oxigênio? Sim, sem dúvida, mas não são 535,6 KJ de energia liberados, pois no reagente não se usa um ozônio inteiro, apenas dois terços dele.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6i5XsUKJTXYgHf0sgWqm7b9HHPYf0YkpmhSzz2PirZ-S3uUY9iZvLQJLzbvvaS3JVU5HYXjoOJTc_l99RfUYOJ7LA8DOypnqsdhs7Zl1Sep6kfLFbJw-QojZHl9hjiVHN_H3Iax7jLbswD0HDR036Z_gQu0qzkD4Jl8QlqcZ0eXNkMF2sAIN-mIufcQ/s1109/45%20contas%20oxi%20-oz%C3%B4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="844" data-original-width="1109" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6i5XsUKJTXYgHf0sgWqm7b9HHPYf0YkpmhSzz2PirZ-S3uUY9iZvLQJLzbvvaS3JVU5HYXjoOJTc_l99RfUYOJ7LA8DOypnqsdhs7Zl1Sep6kfLFbJw-QojZHl9hjiVHN_H3Iax7jLbswD0HDR036Z_gQu0qzkD4Jl8QlqcZ0eXNkMF2sAIN-mIufcQ/w640-h488/45%20contas%20oxi%20-oz%C3%B4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Lembre que não há ozônio de bobeira por aí para usarmos e que produzi-lo também custa energia. Só é usado em certas circunstâncias, como uma reação orgânica chamada ozonólise.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É isso aí... eu fico por aqui... se ajudou, comenta... se não ajudou, comenta também... até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-72797783557957712082022-05-19T17:49:00.003-03:002022-05-19T17:49:00.199-03:00Termoquímica: entalpia de formação, parte 1.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É na termoquímica que explicamos e classificamos os fenômenos de acordo com a energia absorvida ou liberada por seus participantes. Também é parte das "obrigações" da termoquímica prever como será a variação de entalpia para uma reação nunca realizada.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">"E por que alguém se preocuparia com isto?". Um químico, sem dúvida alguma, se preocupará com isto. Principalmente por questões de segurança. Saber se uma reação libera ou absorve energia e a quantidade envolvida desta nos permite planejar e escolher adequadamente os equipamentos e recipientes para realizar a reação química. Uma reação muito exotérmica pode provocar uma explosão e causar ferimentos. Uma reação muito endotérmica pode condensar muito vapor e prejudicar o acompanhamento do processo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQY3Ngsle7T7_v8zY5pqlI6LObVB6ay9X4fHNLg0UJXaLEIjSmK7DUs_iz4nDwLpWY9CXDkCL_xcuPDt0kpO-1OVDg3KjG_r_xQ0eUoIFwtbDHIhTd6FoirNBezmdcyYoj2DerLgwTPJfDb1Aotb9u_dkpccLpfigolg2MTVujbddL4w_9WJA0_99t2A/s300/21%20explos%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="300" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQY3Ngsle7T7_v8zY5pqlI6LObVB6ay9X4fHNLg0UJXaLEIjSmK7DUs_iz4nDwLpWY9CXDkCL_xcuPDt0kpO-1OVDg3KjG_r_xQ0eUoIFwtbDHIhTd6FoirNBezmdcyYoj2DerLgwTPJfDb1Aotb9u_dkpccLpfigolg2MTVujbddL4w_9WJA0_99t2A/w640-h358/21%20explos%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Tendo em vista este raciocínio, muitos químicos se preocuparam em elaborar uma tabela com a energia envolvida em vários tipos de reações, sejam elas de formação ou de combustão. Mas como não sabemos os valores absolutos de entalpia, apenas a variação em cada fenômeno, um critério foi estabelecido para se criar a tabela. Chamamos este critério de condições padrão, ele consiste estudarmos certas reações à temperatura de 25 °C e pressão de 1 atm.</span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Na condição padrão, escolheremos substâncias em circunstâncias específicas:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ apenas substâncias simples;</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Exemplo: Hg, Fe, Na, H₂, O</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">₂, N</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">₂ e F</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">₂.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK3mcVZIefYgMZOFZHUQokOcFa1Wb9f9-1VIxBTZEt60dSJ0EaeEw1czqIUL6yKKrCv2pt49sSfoqY28eWHmO6M7oLRYa44MLlnuKhrh1Rb_XNqAjEUGiHv7IgVfBuRBwKON0H3wc-S9EpBOTESIpOLyn8PyJsGlsQmr9T7if9hEnIaPCEK7w7mru4ig/s1159/22%20s%C3%B3dio%20met%C3%A1lico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1159" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK3mcVZIefYgMZOFZHUQokOcFa1Wb9f9-1VIxBTZEt60dSJ0EaeEw1czqIUL6yKKrCv2pt49sSfoqY28eWHmO6M7oLRYa44MLlnuKhrh1Rb_XNqAjEUGiHv7IgVfBuRBwKON0H3wc-S9EpBOTESIpOLyn8PyJsGlsQmr9T7if9hEnIaPCEK7w7mru4ig/w640-h496/22%20s%C3%B3dio%20met%C3%A1lico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">¬ entre os elementos que possuem mais de uma substância simples, aquela que for a mais abundante;</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Exemplo: </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">O</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">₂ no lugar de O</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">₃;</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgctPhxoDExxcw6br4qrPPhYRa1tAz5vZ2mtHUBxjbazRkcqbXZ8mxpF0NdS0vEL4na7Ikksa-qciHCnRn7rMnTYGQ2lKyiXQmmDpHlbpd9dyRfryyH4JkOVuQeD71UQQ7s2cL_ki8ZDNdwOzl_vQFalDdPsLm85G7D6BIk7ksR5E6m14sexALcykjqmw/s1071/23%20oxi%20e%20oz%C3%B4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="1071" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgctPhxoDExxcw6br4qrPPhYRa1tAz5vZ2mtHUBxjbazRkcqbXZ8mxpF0NdS0vEL4na7Ikksa-qciHCnRn7rMnTYGQ2lKyiXQmmDpHlbpd9dyRfryyH4JkOVuQeD71UQQ7s2cL_ki8ZDNdwOzl_vQFalDdPsLm85G7D6BIk7ksR5E6m14sexALcykjqmw/w640-h340/23%20oxi%20e%20oz%C3%B4.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Exemplo: </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">carbono grafite no lugar de carbono diamante ou fulereno ou grafeno;</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn5o0erYmvGgBHgh_d-AlsLJml9URQqnVcuwgbjMXP5cM6SOK4UAmpREJs4U1GhCusDdQYWFtcuu8lzBwx3_XFK809TNSOV-Nt83jnWYYBWQpwDWqmtz8mCGPpPupuY2E30KvTqTYGN1StEh5mkZ9jEZNzuZc1p1pYzZiZrpH8LpJEIHvgonXKF19qmQ/s1018/24%20carbonos.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="1018" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn5o0erYmvGgBHgh_d-AlsLJml9URQqnVcuwgbjMXP5cM6SOK4UAmpREJs4U1GhCusDdQYWFtcuu8lzBwx3_XFK809TNSOV-Nt83jnWYYBWQpwDWqmtz8mCGPpPupuY2E30KvTqTYGN1StEh5mkZ9jEZNzuZc1p1pYzZiZrpH8LpJEIHvgonXKF19qmQ/w640-h358/24%20carbonos.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Exemplo:</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> enxofre rômbico no lugar de enxofre monoclínico;</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfE5blbOI41NgA9psVfq7lrTV4u60DK0wPPI-ZyzA4clB28L66SGYnySkdtdj-_hwBPTys84ZCiwtXgPENzexoZb_VUGcVJLPeGY6TyQw26O_JFkM_DZ5_uFUZ4edhM_NvEmnZleWs3HZjPGa7zZJAOCXMUfo6_W0E_go4xx6Ty8HbeHsG3v2_txsRhg/s1428/25%20enxofre%20romb%20e%20mono.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="1428" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfE5blbOI41NgA9psVfq7lrTV4u60DK0wPPI-ZyzA4clB28L66SGYnySkdtdj-_hwBPTys84ZCiwtXgPENzexoZb_VUGcVJLPeGY6TyQw26O_JFkM_DZ5_uFUZ4edhM_NvEmnZleWs3HZjPGa7zZJAOCXMUfo6_W0E_go4xx6Ty8HbeHsG3v2_txsRhg/w640-h230/25%20enxofre%20romb%20e%20mono.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Exemplo:</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> fósforo vermelho no lugar de fósforo branco ou fósforo negro.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIEt_isLz9noTWpgS93Nl2PyqWoGoV6UjVS1pBh0__ShZ-snt1F4ZRxNJX4hp5qV47o0EEP_8CybGDd-qONTcG9R7sueCxdQDWd55QQoGujM8HcxOWEvqD0FMBNT_4X_4j4fVm8LRMkoK2r4I6ly3oL9nDkvV6KOCnJYEyfCNzH-hoW6uMt4oSdKGUjA/s711/26%20f%C3%B3sforos.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="711" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIEt_isLz9noTWpgS93Nl2PyqWoGoV6UjVS1pBh0__ShZ-snt1F4ZRxNJX4hp5qV47o0EEP_8CybGDd-qONTcG9R7sueCxdQDWd55QQoGujM8HcxOWEvqD0FMBNT_4X_4j4fVm8LRMkoK2r4I6ly3oL9nDkvV6KOCnJYEyfCNzH-hoW6uMt4oSdKGUjA/w640-h224/26%20f%C3%B3sforos.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ o estado físico das substâncias deve ser o mais comum à temperatura ambiente (25 °C).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Exemplo: ferro (Fe) e quase todos os metais no estado sólido, oxigênio (</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">O</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">₂)</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> no estado gasoso, bromo (</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">O</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">₂)</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> e mercúrio (Hg) no estado líquido. Aliás, bromo e mercúrio são os dois únicos elementos que formam substâncias simples líquidas à temperatura ambiente.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuGdR46BPrFxxhZZmStDTv7AyFF1ww0YXjaRm4WAdptpNDI4KmYrP7aPoPyDT4vsw-J3cX1p75wAG6pPGdA-OvPLTfq_Sbz_ByVBZP57N7cZbtu5_qEDnx3PuTAxtA8UV6Lj3DFxpHLWelp3VeqtKPPIJ1oUQkbQ0GnukZZN5HoA3iVzUKq9vsJvZwNg/s480/27%20bromo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="479" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuGdR46BPrFxxhZZmStDTv7AyFF1ww0YXjaRm4WAdptpNDI4KmYrP7aPoPyDT4vsw-J3cX1p75wAG6pPGdA-OvPLTfq_Sbz_ByVBZP57N7cZbtu5_qEDnx3PuTAxtA8UV6Lj3DFxpHLWelp3VeqtKPPIJ1oUQkbQ0GnukZZN5HoA3iVzUKq9vsJvZwNg/w638-h640/27%20bromo.jpg" width="638" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Estabelecidas estas condições, tomaremos todas as substâncias que se encaixam nelas como referência. Suas entalpias de formação serão nulas. Usaremos elas em reações nas condições padrão e as variações de entalpia dessas reações serão atribuídas aos produtos. Parece confuso? Veja alguns exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entalpia de formação do gás carbônico, observe a combustão completa do carbono grafite:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSzvdkgNDFDbmfozkMh3Eb4q93-R7eWdFJMKUvmzv0vvq1EclVGDiOU7c8ScV2u1qchiy0XWp-5uzZeiZCFbSgPjimJYoaNoKOb1AspTlqO0BwaDkVSqQUTR7WfpbPC2z5ExcTe2I4U7SYWLKY0jGF3c0UfpxgaokFXG4s7Od61j6XdUf1WcmU8vWpGA/s556/28%20forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20CO2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="94" data-original-width="556" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSzvdkgNDFDbmfozkMh3Eb4q93-R7eWdFJMKUvmzv0vvq1EclVGDiOU7c8ScV2u1qchiy0XWp-5uzZeiZCFbSgPjimJYoaNoKOb1AspTlqO0BwaDkVSqQUTR7WfpbPC2z5ExcTe2I4U7SYWLKY0jGF3c0UfpxgaokFXG4s7Od61j6XdUf1WcmU8vWpGA/w640-h108/28%20forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20CO2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;">A variação de entalpia desta reação é de -393,5 kJ/mol. Isto significa que a entalpia de formação do gás carbônico (CO</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">₂</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">) é </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">-393,5 kJ/mol. Mas como eu posso afirmar isto? Veja o seguinte raciocínio:</span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyIetiFm1TS6irAJL-gz-vRuQBO3silHzLiHIRSEOPD8ARHouzO4XkF8ODJvSXhTufhUqXofQkETVwcprygfydrjnCVy_ExH2hQbGDcOOc-KSnf2t-uuyawpuVV0GZXzn18MUhJ5WM8aRLdTvftiuU8FxDl80RdtPyfmvAYfD9N1MHbKlp6GC_C29xYg/s861/29%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="118" data-original-width="861" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyIetiFm1TS6irAJL-gz-vRuQBO3silHzLiHIRSEOPD8ARHouzO4XkF8ODJvSXhTufhUqXofQkETVwcprygfydrjnCVy_ExH2hQbGDcOOc-KSnf2t-uuyawpuVV0GZXzn18MUhJ5WM8aRLdTvftiuU8FxDl80RdtPyfmvAYfD9N1MHbKlp6GC_C29xYg/w640-h88/29%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A variação de entalpia de uma reação é igual à diferença entre duas somas, a das variações (letra </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">𝛥) </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">de entalpia padrão (zerinho no alto do H) de formação (letra f minúscula junto do H) dos produtos e </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">a das variações de entalpia padrão de formação </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">dos reagentes. Aplicando às substâncias da equação acima, temos:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp0ufB1ePW5BGNI_Aaaik390olpilmDVIGIHyJuCT5TO7jiRrqqzkPViqif18Vtucbd3OeHvkQsrrkUcaZIkHnOF5hLRztfu1ovkogj7pafzvzqS4FxcCashhKDu0Woq5iu-HKb8sUV2v6ZdQHtYcBgn1Ys79TN8SBegQ53gnxbK5m36P7K8_Rp-_Hnw/s1048/30%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="134" data-original-width="1048" height="82" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp0ufB1ePW5BGNI_Aaaik390olpilmDVIGIHyJuCT5TO7jiRrqqzkPViqif18Vtucbd3OeHvkQsrrkUcaZIkHnOF5hLRztfu1ovkogj7pafzvzqS4FxcCashhKDu0Woq5iu-HKb8sUV2v6ZdQHtYcBgn1Ys79TN8SBegQ53gnxbK5m36P7K8_Rp-_Hnw/w640-h82/30%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Acontece que carbono grafite e gás oxigênio são substâncias simples em seus estados alotrópicos mais abundantes e nos estados físicos mais comuns à temperatura ambiente. Então suas variações de entalpia padrão de formação são iguais a zero, pois são as substâncias de referência. Daí concluímos que:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigl3_WzxNBEfG1p_D66jKh2BhMVQEK4a3F_zNYHzBS2BInnG2ll2emxssNKXTZDbzaDPbjKGh09s_WYW9P8GRSRoYP3zs_F12aZme9cDoluXgydxyTKZVXBPBEMUYWqMys1cc29O7na7K215bAmQwGZhFWYgIbefvPZ3IkC7xtGoROsuBVwn23SdIFwQ/s503/31%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="134" data-original-width="503" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigl3_WzxNBEfG1p_D66jKh2BhMVQEK4a3F_zNYHzBS2BInnG2ll2emxssNKXTZDbzaDPbjKGh09s_WYW9P8GRSRoYP3zs_F12aZme9cDoluXgydxyTKZVXBPBEMUYWqMys1cc29O7na7K215bAmQwGZhFWYgIbefvPZ3IkC7xtGoROsuBVwn23SdIFwQ/w400-h106/31%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Veja que podemos medir em laboratório com um calorímetro e energia liberada na queima de carbono grafite em presença de gás oxigênio à temperatura de 25 °C e pressão de 1 atm. E o valor medido para a reação é:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ4eV944I2T3WicNIHCLIA3Zs3lp3sOZdKoy3eYCtPg40VTF8Ds2VfOtZhPfLA0PUBIEpa1FV-D_xLtmjSpl2CUzORVKkuODm6iYJrsbjFy7XqjC5hpb-hV2ycG6dc5qBO9RfaaLVrIUnjxMsyuMX4pW4y_JdBDe4zBZQEaenqmwwu1Rv9McogYevsTg/s657/32%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="113" data-original-width="657" height="69" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ4eV944I2T3WicNIHCLIA3Zs3lp3sOZdKoy3eYCtPg40VTF8Ds2VfOtZhPfLA0PUBIEpa1FV-D_xLtmjSpl2CUzORVKkuODm6iYJrsbjFy7XqjC5hpb-hV2ycG6dc5qBO9RfaaLVrIUnjxMsyuMX4pW4y_JdBDe4zBZQEaenqmwwu1Rv9McogYevsTg/w400-h69/32%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Não se esqueça, se os reagentes forem </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">substâncias simples em seus estados alotrópicos mais abundantes e nos estados físicos mais comuns à temperatura ambiente, a variação de entalpia da reação corresponderá à </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">variação de entalpia padrão de formação do produto, caso ele seja único, é claro.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sabendo a do gás carbônico, podemos buscar a da água, mediante a combustão do gás hidrogênio:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibcNb4vpsUmQnvt_xCBMqjaIrHDeNRYcbXbmo7Zo9F0uxnNqDdXxFZPPCCXWrquyvWV3tabEJamoo5TVEdNB7NS-5XrXwQKhZo5XjohAyTNPmZ36KT3MfvEGUadLIyE4Obs47AlvOOhaoDZOZsvUWPtEwxSj-4khiNB5NqRz7Xfm4J9WoBe6CMjoQKhQ/s587/33%20forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20H2O.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="154" data-original-width="587" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibcNb4vpsUmQnvt_xCBMqjaIrHDeNRYcbXbmo7Zo9F0uxnNqDdXxFZPPCCXWrquyvWV3tabEJamoo5TVEdNB7NS-5XrXwQKhZo5XjohAyTNPmZ36KT3MfvEGUadLIyE4Obs47AlvOOhaoDZOZsvUWPtEwxSj-4khiNB5NqRz7Xfm4J9WoBe6CMjoQKhQ/w640-h168/33%20forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20H2O.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aplicaremos o mesmo princípio:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizJt5HmZJS-3soEg7at_B2QxErC44VBdwhWoS1ZH5IBsiEMNteAddXHB0CeUYXCjv7z_0Hr7Gg2f88EtP75tbc28JNm295KYSmvlLw1MJZVwGn2n528BNtXwhJtV-JXh0IrrDF8YanS9h0QAGuJVa8lVHPI-5IwwLp7gO_y2Pek8o6rL8eKBZS8JcLJA/s861/29%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="118" data-original-width="861" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizJt5HmZJS-3soEg7at_B2QxErC44VBdwhWoS1ZH5IBsiEMNteAddXHB0CeUYXCjv7z_0Hr7Gg2f88EtP75tbc28JNm295KYSmvlLw1MJZVwGn2n528BNtXwhJtV-JXh0IrrDF8YanS9h0QAGuJVa8lVHPI-5IwwLp7gO_y2Pek8o6rL8eKBZS8JcLJA/w640-h88/29%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Mas desta vez tendo a água como produto e os gases hidrogênio e oxigênio como reagentes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaObHZuGIHWX9oFlKjqRCOKicnXISbx80NR2RBDz2HpdTgaZla9evzpKmwM9Kv1FoczRV2fQOPSuSlyEOO9P3krFjWce7M26pfXYsiCZvyQdFTh20-UK8slEBS-l9i4sLiQYfgCIN9l1B47xKY6id_Li1BWemhGsbxIVcCdNUY7cVfLA6-0W7bcaqcbQ/s1079/34%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="1079" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaObHZuGIHWX9oFlKjqRCOKicnXISbx80NR2RBDz2HpdTgaZla9evzpKmwM9Kv1FoczRV2fQOPSuSlyEOO9P3krFjWce7M26pfXYsiCZvyQdFTh20-UK8slEBS-l9i4sLiQYfgCIN9l1B47xKY6id_Li1BWemhGsbxIVcCdNUY7cVfLA6-0W7bcaqcbQ/w640-h94/34%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Observe que o gás hidrogênio e o gás oxigênio são substâncias simples em seus estados alotrópicos mais abundantes e nos estados físicos mais comuns à temperatura ambiente. Então suas variações de entalpia padrão de formação são iguais a zero, pois são as substâncias de referência. Daí concluímos que:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBCrjU0xWOa1L_JWEd89SawXkmnqe5eVqyzDpowfCaAWeNr-Egh3PdNwA3OCVcqmPckOq823YZ1uTqeV04Om1cCdUZC2xogtBckUtNV9rSw_5O8kJYWKIt505yyeKN9QAIo38xbWEirLtH3cCLoPjxWdYmiJbIxE_QBMeX0uWwi-Ju9qztC1QYspD5Qg/s491/35%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="139" data-original-width="491" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBCrjU0xWOa1L_JWEd89SawXkmnqe5eVqyzDpowfCaAWeNr-Egh3PdNwA3OCVcqmPckOq823YZ1uTqeV04Om1cCdUZC2xogtBckUtNV9rSw_5O8kJYWKIt505yyeKN9QAIo38xbWEirLtH3cCLoPjxWdYmiJbIxE_QBMeX0uWwi-Ju9qztC1QYspD5Qg/w400-h114/35%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Basta efetuar a combustão do gás hidrogênio em laboratório c</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">om um calorímetro e medir a energia liberada no processo à temperatura de 25 °C e pressão de 1 atm.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHlD0VQ4m6Kp4QQeFcpfQ_e5A7g3XJZ8z9aGbKygiSxOrvBxNvuHTLC-z0qLNNhVdBsWhQehkgH_AQaqvDc0CVH4yZD-X6kKT5UdCW2Rcrg7FVPE0ifNLgSvpHVw1c-YedNrwwKpZ95J0efQd45zrWkCOT2_5pvK8-eejJpXqeC8chaxPPSsvvhI5ydw/s651/36%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="116" data-original-width="651" height="71" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHlD0VQ4m6Kp4QQeFcpfQ_e5A7g3XJZ8z9aGbKygiSxOrvBxNvuHTLC-z0qLNNhVdBsWhQehkgH_AQaqvDc0CVH4yZD-X6kKT5UdCW2Rcrg7FVPE0ifNLgSvpHVw1c-YedNrwwKpZ95J0efQd45zrWkCOT2_5pvK8-eejJpXqeC8chaxPPSsvvhI5ydw/w400-h71/36%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De posse das entalpias de formação da água e do gás carbônico, podemos encontrar a entalpia de formação da combustão completa de qualquer hidrocarboneto ou composto orgânico oxigenado, pois eles são constituídos de carbono e hidrogênio ou desses dois elementos combinados com oxigênio. Veja a combustão completa do metano.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKpTtRkLFYbER-hHrCFuB1YH13wuyauwRLgT3ZGLz-1YrWOK5egfNTHGyBf2e8Om6PB2FIXGqjJ5yTLpvPoYn15_PIdMFSLvAggj2WLzrucLcBk24A3SBuLOhniDgrZRmNhfXdXCY3cAS5jUkuYbAD7FAADbLg7aNWif5RYZ-syGXBtM1v3F4AMHlxcw/s1456/09%20eq%20term.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="91" data-original-width="1456" height="55" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKpTtRkLFYbER-hHrCFuB1YH13wuyauwRLgT3ZGLz-1YrWOK5egfNTHGyBf2e8Om6PB2FIXGqjJ5yTLpvPoYn15_PIdMFSLvAggj2WLzrucLcBk24A3SBuLOhniDgrZRmNhfXdXCY3cAS5jUkuYbAD7FAADbLg7aNWif5RYZ-syGXBtM1v3F4AMHlxcw/w885-h55/09%20eq%20term.jpg" width="885" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Aplicaremos o mesmo princípio, a variação de entalpia da reação é igual à dos produtos subtraída da dos reagentes:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhdp1FmUSozox2H9hNy3m-lVYLSc4uFfTwxXptLUJUjiavCY-GjNL3Nvv96HFeGTiei0OnC9aN0Y4sztPcYVktZZFNTmp9ugvUBOqHet2yxqpQP97irkcruYQto-fEAB63Z5958lm_70cDO0eLO-XYjbbsgZHpxliJjqIQ1r-viUMRP86GqIrfc0Ijjw/s1369/37%20forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20CH4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="137" data-original-width="1369" height="71" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhdp1FmUSozox2H9hNy3m-lVYLSc4uFfTwxXptLUJUjiavCY-GjNL3Nvv96HFeGTiei0OnC9aN0Y4sztPcYVktZZFNTmp9ugvUBOqHet2yxqpQP97irkcruYQto-fEAB63Z5958lm_70cDO0eLO-XYjbbsgZHpxliJjqIQ1r-viUMRP86GqIrfc0Ijjw/w710-h71/37%20forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20CH4.jpg" width="710" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Como o gás oxigênio é a única substância </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">simples em seu estado alotrópico mais abundante e no estado físico mais comum à temperatura ambiente, a entalpia de formação dele é zero. As demais, com exceção do metano (CH₄), são substituídas pelos valores medidos ou calculados.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7VACEwISbFjRfMMjfWkJPZE4gbCIpe5QCSVupkMMCUvBoBeMA0Uf5ky2nqzfHbY9Kjtg9j16H3kFrVnK5c6qLUJl4Y3ph4NzwmZqxcNBO5dmCmHE7zxtq_TbmLoUE78rlFYP7f7_4rP50TrK9KRbclAKVcfby-pryX4RFzDQNBhhpP8eXRC6ouVGnrA/s1043/38%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="219" data-original-width="1043" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7VACEwISbFjRfMMjfWkJPZE4gbCIpe5QCSVupkMMCUvBoBeMA0Uf5ky2nqzfHbY9Kjtg9j16H3kFrVnK5c6qLUJl4Y3ph4NzwmZqxcNBO5dmCmHE7zxtq_TbmLoUE78rlFYP7f7_4rP50TrK9KRbclAKVcfby-pryX4RFzDQNBhhpP8eXRC6ouVGnrA/w640-h134/38%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Agora é só calcular a variação de entalpia padrão de formação do metano:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0s0A6TGrwgFqPbfLBt374kZXKd8-D2qJUzRhvQyOACpidPl52E3PFT2p5hgrJaDQXHioOgOtOuEMQlTEwEoq8jzpytfSLARcaBBBNi1Ujkm0J-tdEfo1jI7VTW7leFM05GkBfoQKnzT-Kj5EM4dJzakAyLuE2nxcCj6dodzgbTqNEf5nHvLtR5titGA/s630/39%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="104" data-original-width="630" height="66" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0s0A6TGrwgFqPbfLBt374kZXKd8-D2qJUzRhvQyOACpidPl52E3PFT2p5hgrJaDQXHioOgOtOuEMQlTEwEoq8jzpytfSLARcaBBBNi1Ujkm0J-tdEfo1jI7VTW7leFM05GkBfoQKnzT-Kj5EM4dJzakAyLuE2nxcCj6dodzgbTqNEf5nHvLtR5titGA/w400-h66/39%20deltaHdeforma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Quanto mais soubermos de substâncias constituídas de poucos elementos, mais saberemos das constituídas de muitos elementos. Trata-se de um processo de construção de informações de todas as substâncias a partir daquelas tomadas como referência.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Encerramos por aqui esta parte, me avise se ajudou... ou se não ajudou. Até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-3257216904542688992022-05-18T17:40:00.003-03:002022-05-18T17:40:00.222-03:00Termoquímica: equações e gráficos.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De posse da informação de que a entalpia é equivalente à energia trocada sob a forma de calor quando a pressão é mantida constante, podemos atribuir uma determinada quantidade de entalpia a qualquer fenômeno ou processo estudado. Desde que se tenha em mente o fato de que a entalpia medida corresponde a uma variação e não a valores absolutos. Não conseguimos medir a entalpia antes e depois de um fenômeno, apenas a quantidade absorvida ou liberada por ele, por isto chamamos de variação, e representamos por 𝛥H.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgLyG_o4jVCVTC6pFKoAxoSAqCQWI8UD1VUmsFOWb_psgJEz6rvLMvkTFjEq99tjLCjT_CyvY3CzzcoXVXGbFLVqNE01dHyKGjYEYx24RX3jYm1Z2m_f7Y0B1PPWZcNB9BvtpkJSSIXg5ohoG3iPao0f-zzUYrf4ZtWCID7L6U4CON78fHoeTHYcF0g/s1456/09%20eq%20term.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="91" data-original-width="1456" height="64" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgLyG_o4jVCVTC6pFKoAxoSAqCQWI8UD1VUmsFOWb_psgJEz6rvLMvkTFjEq99tjLCjT_CyvY3CzzcoXVXGbFLVqNE01dHyKGjYEYx24RX3jYm1Z2m_f7Y0B1PPWZcNB9BvtpkJSSIXg5ohoG3iPao0f-zzUYrf4ZtWCID7L6U4CON78fHoeTHYcF0g/w1031-h64/09%20eq%20term.jpg" width="1031" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Uma equação termoquímica é representada pelas substâncias que dela participam como reagentes ou produtos. Ela deve estar devidamente balanceada e os estados físicos das substâncias envolvidas devem corresponder à temperatura e pressão atribuídos à medida daquele valor de </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">𝛥H. Chamamos a equação acima de equação de combustão do gás metano à temperatura de 25 °C e 1 atm de pressão. O valor de sua variação de entalpia é de -890,4 kJ para cada mol de metano consumido. Isto significa que a quantidade de energia citada é liberada durante o processo.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ3vwc1_1yPTLcYOCuZ1PszgV466H9cZy_ewgFZ5xMlhCD0C7yI9WetS7D0Mrkj0Kmc7FbUxsesSbA8v0b_veoZJEWvI-idzSHLE5vfu3F-AGCiv2bsqhrS50CLbFvDLE8vub5YAR0m36lNT-lwIwCe7QkVsltsF0IhqyQA894kLUAV-TXZR5AUEHAQw/s797/10%20classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="797" height="638" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ3vwc1_1yPTLcYOCuZ1PszgV466H9cZy_ewgFZ5xMlhCD0C7yI9WetS7D0Mrkj0Kmc7FbUxsesSbA8v0b_veoZJEWvI-idzSHLE5vfu3F-AGCiv2bsqhrS50CLbFvDLE8vub5YAR0m36lNT-lwIwCe7QkVsltsF0IhqyQA894kLUAV-TXZR5AUEHAQw/w640-h638/10%20classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Classificamos o fenômeno quanto à sua variação de entalpia (</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">𝛥H</span><span style="font-family: verdana;">) em exotérmico ou endotérmico. Se a variação é positiva, significa que os produtos possuem mais energia que os reagentes, esta energia extra veio da vizinhança, esfriando-a, por isso é endotérmica. Se a variação é negativa, significa que os produtos possuem menos energia que os reagentes, esta diferença foi liberada para a vizinhança, aquecendo-a, por isso é exotérmica.</span></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Podemos representar a equação termoquímica de uma outra forma:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxSSKnpIAlfLZ7FAKpdcomzL7TqZ3nf2BYlCgDw09NFFksIiD3sttvIk8PtKxh6jIQGqXZRbz6epyDbZgEnEGS5AhQReGWxCvFK7mjjstZoMruDvWaVFnSJA9cCnxlScwT3R5nZobBcVb8XBQ67i3xHpc0UKoPs6QLVutIsIVZh9hfpeljtrz6Y-DEOA/s1102/11%20eq%20term.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="88" data-original-width="1102" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxSSKnpIAlfLZ7FAKpdcomzL7TqZ3nf2BYlCgDw09NFFksIiD3sttvIk8PtKxh6jIQGqXZRbz6epyDbZgEnEGS5AhQReGWxCvFK7mjjstZoMruDvWaVFnSJA9cCnxlScwT3R5nZobBcVb8XBQ67i3xHpc0UKoPs6QLVutIsIVZh9hfpeljtrz6Y-DEOA/w1020-h84/11%20eq%20term.jpg" width="1020" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caso a energia apareça somando entre os produtos, trata-se de um fenômeno exotérmico, caso apareça somando entre os reagentes, trata-se de um endotérmico. Ela não aparecerá subtraindo. Além desses, podemos expressar a variação de entalpia do fenômeno por meio de gráficos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinFtnfkBHQMLTVr9D5e-7RGZJ1Ya_pN083PqW2pmloONS7C2ORFKWgSr2gwD7FWEgLE8wwdLzh9ow3aU4oM30n16V-QikmdB53JHBUHAav99ZVlYx6bcHbhOZTlFh3DIPu3kCK9ALDp0lOn8kdiiShlu2m7chLiMc8uxaYPYNIr4uiFT2Vi47Z5kD_kQ/s896/12%20exot%C3%A9rmica.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="896" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinFtnfkBHQMLTVr9D5e-7RGZJ1Ya_pN083PqW2pmloONS7C2ORFKWgSr2gwD7FWEgLE8wwdLzh9ow3aU4oM30n16V-QikmdB53JHBUHAav99ZVlYx6bcHbhOZTlFh3DIPu3kCK9ALDp0lOn8kdiiShlu2m7chLiMc8uxaYPYNIr4uiFT2Vi47Z5kD_kQ/w640-h424/12%20exot%C3%A9rmica.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caminho da reação significa o sentido dela. O mais comum é que os reagentes se transformem em produtos. Assim, na reação exotérmica, os produtos estarão em um patamar abaixo do patamar dos reagentes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj21RfKu-tAQPQ3NkIAcRCRW8BbEd4QkjZNJPX4cbv2nAbOyeXU9HMJBDjo1Z6sCEgCllgMAiR9l63K8p6mG8YJto64O9exuCOAJ_Tsq9B6daogrW0NKIBBTgh-TTpTEbZnSfmpqPgKruG8pyJijzxl4iw9A1MLw2xgXBzBq9qchDxYMZtzHTEgy-8QAw/s896/13%20endot%C3%A9rmica.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="896" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj21RfKu-tAQPQ3NkIAcRCRW8BbEd4QkjZNJPX4cbv2nAbOyeXU9HMJBDjo1Z6sCEgCllgMAiR9l63K8p6mG8YJto64O9exuCOAJ_Tsq9B6daogrW0NKIBBTgh-TTpTEbZnSfmpqPgKruG8pyJijzxl4iw9A1MLw2xgXBzBq9qchDxYMZtzHTEgy-8QAw/w640-h424/13%20endot%C3%A9rmica.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Na endotérmica ocorre o oposto, são os produtos em patamar acima dos reagentes. Veja como fica para a combustão completa do metano:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD8-GbTT5B61QUnO63InG76DGClx0zHhujnbb3Q8Sj8bmHDwddfoZVyu7JMm3LcVZZX_Br59BED0mMUPv3fHWH-jrggI6Xj7f8m0JRFkm6FejIRTtRWOLKCyhGsm7SpFsbSAMvrcDjz1AaiqtMCLpcH0QxOE8EXxvdxTzuhk8iyRsOQhI0MxU2T9ujLA/s1113/14%20exot%C3%A9rmica.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="1113" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD8-GbTT5B61QUnO63InG76DGClx0zHhujnbb3Q8Sj8bmHDwddfoZVyu7JMm3LcVZZX_Br59BED0mMUPv3fHWH-jrggI6Xj7f8m0JRFkm6FejIRTtRWOLKCyhGsm7SpFsbSAMvrcDjz1AaiqtMCLpcH0QxOE8EXxvdxTzuhk8iyRsOQhI0MxU2T9ujLA/w640-h340/14%20exot%C3%A9rmica.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De posse dessas informações, podemos classificar alguns fenômenos de acordo com a variação de entalpia. Veja os exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0rDqsrNgKlIRU3zW-dBwsoI4_EOGmw9pHLIjqsRAxBl0FQ0O7u2rCP0laEjibXXMvqnbQtGJLShFeoDg0Q5s1HIMX-JSJfNTX1e7Ip9tbq-u8hML6IAlX91fQBVfoYi0nrPWOSZBs1zQ7LfNudS_lmGMIjVdXCDuSMQbq2s4by-MuzPDq_V58vzxB_Q/s1174/15%20exemplos%20fen%20fis.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="1174" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0rDqsrNgKlIRU3zW-dBwsoI4_EOGmw9pHLIjqsRAxBl0FQ0O7u2rCP0laEjibXXMvqnbQtGJLShFeoDg0Q5s1HIMX-JSJfNTX1e7Ip9tbq-u8hML6IAlX91fQBVfoYi0nrPWOSZBs1zQ7LfNudS_lmGMIjVdXCDuSMQbq2s4by-MuzPDq_V58vzxB_Q/w640-h330/15%20exemplos%20fen%20fis.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">As mudanças de estados físicos da matéria são três delas exotérmicas, solidificação, condensação e ressublimação, e três delas endotérmicas, fusão, vaporização e sublimação. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaQhuXJ9Wd06SlE5gupijmXT5_vWHUoEn_GR25u5HPRE20kkdLOeha62Ho5PpOelPEEn74YlR_wtEQPh4uYNfPxk3aNuuxMmrL4Bp9q7yf-t-zUzs2lVYWK16aZWGWXdDowwrVAXO0tQ4i3tXOGwWK4kqtIcXGm1OZXKbwXGM_fUByA-1OSmLPr7-Wgw/s1200/16%20combust%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaQhuXJ9Wd06SlE5gupijmXT5_vWHUoEn_GR25u5HPRE20kkdLOeha62Ho5PpOelPEEn74YlR_wtEQPh4uYNfPxk3aNuuxMmrL4Bp9q7yf-t-zUzs2lVYWK16aZWGWXdDowwrVAXO0tQ4i3tXOGwWK4kqtIcXGm1OZXKbwXGM_fUByA-1OSmLPr7-Wgw/w640-h360/16%20combust%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">As reações de combustão são em sua maioria reações exotérmicas, mas não a totalidade. Algumas reações de nitrogênio com oxigênio são, tecnicamente, reação de combustão e não liberam energia.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk3i9QQ8rO2MZceWR4ZobOYSzCm43a9j-UR150P_jAtyZJ7-n105v-r3hUUZV25nU-3bNHxYeMDVKEmOPToQjkGwKwaEquK82R4_-6pDEHmHVbDXz0R-FroKz8tY8HTvHc-hjFQQ_5_E5XVxEjtcev88y6hIo9hHTbFeG5joCMs5AR8BeyFBCKTsKTKg/s780/17%20pizza%20forno%20%C3%A0%20lenha.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="780" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk3i9QQ8rO2MZceWR4ZobOYSzCm43a9j-UR150P_jAtyZJ7-n105v-r3hUUZV25nU-3bNHxYeMDVKEmOPToQjkGwKwaEquK82R4_-6pDEHmHVbDXz0R-FroKz8tY8HTvHc-hjFQQ_5_E5XVxEjtcev88y6hIo9hHTbFeG5joCMs5AR8BeyFBCKTsKTKg/w640-h640/17%20pizza%20forno%20%C3%A0%20lenha.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O caso da pizza em forno à lenha é uma ótima pegadinha para os distraídos de plantão. Depende do caso, a pizza assar é endotérmico, a lenha queimar é exotérmico.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXqvoBBD5_8fzwgBh6eLIj0K5fjcnHkncA14FRjUkhrShxmjbc4aGCE5qyFvLWQL6Pu05hdiwfc-gvzWDv3vzqF2gzY8SPqhqJR8XYGSMjX1GXZnNFRDBT6vUKdYZYhMDwlAo20nVHRNzr8nCJJKNvPje3TS1SUeoR758nwrmp_lUOlN5cJzmxX41QiA/s502/18%20bolsas%20de%20gelo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="502" data-original-width="469" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXqvoBBD5_8fzwgBh6eLIj0K5fjcnHkncA14FRjUkhrShxmjbc4aGCE5qyFvLWQL6Pu05hdiwfc-gvzWDv3vzqF2gzY8SPqhqJR8XYGSMjX1GXZnNFRDBT6vUKdYZYhMDwlAo20nVHRNzr8nCJJKNvPje3TS1SUeoR758nwrmp_lUOlN5cJzmxX41QiA/w598-h640/18%20bolsas%20de%20gelo.jpg" width="598" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Algumas bolsas de gelo contém um material que, após alguns estalos, sofre uma reação endotérmica, dando a sensação de gelado.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">è possível também estabelecer uma relação estequiométrica entre os participantes da reação e sua respectiva variação de entalpia. Veja a situação a seguir:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKf3O6Oe9-_LuIOBM29Dk17c7mnyhfJhAHin8YIhSX1vs-IL89BABYcKuGLofO0Y3iX3Dua3-7K3FvzEvsQAknUyCSARvd4wHKwwBaJK3bELD0zsgT3t6pBfOX-NFE8i6rsZfE1HGaipgRMltG9WiUzCqmbo8bi6OpQGIULBfMvh72OWPajvM9OA8cbQ/s924/19%20autonomia%20de%20um%20ve%C3%ADculo.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="924" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKf3O6Oe9-_LuIOBM29Dk17c7mnyhfJhAHin8YIhSX1vs-IL89BABYcKuGLofO0Y3iX3Dua3-7K3FvzEvsQAknUyCSARvd4wHKwwBaJK3bELD0zsgT3t6pBfOX-NFE8i6rsZfE1HGaipgRMltG9WiUzCqmbo8bi6OpQGIULBfMvh72OWPajvM9OA8cbQ/w640-h360/19%20autonomia%20de%20um%20ve%C3%ADculo.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Imagem retirada de "autoesporte" (<a href="https://s2.glbimg.com/WskgOBtp-__FyFf2ITigiFGUimk=/0x0:1400x788/924x0/smart/filters:strip_icc()/i.s3.glbimg.com/v1/AUTH_cf9d035bf26b4646b105bd958f32089d/internal_photos/bs/2021/2/x/XOWeFBS1ybWoEUjyvAog/aer-4.jpg" target="_blank">link</a>).</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Digamos que um carro aleatório seja capaz de percorrer 516 quilômetros com o tanque cheio em uma pista reta e horizontal. Com metade do tanque, nas mesmas condições, ele percorrerá metade disto, ou seja, 258 km. Com a quarta parte do tanque, apenas 129 km. Isto significa que a energia liberada pelo combustível, em sua reação de combustão, é diretamente proporcional à quantidade dele. É isto o que queremos dizer com relação estequiométrica.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Em termos de equação, caso se reescreva a equação com os coeficientes duplicados, a variação de entalpia também será duplicada, veja:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyqSIA4hB40-H5Y52EWsItrGckpWwoPFjIVhN9z1iziRijnGaStp7mARG8UWQLoGu0yk1EvfjWevxiM8BS8mkYCHn48_ZkG6DDL7mxOKm3WA1BSAx-62dHYDSqRFrHs-Etf0Ano0IK8dSv-qhDGa2T2apWWe3YIODGQpyb1p1u4mQFxWTth1nPLEu_5w/s1440/20%20equa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20dobrada.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="87" data-original-width="1440" height="56" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyqSIA4hB40-H5Y52EWsItrGckpWwoPFjIVhN9z1iziRijnGaStp7mARG8UWQLoGu0yk1EvfjWevxiM8BS8mkYCHn48_ZkG6DDL7mxOKm3WA1BSAx-62dHYDSqRFrHs-Etf0Ano0IK8dSv-qhDGa2T2apWWe3YIODGQpyb1p1u4mQFxWTth1nPLEu_5w/w947-h56/20%20equa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20dobrada.jpg" width="947" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Com isto eu encerro esta parte. Se ajudou deixa um comentário. Até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-12614139957931504532022-05-17T17:05:00.001-03:002022-05-17T17:38:19.471-03:00Introdução à termoquímica.<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uma vez alguém te disse que a química é a área da ciência na qual estudamos a matéria, suas transformações e as energias envolvidas nessas transformações. Pois então, é chegada a hora de estudarmos as energias envolvidas nos fenômenos químicos e em alguns fenômenos físicos. Por este motivo chamamos este setor da química de termoquímica.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP2tIlLuD1zZUQF54mqXM1ZrfBnsBodJJRArKmJyBnVaWePrAz50FCitfEuhkbakitp8HsOGQNFz0n7TNch0UtufIryyyzkiYQaHs5Nm4rrsjF9WDnSvAiwU_F8NZtVP-32CS8Lzv8BKh7AIaz9_aGd6sHN5cnpgSHHvbLWbk-BcSskdFJBO2TgX7DKQ/s602/01%20apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="602" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP2tIlLuD1zZUQF54mqXM1ZrfBnsBodJJRArKmJyBnVaWePrAz50FCitfEuhkbakitp8HsOGQNFz0n7TNch0UtufIryyyzkiYQaHs5Nm4rrsjF9WDnSvAiwU_F8NZtVP-32CS8Lzv8BKh7AIaz9_aGd6sHN5cnpgSHHvbLWbk-BcSskdFJBO2TgX7DKQ/w640-h360/01%20apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Na imagem acima temos uma granada prestes a explodir. É possível saber a quantidade de energia e os tipos de energia liberados em sua explosão? "Demais da conta", como dizem os mineiros. Da mesma forma podemos proceder em relação ao combustível queimando no interior do motor de um automóvel.<span><a name='more'></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh60RyWQHVjCLAQB_OAkvHAVopVM4D9HPssCHupEfRdBl07_iCbgah239B3vkBHGlAJxCeH-NBJJMqcrCmXq7gECq944nj4xdfEmCmfcXwW7trw8tWiViVykGETcl1i2ltlQhA83WePdXz9MEBrk7yGzi2-xVxI11SAhEYADoLL8PWcjEVvNr8kuqZT8Q/s1300/02%20motor%20combus%20int.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="944" data-original-width="1300" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh60RyWQHVjCLAQB_OAkvHAVopVM4D9HPssCHupEfRdBl07_iCbgah239B3vkBHGlAJxCeH-NBJJMqcrCmXq7gECq944nj4xdfEmCmfcXwW7trw8tWiViVykGETcl1i2ltlQhA83WePdXz9MEBrk7yGzi2-xVxI11SAhEYADoLL8PWcjEVvNr8kuqZT8Q/w640-h464/02%20motor%20combus%20int.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Antes de abordarmos o que acontece dentro de um motor a gasolina ou de uma granada, temos de esclarecer alguns detalhes sobre os nomes dados às diferentes formas de energia.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi55qoElpAowpuFkm5AogLP5OeXbDomo8Z2iPdFK1NdHSXIKr_Rkue1QHV1z05Of_-Y8UuSCNQ9EMZ1CSdZqJCXYKVMYrFSZOX8UyXmQbUchuSXSm_LVbgC1SzT9pCgF_SMQq8iltdmdykwgiPohHWChQZHEQl3SNAQiQ1ianEHlujgtufQkS0IXou-BA/s1232/03%20calor.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="1232" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi55qoElpAowpuFkm5AogLP5OeXbDomo8Z2iPdFK1NdHSXIKr_Rkue1QHV1z05Of_-Y8UuSCNQ9EMZ1CSdZqJCXYKVMYrFSZOX8UyXmQbUchuSXSm_LVbgC1SzT9pCgF_SMQq8iltdmdykwgiPohHWChQZHEQl3SNAQiQ1ianEHlujgtufQkS0IXou-BA/w640-h404/03%20calor.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seja no trabalho, em uma situação perigosa ou ao caminhar em uma cidade localizada entre os trópicos e ao nível do mar, é comum as pessoas sentirem calor quando expostas a uma fonte de energia.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-5R1N9nRwWK-Q55vS7jHy0uaqmix9_ZKofQz9o0eplZA9w0Xflqsz_H8VEqmRfgagyQYtHySb5cX7C92YDG0wNjd38VbrV89E6LL0ovVdq2yeaEaf5b4vhCrqC4CjShErTA1r6_xjpV3iYy2Yyl4uHvMBGsaDzq2NgIuR7LqvmQTinsWHDrvJcDg-Aw/s1280/04%20calor.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1280" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-5R1N9nRwWK-Q55vS7jHy0uaqmix9_ZKofQz9o0eplZA9w0Xflqsz_H8VEqmRfgagyQYtHySb5cX7C92YDG0wNjd38VbrV89E6LL0ovVdq2yeaEaf5b4vhCrqC4CjShErTA1r6_xjpV3iYy2Yyl4uHvMBGsaDzq2NgIuR7LqvmQTinsWHDrvJcDg-Aw/w640-h450/04%20calor.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A sensação de calor se deve a uma elevação da temperatura corporal a partir da energia recebida de algumas fontes de energia. O nosso organismo luta contra isto evaporando água e eliminando algumas substâncias junto dela, chamamos isto de suor. A imagem acima mostra que a temperatura corporal não é uniforme, estando maior (vermelho) em algumas parte e menor em outras (azul).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E o significado de calor dentro da ciência, seja ela a física ou a química, é razoavelmente diferente da expressão coloquial, ou seja, usada no cotidiano. Chamamos de calor um tipo específico de energia trocada por dois ou mais corpos quando eles estão a temperaturas diferentes. Falando assim, parece bobinha a definição. Mas é importante atentar para a palavra "trocada", pois calor é uma forma de energia em trânsito. Isto significa que não se armazena calor.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiJbbDylCpGRUKaXVT6PBy-wFNNyDWnz6JRIGeOte9PvEMSLbmQWQHpy8xu_VwS_pkswUHxEt9jaDGkoA9foxOyueuawvry6OoHeWYkXZNVIPTXVwmHE5nvR9-aBO_SbhcNUhKc43Tq1iXiBBtsjxCVkKGhtwlYsHAQ4y31XFc-NVovWM9SVymG-biMw/s1030/05%20fluxo%20de%20calor.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="629" data-original-width="1030" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiJbbDylCpGRUKaXVT6PBy-wFNNyDWnz6JRIGeOte9PvEMSLbmQWQHpy8xu_VwS_pkswUHxEt9jaDGkoA9foxOyueuawvry6OoHeWYkXZNVIPTXVwmHE5nvR9-aBO_SbhcNUhKc43Tq1iXiBBtsjxCVkKGhtwlYsHAQ4y31XFc-NVovWM9SVymG-biMw/w640-h390/05%20fluxo%20de%20calor.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Quando a energia sob a forma de calor chega a um corpo é transformada em outras forma de energia. Fazendo com que a temperatura do corpo que o recebeu aumente. Quanto ao corpo que perde energia sob a forma </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">calor, sua temperatura diminui.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Avançando no conteúdo. Se o processo no qual a energia trocada sob a forma de calor ocorrer sob pressão constante, chamaremos esta energia de entalpia, não mais de calor. Por isso é comum você encontrar em livros, apostilas e afins a expressão "calor de reação", mas estão se referindo à entalpia.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZfiL0bF9J68fqEkdEYjLYxBgqk0dE7LlVqrIEgqQROHDzRH8bHxTZgVurxbW-AiRBC5ST7v_w5idSmEN1cTp-J7fQGu78VnflMIvtd91oFcSGWFPLb9LyocJslMdBlPrl3CCewkKQGtzlDJhoDxNqlMr2LYnyJImvPZjGWbLR2gO3LACBXOizx53a9A/s254/06%20entalpia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="182" data-original-width="254" height="459" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZfiL0bF9J68fqEkdEYjLYxBgqk0dE7LlVqrIEgqQROHDzRH8bHxTZgVurxbW-AiRBC5ST7v_w5idSmEN1cTp-J7fQGu78VnflMIvtd91oFcSGWFPLb9LyocJslMdBlPrl3CCewkKQGtzlDJhoDxNqlMr2LYnyJImvPZjGWbLR2gO3LACBXOizx53a9A/w640-h459/06%20entalpia.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Não precisa se desesperar. Basta notar que nem toda energia sob a forma de calor é trocada com pressão constante. Quando for a volume constante, será chamada de energia interna. Quando for a pressão e temperatura constantes, será chamada de energia livre de Gibbs. </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Quando for a volume e temperatura constantes, será chamada de energia livre de Helmholtz.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7RfKeAnuW5a2G-8gF8Ab3pKNKq-_duDMVDKT-T4nemv2QV-HlLja8ZWApPAH8KW6Kl_S-cqToQZQQ_gIY9jUDiPxNeA0XyXeb_BPwb9KA6R1qIYUDeVdp8xq2v77ZEKSrJntZesoBMK3n61wRMLFampUJKCrNlYdYi_3mqa3JL1zOqMJpA2badI3TDw/s592/07%20Gibbs%20e%20Helmholtz.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="592" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7RfKeAnuW5a2G-8gF8Ab3pKNKq-_duDMVDKT-T4nemv2QV-HlLja8ZWApPAH8KW6Kl_S-cqToQZQQ_gIY9jUDiPxNeA0XyXeb_BPwb9KA6R1qIYUDeVdp8xq2v77ZEKSrJntZesoBMK3n61wRMLFampUJKCrNlYdYi_3mqa3JL1zOqMJpA2badI3TDw/w640-h304/07%20Gibbs%20e%20Helmholtz.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Josiah Willard Gibbs (esquerda) e Hermann von Helmholtz (direita).</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Não citei as demais formas de energia para gerar confusão, apenas para você saber que existem e não se surpreender quando entrarem de vez na festa. Voltemos à entalpia. Como a medimos?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPnjmY85E3vkTdmbV_xczc7vZSfi0fV0jaOLjsSyaiCDmvUqeafKn61SEKT7mYEaTwzjho_vvinzRk4fr-MaAXPFKu_0H_XFqN0XF51W18H-GES1Sg2PPD1s5Vy7rVlZbpzh30S_xAYJ8qNxIIaQdC253jVGopHJlCXjsCqfOM6401ECHG-Ywa-7ozaQ/s466/08%20calor%C3%ADmetro.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="466" height="602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPnjmY85E3vkTdmbV_xczc7vZSfi0fV0jaOLjsSyaiCDmvUqeafKn61SEKT7mYEaTwzjho_vvinzRk4fr-MaAXPFKu_0H_XFqN0XF51W18H-GES1Sg2PPD1s5Vy7rVlZbpzh30S_xAYJ8qNxIIaQdC253jVGopHJlCXjsCqfOM6401ECHG-Ywa-7ozaQ/w640-h602/08%20calor%C3%ADmetro.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Da mesma maneira que medimos a energia trocada sob a forma de calor em um fenômeno qualquer. Com um calorímetro. A reação acontece, libera ou absorve calor, aquece ou esfria uma determinada massa de água ao seu redor. Se soubermos a variação de temperatura desta massa de água, saberemos a energia por ela absorvida ou liberada. Desde que a pressão durante o fenômeno seja mantida constante, podemos chamar esta energia trocada de entalpia.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Isto encerra a nossa introdução em termoquímica. Não perca a sequência. Espero ter ajudado, se não ajudei, comente aí... até a próxima.</span></div>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-62721164397201734412022-05-16T23:32:00.003-03:002022-05-17T17:37:28.436-03:00Funções orgânicas sulfuradas: tioéter.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Os tioéteres são compostos que contém um átomo de enxofre a duas cadeias carbônicas. De forma semelhante ao éter, estas cadeias podem ser iguais ou não, aromáticas ou alifáticas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ktgPdIad89J8pfCBZV6nrdz40qHM0rknVvK4prUG_BBr-TXiakm3O_v9PwnuoK_xojXsmBzcZdPAagDHtKJ6F8KC-ORjBOIPuKuD12mcJMqmI9sCFcKguHDVC1G5SFqtOmURocor-LAnP76es0ZmTJa08YetEDCqNqFTWXNlpSCbt5WoUTmVgEIlbw/s322/01%20GF.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="322" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ktgPdIad89J8pfCBZV6nrdz40qHM0rknVvK4prUG_BBr-TXiakm3O_v9PwnuoK_xojXsmBzcZdPAagDHtKJ6F8KC-ORjBOIPuKuD12mcJMqmI9sCFcKguHDVC1G5SFqtOmURocor-LAnP76es0ZmTJa08YetEDCqNqFTWXNlpSCbt5WoUTmVgEIlbw/w640-h198/01%20GF.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Um tioéter também é chamado de sulfeto e sua nomenclatura é muito semelhante à do éter. Nela, usamos o termo TIO no lugar de onde se usaria OXI para um éter. Veja os exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ metiltiometano:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiealCYVBlDbIMX4_PBu_3hGv9Rf3A5ugGqoiVVJmWjzoDiu3zGH790Duvmky9SAN-LaGSEIF7RHIhOQceC6645ZuP2Stg_mtKCvZ98zZG5VNsC2eXk_S3J-Obj-p8L-e8iBJGwDFJQRTmdAzbjhYrrA9ymrUMPCtUAYl8GMY9mLVT6bP0hK2_FywMp_A/s461/02%20metiltiometano.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="109" data-original-width="461" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiealCYVBlDbIMX4_PBu_3hGv9Rf3A5ugGqoiVVJmWjzoDiu3zGH790Duvmky9SAN-LaGSEIF7RHIhOQceC6645ZuP2Stg_mtKCvZ98zZG5VNsC2eXk_S3J-Obj-p8L-e8iBJGwDFJQRTmdAzbjhYrrA9ymrUMPCtUAYl8GMY9mLVT6bP0hK2_FywMp_A/w640-h152/02%20metiltiometano.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de sulfeto de metílico ou dimetilsullfureto. Possui um odor desagradável característico e é parte do cheiro de milho, couve e beterraba quando cozidos.</span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-fIUCqnrbYfoY4uskJdTNHiw7Nmii7iWZ0SHVRax5JjWQ7UGRR78k4HAHhsMrBv_SiGHHpXGUpxRaHcHmeeVtrAVzRiezmmEmPoYsydufTpu4kO8a0yaohKkImo_gg9lYNxJKBSff6v1AfnOVz47m_h--3FiYzrkECmBwu6sniSAtz2y82ITpbyB9VA/s1318/03%20milho%20beterraba%20e%20couve%20cozidos.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1318" data-original-width="1158" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-fIUCqnrbYfoY4uskJdTNHiw7Nmii7iWZ0SHVRax5JjWQ7UGRR78k4HAHhsMrBv_SiGHHpXGUpxRaHcHmeeVtrAVzRiezmmEmPoYsydufTpu4kO8a0yaohKkImo_gg9lYNxJKBSff6v1AfnOVz47m_h--3FiYzrkECmBwu6sniSAtz2y82ITpbyB9VA/w562-h640/03%20milho%20beterraba%20e%20couve%20cozidos.jpg" width="562" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O metiltiometano também é um indicador de infecção bacteriana na produção do malte.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3jsRRcMAL8Fmz7CkMZ9lH5wsFphsVe6ptgnGerNX_zhjO5Y9Uzhe67XxC5nUSsFayk5UDuJMtwR7qRKu5_JkJNMBAR8JJmG6MMpyUZeU65n3G0s0CifUNNSfvtx6lIH8B7oaYogmVUHb2hyZGOgMH_GW1CNLag0svobVqIDxh5_1UEKfUPOpEo0xww/s1280/04%20malte.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3jsRRcMAL8Fmz7CkMZ9lH5wsFphsVe6ptgnGerNX_zhjO5Y9Uzhe67XxC5nUSsFayk5UDuJMtwR7qRKu5_JkJNMBAR8JJmG6MMpyUZeU65n3G0s0CifUNNSfvtx6lIH8B7oaYogmVUHb2hyZGOgMH_GW1CNLag0svobVqIDxh5_1UEKfUPOpEo0xww/w640-h360/04%20malte.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ metiltioetano:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnPtsW6iQ7nu0jUPMNof-iei1Rs5WRkCHdmLdU6oK7Nv-Jw8ummJkFKXm5B2b4TS8kZEKopB8Wp0Zgq2oy_ga_JWHPFq0odIutMFwpDuBKznMHARS2QX7SqEzgtVTJWKkRp8yycTJva1TOR2u2SpdqSWXjTOtpJ3OK6HKqr0eui7gVcyUJA1Zx17iPOw/s675/05%20metiltioetano.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="113" data-original-width="675" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnPtsW6iQ7nu0jUPMNof-iei1Rs5WRkCHdmLdU6oK7Nv-Jw8ummJkFKXm5B2b4TS8kZEKopB8Wp0Zgq2oy_ga_JWHPFq0odIutMFwpDuBKznMHARS2QX7SqEzgtVTJWKkRp8yycTJva1TOR2u2SpdqSWXjTOtpJ3OK6HKqr0eui7gVcyUJA1Zx17iPOw/w640-h108/05%20metiltioetano.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também é chamado de sulfeto etilmetílico. Os grupos substituintes ligados ao exofre são citados em ordem alfabética nesta nomenclatura usual.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ 2-isopropiltiopropano:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu0X1YGOgGo-mNG03S--U5-MuXZ2Y1NdQoGg9i_E50q25OcBDFAc6tby57PzdedFhnbP2yXd7AcmJmn-xFJpbmHCTVH9Hm3NyqgWq_X0IA0Lui01MZeU-K1U1DUowq0i7yMGypiwPVypGr43zOlBMkn3J5NZYv9ffWIt-r9WH1HfJzkDVIh4iRTdEFVw/s403/06%202-isopropiltiopropano.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="403" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu0X1YGOgGo-mNG03S--U5-MuXZ2Y1NdQoGg9i_E50q25OcBDFAc6tby57PzdedFhnbP2yXd7AcmJmn-xFJpbmHCTVH9Hm3NyqgWq_X0IA0Lui01MZeU-K1U1DUowq0i7yMGypiwPVypGr43zOlBMkn3J5NZYv9ffWIt-r9WH1HfJzkDVIh4iRTdEFVw/w640-h422/06%202-isopropiltiopropano.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de sulfeto diisopropílico.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ 3-metiltioprop-1-eno:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPjy5zjIjljWS_Ld5UJANxXbFUOBIrmIpmLFmtemD5d6K3prl8GpvkVb4_ovu93tFppuRuwzUPl8JTjzOGLSoUMfeujCkJ_ruUi76sZgk3JaJ1aRShuwoIE7pJmtTSw2Y49i1SXvo-zFex5GMpf4BsHMzu8GnTmNoxixtnvHl4BIfN1gpRM8pxinRFmA/s851/07%203-metiltioprop-1-eno.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="114" data-original-width="851" height="86" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPjy5zjIjljWS_Ld5UJANxXbFUOBIrmIpmLFmtemD5d6K3prl8GpvkVb4_ovu93tFppuRuwzUPl8JTjzOGLSoUMfeujCkJ_ruUi76sZgk3JaJ1aRShuwoIE7pJmtTSw2Y49i1SXvo-zFex5GMpf4BsHMzu8GnTmNoxixtnvHl4BIfN1gpRM8pxinRFmA/w640-h86/07%203-metiltioprop-1-eno.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também é chamado de sulfeto de metilalilo ou sulfeto metilpropenílico. É uma das substâncias responsáveis pelo odor característico do alho.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsudHRsw3Y3Lpv1XK4XT3_xlp8WOenBMVikXp_CWBbWVcnlPihzDoIycoiW1928Swk5FLSF4bxjRisHCV1rur8tg-E6sfuOwYYdzEwKc2v80SFJvZYXFKxJpprSNl2r9IQzHJRJsPVkcYuaCYxms9qHt74uIE2REFhCjz_sq6xakWesHBi9gps_EE12g/s496/08%20alho.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="496" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsudHRsw3Y3Lpv1XK4XT3_xlp8WOenBMVikXp_CWBbWVcnlPihzDoIycoiW1928Swk5FLSF4bxjRisHCV1rur8tg-E6sfuOwYYdzEwKc2v80SFJvZYXFKxJpprSNl2r9IQzHJRJsPVkcYuaCYxms9qHt74uIE2REFhCjz_sq6xakWesHBi9gps_EE12g/w640-h484/08%20alho.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ metionina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3icxf5k90swx9AHFnfhDIefz70KoTyPjwR4lIJUeZzqqK0k3MDVt3LRhV6zzwvz2jOs6QkVabZcFX4wwCkH5kYWeoBGtnnMc92APhHR394ozBUml80XIGU2BAklFiaSUzOJ5c56lsBUoPlWb_7i4viPoBlJdsHFB-sggDrT_JarbpMLXLnB9CGR36cA/s731/09%20metionina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="731" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3icxf5k90swx9AHFnfhDIefz70KoTyPjwR4lIJUeZzqqK0k3MDVt3LRhV6zzwvz2jOs6QkVabZcFX4wwCkH5kYWeoBGtnnMc92APhHR394ozBUml80XIGU2BAklFiaSUzOJ5c56lsBUoPlWb_7i4viPoBlJdsHFB-sggDrT_JarbpMLXLnB9CGR36cA/w640-h338/09%20metionina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É um dos aminoácidos não essenciais. Ainda assim a encontramos em castanha do Pará, carne magra, cordeiro, queijo parmesão, peru, frango, porco, atum, vagem, ovos, iogurte e feijão branco.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipLBwMn7q-JZPZ0EXsn5BgHA00LT7dp_RUDNt4sP6ZLA4zNHgLYbjwWaKZaDlL146t_EDfUF8gQVxB9Nq1VmHisZ7UvhQrONL8LPb2OIpvMPKtASC7VH2crPqLUxyNL49DpKFMC4YMRvTXiqSOr130GM948LMh94cbDFfY7B5pWaqqrzEmCl1xvfY4Qg/s618/10%20onde%20encontrar.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="618" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipLBwMn7q-JZPZ0EXsn5BgHA00LT7dp_RUDNt4sP6ZLA4zNHgLYbjwWaKZaDlL146t_EDfUF8gQVxB9Nq1VmHisZ7UvhQrONL8LPb2OIpvMPKtASC7VH2crPqLUxyNL49DpKFMC4YMRvTXiqSOr130GM948LMh94cbDFfY7B5pWaqqrzEmCl1xvfY4Qg/w640-h340/10%20onde%20encontrar.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ tiofeno:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAsuyiRNnvmwEjV9Hsb5bHXsb6-G9wZHcGQR8fsyzkj4pVoJOMuPgD4_4tovFPKDr4BTk42CqY75-iLTuqxJPj6_s08xdqI7c6vzQDGWLgURmGKOKnRG8qstV5PJIZ0mAD4HaguQi_Sx_WVB8-nniq1ES02nXXkas2fHTBnhCiYwRDXp7M9H2wpAedJQ/s256/11%20tiofeno.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="246" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAsuyiRNnvmwEjV9Hsb5bHXsb6-G9wZHcGQR8fsyzkj4pVoJOMuPgD4_4tovFPKDr4BTk42CqY75-iLTuqxJPj6_s08xdqI7c6vzQDGWLgURmGKOKnRG8qstV5PJIZ0mAD4HaguQi_Sx_WVB8-nniq1ES02nXXkas2fHTBnhCiYwRDXp7M9H2wpAedJQ/w615-h640/11%20tiofeno.jpg" width="615" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É encontrado no petróleo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ gás mostarda:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitlse9GSO7rnmOOp5nk6wxXhTUX3dKKhCT_GoJ4pkbErXAO0QY2gRCHQ11xpqWf8VAg1EnUAnFJOSNXdU2j9ylp-gQEZ8oABvjYFBDJLnNCeaoJlVzvRlZolUpEI16Q7Pnzrt67M0eHca--J-x3F0DR8z1-sjfqhwnmJDDH3oJ0xC7IxlI02k8iQKD-Q/s743/12%20g%C3%A1s%20mostarda.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="176" data-original-width="743" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitlse9GSO7rnmOOp5nk6wxXhTUX3dKKhCT_GoJ4pkbErXAO0QY2gRCHQ11xpqWf8VAg1EnUAnFJOSNXdU2j9ylp-gQEZ8oABvjYFBDJLnNCeaoJlVzvRlZolUpEI16Q7Pnzrt67M0eHca--J-x3F0DR8z1-sjfqhwnmJDDH3oJ0xC7IxlI02k8iQKD-Q/w640-h152/12%20g%C3%A1s%20mostarda.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Uma substância descoberta há quase duzentos anos atrás e usada como arma pelos dois lados na primeira guerra mundial. Capaz de grandes estragos na pele e vias respiratórias. Não postarei muitas fotos aqui, sugiro pesquisar pelo nome caso tenha curiosidade. Pela que tem abaixo imagino que seja capaz de imaginar o restante.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ahszpVufWC-F57QHliv4nY9mxBiKq8GoZ5bUDDUbu3h68rwQZoJL8cr3NoqRgV6EC5DATlplkXh2Jrscl8Jc63ih8-O76Oh5kPrTB1_6m1wrmZis5Zv2wMYWdExS20OJqaC_87NHhEBJE4SCnDuHPH-79bRVDcMluvuBECmrQQw5ha9jiW092jvTGw/s300/13%20g%C3%A1s%20mostarda.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="300" height="495" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6ahszpVufWC-F57QHliv4nY9mxBiKq8GoZ5bUDDUbu3h68rwQZoJL8cr3NoqRgV6EC5DATlplkXh2Jrscl8Jc63ih8-O76Oh5kPrTB1_6m1wrmZis5Zv2wMYWdExS20OJqaC_87NHhEBJE4SCnDuHPH-79bRVDcMluvuBECmrQQw5ha9jiW092jvTGw/w640-h495/13%20g%C3%A1s%20mostarda.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Se potencial destrutivo é tão grande que fez todo ser vivo usar máscaras durante o conflito.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZCKiMuYKp6wi720hiVSMoCjAb4iietXw9YBXv0ejSSy-IWbXOkfzbCZ0XLYW3jKQBXUzVxz2Yr5oN-S05ZfEhb6CWNtQDJn6H0o_z0vmVUqUFJmRhsoZeftZ9eP4IJcZPJIVUkPUId2nloyDqTlBBiypd01_A1A5eCzvnnEleOLKQnvZhYZJs8tdjkA/s1600/15%20m%C3%A1scaras.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1295" data-original-width="1600" height="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZCKiMuYKp6wi720hiVSMoCjAb4iietXw9YBXv0ejSSy-IWbXOkfzbCZ0XLYW3jKQBXUzVxz2Yr5oN-S05ZfEhb6CWNtQDJn6H0o_z0vmVUqUFJmRhsoZeftZ9eP4IJcZPJIVUkPUId2nloyDqTlBBiypd01_A1A5eCzvnnEleOLKQnvZhYZJs8tdjkA/w640-h518/15%20m%C3%A1scaras.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Até carrinhos de bebê foram "adaptados".</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBuJhiht2EnC9Q_BPwI4vHqa1uspFd2pjQYn_8mwg1U78ivGG_OQfnSb7dpk7hqp3-dRAqYdUizvSs2310ikWcSjR-o4keLDlcmxwIDGRKeZPK79D8t8BiOEDKWJfMvnF8QlCBGQwMRxxpBM54ttT92yvpFuNSADjHgjK7r4UHJztM2ap7uFgsd-8vbw/s236/18%20carrinho%20de%20beb%C3%AA.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="236" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBuJhiht2EnC9Q_BPwI4vHqa1uspFd2pjQYn_8mwg1U78ivGG_OQfnSb7dpk7hqp3-dRAqYdUizvSs2310ikWcSjR-o4keLDlcmxwIDGRKeZPK79D8t8BiOEDKWJfMvnF8QlCBGQwMRxxpBM54ttT92yvpFuNSADjHgjK7r4UHJztM2ap7uFgsd-8vbw/w640-h472/18%20carrinho%20de%20beb%C3%AA.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ tiamina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS2t5GdqZglbdH-gNQSHqW1Amu-6RrUH5OvZvVaSJKp3IbKZVUqdp_T2mFdMzjoedg4hO263jpcT7MHIKS0ccM9oEL0gpDyKijIxDmQGBuV7-VGQC_CMYzvkat3e_niCcU6Peb16BcttVX3k2_8zTd3-cVlEQ1BmpHcLFQTwWGNPMo5gni0knYMShv5A/s917/19%20tiamina%20(vit%20B1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="917" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS2t5GdqZglbdH-gNQSHqW1Amu-6RrUH5OvZvVaSJKp3IbKZVUqdp_T2mFdMzjoedg4hO263jpcT7MHIKS0ccM9oEL0gpDyKijIxDmQGBuV7-VGQC_CMYzvkat3e_niCcU6Peb16BcttVX3k2_8zTd3-cVlEQ1BmpHcLFQTwWGNPMo5gni0knYMShv5A/w640-h466/19%20tiamina%20(vit%20B1).jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É conhecida por vitamina B1 e encontrada em carne de porco, legumes, vegetais folhosos e grãos integrais.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvd38VRxulNO7QtsUK452_FsZAJDJeiOQ1oEtwgcnX2o1kz84lNORdVX-R7UBVAPqrbIrLHCp6BI5tH3nf2e11bS5EG6H8DQ3iLeHNzxonPOfSM4_lMzml-t_jRy8Iz8iI2_dbhsc_uNQwa6Y1CaxW8hJsFwKWrh2SNhPAFaHJI9y3rgPzjRV4lJfAqA/s728/20%20onde%20encontrar.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="728" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvd38VRxulNO7QtsUK452_FsZAJDJeiOQ1oEtwgcnX2o1kz84lNORdVX-R7UBVAPqrbIrLHCp6BI5tH3nf2e11bS5EG6H8DQ3iLeHNzxonPOfSM4_lMzml-t_jRy8Iz8iI2_dbhsc_uNQwa6Y1CaxW8hJsFwKWrh2SNhPAFaHJI9y3rgPzjRV4lJfAqA/w640-h426/20%20onde%20encontrar.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entre outras contribuições, ela atua na manutenção dos sistemas nervoso e circular. Sua ausência é comum em dependentes de álcool, desnutridos e após uma cirurgia bariátrica. Sua absorção é dificultada pelo álcool, café, cigarro e antiácido. Entre muitos sintomas, chamam a atenção a ataxia, confusão mental e a oftalmoplegia. A ataxia é dificuldade de coordenar movimentos musculares e a oftalmoplegia é a incapacidade de mover certos músculos dos olhos. A deficiência prolongada causa o beribéri.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj47GA54u3582-KJ-8Uw6Kg8PoTtgrvSr57RfcC5fXCeF0Oh_VnZKQjz5SehqWIqqTUX8Ecy3rGno3jba7SuINLCBVw2KzRcM54TGlgCvrUT7ADiX2IFkk8N4ITrBu_aTV3vwH6oinYI9QsGolZXR0OWrvkZkuF4-BgDT10Wri0KoCHelk8SDMOcjwdyQ/s645/21%20aus%C3%AAncia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="645" data-original-width="456" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj47GA54u3582-KJ-8Uw6Kg8PoTtgrvSr57RfcC5fXCeF0Oh_VnZKQjz5SehqWIqqTUX8Ecy3rGno3jba7SuINLCBVw2KzRcM54TGlgCvrUT7ADiX2IFkk8N4ITrBu_aTV3vwH6oinYI9QsGolZXR0OWrvkZkuF4-BgDT10Wri0KoCHelk8SDMOcjwdyQ/w452-h640/21%20aus%C3%AAncia.jpg" width="452" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ biotina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHybGMOmIN_lzzyeB4LevMJXF4ZtZ9cmwcO7h2M4jRP7fPHWcX7i4VrSRC4nVsDISSbpppFrptuzn4_dbKJWqmgaWBxNumNpNZiyJncBEM4d07HPvqcwUQRbFU4b3-tloCB94WnTfh0ZwXtbx0LghmfCBNQLvF0cv5apykqO1qSi6neU-z4j2BfE8JFg/s1068/22%20biotina%20(vit%20B7).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="1068" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHybGMOmIN_lzzyeB4LevMJXF4ZtZ9cmwcO7h2M4jRP7fPHWcX7i4VrSRC4nVsDISSbpppFrptuzn4_dbKJWqmgaWBxNumNpNZiyJncBEM4d07HPvqcwUQRbFU4b3-tloCB94WnTfh0ZwXtbx0LghmfCBNQLvF0cv5apykqO1qSi6neU-z4j2BfE8JFg/w640-h384/22%20biotina%20(vit%20B7).jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de vitamina B7. É encontrada em hortaliças, ovos e carnes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUcGKnYs8HWxg5EvRuF8Sm0EnBjKEG5d80LggOZOg91lISeLispAe4JbWxhtE-1bUlWzQ0aD-DaUj4g37JQo0l3KpEKkoVgIN75MnDMp3zKeCxr4jUZ03pxaGJoKfO5NJklyNh_vBMWPpNFTKA-6PTlGkyxxoX_xMwkj1_E_y8xFygN-pRlHLiAD5icw/s1000/23%20onde%20enocntrar.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="1000" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUcGKnYs8HWxg5EvRuF8Sm0EnBjKEG5d80LggOZOg91lISeLispAe4JbWxhtE-1bUlWzQ0aD-DaUj4g37JQo0l3KpEKkoVgIN75MnDMp3zKeCxr4jUZ03pxaGJoKfO5NJklyNh_vBMWPpNFTKA-6PTlGkyxxoX_xMwkj1_E_y8xFygN-pRlHLiAD5icw/w640-h384/23%20onde%20enocntrar.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Entre outras funções, ajuda a regular os níveis de glicose no sangue.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6jAXFDP7y9CH_YBT04uF8K83SBjDihM9xOH_ekSvgNbU1t-54HAOMoabp8kBTed05SwxyfT1Tmox0HGObF3cCQlujVQKCTRaajpKba7Zh-tiR_Xe8NujnGsq-czAeuiBl9fPKc5p1Bjrqf7RISLIT0QdSl_MPJzTI25ibssk7J9Tpy_vglXDnLkBWrg/s781/24%20o%20q%20faz.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="781" data-original-width="724" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6jAXFDP7y9CH_YBT04uF8K83SBjDihM9xOH_ekSvgNbU1t-54HAOMoabp8kBTed05SwxyfT1Tmox0HGObF3cCQlujVQKCTRaajpKba7Zh-tiR_Xe8NujnGsq-czAeuiBl9fPKc5p1Bjrqf7RISLIT0QdSl_MPJzTI25ibssk7J9Tpy_vglXDnLkBWrg/w594-h640/24%20o%20q%20faz.jpg" width="594" /></span></a></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Os sintomas de deficiência incluem cabelo e unhas frágeis, coceira e erupção cutânea escamosa vermelha ao redor dos olhos, nariz e boca.</span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZePRz7nHFrrWyA14W8mZYYee3Y49x8BwF9o7vI2cnHg7PST0J26a17vHAK26neRK-FXI_e7kSHp4x0AFA7Tuu7Wdh2CFS1qG3y4DGGIcXRdBjevONM9zoDuU6LC_WZluLYzJxvgtw7CycGHz0Ug8Ys5ZwmRDtVqS-MNexm1gDDzPo3S69MEqFucIxYw/s450/25%20aus%C3%AAncia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="450" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZePRz7nHFrrWyA14W8mZYYee3Y49x8BwF9o7vI2cnHg7PST0J26a17vHAK26neRK-FXI_e7kSHp4x0AFA7Tuu7Wdh2CFS1qG3y4DGGIcXRdBjevONM9zoDuU6LC_WZluLYzJxvgtw7CycGHz0Ug8Ys5ZwmRDtVqS-MNexm1gDDzPo3S69MEqFucIxYw/w640-h460/25%20aus%C3%AAncia.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Este foi um resumo dos tioéteres. Se ajudou ou se ficou alguma dúvida, comente aí. Até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-60710886888685188482022-05-16T20:32:00.006-03:002022-05-17T17:37:06.147-03:00Funções orgânicas sulfuradas: tioálcool.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamados de tióis ou mercaptanas, os tioálcoois são a versão sulfurada dos álcoois, ou seja, o álcool após a substituição do oxigênio por um átomo de enxofre.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ3VpB2_EZBb2SNXwLcS6zgI1O_NCjz_ga6hCpavGbVPMDB0aIrlGW9hss_171i8BhaQB5-gb-VaNoEbZHJG3s2Ra07cu5BOgmbLvQjcgVkKBuhV40blAPFh8-aLo9huIxYasexGObTNXZHZtu7AfHS5wgK5p4IFQ6w4_m4n9qDT8DwEDg0Rbinx04xw/s339/01%20GF.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="117" data-original-width="339" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ3VpB2_EZBb2SNXwLcS6zgI1O_NCjz_ga6hCpavGbVPMDB0aIrlGW9hss_171i8BhaQB5-gb-VaNoEbZHJG3s2Ra07cu5BOgmbLvQjcgVkKBuhV40blAPFh8-aLo9huIxYasexGObTNXZHZtu7AfHS5wgK5p4IFQ6w4_m4n9qDT8DwEDg0Rbinx04xw/w640-h220/01%20GF.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Não custa observar que, diferente da função álcool, o carbono do grupo funcional sulfidril do tioálcool não tem a obrigação de ser saturado. Isto significa que o átomo de enxofre pode estar ligado diretamente a uma cadeia aromática. A nomenclatura se faz de forma muito semelhante ao álcool, acrescentando sufixo "tiol" ao nome da cadeia. Veja os exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ metanotiol:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_YvWxYA9PcZn8AegwwVwjkVAsU7CnZqieSDaivMwDtDBMJ7qpc2opX4BERu0ZgP19tFfDVgdY_Oe-yp2YIeZCkrgogGFV4Yj-5XCaHl9B9NIEn8Npgim7YMsLRwTOQMzwWN9pOBh3XoD8OOGJg4naKPHHooAtoVhDNstKou0CIh3a8QBBpC1d4tyWiQ/s407/02%20metanotiol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="107" data-original-width="407" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_YvWxYA9PcZn8AegwwVwjkVAsU7CnZqieSDaivMwDtDBMJ7qpc2opX4BERu0ZgP19tFfDVgdY_Oe-yp2YIeZCkrgogGFV4Yj-5XCaHl9B9NIEn8Npgim7YMsLRwTOQMzwWN9pOBh3XoD8OOGJg4naKPHHooAtoVhDNstKou0CIh3a8QBBpC1d4tyWiQ/w640-h168/02%20metanotiol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado é metilmercaptana, metilidrogenossulfeto ou mercaptometano.</span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ etanotiol:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDQ0Dn0f6zm3WGY2dbbIiofE5OKhRwdt_tmt3u5JGJoCfl8l54SnLKAKdigw4nBPEeSdCJbDsPADAFtxE3qzUrBg0Ijpkzel2atUm_xJDV9kkFzq4R8sExeBtHM9fP5x-W9Z8irU3Ku-uUIu0zR6wTvVaaYfaXipuCgDRaDtfdBiWrEu7JymSMxl7csQ/s588/03%20etanotiol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="102" data-original-width="588" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDQ0Dn0f6zm3WGY2dbbIiofE5OKhRwdt_tmt3u5JGJoCfl8l54SnLKAKdigw4nBPEeSdCJbDsPADAFtxE3qzUrBg0Ijpkzel2atUm_xJDV9kkFzq4R8sExeBtHM9fP5x-W9Z8irU3Ku-uUIu0zR6wTvVaaYfaXipuCgDRaDtfdBiWrEu7JymSMxl7csQ/w640-h112/03%20etanotiol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Também chamado de etilmercaptana, </span><span>etilidrogenossulfeto ou mercaptoetano e é encontrado no petróleo.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ propano-1-tiol:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXwD32dltg07ZqUt9y145cMn2DkDpzPJUblHvTuuHzYwKSRAzQc6c6NcEwoDubjgRMNPw8M7vXFUe4BiNjjuhP1UjL_89fYRdQpynJEKVGPu--k8Gh8gszeJ6IiuG4Ok9rpkwAqAVd1-uyPVSJbwy70Hwuh1efEC7naHcIu24Rqws2-TySqu_hjPOzcQ/s736/05%20propanotiol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="114" data-original-width="736" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXwD32dltg07ZqUt9y145cMn2DkDpzPJUblHvTuuHzYwKSRAzQc6c6NcEwoDubjgRMNPw8M7vXFUe4BiNjjuhP1UjL_89fYRdQpynJEKVGPu--k8Gh8gszeJ6IiuG4Ok9rpkwAqAVd1-uyPVSJbwy70Hwuh1efEC7naHcIu24Rqws2-TySqu_hjPOzcQ/w640-h100/05%20propanotiol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Também chamado de propilmercaptana, </span><span>propilidrogenossulfeto ou mercaptopropano. é responsável pelo odor característico da cebola.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivhHwvaS1OAB86na8vy95KYls2aQBvYVvt0-u6Kt2VYPBJ_x0GnXFJs402fwh1bRDZwydKHpch-MdefijbebnvSrUHdUPiVYiKqiA98YCff65uOdLvHfHK_O7DYqOHyPcwz_DOcLICcUQTyh6SH6fGTd2wVHwBB8CGIjt032HmX9mbAnTvFqEUJijh_w/s1385/06%20cebola.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="835" data-original-width="1385" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivhHwvaS1OAB86na8vy95KYls2aQBvYVvt0-u6Kt2VYPBJ_x0GnXFJs402fwh1bRDZwydKHpch-MdefijbebnvSrUHdUPiVYiKqiA98YCff65uOdLvHfHK_O7DYqOHyPcwz_DOcLICcUQTyh6SH6fGTd2wVHwBB8CGIjt032HmX9mbAnTvFqEUJijh_w/w640-h386/06%20cebola.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ prop-2-eno-1-tiol:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBZ1UpYXN3SRe7nqTdpA6aebXYcQB0KiDPAumFcf7XlT_KD34zf_SHOolFLuJTHOvcnC8YY4oA-2jYGhq7IxXSwpwApI5PYtsClm_NBLKBGTItQc3iIRwFcb_Wvsh3dZYY1e6YvQXS5Xaz0ILaIBcOjI_s_q_3gbGZef9nXOXWu4y_JK6fdu39sNAubw/s700/06%20propenotiol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="114" data-original-width="700" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBZ1UpYXN3SRe7nqTdpA6aebXYcQB0KiDPAumFcf7XlT_KD34zf_SHOolFLuJTHOvcnC8YY4oA-2jYGhq7IxXSwpwApI5PYtsClm_NBLKBGTItQc3iIRwFcb_Wvsh3dZYY1e6YvQXS5Xaz0ILaIBcOjI_s_q_3gbGZef9nXOXWu4y_JK6fdu39sNAubw/w640-h104/06%20propenotiol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Também chamado de propenilmercaptana, </span><span>propenilidrogenossulfeto ou mercaptopropeno. É responsável pelo odor característico de alho.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_j5auqRcy10pEdPigSpSH7113VNlvH7L_ej5lIaMwsLFJMXrimYDI1Ezp7jttjQUv-FCldtM2dau4RG6xV5ue8iCWaNpZDLWQ1NGIBAjAjDzjF3x71Lyqprnl31NnNvA_UViwCA8tP2YtHmxn0r2u5tzrY9dJicnJ2T4d7IOJqqTfJl9KKjJ5Cf2ig/s459/07%20alho.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="459" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_j5auqRcy10pEdPigSpSH7113VNlvH7L_ej5lIaMwsLFJMXrimYDI1Ezp7jttjQUv-FCldtM2dau4RG6xV5ue8iCWaNpZDLWQ1NGIBAjAjDzjF3x71Lyqprnl31NnNvA_UViwCA8tP2YtHmxn0r2u5tzrY9dJicnJ2T4d7IOJqqTfJl9KKjJ5Cf2ig/w640-h346/07%20alho.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ 2-metilpropano-1-tiol:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRVAxquEnPoBpxIvFVF0128RLuJiAyb0d9yHr-XmebFR74N36ydKicUcfzEGIrOY_hbXgJyvmHGMSqe4auHt5-q7zePKg2NRu4dISL0vrcmS6Np7TuitlIXYdeHJI2D2H1xLkKkuXNrUq_1qNmZAUsFFQMKS4rLF0X0RiBD37OjZmiZuMtwTXFtmdcUQ/s707/08%20metilpropanotiol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="227" data-original-width="707" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRVAxquEnPoBpxIvFVF0128RLuJiAyb0d9yHr-XmebFR74N36ydKicUcfzEGIrOY_hbXgJyvmHGMSqe4auHt5-q7zePKg2NRu4dISL0vrcmS6Np7TuitlIXYdeHJI2D2H1xLkKkuXNrUq_1qNmZAUsFFQMKS4rLF0X0RiBD37OjZmiZuMtwTXFtmdcUQ/w640-h206/08%20metilpropanotiol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também conhecido por isobutilmercaptana ou isobutilidrogenosulfeto.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ 2-metilpropano-2-tiol:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6gmRJRRBMPdvPZyaO9LInVT4yazIwlDkZ3_3uBke5ucvFrYJICJBIdu1mhZ4CwgvR9C79IMdaTY2QOUtKidwsCDTGKM3NT7c6IklVqzZsRNqZ-N30RS6M1XDER8xTPrIH5bXlAGrhK90NyJ4wsK5SvtnUog9vij27J2FiYurLb2UEfze82a_tq68Tug/s434/09%20metilpropano2tiol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="434" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6gmRJRRBMPdvPZyaO9LInVT4yazIwlDkZ3_3uBke5ucvFrYJICJBIdu1mhZ4CwgvR9C79IMdaTY2QOUtKidwsCDTGKM3NT7c6IklVqzZsRNqZ-N30RS6M1XDER8xTPrIH5bXlAGrhK90NyJ4wsK5SvtnUog9vij27J2FiYurLb2UEfze82a_tq68Tug/w640-h494/09%20metilpropano2tiol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É misturado em pequenas frações aos derivados gasosos (GLP e GNV) de petróleo para detectarmos vazamento.</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="900" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0gtz5GGm3kzWadV3XoG2BtB8M0Mt-PLZC5xVl9895dyAHjBnDtcrSIhuuOxKWNmz0gJtJikfsie_3_uMrl8EqFbq6mN8pal538Iyg1gLRXid39aSp9-MWuPzAb-JMvgrTWVz7TRGJG-G9wvy-KjSVYyOcK5REb8VUImFs7yrb_pEV3lUz-2RzHGauyw/w640-h384/04%20vazamento.jpg" width="640" /></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ butano-1-tiol:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI6_zwqUDN6HQPI3vqWRugzbZ9giTEyJWUOLQAsqvT6_JWtAeGEr1ZUpD9kuszImgLX9lcsRPpGVtYg3M9IshZLmI7K_4cSv_5G3IiSyHbykyBq5cykRfYgE4uaLQFcHvik4z7J2YaycmlsrjpBX1xA6vScy0KEFxkvZSMLWOl7skzmlsdw_RIlJAr2A/s514/10%20butano-1-tiol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="135" data-original-width="514" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI6_zwqUDN6HQPI3vqWRugzbZ9giTEyJWUOLQAsqvT6_JWtAeGEr1ZUpD9kuszImgLX9lcsRPpGVtYg3M9IshZLmI7K_4cSv_5G3IiSyHbykyBq5cykRfYgE4uaLQFcHvik4z7J2YaycmlsrjpBX1xA6vScy0KEFxkvZSMLWOl7skzmlsdw_RIlJAr2A/w640-h168/10%20butano-1-tiol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de butilmercaptana ou butilidrogenosulfeto, tem um odor muito semelhante ao da substância produzida pela glândula anal do cangambá ou jaritataca.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNcAdDOo-9HLZ61siLy9ZzcthcYaYcX5GumU-WQulUdlY-fEZRsEgCYOJdcAY2UhpxRZBqKA_RFxbDb9ZNLHuQZDfH34i0GiVKZRioh-eq_ENHoxs0au58zLSTTSpCwhJRRXaaqt0_71TiJJY4Owrb9c-Q4iQ86Kyb_uJ35vwZpLe3Ht_fCH3tIuOoGg/s620/11%20jaritataca%20ou%20cangamb%C3%A1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="620" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNcAdDOo-9HLZ61siLy9ZzcthcYaYcX5GumU-WQulUdlY-fEZRsEgCYOJdcAY2UhpxRZBqKA_RFxbDb9ZNLHuQZDfH34i0GiVKZRioh-eq_ENHoxs0au58zLSTTSpCwhJRRXaaqt0_71TiJJY4Owrb9c-Q4iQ86Kyb_uJ35vwZpLe3Ht_fCH3tIuOoGg/w640-h480/11%20jaritataca%20ou%20cangamb%C3%A1.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ benzenotiol:</span></p></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWi6UZbW3t1SQbe7imkcf33x-KN6psQ-k1IbZZJWdTX1Bt6IkMse9HkL7cpo2k1cOO9NiZ3AFb56IC8V10hLC6B63lw8FaiYALJCo0l_zy4TqIum2ZQK4jyae5zrosvdMkA91W91RbyUnlG1BYyvjzcwW18_cQJxvI5oU78VKINnXxNrH3qHcTYW4E7Q/s434/09%20benzenotiol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="434" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWi6UZbW3t1SQbe7imkcf33x-KN6psQ-k1IbZZJWdTX1Bt6IkMse9HkL7cpo2k1cOO9NiZ3AFb56IC8V10hLC6B63lw8FaiYALJCo0l_zy4TqIum2ZQK4jyae5zrosvdMkA91W91RbyUnlG1BYyvjzcwW18_cQJxvI5oU78VKINnXxNrH3qHcTYW4E7Q/w640-h460/09%20benzenotiol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Também conhecido por fenilmercaptana, fenilidrogenosulfeto ou</span><span> tiofenol, é uma substância irritante e tóxica por ingestão, pela absorção através da pele ou por inalação.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ fenilmetanotiol:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjClPQmwNtlRoyFWmwkRDwcZ2Xwjg92_PMIYE8aJ80apk8Pfrr2EblDGgh7KygHEoSjgsImQ9t6xLISkXXigATYMBl9Kt-_ysBlgsUm8EdH2OXEnEnNLI9kPliZfInDmMUYQ4fSeI23TxOP2WU4Fo4hbczMv2E88ixAZ-bzbnPbKUrUhrdcnEQ_eMd1RQ/s514/13%20benzilmercaptano.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="514" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjClPQmwNtlRoyFWmwkRDwcZ2Xwjg92_PMIYE8aJ80apk8Pfrr2EblDGgh7KygHEoSjgsImQ9t6xLISkXXigATYMBl9Kt-_ysBlgsUm8EdH2OXEnEnNLI9kPliZfInDmMUYQ4fSeI23TxOP2WU4Fo4hbczMv2E88ixAZ-bzbnPbKUrUhrdcnEQ_eMd1RQ/w640-h338/13%20benzilmercaptano.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de benzilmercaptano, é responsável pelo odor característico do alho poró.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbJMNIeXXzO4qHlz1lLPw7hajoUp15XzSvywWlZy4kdXi2l69Y7J2S1bUF4abNKEeTctNZm5eyJIpyf2UXsaRk5_eIMPBA5qGEpFWRiHLym_86Ga8Uszg6Z03gMjv9_AwE2GK1AyJZhFWkKTidz21_4p1ImgP4ONG8hEU0PY4r-Te3qinNITclwT_SEg/s620/14%20alho%20por%C3%B3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="620" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbJMNIeXXzO4qHlz1lLPw7hajoUp15XzSvywWlZy4kdXi2l69Y7J2S1bUF4abNKEeTctNZm5eyJIpyf2UXsaRk5_eIMPBA5qGEpFWRiHLym_86Ga8Uszg6Z03gMjv9_AwE2GK1AyJZhFWkKTidz21_4p1ImgP4ONG8hEU0PY4r-Te3qinNITclwT_SEg/w640-h314/14%20alho%20por%C3%B3.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ mercaptano da toranja:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-6XHwcp9O1EVducUEUA41bUCPOro1ZY__CARIMNU3YyB31gGI09p483QY1aYWjnJX0Po2HDpwZTZfD1tUQ3n9emPRpIFZGeAszCepSGfU0kGuHPXmsUpfbMWeKbIzqWdGD4w65VNuNDLYpGTnWBqcxOsNzdwiUuSU01pYE6RoS_e6tk0lSHeZsH3bSg/s627/15%20mercaptano%20da%20toranja.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="627" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-6XHwcp9O1EVducUEUA41bUCPOro1ZY__CARIMNU3YyB31gGI09p483QY1aYWjnJX0Po2HDpwZTZfD1tUQ3n9emPRpIFZGeAszCepSGfU0kGuHPXmsUpfbMWeKbIzqWdGD4w65VNuNDLYpGTnWBqcxOsNzdwiUuSU01pYE6RoS_e6tk0lSHeZsH3bSg/w640-h424/15%20mercaptano%20da%20toranja.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Como é de se imaginar, é o flavorizante natural da toranja.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikyoo7Jb-aISOCV97qZGRprB86MfGDZ4qoIofoGlMt6ZQUaovFAP21ULmyGs3TknKcF0Zw1QNzL5xsDnfSVaYqDUBY8uqMRirJLqrPCFn-4vIhhjM3sAJEiQfrw8wm_Hg8GK51yYwrCfuQUiXeR1tvyC9LgsmZiYOviCpTH7ChfHGbLX7gonOD-egrmw/s700/16%20toranja.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="700" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikyoo7Jb-aISOCV97qZGRprB86MfGDZ4qoIofoGlMt6ZQUaovFAP21ULmyGs3TknKcF0Zw1QNzL5xsDnfSVaYqDUBY8uqMRirJLqrPCFn-4vIhhjM3sAJEiQfrw8wm_Hg8GK51yYwrCfuQUiXeR1tvyC9LgsmZiYOviCpTH7ChfHGbLX7gonOD-egrmw/w640-h498/16%20toranja.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Este foi um resumo sobre os tioálcoois. Mas antes de encerrar, assista este vídeo com uma história sobre as mercaptanas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="526" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/w5u6Jvh59y8" width="698" youtube-src-id="w5u6Jvh59y8"></iframe></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /><span>Agora sim eu encerro... se tiveres dúvida, já sabe... até a próxima.</span></span><p></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-62059098045302747862022-05-16T17:09:00.005-03:002022-05-17T17:36:37.964-03:00Funções orgânicas sulfuradas: ácido sulfônico.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Os ácidos sulfônicos são derivados do ácido sulfúrico e apresentam um átomo de enxofre ligado a um grupo substituinte R e a três átomos de oxigênio. Trata-se de uma situação na qual o átomo de enxofre expande sua regra do octeto.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmUt4cTjm_jh-VPIOvouW3QAargO-C213BFmlPvENF-9tG9IK_vux4iXTOUFAiMLCQumyYEVjUOpF2prnePT5NIWctKdq9kdZ0Fo0Yot2KAJwdioFRfDvw8Dp5wQ7oDoCWOOGJO_9Aux0QOhEXm_hf1S8Xk_ntwKIZhykH4gbJHJrjmfs3G4cx0-cnXg/s329/01%20gf.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="329" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmUt4cTjm_jh-VPIOvouW3QAargO-C213BFmlPvENF-9tG9IK_vux4iXTOUFAiMLCQumyYEVjUOpF2prnePT5NIWctKdq9kdZ0Fo0Yot2KAJwdioFRfDvw8Dp5wQ7oDoCWOOGJO_9Aux0QOhEXm_hf1S8Xk_ntwKIZhykH4gbJHJrjmfs3G4cx0-cnXg/w640-h522/01%20gf.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Os ácidos sulfônicos são também abreviados da seguinte forma:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG54RDI4-zgF0T7Zp1u-aEOuvLMWFAkqp9-wMYk4Af50g2x3Srl-dtlovCsNRPfZnL-2TM4BzQvKEq4jjwBDDn_zkXrZlVDq3fVn2TJ44ba4mz2HY6vhTD_f_m28LXWAGO90sGFupwOB2hyqU1twQRTP-LbWf6ySWj3kuNoakyJrSXqZzpm_Hcgm8oVA/s311/02%20abrev.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="110" data-original-width="311" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG54RDI4-zgF0T7Zp1u-aEOuvLMWFAkqp9-wMYk4Af50g2x3Srl-dtlovCsNRPfZnL-2TM4BzQvKEq4jjwBDDn_zkXrZlVDq3fVn2TJ44ba4mz2HY6vhTD_f_m28LXWAGO90sGFupwOB2hyqU1twQRTP-LbWf6ySWj3kuNoakyJrSXqZzpm_Hcgm8oVA/w640-h226/02%20abrev.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eles são resultado da substituição de uma hidroxila do ácido sulfúrico por um grupo substituinte R. De forma simplificada, é esta a reação:</span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiibL27reaAqp4-0KaM_6f4o2mcLo2ZQiozDNcpEfGMLaIjMT-R9qqYMr6YZKdYU04g64R5aa21tJb4X_IPPNCTAzNiIW6quTx7iP9GzYENmmLO9DhPeo0U13NQh_XcDqrVg9p_hUnqVzMtiYRcLKJqYZEKa7M4vES-aEziWZoGPTnqJXkXQrvhK2PxPQ/s1260/03%20rea%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="1260" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiibL27reaAqp4-0KaM_6f4o2mcLo2ZQiozDNcpEfGMLaIjMT-R9qqYMr6YZKdYU04g64R5aa21tJb4X_IPPNCTAzNiIW6quTx7iP9GzYENmmLO9DhPeo0U13NQh_XcDqrVg9p_hUnqVzMtiYRcLKJqYZEKa7M4vES-aEziWZoGPTnqJXkXQrvhK2PxPQ/w983-h227/03%20rea%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="983" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Para nomear um ácido sulfônico basta usar a palavra ácido e acrescentar "sulfônico" ao nome do hidrocarboneto. Veja os exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ ácido metano sulfônico:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgryRicm41vBY446eb1aJ9neCQsaSRGucD31pbgMuinYP6YuUzX_fFeJfmbK7LZaZr8VjPb6_un_65yW6m5mE3GI6JuPAicrgKSzWXtkucmZZpu5T5kIrDI1uWDDPiv6yPoFPY0nNNsXWFWcx-hNLLCtdTnDPFPOaLA6WL-0FSiaIVz5Rmlr9ePoegC4w/s418/04%20metanossulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="418" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgryRicm41vBY446eb1aJ9neCQsaSRGucD31pbgMuinYP6YuUzX_fFeJfmbK7LZaZr8VjPb6_un_65yW6m5mE3GI6JuPAicrgKSzWXtkucmZZpu5T5kIrDI1uWDDPiv6yPoFPY0nNNsXWFWcx-hNLLCtdTnDPFPOaLA6WL-0FSiaIVz5Rmlr9ePoegC4w/w640-h448/04%20metanossulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ ácido etanossulfônico:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_dUx7n_sYwCq2rfuSzQjkj2qYqkzgelVhrBUTILEC0KJz0pnC6AfeySbJv5qDDV4Jxal7_OfG5xQoqz0nXi6A1hAMhecRVnVRmQEWRqMWE89pke6SreriSn7RQxc7-2kWttzfq9Igng0LcCtfNyEti0xKWOanT5BrelODU98uFPgZJZTnZa0N9RlIuA/s613/05%20etanossulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="613" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_dUx7n_sYwCq2rfuSzQjkj2qYqkzgelVhrBUTILEC0KJz0pnC6AfeySbJv5qDDV4Jxal7_OfG5xQoqz0nXi6A1hAMhecRVnVRmQEWRqMWE89pke6SreriSn7RQxc7-2kWttzfq9Igng0LcCtfNyEti0xKWOanT5BrelODU98uFPgZJZTnZa0N9RlIuA/w640-h296/05%20etanossulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ ácido propano-1-sulfônico:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZf222fNedb7cpAdXlOsdVw8GXb_rKwCXODqyOmVSb-bFPfy8Z-Sdk9TV3dkGI_YwKM79m5BjxaBPGpGZ7QY-Dvw4r5GJ0a_7_B2ASMnpl3P_d82z_nai8EhEyEEGusG1uFMpWyV33noQf00AOyG7BMLEy4pjGN2y4zgHC6jN8XIjOnO1ehqtMitQoCA/s811/06%20propano-1-sulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="811" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZf222fNedb7cpAdXlOsdVw8GXb_rKwCXODqyOmVSb-bFPfy8Z-Sdk9TV3dkGI_YwKM79m5BjxaBPGpGZ7QY-Dvw4r5GJ0a_7_B2ASMnpl3P_d82z_nai8EhEyEEGusG1uFMpWyV33noQf00AOyG7BMLEy4pjGN2y4zgHC6jN8XIjOnO1ehqtMitQoCA/w640-h232/06%20propano-1-sulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ ácido propano-2-sulfônico:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU4cnWoJEy-LVTzbSHdD564eo_cGEx_toWqGKFXYmsoh9h-2cLPYiv_ZUtRZnBEwvG3ykmS5SVcDUyNbTOghFCgqUCxeuopmGEUMEjSdIIfeGuBEkOAbiTxPRRggFe2qTm02rpuhv_1pxWpHIlatFqkPI0JQPSth1RA86PFF8XhBzZ-PwWiqNJfDpwYQ/s609/07%20propano-2-sulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="609" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU4cnWoJEy-LVTzbSHdD564eo_cGEx_toWqGKFXYmsoh9h-2cLPYiv_ZUtRZnBEwvG3ykmS5SVcDUyNbTOghFCgqUCxeuopmGEUMEjSdIIfeGuBEkOAbiTxPRRggFe2qTm02rpuhv_1pxWpHIlatFqkPI0JQPSth1RA86PFF8XhBzZ-PwWiqNJfDpwYQ/w640-h414/07%20propano-2-sulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ ácido benzenossulfônico:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxcPNddREOUOH1j5K1dqBIvY-Xw2NMzci7Pi4tsf4hs6Jrpa8jd11EV2Go61K4P2-aSRnFB6snNK2ltHkuNo1nU7IGeRWHMpi0ChQ21NL-w5688ctfTZuPFcd5d00Gc42QBgt8dufrqIggt4NM8GjNUsQ-Ie3iBeThY9pBROrXc75XhEu2k7brJSbT3w/s519/08%20benzenossulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="519" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxcPNddREOUOH1j5K1dqBIvY-Xw2NMzci7Pi4tsf4hs6Jrpa8jd11EV2Go61K4P2-aSRnFB6snNK2ltHkuNo1nU7IGeRWHMpi0ChQ21NL-w5688ctfTZuPFcd5d00Gc42QBgt8dufrqIggt4NM8GjNUsQ-Ie3iBeThY9pBROrXc75XhEu2k7brJSbT3w/w640-h500/08%20benzenossulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É um ácido mais forte que os de cadeia alifática.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ ácido 4-metilbenzenossulfônico:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyeaOTiJ75oOrF8ZtF-FMaVm9rI9vt3wyP8JxHZ8VsDFruRdk6UEBLSdsc2srFsZ71_PXW3qDorz5fzACyliyCzNL4Oa-c-Tzkq3OcDAuYDufOI34jSVdtrqhsYaz6nh5Jza0wK107JpsqPJX5a1BQPethGboUAdVnKoAQ2kENNJ-32YfURzF4PmmLEA/s633/09%204metilssulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="442" data-original-width="633" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyeaOTiJ75oOrF8ZtF-FMaVm9rI9vt3wyP8JxHZ8VsDFruRdk6UEBLSdsc2srFsZ71_PXW3qDorz5fzACyliyCzNL4Oa-c-Tzkq3OcDAuYDufOI34jSVdtrqhsYaz6nh5Jza0wK107JpsqPJX5a1BQPethGboUAdVnKoAQ2kENNJ-32YfURzF4PmmLEA/w640-h446/09%204metilssulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ ácido 4-hidróxibenzenossulfônico:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuerNHRCXWsDoBvypAvHnAmBWZMP5CtikP7Z3HPFYjXAFzuYvH-RaNUJ7ppjWmZAEeWLFOcnxF7nk4LiCuexQ5gIGzaPIwyzHPZvlONiTChrOkDGHRxT5qIwD31ZmDWm9QU-sJp0lIgA_Y6UV8REqgFxpnVpdnt4X-VSgprhlJQb3AkoMPjox62pK2IQ/s714/10%204hidroxissulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="714" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuerNHRCXWsDoBvypAvHnAmBWZMP5CtikP7Z3HPFYjXAFzuYvH-RaNUJ7ppjWmZAEeWLFOcnxF7nk4LiCuexQ5gIGzaPIwyzHPZvlONiTChrOkDGHRxT5qIwD31ZmDWm9QU-sJp0lIgA_Y6UV8REqgFxpnVpdnt4X-VSgprhlJQb3AkoMPjox62pK2IQ/w640-h412/10%204hidroxissulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É um intermediário de materiais sintéticos, corantes, pigmentos e ácidos orgânicos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ ácido 4-aminobenzenossulfônico:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYxLJbtgladANkyV_nh6idE8ueuUwd9ZqBswEYw-OqKXs8WsbernSH_Od_4jpwNDyrOsqZUwiszRPscwgiLcyp2H_yYLotXpzKdAITZ5_yPXEw275cLzjvK9suzRXiUwRm_BJWbVqSWPd7zkb9BS7wRbA05Cw3yYQkLkyChgrFDvSXywt3DXkGgwDfGQ/s714/11%20sulfan%C3%ADlico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="714" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYxLJbtgladANkyV_nh6idE8ueuUwd9ZqBswEYw-OqKXs8WsbernSH_Od_4jpwNDyrOsqZUwiszRPscwgiLcyp2H_yYLotXpzKdAITZ5_yPXEw275cLzjvK9suzRXiUwRm_BJWbVqSWPd7zkb9BS7wRbA05Cw3yYQkLkyChgrFDvSXywt3DXkGgwDfGQ/w640-h412/11%20sulfan%C3%ADlico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de ácido sulfanílico, ele e seus derivados são agentes antibacterianos e compostos mucolíticos, pois têm a capacidade de diminuir a viscosidade do muco. Além disso, o ácido sulfanílico é usado na indústria de papel e em fórmulas para gravuras ou litografias, faz parte das resinas usadas em misturas de concreto ou argamassa para permitir que elas mantenham sua fluidez por um longo tempo, sem influenciar o tempo de endurecimento final.</span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ ácido 4-clorobenzenossulfônico:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhB_45EB7QKRgwxL3ggSXUbEobRXpHL7qRgT5ophhUT-H7AI8zkzgAdzIaUZlhVZ0Q8d8dQWL_3RsAC-80c2usKZ7Ji1w4nLRgsQshCFvq2vM4QcE1rkRnyNM4WO1SPuZQaJwj-0Jt-0tDCTaqLEOuIgyxDcwEaKiSGs6ymCZCYKCQra40SQqpUgNBLA/s677/12%20pclorosulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="677" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhB_45EB7QKRgwxL3ggSXUbEobRXpHL7qRgT5ophhUT-H7AI8zkzgAdzIaUZlhVZ0Q8d8dQWL_3RsAC-80c2usKZ7Ji1w4nLRgsQshCFvq2vM4QcE1rkRnyNM4WO1SPuZQaJwj-0Jt-0tDCTaqLEOuIgyxDcwEaKiSGs6ymCZCYKCQra40SQqpUgNBLA/w640-h424/12%20pclorosulf%C3%B4nico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de ácido p-clorobenzenossulfônico, é matéria-prima para obtenção da diabinese, usada no tratamento de diabetes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Este foi um resumo sobre os ácidos sulfônicos. Ajudou? Ficou alguma dúvida? Comenta aí... até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-44332500833689466582022-05-16T13:24:00.003-03:002022-05-16T23:34:54.076-03:00Funções orgânicas halogenadas: cloreto de ácido.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Os cloretos de ácido são caracterizados por um átomo de cloro ligado a um átomo de carbono que faz ligação dupla com um átomo de oxigênio. Há quem possa interpretar que ele está ligado a uma carbonila ou a uma aldoxila, o importante é saber que se trata de um grupo funcional diferente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2MMkxubhnqVo0LYnPcgOnfgr_Aez4xMjY6YLAVIFj1Omk8EK2uRYW7xCkVuwsnEEX8B-Mp0AsNCQJwqZ9wDLGa-sI_xyv6DlAuexjtSNEkrFLvuO82VvOBClfSopWpdlt3LsNZHQPtWfeSXemrb7j7hvFC2iTctLjbo-6_s4A56qHBY6oRZsGlbnphA/s288/01%20grupo%20funcional.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="288" height="611" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2MMkxubhnqVo0LYnPcgOnfgr_Aez4xMjY6YLAVIFj1Omk8EK2uRYW7xCkVuwsnEEX8B-Mp0AsNCQJwqZ9wDLGa-sI_xyv6DlAuexjtSNEkrFLvuO82VvOBClfSopWpdlt3LsNZHQPtWfeSXemrb7j7hvFC2iTctLjbo-6_s4A56qHBY6oRZsGlbnphA/w640-h611/01%20grupo%20funcional.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A cadeia representada por R pode ser até mesmo um átomo de hidrogênio. Os cloretos de ácido são produzidos a partir da reação entre um ácido carboxílico genérico (RCOOH) e o ácido clorídrico (HCl).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZr17aRb8Jt1DTdbSfMRneIxMkfP0APcIb0lE0jn60ikBh76SQq9Cfj1xtoKq-dWUAM74SVRm4e1odPJsFiNwGIi_8rcJzd2ZuJbBlMXQSOdxsf2lMaKlW-t4p85Z7ixv1JxiSr3KNpWqQuPh8F3_yPKJDxlG8ONHG5fa5gjFHePdXw08mbQ8-HWzuDw/s1285/02%20rea%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20de%20forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="1285" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZr17aRb8Jt1DTdbSfMRneIxMkfP0APcIb0lE0jn60ikBh76SQq9Cfj1xtoKq-dWUAM74SVRm4e1odPJsFiNwGIi_8rcJzd2ZuJbBlMXQSOdxsf2lMaKlW-t4p85Z7ixv1JxiSr3KNpWqQuPh8F3_yPKJDxlG8ONHG5fa5gjFHePdXw08mbQ8-HWzuDw/w825-h183/02%20rea%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20de%20forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="825" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A nomenclatura de um cloreto de ácido se faz em parte substituindo o sufixo ICO por ILA. veja os exemplos:</span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ cloreto de metanoíla:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFwHwL6qw9GHVSuDAGpv5T-4j6uY_3T_vowzbdDmU3Kc02IESuOCJpQj-aPey5rMWf-NTWjsgRmPsZFZS1a7RzFzsDZkpMyCcBdMzLe_FjfJXVupiOrL_6llIzNVFqee74FFd3I8ej8baT2Qw-RX8jmAXVqcJGsOFFANA4B6M3LzhnvpTc81AypXYS7Q/s303/03%20cloreto%20de%20metano%C3%ADla.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="303" height="568" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFwHwL6qw9GHVSuDAGpv5T-4j6uY_3T_vowzbdDmU3Kc02IESuOCJpQj-aPey5rMWf-NTWjsgRmPsZFZS1a7RzFzsDZkpMyCcBdMzLe_FjfJXVupiOrL_6llIzNVFqee74FFd3I8ej8baT2Qw-RX8jmAXVqcJGsOFFANA4B6M3LzhnvpTc81AypXYS7Q/w640-h568/03%20cloreto%20de%20metano%C3%ADla.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de cloreto de formila, é usado em análise e sínteses orgânicas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ cloreto de etanoíla:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLMaecksHaJ-13ayjc9GvyFftYqK5soiY0dJPue6YAOchGYQnEXhjixRaNPtgV5hC1hZcSpzs3GNahFO10ELPXUoie3_hbcJRB4nZ5AvQOe2D9vicqhM3G227c6C8h59xOWI_7k039G_kl7HYOcODTkUN8cEPey4C-02kCN1YijO1SYhQzhcrDiWGIiQ/s388/04%20cloreto%20de%20etano%C3%ADla.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="388" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLMaecksHaJ-13ayjc9GvyFftYqK5soiY0dJPue6YAOchGYQnEXhjixRaNPtgV5hC1hZcSpzs3GNahFO10ELPXUoie3_hbcJRB4nZ5AvQOe2D9vicqhM3G227c6C8h59xOWI_7k039G_kl7HYOcODTkUN8cEPey4C-02kCN1YijO1SYhQzhcrDiWGIiQ/w640-h494/04%20cloreto%20de%20etano%C3%ADla.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de cloreto de acetila, é usado em reações de acetilação, ou seja, em reações nas quais se deseja adicionar dois carbonos a uma cadeia.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ cloreto de propanoíla:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB_GchrDHOND7ZQuK0hHw7fhSzF3x093EzZIVotGMQ683rA-d8kV0CmFWjBboYyugDXEX2RtTx7W4BY1O_ZegHP2iM5cONZz9mke4p8hQLPHk7srTf0XnGuGyzfMHEMioDqIzC9zBQu1FHkCE0ayPk7h14n4g_vW4FMS2ptiSN5oc8UrFpSnBOeu_96w/s598/05%20cloreto%20de%20propano%C3%ADla.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="598" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB_GchrDHOND7ZQuK0hHw7fhSzF3x093EzZIVotGMQ683rA-d8kV0CmFWjBboYyugDXEX2RtTx7W4BY1O_ZegHP2iM5cONZz9mke4p8hQLPHk7srTf0XnGuGyzfMHEMioDqIzC9zBQu1FHkCE0ayPk7h14n4g_vW4FMS2ptiSN5oc8UrFpSnBOeu_96w/w640-h314/05%20cloreto%20de%20propano%C3%ADla.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ cloreto de benzoíla:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfHUNbsysUqIbqkrLuVouwLZ01R_bfcQC5xHP4cEh9FcfRWbYmhhJH2Pzv1bvA4e2qMiM77dl274L-N3wHAFLnquqdSxILJN_sm9_guVBoHTujf1ZHiA7crA2yrVEudB_puTiQzdeXZa0BOQSaO9D6J6aqye0Dm_zRaqUOuyKOdj_rEoMOftEQUGs-Iw/s531/06%20cloreto%20de%20benzo%C3%ADla.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="531" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfHUNbsysUqIbqkrLuVouwLZ01R_bfcQC5xHP4cEh9FcfRWbYmhhJH2Pzv1bvA4e2qMiM77dl274L-N3wHAFLnquqdSxILJN_sm9_guVBoHTujf1ZHiA7crA2yrVEudB_puTiQzdeXZa0BOQSaO9D6J6aqye0Dm_zRaqUOuyKOdj_rEoMOftEQUGs-Iw/w640-h514/06%20cloreto%20de%20benzo%C3%ADla.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de cloreto de fenilmetanoíla e cloreto de benzenocarbonila. É usado em diversas sínteses orgânicas e na produção de peróxidos. Além disso é usado na produção de corantes, perfumes, produtos farmacêuticos e resinas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Note que é possível encontrar outros compostos halogenados semelhantes aos cloretos de ácido. Eles serão nomeados de forma semelhante, desde que o nome do halogênio seja trocado. Este foi um resumo. Ficou alguma dúvida? Comente aí... até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-34263828539943064492022-05-15T17:27:00.005-03:002022-05-15T18:55:59.415-03:00Funções orgânicas nitrogenadas: isonitrila.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">As isonitrilas são caracterizadas por apresentar o grupo funcional isocianeto ligado a uma cadeia carbônica.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDqG1gVF1TQ-h1n4xOGBUtPEaXBhkgi5DJnmZawCkPv8wFL6okOld8nWQ5sSIS5DOfwNY-m9gr_6UeX53BpiLg-C1G5TS5uAUYhqJfrBuq7e_yRPV4ChCzRYoVxEREk7lUP3AJGhvJr5HPaoDh8DpsAW4iWbbzOYJIY0VQxWK3F7bKnZKphdnuRSQRxw/s227/13%20GF.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="84" data-original-width="227" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDqG1gVF1TQ-h1n4xOGBUtPEaXBhkgi5DJnmZawCkPv8wFL6okOld8nWQ5sSIS5DOfwNY-m9gr_6UeX53BpiLg-C1G5TS5uAUYhqJfrBuq7e_yRPV4ChCzRYoVxEREk7lUP3AJGhvJr5HPaoDh8DpsAW4iWbbzOYJIY0VQxWK3F7bKnZKphdnuRSQRxw/w640-h237/13%20GF.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Observe que as isonitrilas são de cadeia heterogênea por definição e a cadeia ligada ao grupo funcional pode ser alifática ou aromática. Caso o carbono do grupo funcional tenha despertado a sua curiosidade sobre ligações químicas, lembre da possibilidade de ligação covalente coordenada, como no monóxido de carbono. Veja alguns exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ metilcarbilamina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU-Cu4pIpAXyVk2fNstKHnd67mMFjAL_kpRwZhYRW0gwZtGnD3daDK8tRg2WvCkpOfLf3t1DydM5UPMrqigFIlkmQQpK_AH5xubWzWYzRXcqqMe4hK87LdWq_WSO7ls8v06_YphCj0-hBu5TwzWfJKynb-YmofPDc9SPkfWP_zfbLAYalC6kHDCiVHYA/s302/14%20metilcarbilamina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="302" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU-Cu4pIpAXyVk2fNstKHnd67mMFjAL_kpRwZhYRW0gwZtGnD3daDK8tRg2WvCkpOfLf3t1DydM5UPMrqigFIlkmQQpK_AH5xubWzWYzRXcqqMe4hK87LdWq_WSO7ls8v06_YphCj0-hBu5TwzWfJKynb-YmofPDc9SPkfWP_zfbLAYalC6kHDCiVHYA/w640-h212/14%20metilcarbilamina.jpg" width="640" /></a><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de isocianeto de metila ou metano-isonitrila.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ etilcarbilamina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpDm-Nj6e-HYQ-TQCQVpbCXVpOclkLdvFEfIklY2SO_g9gBcem5HhEIlxuZ_znOs8Z0HljAqn2hYCQYaAnAL5KKD3bpAwWtvdrlwcHHYax1F16TsNKxrnK6S8B2CrS63ixPBNW8YsTW4mf16qpTNTuiEF4fE9vhLkboSBE7quDvQLXzN8K8UAsQX3n2A/s552/15%20etilcarbilamina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="134" data-original-width="552" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpDm-Nj6e-HYQ-TQCQVpbCXVpOclkLdvFEfIklY2SO_g9gBcem5HhEIlxuZ_znOs8Z0HljAqn2hYCQYaAnAL5KKD3bpAwWtvdrlwcHHYax1F16TsNKxrnK6S8B2CrS63ixPBNW8YsTW4mf16qpTNTuiEF4fE9vhLkboSBE7quDvQLXzN8K8UAsQX3n2A/w640-h156/15%20etilcarbilamina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Também chamada </span><span style="font-size: large;">de isocianeto de etila ou etano-isonitrila.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ propilcarbilamina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEhDFWhaT7lNt7pDDFAIyVYvm8WztLBw5oAahNZ6DJQpeexaTo7_KVmH5En9G62R_wM4rid9rCizDxMrIhbPbZqSGHO29cxoDxr9T4SKFUHq4xPGiZD1AIMMpAsuiZOK0NI48-I5eNVM3ZSjCM9NCDsQyquq8h90EFfY081yxJlz4WXKMCmwfRjTUAtg/s754/16%20propilcarbilamina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="142" data-original-width="754" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEhDFWhaT7lNt7pDDFAIyVYvm8WztLBw5oAahNZ6DJQpeexaTo7_KVmH5En9G62R_wM4rid9rCizDxMrIhbPbZqSGHO29cxoDxr9T4SKFUHq4xPGiZD1AIMMpAsuiZOK0NI48-I5eNVM3ZSjCM9NCDsQyquq8h90EFfY081yxJlz4WXKMCmwfRjTUAtg/w640-h120/16%20propilcarbilamina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Também chamada </span><span style="font-size: large;">de isocianeto de propila ou propano-isonitrila.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ butilcarbilamina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnxnklN41mRmq0PhO9e0sZ0RP7LRlez9CaoZRCrfkAj9U7NsHBrgUxy_IGHw7shhVTUqSXGhpBZenjamuJuy2XWg00Ni9VTSAR_QWKHD831Oqlq8mR7iwKBqD0Sez4jb2rBXBuyGjmfezpPJTaFwfn1ob_lKNAlJaggWQ_VAXJ9SvYIgeeBOIoZv0HZQ/s933/17%20butilcarbilamina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="115" data-original-width="933" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnxnklN41mRmq0PhO9e0sZ0RP7LRlez9CaoZRCrfkAj9U7NsHBrgUxy_IGHw7shhVTUqSXGhpBZenjamuJuy2XWg00Ni9VTSAR_QWKHD831Oqlq8mR7iwKBqD0Sez4jb2rBXBuyGjmfezpPJTaFwfn1ob_lKNAlJaggWQ_VAXJ9SvYIgeeBOIoZv0HZQ/w640-h78/17%20butilcarbilamina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Também chamada </span><span style="font-size: large;">de isocianeto de butila ou butano-isonitrila.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ fenilcarbilamina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilJM3bUzN2q4wlyhT56ve1jSAWb35exvdNuOdR4Lpw6w_Gkx5SGP5Lx1_-A2_hGTHAYUJszXMtfnU9AtX80HkSqeRVcMxmrrVu1IU1g2n577y_EspESTvVgU8-X0vZ4SJy2JKkAb_N7ojrZoOSG3FIgRZ1E_jT4kXEivkhTkydnOcHNmcsOm-EtAidgQ/s432/18%20fenilcarbilamina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="432" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilJM3bUzN2q4wlyhT56ve1jSAWb35exvdNuOdR4Lpw6w_Gkx5SGP5Lx1_-A2_hGTHAYUJszXMtfnU9AtX80HkSqeRVcMxmrrVu1IU1g2n577y_EspESTvVgU8-X0vZ4SJy2JKkAb_N7ojrZoOSG3FIgRZ1E_jT4kXEivkhTkydnOcHNmcsOm-EtAidgQ/w640-h522/18%20fenilcarbilamina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Também chamada </span><span style="font-size: large;">de isocianeto de fenila ou benzeno-isonitrila.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Devido ao grupo funcional, as isonitrilas costumam se solúveis em solventes polares, apresentam odor bem desagradável e são tóxicas para o ser humano.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Este foi um resumo sobre as isonitrilas. Ficou alguma dúvida? Comente aí... até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-53299650249162478872022-05-15T16:59:00.003-03:002022-05-15T17:04:07.239-03:00Funções orgânicas nitrogenadas: nitrila.<p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">As nitrilas constituem uma categoria de compostos derivados da substituição do hidrogênio do ácido cianídrico (HCN) por uma cadeia carbônica.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5UlSmJnzFQ93bY3kv4L2zfKAmESKrR8PVTg4HjmQfuY3R3ja-2QEJPlV0rg0Uzj6HilK8yGOqeP_erkLaxcbEy3NDHE8EmClwOS6Ec-vM15n6TP60zSwZ-zuG-wO1MDqqfVbo23q8X4G7WQpv5DnULg52o3vwFpHv-0z5OyT-UnXaKG0gDZEzM2Sq0Q/s313/01%20GF.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="91" data-original-width="313" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5UlSmJnzFQ93bY3kv4L2zfKAmESKrR8PVTg4HjmQfuY3R3ja-2QEJPlV0rg0Uzj6HilK8yGOqeP_erkLaxcbEy3NDHE8EmClwOS6Ec-vM15n6TP60zSwZ-zuG-wO1MDqqfVbo23q8X4G7WQpv5DnULg52o3vwFpHv-0z5OyT-UnXaKG0gDZEzM2Sq0Q/w400-h116/01%20GF.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Como três das quatro ligações do carbono são dedicadas ao grupo funcional, é de se esperar que ela seja encontrada sempre na extremidade de uma cadeia aberta. Dessa forma, se torna desnecessário numerar a posição do grupo funcional. Note que não existe a metano nitrila, pois ela corresponderá ao ácido cianídrico. Veja alguns exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ etano nitrila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBOYHv-C10feDAIPeRkJ0XHtHzhrkvU2GTfe5I5HjZ_iNMkM9l8VLXu-yl7e15HCzBuPATJ6eNNWdaYVPnRpBEJHlTGdPIzUo9A01i3TCL21VfZnYVdnwKJTURq7ldZwZA1F1qhgWfvNvRXSwi6-Al1wbA3FsqOIIOkbAaWkFJPlasGvrQFMtgMlpQ1g/s373/02%20etanonitrila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="373" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBOYHv-C10feDAIPeRkJ0XHtHzhrkvU2GTfe5I5HjZ_iNMkM9l8VLXu-yl7e15HCzBuPATJ6eNNWdaYVPnRpBEJHlTGdPIzUo9A01i3TCL21VfZnYVdnwKJTURq7ldZwZA1F1qhgWfvNvRXSwi6-Al1wbA3FsqOIIOkbAaWkFJPlasGvrQFMtgMlpQ1g/w640-h172/02%20etanonitrila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de cianeto de metila ou acetonitrila. É usada como solvente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ propanonitrila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7MfUy-2E6oWMNwkO4ihkOe2MijvH_5BGfXIk0VG7AOOLdwTR4wm-hJD3PJdoPBZW0apfdSP4d4jWWp-zJg00-rB_fi-lzT_pnqJMei9GzC39FTSxIq1AHKFtY1PByZBtCxzbSl4bja_oFa8qcjEjxEDP7KiAc-jTOVhaekxhtJjplPKaK4zXdUSxPcg/s571/03%20propanonitrila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="571" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7MfUy-2E6oWMNwkO4ihkOe2MijvH_5BGfXIk0VG7AOOLdwTR4wm-hJD3PJdoPBZW0apfdSP4d4jWWp-zJg00-rB_fi-lzT_pnqJMei9GzC39FTSxIq1AHKFtY1PByZBtCxzbSl4bja_oFa8qcjEjxEDP7KiAc-jTOVhaekxhtJjplPKaK4zXdUSxPcg/w640-h112/03%20propanonitrila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de cianeto de etila. É usada como solvente e produzida a partir da hidrogenação da acrilonitrila.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ propenonitrila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuCRNZ0HCdgYu9IYYxLWYwVbZlO6Yq3gOVt5NyJIucK4IdTRcP07SFe4OsjFQBiGxGr7_pox-W-M2Ee1aIYwFcQsU5Ue8Huz0ik_AsQBSzjAVsIduueAIr6KF0YM3cnpIvUWj5sItw5BUP1FILDDrxCSTZsYok1fln9kUKLbOV7JfzRZy7Oa30Wx6YPg/s541/04%20acrilonitrila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="541" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuCRNZ0HCdgYu9IYYxLWYwVbZlO6Yq3gOVt5NyJIucK4IdTRcP07SFe4OsjFQBiGxGr7_pox-W-M2Ee1aIYwFcQsU5Ue8Huz0ik_AsQBSzjAVsIduueAIr6KF0YM3cnpIvUWj5sItw5BUP1FILDDrxCSTZsYok1fln9kUKLbOV7JfzRZy7Oa30Wx6YPg/w640-h118/04%20acrilonitrila.jpg" width="640" /></span><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de cianeto de etenila, nitrila de acrílico ou acrilonitrila. É usada na produção do polímero poliacrilonitrila.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5w0wr05i-fr135JDsg9pbdBdqvi9_de8MnK9v2KsSeucrqVaaonomp_HefUKSZmVbGUNfOuchtmj59sO9g-We3NdE1z2rIjLGcentaFay2J6p_SUdGTagppH-SKhv07RVSH-1y-RFZht1HWgP6moZrgY2GTWjrPOB5jtJNlcwXP4pR9pmv3sxVwDllQ/s440/06%20poliacrilonitrila.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="409" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5w0wr05i-fr135JDsg9pbdBdqvi9_de8MnK9v2KsSeucrqVaaonomp_HefUKSZmVbGUNfOuchtmj59sO9g-We3NdE1z2rIjLGcentaFay2J6p_SUdGTagppH-SKhv07RVSH-1y-RFZht1HWgP6moZrgY2GTWjrPOB5jtJNlcwXP4pR9pmv3sxVwDllQ/w594-h640/06%20poliacrilonitrila.jpg" width="594" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">poliacrilonitrila</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O poliacrilonitrila é usado como fibra para carpetes ou na produão de fibra de carbono.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGjPf4XuXF9eqVK0ruyiEch-oVuvrn1kGKZI_rEhD-VVYFj5uJWls-2C3ZK4sIAytw6n_Ph3Vv8n5RewuCIKeMq-0a0e-jDdAp-LkQUqh8Pm3os4hSm5VFLwsdkqaBd3qAZ-nqn675jfURk4rjshnquk-ZSJTUAaKxFKt0PgXKhSII1e4kRN1NUS6HOQ/s1250/07%20fibra%20de%20carbono.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="1250" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGjPf4XuXF9eqVK0ruyiEch-oVuvrn1kGKZI_rEhD-VVYFj5uJWls-2C3ZK4sIAytw6n_Ph3Vv8n5RewuCIKeMq-0a0e-jDdAp-LkQUqh8Pm3os4hSm5VFLwsdkqaBd3qAZ-nqn675jfURk4rjshnquk-ZSJTUAaKxFKt0PgXKhSII1e4kRN1NUS6HOQ/w640-h338/07%20fibra%20de%20carbono.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">fibra de carbono</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A acrilonitrila também é matéria-prima de um copolímero chamado ABS, produzido a partir do estireno e do butadieno.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheiLkqFADsRbz1jsPzthCiFM5S8Rm6KwftlEWnBNI6OulZucjTGKl82Vg4eR8VHZG_DLVwu1CQyYJsE9Lhq1YH8QtgkgBOZ-3BMAglmAma5CrR8NxtMCwDyJnuewHq817s9Y_8c2Nwug9UHKf6AMYwVi096GOOuPKnmLJT9yYtKV5oltFoHCgMX9klYg/s980/05%20acrilonitrila%20butadieno%20estireno%20ABS.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="980" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheiLkqFADsRbz1jsPzthCiFM5S8Rm6KwftlEWnBNI6OulZucjTGKl82Vg4eR8VHZG_DLVwu1CQyYJsE9Lhq1YH8QtgkgBOZ-3BMAglmAma5CrR8NxtMCwDyJnuewHq817s9Y_8c2Nwug9UHKf6AMYwVi096GOOuPKnmLJT9yYtKV5oltFoHCgMX9klYg/w640-h490/05%20acrilonitrila%20butadieno%20estireno%20ABS.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">ABS</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ butanonitrila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUy-0KEd-emK7BVyOOg7uUflXz6I3_CTz40GVo-B_jBeeiiCdZgAy9SJonBhinxFJHklaJrA8U7ih5T_ftKYiaOTQKEtXTva7AMj5KVZKGR2uha_1ekX5R2Q9rJWSM-wXhMjUBYrOmjW8y1X6DP9jcfuzmH6o_FS47UptMkvGM2MghcEMhGT0aMN4zew/s793/08%20butanonitrila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="110" data-original-width="793" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUy-0KEd-emK7BVyOOg7uUflXz6I3_CTz40GVo-B_jBeeiiCdZgAy9SJonBhinxFJHklaJrA8U7ih5T_ftKYiaOTQKEtXTva7AMj5KVZKGR2uha_1ekX5R2Q9rJWSM-wXhMjUBYrOmjW8y1X6DP9jcfuzmH6o_FS47UptMkvGM2MghcEMhGT0aMN4zew/w640-h88/08%20butanonitrila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de cianeto de propila. Foi detectada sua presença com outro composto (metanoato de etila) orgânico fora da terra, mas dentro da via láctea, na região de sagitário B2(N).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74XUv_E_2kpQWWh5ncixS1rohVuzCn72-3fGjv2OGzFZXiuLb_TbW2DmejHbS8R5fNMw70rBm42lfwA2X62rqrfW-lqXMsXaTW0hFkbpIbBPWSJOxzA-MPu1Eqsmg9zSqnOIhTpt9v_RFQj21AUgL9MOqKA0jlIPCUNcnwq59fpoqloMcYvMlUEm87w/s900/09%20localiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="900" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74XUv_E_2kpQWWh5ncixS1rohVuzCn72-3fGjv2OGzFZXiuLb_TbW2DmejHbS8R5fNMw70rBm42lfwA2X62rqrfW-lqXMsXaTW0hFkbpIbBPWSJOxzA-MPu1Eqsmg9zSqnOIhTpt9v_RFQj21AUgL9MOqKA0jlIPCUNcnwq59fpoqloMcYvMlUEm87w/w640-h396/09%20localiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ pentanonitrila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5kIvlxNeHcdHjFZ2ieh7AH1hBfI00HVn0rgEHBSWjhK7DgwJoKPiJjq-aNkqt1VxShQGCUk1cPigP7CMUKVqJi9_DWHvtGdZSJYjAhFK31UcIMVbtNqse44tBGlFgRQ-rv1I3G28uWFk62GIHKW4hHHrJig0lbZcSCRMY8zalteO5vF47cJd2fQe9yg/s994/10%20pentanonitrila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="110" data-original-width="994" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5kIvlxNeHcdHjFZ2ieh7AH1hBfI00HVn0rgEHBSWjhK7DgwJoKPiJjq-aNkqt1VxShQGCUk1cPigP7CMUKVqJi9_DWHvtGdZSJYjAhFK31UcIMVbtNqse44tBGlFgRQ-rv1I3G28uWFk62GIHKW4hHHrJig0lbZcSCRMY8zalteO5vF47cJd2fQe9yg/w640-h70/10%20pentanonitrila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de cianeto de butila. É usado como matéria-prima na produção de fungicidas e antibióticos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJXJldMERJKn_j-ZfBWmf3fyIqBOfOtEkmL03MvZu3qhkKM90VBTXql7RPT-GMksSJI0nndcG8NeP7V_2IsxkhPB7EotFI7f-AewYTXPhn5DMwXVCGN2kKPz3O3mZVHS5GgQt5fLWecSRXoO15v_9Bn6TPMyUYQrF_Y7ew_jwBFB8I9JaHfa3d9kLe4Q/s1298/12%20fungicidas%20e%20antibi%C3%B3ticos.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="1298" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJXJldMERJKn_j-ZfBWmf3fyIqBOfOtEkmL03MvZu3qhkKM90VBTXql7RPT-GMksSJI0nndcG8NeP7V_2IsxkhPB7EotFI7f-AewYTXPhn5DMwXVCGN2kKPz3O3mZVHS5GgQt5fLWecSRXoO15v_9Bn6TPMyUYQrF_Y7ew_jwBFB8I9JaHfa3d9kLe4Q/w640-h200/12%20fungicidas%20e%20antibi%C3%B3ticos.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Este foi um resumo sobre as nitrilas. Ficou alguma dúvida? Comente aí... até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-70436689878958554762022-05-13T21:45:00.001-03:002022-05-15T16:00:37.913-03:00Funções orgânicas diversas: nitrocomposto.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Chamamos de nitrocomposto a substância que apresenta NO₂ ligado a um átomo de carbono qualquer. Seja ele de cadeia aromática ou alifática.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-oRlwEmD0xOGF33JWKqisWCQFSvzyiH_h0ip73XFcdLlAOvijT1Y-MJHqAACY09rhu21oOPhoHqQDXP18xE55A53Kh9Kpp30wN38MEndbNBd5sSiKTUZTNssRPPSX7Wq2N1MhYQQNtHFNWpaOwgQ07EdKaLRrJMD4I4MQ80TODGECQ8zvazCsA2rBSA/s259/01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="97" data-original-width="259" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-oRlwEmD0xOGF33JWKqisWCQFSvzyiH_h0ip73XFcdLlAOvijT1Y-MJHqAACY09rhu21oOPhoHqQDXP18xE55A53Kh9Kpp30wN38MEndbNBd5sSiKTUZTNssRPPSX7Wq2N1MhYQQNtHFNWpaOwgQ07EdKaLRrJMD4I4MQ80TODGECQ8zvazCsA2rBSA/w400-h150/01.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Alguns nitrocompostos conhecidos são usados como explosivos. Sua nomenclatura se faz adicionando a palavra nitro entre o nome da cadeia principal e os ramos. Veja alguns exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ nitrometano:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrRB4JjVWhbzcNbOl433ucfSP_4dkOgmXijLISz50GS0eu4WtY-gD2bR8KoivSx99Z8rHF-6YKZowHtGVH27fu3BFU4yZK70HHmwJwXKpDMSqVkMhdajcMC4YRxYlYlCKW67U1S6QHpmh9FQbZNMFyfEkUOLcup7_TRZkHBLBYK7Ijlb1Pkcx7k7iIow/s326/02%20nitrometano.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="326" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrRB4JjVWhbzcNbOl433ucfSP_4dkOgmXijLISz50GS0eu4WtY-gD2bR8KoivSx99Z8rHF-6YKZowHtGVH27fu3BFU4yZK70HHmwJwXKpDMSqVkMhdajcMC4YRxYlYlCKW67U1S6QHpmh9FQbZNMFyfEkUOLcup7_TRZkHBLBYK7Ijlb1Pkcx7k7iIow/w640-h196/02%20nitrometano.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de nitrocarbol, ele é usado como combustível de aeromodelos e de carros de competição.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6pGN-aXC9N4DnDAa5CrYPrqaJmz9M5AyTHtk4EZYJbQ1741-Cc4sSWAAjGx8q-1A2VqLEobKHTefgp6xzWr3lmadRpL86XXiOH7PUu5rxOjut3Elmx26nYJh9Wu47BsmuQRUPklQrE2UA9L2KMd8u3L54-JKJg_g7kWkAGHx8ZMpkorzzp1R1swTuXQ/s1700/03%20aeromodelismo%20e%20motores%20de%20competi%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="1700" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6pGN-aXC9N4DnDAa5CrYPrqaJmz9M5AyTHtk4EZYJbQ1741-Cc4sSWAAjGx8q-1A2VqLEobKHTefgp6xzWr3lmadRpL86XXiOH7PUu5rxOjut3Elmx26nYJh9Wu47BsmuQRUPklQrE2UA9L2KMd8u3L54-JKJg_g7kWkAGHx8ZMpkorzzp1R1swTuXQ/w640-h166/03%20aeromodelismo%20e%20motores%20de%20competi%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span><span><a name='more'></a></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O nitrometano também é componente de um explosivo chamado amonitol. Veja este vídeo em que um figura compara a combustão do álcool isopropílico à do nitrometano.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="456" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FEOEyDRzkNE" width="729" youtube-src-id="FEOEyDRzkNE"></iframe></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ 2-metil-1,3,5-trinitrobenzeno:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu7Ll-AxRH0apa__OwbYWNN2fAh6M4Fqk-K6oOP5yxMpMBWnyvvbxu3y-FeR3cKBXwmRksckh_ApDMOsvo9NH-9cxVyOCHcSRA1_VsqLd_ZaJgONIFn9GqhyYdsDK1_Jx4eHz0oe4uub5laFtNi1b9dzDSPVazgwWw9Kcl_YOSOnIJ7qU2AncTxs1Gkg/s648/04%20TNT.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="584" data-original-width="648" height="576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu7Ll-AxRH0apa__OwbYWNN2fAh6M4Fqk-K6oOP5yxMpMBWnyvvbxu3y-FeR3cKBXwmRksckh_ApDMOsvo9NH-9cxVyOCHcSRA1_VsqLd_ZaJgONIFn9GqhyYdsDK1_Jx4eHz0oe4uub5laFtNi1b9dzDSPVazgwWw9Kcl_YOSOnIJ7qU2AncTxs1Gkg/w640-h576/04%20TNT.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de trinitrotolueno, que é um poderoso explosivo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKRqtne3FOsbBBL-6bX2FmVhUOP_IIkPsbxXnI8mM7H9Mkj06pDQjxVcDNyM6rkkrX8hAoGH0RhCIqSWrz_9c_cboZOPrZ1TSMTqPW_8pzPelrx3Aq0g6jWE8YzkTCTn8iwrZXN-VAPgj5Uugdz82pXAVt0nSyn9yX_3OZLLmWv6x_N6nvDFL1X6THmw/s249/05%20TNT.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="191" data-original-width="249" height="491" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKRqtne3FOsbBBL-6bX2FmVhUOP_IIkPsbxXnI8mM7H9Mkj06pDQjxVcDNyM6rkkrX8hAoGH0RhCIqSWrz_9c_cboZOPrZ1TSMTqPW_8pzPelrx3Aq0g6jWE8YzkTCTn8iwrZXN-VAPgj5Uugdz82pXAVt0nSyn9yX_3OZLLmWv6x_N6nvDFL1X6THmw/w640-h491/05%20TNT.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ 1,3,5-trinitrobenzeno:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9rfiJ-14nWRPJmZtvyJJ16c25Ioy9HloWbWF2tjGaisfS9cu6kapKHlFz5SBv6dNZBe5eIva472u_6LoJrtfKu2Cy-vfApCynvMZMnQlz0eiDQDCn-9HCwwl9IAO9tzsEI6iBOV3DUzcYIBaBGdjF5kEiZj5Ysg09GpJCWZCh8zF7EcdISrcrpxyT6w/s653/06%20TNB.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="653" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9rfiJ-14nWRPJmZtvyJJ16c25Ioy9HloWbWF2tjGaisfS9cu6kapKHlFz5SBv6dNZBe5eIva472u_6LoJrtfKu2Cy-vfApCynvMZMnQlz0eiDQDCn-9HCwwl9IAO9tzsEI6iBOV3DUzcYIBaBGdjF5kEiZj5Ysg09GpJCWZCh8zF7EcdISrcrpxyT6w/w640-h466/06%20TNB.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">De características explosivas semelhantes às do TNT.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ 2,4,6-trinitrofenol:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB-u2ucugB3n3uZ8_CStx6ARLHETW_LQrKvamAAjgaZBYeMFJFzcN3-5F-rUBO7O5f0M8NjZGsTMarYRX6dG9s4xI0Pe2kRetyDfJFGdig-E0dUTVmVWoENyVpich3mF031nIl-WTGn2XAsJABjkaexOt456LBvW0IC9DglBi6fau15mmjHOjCbYaP6g/s632/07%20%C3%A1cido%20p%C3%ADcrico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="632" height="578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB-u2ucugB3n3uZ8_CStx6ARLHETW_LQrKvamAAjgaZBYeMFJFzcN3-5F-rUBO7O5f0M8NjZGsTMarYRX6dG9s4xI0Pe2kRetyDfJFGdig-E0dUTVmVWoENyVpich3mF031nIl-WTGn2XAsJABjkaexOt456LBvW0IC9DglBi6fau15mmjHOjCbYaP6g/w640-h578/07%20%C3%A1cido%20p%C3%ADcrico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de ácido pícrico. Explosivo de categoria semelhante à do TNT, mas sensível à humidade. Dependendo da quantidade de água em contato, sua explosão falha. Já foi usado na fabricação de granadas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU1BsuwGjBRjiIu6_xb5Dq2VQZh-qfEfqn7Ubwux2OiGIwCr2zOQB3Qi56PqqZIOsQvpoF0SzKbzZgjeX0Z0LiDsvHaAwpVWdsrXArnXDkRKByWqtMC_iJ-5EpdnKT6drK6wsVpkUzD7K4mgDqLw4UFRHmJGD4tcjhWGSNKI4dK_ENL_Yt0FbkErAF4A/s546/08%20granada.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="331" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU1BsuwGjBRjiIu6_xb5Dq2VQZh-qfEfqn7Ubwux2OiGIwCr2zOQB3Qi56PqqZIOsQvpoF0SzKbzZgjeX0Z0LiDsvHaAwpVWdsrXArnXDkRKByWqtMC_iJ-5EpdnKT6drK6wsVpkUzD7K4mgDqLw4UFRHmJGD4tcjhWGSNKI4dK_ENL_Yt0FbkErAF4A/w388-h640/08%20granada.jpg" width="388" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Hoje o ácido pícrico é usado para detectar creatina no sangue.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Este foi um resumo sobre nitrocompostos. Ajudou? Tem alguma dúvida? Comenta aí... até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-28327312155781033632022-05-11T15:35:00.008-03:002022-05-27T19:23:08.316-03:00Funções orgânicas diversas: amida.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">As amidas são resultado da reação entre um ácido carboxílico e amônia. Conservando a carbonila ligada ao nitrogênio, com formação de água como subproduto.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU1izwngjbp3VrKy4oX5A-lJ_xpgC3m9AfrXoajFZ3zxUm62XTXnsmuBHKYGR3rtyaVHYB7TIxpbJpJICGunnNQX7HNhGk5BvSVT3tGftIb1TNKbt_s0N_GFz8ccrdeLcv5kAuPv8B1tr6IxDMcN9vfSopd-Cipv9wj9pOPjgMi_cNtDVKbI2IONNLLQ/s1214/01%20rea%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="1214" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU1izwngjbp3VrKy4oX5A-lJ_xpgC3m9AfrXoajFZ3zxUm62XTXnsmuBHKYGR3rtyaVHYB7TIxpbJpJICGunnNQX7HNhGk5BvSVT3tGftIb1TNKbt_s0N_GFz8ccrdeLcv5kAuPv8B1tr6IxDMcN9vfSopd-Cipv9wj9pOPjgMi_cNtDVKbI2IONNLLQ/w640-h148/01%20rea%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">As amidas são classificadas quanto à quantidade de carbonilas ligadas ao nitrogênio e quanto à substituição do nitrogênio ligado à carbonila. Vejamos o caso de quantidade de carbonilas ligadas ao nitrogênio:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlFObh1OcT_ao5FG_4aJafVqZZ4ONMsLHsgyZVa0MHR8Af8CF-0ZTrwn1FV2mmk6Ogle8Y4GYxZ3yoQlok3hpjogrTdYAG8iO-4e2Ek-PQ5JtbCceSWj8b8LAbrEcaUEK35g1XWcwtlY7CMIgHnM-3mzlE3glS-mRWmbdyoQUxtUBJ4Ht6V_E-d6gyrg/s979/02%20class.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span><a name='more'></a></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="979" height="576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlFObh1OcT_ao5FG_4aJafVqZZ4ONMsLHsgyZVa0MHR8Af8CF-0ZTrwn1FV2mmk6Ogle8Y4GYxZ3yoQlok3hpjogrTdYAG8iO-4e2Ek-PQ5JtbCceSWj8b8LAbrEcaUEK35g1XWcwtlY7CMIgHnM-3mzlE3glS-mRWmbdyoQUxtUBJ4Ht6V_E-d6gyrg/w640-h576/02%20class.jpg" width="640" /></span></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A classificação quanto à substituição do nitrogênio depende do reagente que deu origem à amida:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHrNKNpvQ_cCX4lwa2_E1E1wFSC55e-86NfuI-c8qcq69JE3LYLbxGlf0Dla1mfnN3NjTE3kU7iRKQlt_0A26sq5DIWlaVciqTFtZ1UgZMAzjdXKLWXxZPY9XmQ52VcTovbf1NyUbVPS5wfDjPD_3DsIO-AYsLGNJoAQrC8FGNxkCy7HxHd02iWZQ3gA/s1462/03%20class.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1122" data-original-width="1462" height="608" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHrNKNpvQ_cCX4lwa2_E1E1wFSC55e-86NfuI-c8qcq69JE3LYLbxGlf0Dla1mfnN3NjTE3kU7iRKQlt_0A26sq5DIWlaVciqTFtZ1UgZMAzjdXKLWXxZPY9XmQ52VcTovbf1NyUbVPS5wfDjPD_3DsIO-AYsLGNJoAQrC8FGNxkCy7HxHd02iWZQ3gA/w791-h608/03%20class.jpg" width="791" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Note que a amida é muito semelhante à ligação peptídica observada na união de dois ou mais aminoácidos. Com o detalhe apenas de que a ligação peptídica corresponde à amida monossubstituída.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A nomenclatura das amidas se dá com o sufixo "amida" e o grupo substituinte ligado a nitrogênio tratado como ramo ligado a N ao invés do número do carbono. Veja os exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ metanamida:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSjnPh9V18MHk35FdvkVvvN-X8umeH4egaqbhLFUmJWBCWHmxjCrTNztpn5UQhGHvauBnJaxQQROjP3zF35fOhm__rFTv0it2LrrJ4ObuPRmvkdIwGo3QFXgVUWfKplIWxzuPg78zpdL1efq9Vs9sT1s1iJhEy5dlK4aYj-BCbCHcPsLEXV1_iuS2oew/s355/04%20metanamida.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="355" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSjnPh9V18MHk35FdvkVvvN-X8umeH4egaqbhLFUmJWBCWHmxjCrTNztpn5UQhGHvauBnJaxQQROjP3zF35fOhm__rFTv0it2LrrJ4ObuPRmvkdIwGo3QFXgVUWfKplIWxzuPg78zpdL1efq9Vs9sT1s1iJhEy5dlK4aYj-BCbCHcPsLEXV1_iuS2oew/w640-h488/04%20metanamida.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de formamida.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ etanamida:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5E_4b-YfZlzQVw3DM127LVd7UWOMFFtYGToqQIJUuUkaRbkQsfaVEHh6LzDl3W6vVkBhlTAD7d0PTXa9yoMxyTfJQiXQU3pLNK7admQcs-eOejOo5_ASk3Ra46HjxFa-6wfHhC75QJPyJxOOAbaDMorJ4X60A1qCCFu00E3KvmM960Rjg9V-6WAplsg/s413/05%20etanamida.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="413" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5E_4b-YfZlzQVw3DM127LVd7UWOMFFtYGToqQIJUuUkaRbkQsfaVEHh6LzDl3W6vVkBhlTAD7d0PTXa9yoMxyTfJQiXQU3pLNK7admQcs-eOejOo5_ASk3Ra46HjxFa-6wfHhC75QJPyJxOOAbaDMorJ4X60A1qCCFu00E3KvmM960Rjg9V-6WAplsg/w640-h428/05%20etanamida.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de acetamida.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ N-metilmetanamida:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiiefixO5MdPGn7Yvwl14s_RUkJy0sV14JkFHJ0YwmvNVqSE7iCDaVKwtI79OH8sgTCfpw6oXg7X7GNBzN67tseEjotc1lGgIfAwoCQS5KKsEakKk-IgGFgicpAPHCWbsVar4kDZPEYOKpCwKSoB-wVMdhmC81zuNVM65aMq-R_4RenL5tghI0DWae6w/s438/06%20Nmetilmetanamida.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="438" height="556" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiiefixO5MdPGn7Yvwl14s_RUkJy0sV14JkFHJ0YwmvNVqSE7iCDaVKwtI79OH8sgTCfpw6oXg7X7GNBzN67tseEjotc1lGgIfAwoCQS5KKsEakKk-IgGFgicpAPHCWbsVar4kDZPEYOKpCwKSoB-wVMdhmC81zuNVM65aMq-R_4RenL5tghI0DWae6w/w640-h556/06%20Nmetilmetanamida.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ N,N-dimetilmetanamida:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQbuLOpccW13-Sha8NNbcxbbtrm6x5mva30RpESGDyO7AR12m0Ek5OcP9U_XHow6CvKKxK7hk-kp7cjraGfqybeedIZmzyFclrYKKqQF_f6wWAAmhLAJSFDkCGF2N2itxWRBoh-hbRqPLonTYb8qX6wCTBh4YZDymVCBimVjAlOvmHNddjU2hB4Rc4pw/s438/07%20NNdimetilmetanamida.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="438" height="574" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQbuLOpccW13-Sha8NNbcxbbtrm6x5mva30RpESGDyO7AR12m0Ek5OcP9U_XHow6CvKKxK7hk-kp7cjraGfqybeedIZmzyFclrYKKqQF_f6wWAAmhLAJSFDkCGF2N2itxWRBoh-hbRqPLonTYb8qX6wCTBh4YZDymVCBimVjAlOvmHNddjU2hB4Rc4pw/w640-h574/07%20NNdimetilmetanamida.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br />¬ N-metiletanamida:</span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXrJld7jlRcQzSIKOLf94QY6FPpsl8IK0A49E9_xs4q9MBDPdrjUnJfpdrCXil86vwv_OkjYArn0-rIq03hM8Bl6Y6Z9QGk8rY043v3t3-72ZBa2EUS3slemnaT1526mzDgZkTprdLTcjmTKB1NSqtbNSE4w1Jxm8fsYatHEKnRM-ufca4mn0vyeVYg/s513/08%20Nmetiletanamida.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="513" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXrJld7jlRcQzSIKOLf94QY6FPpsl8IK0A49E9_xs4q9MBDPdrjUnJfpdrCXil86vwv_OkjYArn0-rIq03hM8Bl6Y6Z9QGk8rY043v3t3-72ZBa2EUS3slemnaT1526mzDgZkTprdLTcjmTKB1NSqtbNSE4w1Jxm8fsYatHEKnRM-ufca4mn0vyeVYg/w640-h474/08%20Nmetiletanamida.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ N,N-dimetiletanamida:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwS9P_LdqTWy7m2Tue9fSFA_ZrtMXVDnRA3J9w2DVvkLUfnUA9lt1OmwJ4eeQ8TiLp8XasF697vl5igYgYHWrorA7y2xzprYIZAQBat31TfMnWB8tWwYeNzpeV9YJkYwFZ0swSkMjAoUBIKNzeSiBEnQ2zfvcP7CMhA3WjUFsuE0faMi_ve_dt-jWKzQ/s515/09%20NNdimetiletanamida.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="515" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwS9P_LdqTWy7m2Tue9fSFA_ZrtMXVDnRA3J9w2DVvkLUfnUA9lt1OmwJ4eeQ8TiLp8XasF697vl5igYgYHWrorA7y2xzprYIZAQBat31TfMnWB8tWwYeNzpeV9YJkYwFZ0swSkMjAoUBIKNzeSiBEnQ2zfvcP7CMhA3WjUFsuE0faMi_ve_dt-jWKzQ/w640-h488/09%20NNdimetiletanamida.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ 2-feniletanamida:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqRk-21mIztZFf9P93YZI4YyWvuxIWolbP6osW-4_uoyBat3cAQ8mRrEFb7LTpPllN6WRLfEeM0P4nS3LQMPdp_ktYnLIVkBd4LdSUZUUoVki8uJ2vxB8RR-TzI-wmTTNDFLGzWHayYXAO48_FMrTJpzcJusOCMmD_sAAUzoCa_4426hGQjcQNkVcyHw/s670/XX%202feniletanamida.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="670" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqRk-21mIztZFf9P93YZI4YyWvuxIWolbP6osW-4_uoyBat3cAQ8mRrEFb7LTpPllN6WRLfEeM0P4nS3LQMPdp_ktYnLIVkBd4LdSUZUUoVki8uJ2vxB8RR-TzI-wmTTNDFLGzWHayYXAO48_FMrTJpzcJusOCMmD_sAAUzoCa_4426hGQjcQNkVcyHw/w640-h300/XX%202feniletanamida.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de 2-fenilacetamida. É usada como anticonvulsivo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ4E7rb3vukBCWF3HmyjYwUZETIsAzDPONusMS-zVeaA2lvJ7fG5u_9NKAHro3sOEWjfv-3fzjzweE9Ve8yl7zPrPT_qz-C8tCsT3U11pE7GQ0h5GkFU719SmrWy68U3r4nPUwzEZ5GEJC7k03WTTcyCXaX-cvpDU_q4WSnWqdU1jU1NjEwlDrcRp6JQ/s738/XX%20anticonvulsivo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="649" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ4E7rb3vukBCWF3HmyjYwUZETIsAzDPONusMS-zVeaA2lvJ7fG5u_9NKAHro3sOEWjfv-3fzjzweE9Ve8yl7zPrPT_qz-C8tCsT3U11pE7GQ0h5GkFU719SmrWy68U3r4nPUwzEZ5GEJC7k03WTTcyCXaX-cvpDU_q4WSnWqdU1jU1NjEwlDrcRp6JQ/w562-h640/XX%20anticonvulsivo.jpg" width="562" /></span></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ aspartame:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzZ75aQ0lH25vF0-LDfNP3KtWgY6e2wkbwSLrdLG3EVLqzqFCVzlyp2smhxseQ4-h7YUYc1GeezvYlcBmzr9Dn4vVgj8Zgs5Wr05KggxWQyvswFdIbnNz56dsjW8eFGsM1kXKaLmSXeHxkjwvMrbq4LkL_CVZoMa8jTgcNpMfTJF2q3lmIOoelkf973A/s921/10%20aspartame.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="921" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzZ75aQ0lH25vF0-LDfNP3KtWgY6e2wkbwSLrdLG3EVLqzqFCVzlyp2smhxseQ4-h7YUYc1GeezvYlcBmzr9Dn4vVgj8Zgs5Wr05KggxWQyvswFdIbnNz56dsjW8eFGsM1kXKaLmSXeHxkjwvMrbq4LkL_CVZoMa8jTgcNpMfTJF2q3lmIOoelkf973A/w640-h456/10%20aspartame.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Usado como adoçante artificial. Note que ele é a união da fenilalanina na forma de éster com o ácido aspártico.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqkcQuriYI8qWlMIhW9WotwlXRugP_5KGhu8Jaei41yZCK_qgC42iIBYPblXvVseu26Dfr9Z3CRyqpxUgzgNd7DLdSHJxu8lwLgKevl4eEICCVwnqg8O6Z68YtcQNcs4Fxd_pBx4bMIpEffgntoA2b1dnNAljK-slAP3bkS0S8uBuSe96hbH7ELCs4bA/s850/11%20aspartame.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="850" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqkcQuriYI8qWlMIhW9WotwlXRugP_5KGhu8Jaei41yZCK_qgC42iIBYPblXvVseu26Dfr9Z3CRyqpxUgzgNd7DLdSHJxu8lwLgKevl4eEICCVwnqg8O6Z68YtcQNcs4Fxd_pBx4bMIpEffgntoA2b1dnNAljK-slAP3bkS0S8uBuSe96hbH7ELCs4bA/w640-h424/11%20aspartame.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ ocitocina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJXeyCzQJS5VjCO-9Q-44PNb1h_0_Tp4lN9R9PGxTytsGjyhLuWh7Hnvhbs-U1fx1Xjx6j15PjVEllRsO0YwDFH3MX5OFZ5sRyj6TNUu_sJyOf6nS7xLOlpux9yb1KNjzKmnU4io75fh7k41WkvleTrs9JUAGfh6JZVHOn6pt0fzO0fSaPpm3jfImjag/s2145/12%20ocitocina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1335" data-original-width="2145" height="473" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJXeyCzQJS5VjCO-9Q-44PNb1h_0_Tp4lN9R9PGxTytsGjyhLuWh7Hnvhbs-U1fx1Xjx6j15PjVEllRsO0YwDFH3MX5OFZ5sRyj6TNUu_sJyOf6nS7xLOlpux9yb1KNjzKmnU4io75fh7k41WkvleTrs9JUAGfh6JZVHOn6pt0fzO0fSaPpm3jfImjag/w761-h473/12%20ocitocina.jpg" width="761" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A ocitocina é um hormônio produzido pelo hipotálamo e armazenado na hipófise posterior. Tem a função de promover as contrações musculares uterinas durante o parto e ejeção de leite durante a amamentação.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiihpk_m5pY2aIZa_sji7xLc1NdkSOiXHRSP74zXTPMQaFnRbOVDKl1r2zUTrat5JeZ9TulPlsNWv9a4aYlRXASNUo0P4jXFXJRIs2hCYW_pdP4vZVfKCt9uPLcLvXVJUFbPy4lg2nKcjPdUGY8qKbnfdgFdJdjsnVUPa9eceeuFrfkX7GWTSZyh5fuvw/s2048/13%20ocitocina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiihpk_m5pY2aIZa_sji7xLc1NdkSOiXHRSP74zXTPMQaFnRbOVDKl1r2zUTrat5JeZ9TulPlsNWv9a4aYlRXASNUo0P4jXFXJRIs2hCYW_pdP4vZVfKCt9uPLcLvXVJUFbPy4lg2nKcjPdUGY8qKbnfdgFdJdjsnVUPa9eceeuFrfkX7GWTSZyh5fuvw/w640-h426/13%20ocitocina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ angiotensina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn5FWLLKlTSiwDLGc2YlY22VorNQEe0JSS1uh786w7VG38P8Yr6SbsjTtgAKxQfLda6Qor-ZitVIeAlw2cwqG6vBDfz0raOEQrWnueeNKUqxsh7tknFemIOXwbaA7aquTMHdF2dbqjQ1Pcn8PRIE1_NAJYQEFMFCCBrpykSccfTpr31E47WT2Mu7VXPg/s2050/14%20Angiotensina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="924" data-original-width="2050" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn5FWLLKlTSiwDLGc2YlY22VorNQEe0JSS1uh786w7VG38P8Yr6SbsjTtgAKxQfLda6Qor-ZitVIeAlw2cwqG6vBDfz0raOEQrWnueeNKUqxsh7tknFemIOXwbaA7aquTMHdF2dbqjQ1Pcn8PRIE1_NAJYQEFMFCCBrpykSccfTpr31E47WT2Mu7VXPg/w971-h436/14%20Angiotensina.jpg" width="971" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É usada como vasoconstritor e eleva a pressão arterial.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJPrZQXn155TZferPJCjeyoUPASOXexK8L9b70eiv4GH756JXa3Tm2Ie9GB4mfasqwXsDVxEhIPr99Zdzx949R2b3S-dbKvQZYS3noRjZqwm4pof4Uthwl0wyaAuaTSmrHQIE2eHuqx4we-mbg9hHMATffGRniCzBYG76kHPTgC2x5MRiuYjrtQ1aXcA/s793/15%20Angiotensina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="793" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJPrZQXn155TZferPJCjeyoUPASOXexK8L9b70eiv4GH756JXa3Tm2Ie9GB4mfasqwXsDVxEhIPr99Zdzx949R2b3S-dbKvQZYS3noRjZqwm4pof4Uthwl0wyaAuaTSmrHQIE2eHuqx4we-mbg9hHMATffGRniCzBYG76kHPTgC2x5MRiuYjrtQ1aXcA/w640-h362/15%20Angiotensina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ teobromina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitVgMn6Il3Kcn3EIWOlBw1lMLPbkGF2QlJnbZrkB3UpJUrANWRthkMZKehasICldXIZutH3IFFSVLLS8xDOEu8591qmRiwMIEpUnOjsPfbcX8cwX1gt03l-vvH8MnqWzvTv1guXv0ufXxFTQVvdJcxyYLa6Gl2DQUtv0z7siABuROPyWdQ5UFlWaLajA/s536/16%20teobromina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="536" height="632" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitVgMn6Il3Kcn3EIWOlBw1lMLPbkGF2QlJnbZrkB3UpJUrANWRthkMZKehasICldXIZutH3IFFSVLLS8xDOEu8591qmRiwMIEpUnOjsPfbcX8cwX1gt03l-vvH8MnqWzvTv1guXv0ufXxFTQVvdJcxyYLa6Gl2DQUtv0z7siABuROPyWdQ5UFlWaLajA/w640-h632/16%20teobromina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A teobromina é parte do cacau e do chocolate amargo, por este ter maior teor de cacau.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPRlQEy8W98CO2oEwUCWqxCWNJln1zzDU95Kv01oZgXfCivWMn6Wb9WojnHGhV6kQelDD69Dd7hr9bn8TXGzuWcUGV8vkw9OFRl1Hk0KV_W2LD5DKYsOBzFSubYdnKxRVLUlB0T0TSdl6FO3uX6NgjWce_jeHyw0Zjl0rU5P-olQvi5mI9GoysZ35KBg/s924/36%20choc%20amarg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="924" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPRlQEy8W98CO2oEwUCWqxCWNJln1zzDU95Kv01oZgXfCivWMn6Wb9WojnHGhV6kQelDD69Dd7hr9bn8TXGzuWcUGV8vkw9OFRl1Hk0KV_W2LD5DKYsOBzFSubYdnKxRVLUlB0T0TSdl6FO3uX6NgjWce_jeHyw0Zjl0rU5P-olQvi5mI9GoysZ35KBg/w640-h426/36%20choc%20amarg.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A teobromina é, inclusive, tóxica para cães.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbTSmStrFMWXtsdiFKqtvcucGCr4zcF0l2CeFlcltFEN3BgmO_qsSEoosrwueKxN9DPCiGozPfGgYn2rlvfLvlRB5H3Fi9AQoJkBjr1fIPZMuAUSZx0_sIX6Tc44E-uFyT42BTNbQ3dzxreaSxz5iuuIbfXAwM3At33VKwDBfriNRhaLqdAO-1GPPXmA/s533/17.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="533" height="612" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbTSmStrFMWXtsdiFKqtvcucGCr4zcF0l2CeFlcltFEN3BgmO_qsSEoosrwueKxN9DPCiGozPfGgYn2rlvfLvlRB5H3Fi9AQoJkBjr1fIPZMuAUSZx0_sIX6Tc44E-uFyT42BTNbQ3dzxreaSxz5iuuIbfXAwM3At33VKwDBfriNRhaLqdAO-1GPPXmA/w640-h612/17.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A dose letal é cerca de 300 mg de teobromina por Kg de peso corporal.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNOJhb6YIBQ5SOmzjTUZ6E8St1j-30kYI9nkiNqg_RXxWnl7eDTre_09kV2q-ok4IHdE80tK1WduAMNzQjpLyHTQJEc-wa2Nm0KQDvvAlIKiotFQsp0nLXW8OAALVess_JqHQqrM3uTYFLunLwnoMCj51Wva6ODA60CgqHkVNJ614Jm2fVUBsPLhkDzw/s600/18.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="275" data-original-width="600" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNOJhb6YIBQ5SOmzjTUZ6E8St1j-30kYI9nkiNqg_RXxWnl7eDTre_09kV2q-ok4IHdE80tK1WduAMNzQjpLyHTQJEc-wa2Nm0KQDvvAlIKiotFQsp0nLXW8OAALVess_JqHQqrM3uTYFLunLwnoMCj51Wva6ODA60CgqHkVNJ614Jm2fVUBsPLhkDzw/w640-h294/18.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ anandamida:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiTEJKDszyw8ooWuXYZKGlR9cRQroOYPI6hdEz7GvHRm34F5KzjNh-Vf5OhVn43O2_iFruPHCKpGvpu6jim3jzqkRrLrchtFE7nyOCf2YpEsP0qYIUzWbERuabMveeSeTuPwiSCZz_EpYZBCZ-C1GAjtlYFTHxSEVzySM9u44pfRUSJh0ntdrW_GD3Ig/s1148/21%20anandamida.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="773" data-original-width="1148" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiTEJKDszyw8ooWuXYZKGlR9cRQroOYPI6hdEz7GvHRm34F5KzjNh-Vf5OhVn43O2_iFruPHCKpGvpu6jim3jzqkRrLrchtFE7nyOCf2YpEsP0qYIUzWbERuabMveeSeTuPwiSCZz_EpYZBCZ-C1GAjtlYFTHxSEVzySM9u44pfRUSJh0ntdrW_GD3Ig/w640-h430/21%20anandamida.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É um derivado do ácido araquidônico (<a href="https://paulosutil.blogspot.com/2012/05/acidos-carboxilicos-nomenclatura-e.html" target="_blank">link</a>) e da etanolamina, nome vulgar do 2-aminoetanol. Atua como neurotransmissor responsável pela alegria e sensações de prazer.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1EiFw8ZSIFd9cfXz19KtVyq5tTTLdkBCMmbAFhqB0GkkWTMC7I0_MTSWCxO-G2a70PuXIoSuLtfZS2ohvuBavYjXs1BbXf2UKa9IxzRLKUJannEG3WLgLiZBFVykgQ1EYZzWrkoeecLnmlUvOCBtxQCALX2JRzsJIpzBaXKmSKECr3nfsTsMezg840A/s1200/22%20anandamida.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1EiFw8ZSIFd9cfXz19KtVyq5tTTLdkBCMmbAFhqB0GkkWTMC7I0_MTSWCxO-G2a70PuXIoSuLtfZS2ohvuBavYjXs1BbXf2UKa9IxzRLKUJannEG3WLgLiZBFVykgQ1EYZzWrkoeecLnmlUvOCBtxQCALX2JRzsJIpzBaXKmSKECr3nfsTsMezg840A/w640-h480/22%20anandamida.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Seu nome deriva do sânscrito onde "Ananda" significa felicidade, alegria ou prazer.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ N-(4-hidroxifenil)etanamida:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje3va063ZMh2FH_4o0b49GDY2_vMZSmymj5qdL7-W0Mah4lzxh3ccWSKQM8SweAtm2pFb0I3FVmwU9Ehf82AjShqg060YmavCTzJuZj6uICVU5IaidhY17eHa4b8VpR-u_MjKEtaMWj6vZxyANePdUYVNP9BCE4HN1_yE8l4FjU3mmff31OwEUcekaFw/s750/23%20paracetamol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="750" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje3va063ZMh2FH_4o0b49GDY2_vMZSmymj5qdL7-W0Mah4lzxh3ccWSKQM8SweAtm2pFb0I3FVmwU9Ehf82AjShqg060YmavCTzJuZj6uICVU5IaidhY17eHa4b8VpR-u_MjKEtaMWj6vZxyANePdUYVNP9BCE4HN1_yE8l4FjU3mmff31OwEUcekaFw/w640-h388/23%20paracetamol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também conhecida por paracetamol. é um fármaco com propriedades analgésicas e antipiréticas, ou seja, combate a dor e a febre.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpPXcHL9CMhCBE-aQEL5BLbkPV28vo08VwJDggWWXvx37DoSujugrstBGEPRljalUlzo37GpWPsIJgo8Y_jDXMsaAU1OaODwRkXZi1zY1qAIQFBIqcxdAGP-BchOfKoBkpSc_mRRsZIQWp2TTjfEOdFgsi49SM2LCBkRimH74Ftbzljye2tuf-rJyp3Q/s1280/24%20paracetamol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpPXcHL9CMhCBE-aQEL5BLbkPV28vo08VwJDggWWXvx37DoSujugrstBGEPRljalUlzo37GpWPsIJgo8Y_jDXMsaAU1OaODwRkXZi1zY1qAIQFBIqcxdAGP-BchOfKoBkpSc_mRRsZIQWp2TTjfEOdFgsi49SM2LCBkRimH74Ftbzljye2tuf-rJyp3Q/w640-h360/24%20paracetamol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Eu tomei conhecimento da existência deste fármaco por acompanhar em sua propaganda o aviso de não ser contraindicado em caso de suspeita de dengue.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyepkv_8hgra0nw2aFAaCXOoq4tH7W_AXScknktKo_IkVZXfg32QOBWquCq6Yr20MlCGN2vEMsqlj81STjKR-BwvOOiwFEwcbY10WHh9bZEwWvti3pJA8Tx1Ca_NBqqp09EeEB7fJ-zwRLBTuNIYlxi4SpjjjlmN85rbKFjPKsM9w6u_abfVVZQi-b1g/s300/25%20dengue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="163" data-original-width="300" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyepkv_8hgra0nw2aFAaCXOoq4tH7W_AXScknktKo_IkVZXfg32QOBWquCq6Yr20MlCGN2vEMsqlj81STjKR-BwvOOiwFEwcbY10WHh9bZEwWvti3pJA8Tx1Ca_NBqqp09EeEB7fJ-zwRLBTuNIYlxi4SpjjjlmN85rbKFjPKsM9w6u_abfVVZQi-b1g/w640-h348/25%20dengue.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ele possui contraindicações por seus efeitos sobre o fígado e os rins.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFisqdJCg1R4w3XHRNq6-e-gd-fnjm_oCtwAQuks0atc5xltA-UXwQ9q7HdmZ0NmhNWgksTB5UcalZMPKMRVJfjKYKRkhtLcYvE_cuYh_-zfcxIm1PkQRPe9zOutPc27Xvto2x1DmVrj0vgtti6jBEUPGpU-9a09kEOgZ7DFIlWnw6Uw8XcwsZzwoACw/s1254/26%20coagula%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="836" data-original-width="1254" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFisqdJCg1R4w3XHRNq6-e-gd-fnjm_oCtwAQuks0atc5xltA-UXwQ9q7HdmZ0NmhNWgksTB5UcalZMPKMRVJfjKYKRkhtLcYvE_cuYh_-zfcxIm1PkQRPe9zOutPc27Xvto2x1DmVrj0vgtti6jBEUPGpU-9a09kEOgZ7DFIlWnw6Uw8XcwsZzwoACw/w640-h426/26%20coagula%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Pode ainda potencializar o efeito de anticoagulantes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Este foi um resumo sobre as amidas. Ficou alguma dúvida? Comente aí... até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-88792226054166506772022-05-10T19:37:00.006-03:002022-05-14T10:40:18.404-03:00Funções orgânicas nitrogenadas: amina.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">São classificadas como aminas um vasto grupo de compostos contendo átomos de carbono ligados a átomos de nitrogênio. Desde que os átomos de carbono em questão se liguem apenas a outros átomos de carbono ou de hidrogênio e que o átomo de nitrogênio se ligue somente a átomos de carbono ou de hidrogênio também. Se pareceu confuso, veja abaixo o mínimo que precisa ter e acompanhe os exemplos em seguida.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLlEaAirlEzBjv70GyL9vHffpAha0GNHKngUx1xXmeBHUARLKnTrLHvUKCkf3cI2RMPuf3o-iowMyTsAdDROcFTur7oNlM0Ncll1T_7kTyXSNl0-Ggo7-E4SeuhYyG0TUrUJh5tNDHaBP453c7Fc5coRzxwRQE-tzfSXi8m3pfFe4Mza8Jj0vzNk3uoA/s230/01%20grupo%20funcional.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="228" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLlEaAirlEzBjv70GyL9vHffpAha0GNHKngUx1xXmeBHUARLKnTrLHvUKCkf3cI2RMPuf3o-iowMyTsAdDROcFTur7oNlM0Ncll1T_7kTyXSNl0-Ggo7-E4SeuhYyG0TUrUJh5tNDHaBP453c7Fc5coRzxwRQE-tzfSXi8m3pfFe4Mza8Jj0vzNk3uoA/w397-h400/01%20grupo%20funcional.jpg" width="397" /></span></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dessa forma, classificamos as aminas quanto à quantidade de carbonos ligados ao nitrogênio delas: primária para um átomo de carbono, secundária para dois ou terciária para três.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vFOpOHZrcWa3GmxvvI77zKctxrpga46D-6_x0hg_UCIdg49vgLbNlOKvNe18x598w2tCTOzEsCv7ijj5uqZzpVYAXQXkRYV-gIytB8uDE1_mEElj2MP8CZCZM2ntOT3HtL-w-xY9TStOqxHxc_z_XpeVjOdzGQ7RVki6faPJYe4o_zJrQ6OlK19C5g/s1024/01%20Classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="1024" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vFOpOHZrcWa3GmxvvI77zKctxrpga46D-6_x0hg_UCIdg49vgLbNlOKvNe18x598w2tCTOzEsCv7ijj5uqZzpVYAXQXkRYV-gIytB8uDE1_mEElj2MP8CZCZM2ntOT3HtL-w-xY9TStOqxHxc_z_XpeVjOdzGQ7RVki6faPJYe4o_zJrQ6OlK19C5g/w640-h168/01%20Classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span><span><a name='more'></a></span></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A duas bolinhas acima de cada nitrogênio são o par de elétrons não ligantes deles. Sua repulsão pelos elétrons compartilhados nas ligações químicas empurram os grupos para baixo, caracterizando a geometria chamada de piramidal.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A nomenclatura de uma amina se faz de duas formas, uma de acordo com as normas da IUPAC e outra de forma usual, esta é mais tentadora para cadeias pequenas e mais confusa para as grandes. Veja os exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ metanamina:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAn2wtG3xP3Y9JO7HNUHOkogxwuPBa0JORxAjkAaSyikyAVWZDwe89LeS82qzWwzhTqsPEwBMmEkHXZMAISQbIL6FkhJxwaTPce2FRMBgb6OOh_dXt4cnV7CC6rAjIWGt5a758QO6wIIVca4dDg1HQSnz3tWPl1bfk7b9DcH6cseP3TNaBQD5sh6YrGA/s352/03%20metilamina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="96" data-original-width="352" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAn2wtG3xP3Y9JO7HNUHOkogxwuPBa0JORxAjkAaSyikyAVWZDwe89LeS82qzWwzhTqsPEwBMmEkHXZMAISQbIL6FkhJxwaTPce2FRMBgb6OOh_dXt4cnV7CC6rAjIWGt5a758QO6wIIVca4dDg1HQSnz3tWPl1bfk7b9DcH6cseP3TNaBQD5sh6YrGA/w640-h174/03%20metilamina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de metilamina.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ N-metilmetanamina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSE4NitIFIYXJvla2OZSiAdz2bGGRHHzhXx0lsWsrVJTUEdpI2Y6qC1y0tgDS82Mi6fgXtNJUoTHhX1IsFk3XWZhhDtqcBx2S8xox1TCiUtW3hBjjhpCU2zEH2KuTcqp764ipBLkil4CMXYTpCK-5GUV3DGtuM-ZK7xcwqWyTdNKKwSJjmmIG3Dyncjg/s494/04%20dimetilamina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="131" data-original-width="494" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSE4NitIFIYXJvla2OZSiAdz2bGGRHHzhXx0lsWsrVJTUEdpI2Y6qC1y0tgDS82Mi6fgXtNJUoTHhX1IsFk3XWZhhDtqcBx2S8xox1TCiUtW3hBjjhpCU2zEH2KuTcqp764ipBLkil4CMXYTpCK-5GUV3DGtuM-ZK7xcwqWyTdNKKwSJjmmIG3Dyncjg/w640-h170/04%20dimetilamina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de dimetilamina.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ N,N-dimetilamina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL_LafXLHAdzaJs_X6b5YYEsMBE9MPjUELvWkQrmPhumQEvagYkAP8FksYhdApareMJFN8UBoAckOFHM9tmNhTWFOoLOEWLx23qV5rrEilrcVXjS0TYKtV-msaVHd7xae2ZsS9fS6A6SPot0YQZxQlaeQHQrN4DK-tGoPXthknFfuoTOMJDjmsRXiJQA/s449/05%20trimetilamina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="222" data-original-width="449" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL_LafXLHAdzaJs_X6b5YYEsMBE9MPjUELvWkQrmPhumQEvagYkAP8FksYhdApareMJFN8UBoAckOFHM9tmNhTWFOoLOEWLx23qV5rrEilrcVXjS0TYKtV-msaVHd7xae2ZsS9fS6A6SPot0YQZxQlaeQHQrN4DK-tGoPXthknFfuoTOMJDjmsRXiJQA/w640-h316/05%20trimetilamina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de trimetilamina. Os três exemplos apresentados são responsáveis pelo odor característico dos peixes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_YOc5wQlx5l9ZwFK47O37w2XkVDnXaVgpu5Jm6Sr2nr2WmnWlD3ZyMURNIzcJdPg6JcG9D9fgsKggDnlHgSx1JFg8RA_sEd1gB_lp4uzYL9aJkzaw4uIsGnZVaLOYtjD4wmGWMJFX1TySrK9IyTitNO3QXWlG5offZ0_RKMHhRaYcHPev0zfgEXIzpQ/s879/06%20peixes.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="879" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_YOc5wQlx5l9ZwFK47O37w2XkVDnXaVgpu5Jm6Sr2nr2WmnWlD3ZyMURNIzcJdPg6JcG9D9fgsKggDnlHgSx1JFg8RA_sEd1gB_lp4uzYL9aJkzaw4uIsGnZVaLOYtjD4wmGWMJFX1TySrK9IyTitNO3QXWlG5offZ0_RKMHhRaYcHPev0zfgEXIzpQ/w640-h436/06%20peixes.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">metilamina, dimetilamina e trimetilamina</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Note que podemos tratar as cadeias carbônicas ligadas ao nitrogênio como ramos na nomenclatura usual. Na da IUPAC devemos escolher uma delas para ser a principal e tratar o nitrogênio como um carbono da cadeia principal, atribuindo a ele um "N" no lugar de um número. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ benzenamina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS65PmPwXPm1zvxmzQXnFJ9k5baLQ383yuiyP-sWRKHEAFV7fNsaKLx8BNDHag0MDDbLkpiDeMOTUUBBQGLE-DmdcJHMpz-3D6ij0KFtioh0GIHRXfUYq4JF9mUZAu3G1IdngByWg6rrjMV_8g79bH8sPk952qQj93oKiIRSE_wCklsuriBUS-Oaxdxw/s473/07%20anilina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="231" data-original-width="473" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS65PmPwXPm1zvxmzQXnFJ9k5baLQ383yuiyP-sWRKHEAFV7fNsaKLx8BNDHag0MDDbLkpiDeMOTUUBBQGLE-DmdcJHMpz-3D6ij0KFtioh0GIHRXfUYq4JF9mUZAu3G1IdngByWg6rrjMV_8g79bH8sPk952qQj93oKiIRSE_wCklsuriBUS-Oaxdxw/w640-h312/07%20anilina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de anilina, é uma amina aromática identificada no anil e hoje retirada do carvão de pedra.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVdxwBX-tsKJuea2TwTXXM31JWN-h6IXpb1Tt-CkBicpf3s79QgR-fonEDeoIAX9ZkLPTZ7suh-LsvSrDP1omIvr4BLO6dEOC_DcmqTxwm0S3fdTqe3M1G-kfFWAlbwVs28Qh0kqPSQRXeuLmNzHkZJ86H5k_vkYW-j9HYXGxR2AihJhNXaNWyEaTZEQ/s246/08%20corantes%20(anilina).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="192" data-original-width="246" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVdxwBX-tsKJuea2TwTXXM31JWN-h6IXpb1Tt-CkBicpf3s79QgR-fonEDeoIAX9ZkLPTZ7suh-LsvSrDP1omIvr4BLO6dEOC_DcmqTxwm0S3fdTqe3M1G-kfFWAlbwVs28Qh0kqPSQRXeuLmNzHkZJ86H5k_vkYW-j9HYXGxR2AihJhNXaNWyEaTZEQ/w640-h500/08%20corantes%20(anilina).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">¬ butano-1,4-diamina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh73N5Si-6OCheExRQ5X8BUfvJf9Jl84O7xQbUtKMNNw_zLrrdBSzq942RRtnk2OT5-1WSPbnw23NZpMs6o5Nt1yyjhQE18IcVt9gLBzK7IEOCZKNaCCQC7tB6CkZG24hYGaCBzLxrV-Wd7iZ49Su5xVaK76Ib4_klycdMMPCDjNn9_2hxc4PqiNV1oEw/s726/09%20putrescina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="726" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh73N5Si-6OCheExRQ5X8BUfvJf9Jl84O7xQbUtKMNNw_zLrrdBSzq942RRtnk2OT5-1WSPbnw23NZpMs6o5Nt1yyjhQE18IcVt9gLBzK7IEOCZKNaCCQC7tB6CkZG24hYGaCBzLxrV-Wd7iZ49Su5xVaK76Ib4_klycdMMPCDjNn9_2hxc4PqiNV1oEw/w640-h142/09%20putrescina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de putrescina, é uma diamina de cadeia aberta e saturada.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ pentano-1,5-diamina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIoV3Zz9xZTyYRtSJr4B4zLPmnihU30IaEGLwnkr8x5BsS1tTqEnVLvP07jePLgfC7lslTMO-dsJAUrt9dP3WsI9cg3h-ST3AEXVXD3ENQv-49AEVFwth3nY-KPEFkIs5wt-jAJnjFGxsw_VRd07gFzQAdbyR7IzAW2K5uZW7cqgdH0yIrJUCu1a9GeA/s831/10%20cadaverina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="121" data-original-width="831" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIoV3Zz9xZTyYRtSJr4B4zLPmnihU30IaEGLwnkr8x5BsS1tTqEnVLvP07jePLgfC7lslTMO-dsJAUrt9dP3WsI9cg3h-ST3AEXVXD3ENQv-49AEVFwth3nY-KPEFkIs5wt-jAJnjFGxsw_VRd07gFzQAdbyR7IzAW2K5uZW7cqgdH0yIrJUCu1a9GeA/w640-h94/10%20cadaverina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de cadaverina, é uma diamina de cadeia aberta e saturada. Como deve imginar, ela e a putrescina são encontrada em organismos em decomposição, são responsáveis pelo odor fétido deles.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDj3MopZpipiXBxQAIpHi3bRrSl3SkyjEFfxYT3kxojoXsL7W-pzzLs-_UB9fYgDLgKwe5dk6r4fF-GUfIir8FIskGs3UNkf_L0mYb2OckGkWNwIYdWK59q_y3H5lolFV6Fal3rCh-wHQnf6mWJjB2CETZSAuJ-3GwvxVUYyLK03gWzUbJgoOTiBfKPQ/s1280/11%20cad%C3%A1ver.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="850" data-original-width="1280" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDj3MopZpipiXBxQAIpHi3bRrSl3SkyjEFfxYT3kxojoXsL7W-pzzLs-_UB9fYgDLgKwe5dk6r4fF-GUfIir8FIskGs3UNkf_L0mYb2OckGkWNwIYdWK59q_y3H5lolFV6Fal3rCh-wHQnf6mWJjB2CETZSAuJ-3GwvxVUYyLK03gWzUbJgoOTiBfKPQ/w640-h426/11%20cad%C3%A1ver.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A partir de agora eu apresentarei algumas aminas "famosas" por motivos diversos e seus nomes IUPAC não serão citados.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ coniina:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVOEGCF6Rk-JOE-W2co_YcLSyz-46wip2YJzxP6ll7S9ZQpH5VCTzh0jcBU7SKgHVTbmqw2uTeAejtEMzqm-17Cr4IjqIfZvySagNhrL8vOWuFJjIk-lhIDacso_rwrRODOygpstrgVZlCgo79upI2mT0_ULL1l6eQKM4CEZmuEP0BX3-Ds6uAf3AC0A/s519/12%20coniina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="519" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVOEGCF6Rk-JOE-W2co_YcLSyz-46wip2YJzxP6ll7S9ZQpH5VCTzh0jcBU7SKgHVTbmqw2uTeAejtEMzqm-17Cr4IjqIfZvySagNhrL8vOWuFJjIk-lhIDacso_rwrRODOygpstrgVZlCgo79upI2mT0_ULL1l6eQKM4CEZmuEP0BX3-Ds6uAf3AC0A/w640-h494/12%20coniina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É encontrada na conium maculatum.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEyh1L-rUFbGZfqBNYe0er2ocBvO-mP7eVt5pmd5dbelUEMkUwVuxrzoSsmDPKUY8kHO1zRudR32eM-TCqAYiY9FpWZPu1xlMvSRgkkojavF3lKTAZ32d0zb4O5cxBJBvued4vjhHrLeqp47-XVH0vFXUqZ5ERI_mEFlsifUDq93140omMMalIyv_Bjw/s640/13%20Conium%20maculatum%20(coniina).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="640" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEyh1L-rUFbGZfqBNYe0er2ocBvO-mP7eVt5pmd5dbelUEMkUwVuxrzoSsmDPKUY8kHO1zRudR32eM-TCqAYiY9FpWZPu1xlMvSRgkkojavF3lKTAZ32d0zb4O5cxBJBvued4vjhHrLeqp47-XVH0vFXUqZ5ERI_mEFlsifUDq93140omMMalIyv_Bjw/w640-h482/13%20Conium%20maculatum%20(coniina).jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de cicuta, dela se faz um veneno poderoso. Veneno este que já foi usado para matar um filósofo conhecido.</span><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYO9e83TGNHf29qrAhoQqN-EWgyjxBXrmCdte-y-YpYhcGPpOCz9YtMI335CdsLOi6INEiF1W8WfelQm-EQJ8V7ZrauONgAAT6ADjUmgIdvFtyJp--g2AexGFQfUFX52m4KTDaNAf_rNpkUrRPl336SokyTtWYcIdCUuEVw96BjD7dJWztc2pn6g3kAQ/s1200/14%20morte%20S%C3%B3crates%20(coniina).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="1200" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYO9e83TGNHf29qrAhoQqN-EWgyjxBXrmCdte-y-YpYhcGPpOCz9YtMI335CdsLOi6INEiF1W8WfelQm-EQJ8V7ZrauONgAAT6ADjUmgIdvFtyJp--g2AexGFQfUFX52m4KTDaNAf_rNpkUrRPl336SokyTtWYcIdCUuEVw96BjD7dJWztc2pn6g3kAQ/w640-h334/14%20morte%20S%C3%B3crates%20(coniina).jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Sócrates, pouco antes de partir... ao menos assim retrataram.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ adrenalina:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_t-OSJLhVkJgvqOTDgZCnih1rK204DDlaTtyA0SAGpwe1BCjFoB_8OndjvHbTeOmTtB42Vb42RmoH7_FlCKzN5DtXMll9yqXZUCcyUsVgvOpBLngHR6Ho0RY6Thps2GSlTilYR1Stl-m0wne6XqkRJJlZX3Z9VX54xroZBfXtlkGaEogWjQFFdADoIQ/s815/15%20adrenalina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="815" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_t-OSJLhVkJgvqOTDgZCnih1rK204DDlaTtyA0SAGpwe1BCjFoB_8OndjvHbTeOmTtB42Vb42RmoH7_FlCKzN5DtXMll9yqXZUCcyUsVgvOpBLngHR6Ho0RY6Thps2GSlTilYR1Stl-m0wne6XqkRJJlZX3Z9VX54xroZBfXtlkGaEogWjQFFdADoIQ/w640-h342/15%20adrenalina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ela é produzida nas glândulas suprarrenais e é liberada em condições de exercício físico ou em respostas a alguma ameaça física ou psicológica ao organismo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNN4_9nK3fP3owUd-CMq47QJWNcCEKxHDkQH5J1cHd_2BcqB-BC2yccJvtaARFTQeJwfXTIGV86HlwduW-NNZSu2nBw0Rs0MgJewZ1wz-_6HIjMUNU8bFjWSuZKruGDgGqbmdX78RghWekGrx_oTduPSbz6iG6cjHAJzJ8Gb39T2Y1IaxL2PZAs5zJMw/s1558/16%20adrenalina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="1558" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNN4_9nK3fP3owUd-CMq47QJWNcCEKxHDkQH5J1cHd_2BcqB-BC2yccJvtaARFTQeJwfXTIGV86HlwduW-NNZSu2nBw0Rs0MgJewZ1wz-_6HIjMUNU8bFjWSuZKruGDgGqbmdX78RghWekGrx_oTduPSbz6iG6cjHAJzJ8Gb39T2Y1IaxL2PZAs5zJMw/w640-h204/16%20adrenalina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ adrenalona:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMFSEPx5WMb5X5cpQnVVWP3YNAHjhGjsKhCPSBBvzisKR9qB7TtdfmIb4w5FvaRBUFHN9Dw-z3yfUwDJINDEKE3lf9bdnNiYj2iAb7KH3l9ph_K6XOC8V91sg5RFq7tRReE1BE1oJQVodJGUAgu_ErTc2UOpUpREwLULCS7lktbRMh1v3hzPR-DL2Gw/s818/08%20adrenalona.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="818" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMFSEPx5WMb5X5cpQnVVWP3YNAHjhGjsKhCPSBBvzisKR9qB7TtdfmIb4w5FvaRBUFHN9Dw-z3yfUwDJINDEKE3lf9bdnNiYj2iAb7KH3l9ph_K6XOC8V91sg5RFq7tRReE1BE1oJQVodJGUAgu_ErTc2UOpUpREwLULCS7lktbRMh1v3hzPR-DL2Gw/w640-h344/08%20adrenalona.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É uma molécula análoga à adrenalina, mas com a função cetona no lugar da função álcool. Também apresenta as funções fenol e amina. É usada, entre outras funções, como vasoconstritor, ou seja, ajuda a diminuir o diâmetro interno das artérias.</span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOdlk-BSW0ya2JvoMDyx2TeH3TSJtycp3qUS8Axn7bxQrw9zZ71yPVSQd4_X7dLk9hVFRNRV7zKq03nrKekSqfh9VIVZMyL5Q8o9m1or5K8H-uJ18kq2OhjbPH-NJhV9ugbd1YPdc0O3sV3zW4Vwsu5E41VCgoqudXUxLe5sK0SoV631RT2wSKyRPyAg/s854/vasoconstri%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="854" height="558" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOdlk-BSW0ya2JvoMDyx2TeH3TSJtycp3qUS8Axn7bxQrw9zZ71yPVSQd4_X7dLk9hVFRNRV7zKq03nrKekSqfh9VIVZMyL5Q8o9m1or5K8H-uJ18kq2OhjbPH-NJhV9ugbd1YPdc0O3sV3zW4Vwsu5E41VCgoqudXUxLe5sK0SoV631RT2wSKyRPyAg/w640-h558/vasoconstri%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"></p></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ cocaína:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYee0U3YA_Ihnx-oirs3DWXnXqRHgTiTVmQ3FMkMBCAcc0TcGEx-qztNTvEa5hIq6_eVxM_XTKwbG4rWF73MWSkz-hN0VZrBpowJQLNSS632o2c7sMYKK2s3gS0tX7iUmivDqxfxHIaVatvkjTlCzgzXl11qERqzSX_RgDdd39lQDWcq6fi-_shoxnTg/s831/17%20coca%C3%ADna.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="831" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYee0U3YA_Ihnx-oirs3DWXnXqRHgTiTVmQ3FMkMBCAcc0TcGEx-qztNTvEa5hIq6_eVxM_XTKwbG4rWF73MWSkz-hN0VZrBpowJQLNSS632o2c7sMYKK2s3gS0tX7iUmivDqxfxHIaVatvkjTlCzgzXl11qERqzSX_RgDdd39lQDWcq6fi-_shoxnTg/w640-h512/17%20coca%C3%ADna.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atua como estimulante e apresenta uma série de efeitos colaterais fisiológicos e psicológicos. Já foi usada como anestésico em certos tipos de cirurgias e ingrediente em um tipo de refrigerante muito famoso. Posteriormente ela foi substituída pela cafeína. A cocaína vem de uma planta chamada erythroxylum coca.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiaeWOXvdzKtmujT-5x1s3E-Wkc_m-jbi-x9AQobBwJuC2GTYG_6NV_Gkxhvckc-QAre6dXktWtw8m2eY4CbKLNuhnh547jKmDIyIluR11FMKeApuzUiUNSMNwNqXPjd34wnAL7hR6xYEUoaSnooitnbRnYr-PNTsR_P3z0mkmSxs_r4_BARchLz85wA/s1280/18%20Erythroxylum%20coca%20(coca%C3%ADna).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiaeWOXvdzKtmujT-5x1s3E-Wkc_m-jbi-x9AQobBwJuC2GTYG_6NV_Gkxhvckc-QAre6dXktWtw8m2eY4CbKLNuhnh547jKmDIyIluR11FMKeApuzUiUNSMNwNqXPjd34wnAL7hR6xYEUoaSnooitnbRnYr-PNTsR_P3z0mkmSxs_r4_BARchLz85wA/w640-h480/18%20Erythroxylum%20coca%20(coca%C3%ADna).jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ indol e escatol:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjt8bDawaLDvjqBkumyer9j1DYGGE7b5ejHQbNci5ZXjsCJB1DVZb6n9xVXggljVHHs6wxBOkDLgVw3AJSux3X1csyivev7WOgzZH-a-R8JOfVgTQnl-Mosdv3zlSI-py9WWWJPqptApvk61iyeIqeGG0KTR5PekDUBWw6H3OVwfcspb2aS0buEpVATw/s931/19%20Indol%20e%20Escatol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="462" data-original-width="931" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjt8bDawaLDvjqBkumyer9j1DYGGE7b5ejHQbNci5ZXjsCJB1DVZb6n9xVXggljVHHs6wxBOkDLgVw3AJSux3X1csyivev7WOgzZH-a-R8JOfVgTQnl-Mosdv3zlSI-py9WWWJPqptApvk61iyeIqeGG0KTR5PekDUBWw6H3OVwfcspb2aS0buEpVATw/w640-h318/19%20Indol%20e%20Escatol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">São responsáveis pelo odor característico das fezes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKB5cDOp-9bfDcj-8X-f9QfjuuxGpknSXQsCidlvTQJATaiYT0wYxefXm-cX2UOVCCjET_TNVtAVL7FeQlYFdQAGyLGy5S3Ai6wSxb4t8ojZg0gExEPA_S-RwxmF7OsKoN2jxylC-Vaj4_SbaCf9tcb8bFGmHnpNs4BsqEFG9qO8XX7H7z4uEr2rScgg/s507/20%20fezes%20(indol%20e%20escatol).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="507" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKB5cDOp-9bfDcj-8X-f9QfjuuxGpknSXQsCidlvTQJATaiYT0wYxefXm-cX2UOVCCjET_TNVtAVL7FeQlYFdQAGyLGy5S3Ai6wSxb4t8ojZg0gExEPA_S-RwxmF7OsKoN2jxylC-Vaj4_SbaCf9tcb8bFGmHnpNs4BsqEFG9qO8XX7H7z4uEr2rScgg/s320/20%20fezes%20(indol%20e%20escatol).jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ nicotina:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjhjldpWPjvZR1V8CLlzCnGHbOVTL5VSUWOnKbSfkzgM3Qa9crz_Tu5490RFwPXuRQ9rJQ-NuImO71NFe5cH9u_ZOp6ojdAHVRe8iahMDW77nEtFmeqI91FCRSFgJIYn6KPt-BZTmVW5gQW6u86sGL5M-_WIFpcYicVB71g5DPw0Iu-dFgPz-7Tl23og/s538/21%20nicotina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="538" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjhjldpWPjvZR1V8CLlzCnGHbOVTL5VSUWOnKbSfkzgM3Qa9crz_Tu5490RFwPXuRQ9rJQ-NuImO71NFe5cH9u_ZOp6ojdAHVRe8iahMDW77nEtFmeqI91FCRSFgJIYn6KPt-BZTmVW5gQW6u86sGL5M-_WIFpcYicVB71g5DPw0Iu-dFgPz-7Tl23og/w640-h482/21%20nicotina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A nicotina é encontrada nas folhas de fumo. Depois de ressecada e triturada, seus pedaços são embalados na forma de cigarros.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgahFuIJcP88d-G9L5ktJA5JfS5a3OVpsJd07KKb75JNRIkdPqGgAnB-JIrXdYgFlBF0hF7mUWBBgWceqRgh6mzfCxUlRm60HB-M0KHdFr7quW5cnXTxuSQdBSMmwksVc1GUyn2QOJhFag-JvWlsMiQiuO3jj2KZ1MvqEUXiXX_CLVMWFULGVP-jMYr0g/s1273/22%20folhas%20de%20fumo%20(nicotina).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="1273" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgahFuIJcP88d-G9L5ktJA5JfS5a3OVpsJd07KKb75JNRIkdPqGgAnB-JIrXdYgFlBF0hF7mUWBBgWceqRgh6mzfCxUlRm60HB-M0KHdFr7quW5cnXTxuSQdBSMmwksVc1GUyn2QOJhFag-JvWlsMiQiuO3jj2KZ1MvqEUXiXX_CLVMWFULGVP-jMYr0g/w640-h216/22%20folhas%20de%20fumo%20(nicotina).jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOHfAvt2XfOS6MTtJAugRWcU5IvgeNJEdWAqewpuDju8zMFZQUM3amuyFx62mh0yZ9XT4kfrVSCWupBIh0N7xIiCyUuEc2t4fLH2qACTRVCxsbIMcBkzHe3otVbhbk5gXpsVSHKk_xZsVzxAGeFd5PPUyWZcIo30xl44v6hJAw_OeN11LHqDPBsOTHQQ/s978/23%20cigarro%20(nicotina).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="978" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOHfAvt2XfOS6MTtJAugRWcU5IvgeNJEdWAqewpuDju8zMFZQUM3amuyFx62mh0yZ9XT4kfrVSCWupBIh0N7xIiCyUuEc2t4fLH2qACTRVCxsbIMcBkzHe3otVbhbk5gXpsVSHKk_xZsVzxAGeFd5PPUyWZcIo30xl44v6hJAw_OeN11LHqDPBsOTHQQ/w640-h310/23%20cigarro%20(nicotina).jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ riboflavina:</span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh7NKveg4xPsaO_Yrm6tXyqMm38RBtAN8lkqkJWCVTQUIa0KKlv_Qa56VVc8jyAfpxrvFMC-HEYHiFkvbzM6z4ya9sFXpvyNMq4tQFmO3Vf5Zwl8mAE1dj_NT4rx3-Pufw3bCsY4hnL4Ljy1RM54kc4pF1OSVYs3238KGbJxGbCIUL2vuhP5GNkGLdxA/s970/24%20riboflavina%20ou%20vit%20B2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="970" data-original-width="879" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh7NKveg4xPsaO_Yrm6tXyqMm38RBtAN8lkqkJWCVTQUIa0KKlv_Qa56VVc8jyAfpxrvFMC-HEYHiFkvbzM6z4ya9sFXpvyNMq4tQFmO3Vf5Zwl8mAE1dj_NT4rx3-Pufw3bCsY4hnL4Ljy1RM54kc4pF1OSVYs3238KGbJxGbCIUL2vuhP5GNkGLdxA/w580-h640/24%20riboflavina%20ou%20vit%20B2.jpg" width="580" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamada de vitamina B2, é encontrada em uma série de alimentos.</span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLu8u5N5KDDpdQhiDuTyTJN-Wb2szRDLZTFjW4J-_EZ87JQIdSh50osvltFKhIcpsjQnBHNQ8cBI-ZzSZbdJTe-vhmCrHHbuDoM9bN_-heTGQY1Zklfd_Ul8WOAev90QjNXDp1C1vlHV49sHrPwHhDUmjwUZC7T4MFMqJaAl1le8dEaiQbQjWPqPrrZA/s1024/25%20B2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLu8u5N5KDDpdQhiDuTyTJN-Wb2szRDLZTFjW4J-_EZ87JQIdSh50osvltFKhIcpsjQnBHNQ8cBI-ZzSZbdJTe-vhmCrHHbuDoM9bN_-heTGQY1Zklfd_Ul8WOAev90QjNXDp1C1vlHV49sHrPwHhDUmjwUZC7T4MFMqJaAl1le8dEaiQbQjWPqPrrZA/w640-h426/25%20B2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ vitamina B9:</span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiAFcnMMSDjKYkozF6edK1fjPJE1o_oTKMUmca9FyCxA0s4Nbou0JxmdL_RiDJdVmkQSBoG1XSHd6XxctIlrVMk2g-cDuOHun5LAsotJ3HYKV626TDVL4EpuMusPKlycBrDsAYz3gJkNNmsL02EB_20faTm2VhLqWYY6PyBLT3EVrqnPcM1SpOyfUZ7A/s1568/26%20vitamina%20B9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="1568" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiAFcnMMSDjKYkozF6edK1fjPJE1o_oTKMUmca9FyCxA0s4Nbou0JxmdL_RiDJdVmkQSBoG1XSHd6XxctIlrVMk2g-cDuOHun5LAsotJ3HYKV626TDVL4EpuMusPKlycBrDsAYz3gJkNNmsL02EB_20faTm2VhLqWYY6PyBLT3EVrqnPcM1SpOyfUZ7A/w640-h300/26%20vitamina%20B9.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Note que nem todos os nitrogênios da B9 são grupos funcionais de amina.</span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifHGOYTlHaW04mE_AyBvVMwu6tXJXH3Bq-kndcQKtBes0iV2cMDJMMI-Nj0-IHmuoZ9BzHpj0I--p8S3-K6LjXTT70Ylr-7y-DxHM3ZwCIHHqbS2DhRZshIjEIm2kinsDrWqYuf4mIgdTulsFWWN7hDx7Sz7GQWlRTaydYH25etn46M44hjadepKnsog/s1500/27%20B9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1500" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifHGOYTlHaW04mE_AyBvVMwu6tXJXH3Bq-kndcQKtBes0iV2cMDJMMI-Nj0-IHmuoZ9BzHpj0I--p8S3-K6LjXTT70Ylr-7y-DxHM3ZwCIHHqbS2DhRZshIjEIm2kinsDrWqYuf4mIgdTulsFWWN7hDx7Sz7GQWlRTaydYH25etn46M44hjadepKnsog/w640-h426/27%20B9.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ codeína:</span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrJdEG48mpEg1Odk2PWAxKs-11y9yp7O2Xk_EmraL_KrcZp3u7IUviXUma5LLTYr0DJHbJ_CjSHZZm_vfRSxK0wE7b2dFpjn7VdMs-qLlI_jh9app-2oGdSgjRnAGdY4_hO11yRcHYbE8-KPvflPKlMimzAG6ARZnJ91RmLDhjWgHqYSP7FAJJveTlfg/s736/28%20code%C3%ADna%20(papoula).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="736" height="586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrJdEG48mpEg1Odk2PWAxKs-11y9yp7O2Xk_EmraL_KrcZp3u7IUviXUma5LLTYr0DJHbJ_CjSHZZm_vfRSxK0wE7b2dFpjn7VdMs-qLlI_jh9app-2oGdSgjRnAGdY4_hO11yRcHYbE8-KPvflPKlMimzAG6ARZnJ91RmLDhjWgHqYSP7FAJJveTlfg/w640-h586/28%20code%C3%ADna%20(papoula).jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ morfina:</span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnlt6iKYTjN9tTAkME_YDdEPqNNwy_ipVFtUvzRy6wEz1B5ZG7t5ArJya1WrO7DlrSZmMmWTxGoWHRSiaNLO_xoAzW_gTuAKQ7n61RxugtnOxkCadmAwH7rMV1HZGo-HlhcbAfSQWDWjtnCyBzrf09siNdIXz7x6UZatjpXAAGnCYU0Xk6_Gfr5EB_xg/s726/29%20morfina%20(papoula).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="726" height="594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnlt6iKYTjN9tTAkME_YDdEPqNNwy_ipVFtUvzRy6wEz1B5ZG7t5ArJya1WrO7DlrSZmMmWTxGoWHRSiaNLO_xoAzW_gTuAKQ7n61RxugtnOxkCadmAwH7rMV1HZGo-HlhcbAfSQWDWjtnCyBzrf09siNdIXz7x6UZatjpXAAGnCYU0Xk6_Gfr5EB_xg/w640-h594/29%20morfina%20(papoula).jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ tebaína:</span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOIsqmE7GlyzhI7oiFyMKjungXEv76sXoJZSIKfllikxot0iIPnOw5K2O4B9eQf0G7Hq85ijqJo2W5Tbrdno42SZL26_5ge3m91G4ZYb1xJpANt4eIuV3pMsiQzpIEHzgLvlQWbYZ86-xQq8sV5X0-LErlcGNr6P3Z7QEPqiV98G0fQnQ71uhfHsXjQw/s750/30%20teba%C3%ADna%20(papoula).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="676" data-original-width="750" height="576" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOIsqmE7GlyzhI7oiFyMKjungXEv76sXoJZSIKfllikxot0iIPnOw5K2O4B9eQf0G7Hq85ijqJo2W5Tbrdno42SZL26_5ge3m91G4ZYb1xJpANt4eIuV3pMsiQzpIEHzgLvlQWbYZ86-xQq8sV5X0-LErlcGNr6P3Z7QEPqiV98G0fQnQ71uhfHsXjQw/w640-h576/30%20teba%C3%ADna%20(papoula).jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Todas as três são encontradas na papoula, de onde é retirado o ópio. Por isto são chamadas de opiáceos.</span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4sQlKgk9TBgcxRP3vJePZoMqPNxluc8H1B3qMs6WSmjRodz-XWAZ7WvFqvTYdIv2EHhlDVJXUxUB_mLidUCntsDot2JkpyU6DrJptETy1kQBku-uNSXqCX1dljD9uSykDakqEqK1mKINO2JfAuU6yylOh1T7uqWwSCxsuhvOZDDe0Rfp2Sn8uEeKkRQ/s1473/31%20papoula.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="1473" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4sQlKgk9TBgcxRP3vJePZoMqPNxluc8H1B3qMs6WSmjRodz-XWAZ7WvFqvTYdIv2EHhlDVJXUxUB_mLidUCntsDot2JkpyU6DrJptETy1kQBku-uNSXqCX1dljD9uSykDakqEqK1mKINO2JfAuU6yylOh1T7uqWwSCxsuhvOZDDe0Rfp2Sn8uEeKkRQ/w640-h166/31%20papoula.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ dopamina:</span><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjaPCfI4pyy1lTlcgnWq4eXcNUJ8BEgzFpL6ygyO547lpPjA-L3NfP2MAazqYO5Fq2wLdnN_UW3Gdvi5qduvgDP8mKIHRdiP7GceGS32fTnVKlQqKF3vOwGU7azZArU6R6LSKsf5MCOpiAAWvDz369iLo9H5BgTHkoe6KNjmb_dm3UWj_VkM9sdx5ypg/s803/32%20dopamina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="803" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjaPCfI4pyy1lTlcgnWq4eXcNUJ8BEgzFpL6ygyO547lpPjA-L3NfP2MAazqYO5Fq2wLdnN_UW3Gdvi5qduvgDP8mKIHRdiP7GceGS32fTnVKlQqKF3vOwGU7azZArU6R6LSKsf5MCOpiAAWvDz369iLo9H5BgTHkoe6KNjmb_dm3UWj_VkM9sdx5ypg/w640-h256/32%20dopamina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ serotonina:</span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQhHeY6FBaBq5I_3aQ6wZnRdN6RnRfVT8zApnGXM8wds1jZh49bXScb8pKl1KlfpY1MzGeoVTHt0ZK4zIdssTFGhzukLf-hMoo8QiAUBbZzyNVeP1KEhBwH23Zo3l0sp3NBbHUOxWqa0KTEDgo3uyBbTtuwnza_Oj0FvpxdvwozC4wbVRIaeNjQ64sCA/s792/33%20serotonina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="645" data-original-width="792" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQhHeY6FBaBq5I_3aQ6wZnRdN6RnRfVT8zApnGXM8wds1jZh49bXScb8pKl1KlfpY1MzGeoVTHt0ZK4zIdssTFGhzukLf-hMoo8QiAUBbZzyNVeP1KEhBwH23Zo3l0sp3NBbHUOxWqa0KTEDgo3uyBbTtuwnza_Oj0FvpxdvwozC4wbVRIaeNjQ64sCA/w640-h522/33%20serotonina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ambas são neurotransmissores que atuam no sistema nervoso central.</span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggIbsLDgrNISoKoqQwyo8CeqJJbY3VL2eShIZiWmgLNzlCwagToQgYIqNG-Olz0valK57E6ZsT6KKLXmbB-c-0MnGab0CfDV0nCIYxWLnZmBPGlO4OpUMA4DGfnqslJXOGB2qvbIjOiG5r9lO8EBKp3jmM-kwoTGsTz6KlStRHkRuZlHN81GvhDb69HQ/s403/34%20dopamina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="403" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggIbsLDgrNISoKoqQwyo8CeqJJbY3VL2eShIZiWmgLNzlCwagToQgYIqNG-Olz0valK57E6ZsT6KKLXmbB-c-0MnGab0CfDV0nCIYxWLnZmBPGlO4OpUMA4DGfnqslJXOGB2qvbIjOiG5r9lO8EBKp3jmM-kwoTGsTz6KlStRHkRuZlHN81GvhDb69HQ/w640-h398/34%20dopamina.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ 2-feniletanamina:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfQIgrzpuhOKKOed0Bpe2OjZ2u9aWHjOpiMm-bfTtQiEl3o33XmAs-rNHy8TegPEbbZTc6kqVx9jiXD-loFC3HPgPBFj2537tEZYsVTWhs8xk7wLfAmmaksfTeQuXNDFDm-CS-09tbViE6HK2y8qxEXCagoJz3Tc0U3tbYgxsu0DipBbhF7XXrFhp7aA/s635/35%20feniletilamina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="635" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfQIgrzpuhOKKOed0Bpe2OjZ2u9aWHjOpiMm-bfTtQiEl3o33XmAs-rNHy8TegPEbbZTc6kqVx9jiXD-loFC3HPgPBFj2537tEZYsVTWhs8xk7wLfAmmaksfTeQuXNDFDm-CS-09tbViE6HK2y8qxEXCagoJz3Tc0U3tbYgxsu0DipBbhF7XXrFhp7aA/w640-h300/35%20feniletilamina.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também conhecida por feniletilamina. É componente do cacau e está presente nos chocolates amargos, por estes possuírem maior Teor de cacau.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Gmy9nrgcpze_Mf9m3ACEY-eSREKeUMMV80N80z6qhnSEumkkKPSvMgOa-mAFoKpXIZhvVtJxEPQs3fBs_nPswRoKFXET0K-oHCP52I4gkDXuk-GeYn0OtqgO83TzKsZb6VOWiI1U7ob3wQ-Od_rpQNXQOj-StsNckLBC1jhNOvBwDA39bOTwlmcCXg/s924/36%20choc%20amarg.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="924" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Gmy9nrgcpze_Mf9m3ACEY-eSREKeUMMV80N80z6qhnSEumkkKPSvMgOa-mAFoKpXIZhvVtJxEPQs3fBs_nPswRoKFXET0K-oHCP52I4gkDXuk-GeYn0OtqgO83TzKsZb6VOWiI1U7ob3wQ-Od_rpQNXQOj-StsNckLBC1jhNOvBwDA39bOTwlmcCXg/w640-h426/36%20choc%20amarg.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Assim como a serotonina, é responsável pela sensação de nem estar.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIR9Hz4PdAdG9PBCMGLE0ti_IkvZ0g3bgI1l727n4BZMJkNRA9sd1V6lY2waQjW1xl9w3MXbJsQ89VARI1MthvtFBq_bbr_84e9IRwoCPfYTIrE_3cYS_5n-PAtNk2DoqP5S6iJMnrk5Luv5Tc3zFSfglgsc33v73aAJW28KYpT6ax5kG0ns3SAEEDLQ/s775/37%20bem%20estar%20(serotonina).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="775" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIR9Hz4PdAdG9PBCMGLE0ti_IkvZ0g3bgI1l727n4BZMJkNRA9sd1V6lY2waQjW1xl9w3MXbJsQ89VARI1MthvtFBq_bbr_84e9IRwoCPfYTIrE_3cYS_5n-PAtNk2DoqP5S6iJMnrk5Luv5Tc3zFSfglgsc33v73aAJW28KYpT6ax5kG0ns3SAEEDLQ/w640-h394/37%20bem%20estar%20(serotonina).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ anil, índigo ou indigotina:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1j5QOTtJMPTwvmuJhuimM0zTlglx-xi3mfyi79g4kXk2BpBSHWfkpgJPC9C3Y6Ln8zPXtEUUxapz5z1aNchhHWZMYp3m6RDBmxn5t67gvsSDenJ5dvYI3JDhPjXWc_SgoVXoLrXzDAYzwd7_q1rZYUXQ9X3sfYMpPftUzcli92jalHxOrqDa8Eyr0HA/s936/38%20Anil%20%C3%ADndigo%20ou%20indigotina.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="936" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1j5QOTtJMPTwvmuJhuimM0zTlglx-xi3mfyi79g4kXk2BpBSHWfkpgJPC9C3Y6Ln8zPXtEUUxapz5z1aNchhHWZMYp3m6RDBmxn5t67gvsSDenJ5dvYI3JDhPjXWc_SgoVXoLrXzDAYzwd7_q1rZYUXQ9X3sfYMpPftUzcli92jalHxOrqDa8Eyr0HA/w640-h348/38%20Anil%20%C3%ADndigo%20ou%20indigotina.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Responsável pela cor anil. Observe que ela também é uma cetona.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXZObjNuLZKp7KJ4Ujjucm-iRPyRBEtARtKQHm7DrXEDiNXkxHgUZ7iYh_WoBLgqgz5AWdKjzJsuN11z_oQux60nnauYK-OzeePxzmzbylhhcRj9Mhp0jdWzHwHXQRg26BUrvItllsqgyGrOfqoXJ_Opgmqw-ddrI2C6wYRlTSSiPricI_z3C4SzZHzg/s599/39%20tintura%20anil.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="599" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXZObjNuLZKp7KJ4Ujjucm-iRPyRBEtARtKQHm7DrXEDiNXkxHgUZ7iYh_WoBLgqgz5AWdKjzJsuN11z_oQux60nnauYK-OzeePxzmzbylhhcRj9Mhp0jdWzHwHXQRg26BUrvItllsqgyGrOfqoXJ_Opgmqw-ddrI2C6wYRlTSSiPricI_z3C4SzZHzg/w640-h346/39%20tintura%20anil.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Tem sua origem em plantas como a indigofera anil e a isatis tinctoria, mas a maior parte é obtida do gênero indigofera.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhc8Jrpp8kzhUzztEL0LfvcaibXAawnW4J1gvyRPLN3Gtek62jZa0mtbMX4a1nqPwuK50LXRS3a1qeal8sMqBO-gBsiZAZbIS6oY5kKURay-AxzBFd65CR6PPcz9LGCbukmu3L-yFPvaXZnP2dKatwcEnTu5N6N3ZzMxHilwb4HeGx4BVkTefvOoXPjA/s1540/40%20indigo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="1540" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhc8Jrpp8kzhUzztEL0LfvcaibXAawnW4J1gvyRPLN3Gtek62jZa0mtbMX4a1nqPwuK50LXRS3a1qeal8sMqBO-gBsiZAZbIS6oY5kKURay-AxzBFd65CR6PPcz9LGCbukmu3L-yFPvaXZnP2dKatwcEnTu5N6N3ZzMxHilwb4HeGx4BVkTefvOoXPjA/w640-h212/40%20indigo.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Este foi um resumo sobre as aminas. Tem alguma que você quer ver citada? Ficou com alguma dúvida? Comente aí... até a próxima.</span></div>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-84222438861014766952022-05-09T20:18:00.003-03:002022-05-09T20:18:18.913-03:00Funções orgânicas oxigenadas: anidrido.<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Os anidridos são compostos derivados da reação entre dois grupos carboxilas, veja:<br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj66_lrTa6pXkDCyxJES7DQ9CeU8Vo39ta2b0aZbDGmYMtwSa94ljwZTaJVV759t9RIQpGDzXT-_gQQZMXHu8tjsZNGu9L_sFcufUWZE89JXMHTx1acb_U2944GIrR_iD17qDlSt_-uUGFTJ5P_bnlDbX2alfM_XSKnik0EGuGLVMy_TXYPgsRz9u7LNA/s1748/01%20apres.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="1748" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj66_lrTa6pXkDCyxJES7DQ9CeU8Vo39ta2b0aZbDGmYMtwSa94ljwZTaJVV759t9RIQpGDzXT-_gQQZMXHu8tjsZNGu9L_sFcufUWZE89JXMHTx1acb_U2944GIrR_iD17qDlSt_-uUGFTJ5P_bnlDbX2alfM_XSKnik0EGuGLVMy_TXYPgsRz9u7LNA/w640-h110/01%20apres.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Como é possível observar, a reação ocorre com a perda de uma molécula de água, sendo tratada pela expressão "reação de desidratação". A nomenclatura se dá com a reprodução dos nomes dos ácidos de origem em ordem alfabética, em caso de ambos serem iguais, apenas uma vez o nome é lembrado. Veja os exemplos:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span><a name='more'></a></span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ anidrido metanoico:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkbHTioMaNOG8_HFD-TDUvesAriJ_o3F1KGcB-Wx7iwznzvF_xqCx9GVM1RGi-ItfaIh5uavS88U4zblnTSQ-u6Xm8XeYLvu0MMON2hApPaxt3ahH1hpShhaETuHCVanyr9ebeM_VOqJ1cVruTRHla_k61XYF8jphAtIRJgvOqRJ8Cx_LycgaiR5zuyQ/s478/02%20anid%20met.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="478" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkbHTioMaNOG8_HFD-TDUvesAriJ_o3F1KGcB-Wx7iwznzvF_xqCx9GVM1RGi-ItfaIh5uavS88U4zblnTSQ-u6Xm8XeYLvu0MMON2hApPaxt3ahH1hpShhaETuHCVanyr9ebeM_VOqJ1cVruTRHla_k61XYF8jphAtIRJgvOqRJ8Cx_LycgaiR5zuyQ/w640-h346/02%20anid%20met.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ anidridido etanoico-metanoico:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinnVXrvtzRdKunnLK6yupMSS186tAxz43Vrx_RJ8boZ4Hl8jQVxkgakK6gonZXR6XCBslI6FNaAtMoYL6KDe2AUqquOgi5SV22weH69ZcI6Rz74xHuiERkqvfxw_JUO72-gVwctFh9_uCbRFmTP9Fhm6GklbwUyUB1milXuz4Z7oPhJH_gbkllA4ux5g/s541/03%20ani%20met%20et.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="541" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinnVXrvtzRdKunnLK6yupMSS186tAxz43Vrx_RJ8boZ4Hl8jQVxkgakK6gonZXR6XCBslI6FNaAtMoYL6KDe2AUqquOgi5SV22weH69ZcI6Rz74xHuiERkqvfxw_JUO72-gVwctFh9_uCbRFmTP9Fhm6GklbwUyUB1milXuz4Z7oPhJH_gbkllA4ux5g/w640-h326/03%20ani%20met%20et.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ anidrido etanoico:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYFj2TMCGLHTY8KgtDgVO5-hVLCvetsRRXGdTzJJjN10JTp44I4ryPt0UFsXZn8ZmTspkAPhBDf6Q3t4917XRT3wEfs2VeG2iiarCM9S8MfvgzGUhDr2AuBikJJbUasXLneP-jdO8mlXb65dAQkDqB3-AE0fz2JYLIA08O-XDyj_1P1RgG4ZNbndKl-g/s617/04%20anid%20et.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="617" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYFj2TMCGLHTY8KgtDgVO5-hVLCvetsRRXGdTzJJjN10JTp44I4ryPt0UFsXZn8ZmTspkAPhBDf6Q3t4917XRT3wEfs2VeG2iiarCM9S8MfvgzGUhDr2AuBikJJbUasXLneP-jdO8mlXb65dAQkDqB3-AE0fz2JYLIA08O-XDyj_1P1RgG4ZNbndKl-g/w640-h274/04%20anid%20et.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de anidrido acético, é um reagente amplamente usado em reações orgânicas. Outras aplicações são a de matéria-prima para corantes, perfumes, vernizes, lubrificantes e lacas para aeronaves.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbtx9MTyU9cv9Kp_QD-0qpGKGlj3mP2vp-ca7SXJ79Bz8jH7u75KHouN3CzJOeLhjnzKMW7s9pRn4aFahG7L_SUvs_19PdM6VG0cn0yVcSfPU5C6FlbkoVhIFkgxzI6G7S66DDCfcQBWyQkqW68rMTJlHSEtjUSENbZffNb8qzWey1mIPA14ZNbpfSQ/s475/05%20corantes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="475" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbtx9MTyU9cv9Kp_QD-0qpGKGlj3mP2vp-ca7SXJ79Bz8jH7u75KHouN3CzJOeLhjnzKMW7s9pRn4aFahG7L_SUvs_19PdM6VG0cn0yVcSfPU5C6FlbkoVhIFkgxzI6G7S66DDCfcQBWyQkqW68rMTJlHSEtjUSENbZffNb8qzWey1mIPA14ZNbpfSQ/w640-h486/05%20corantes.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ anidrido butanodioico:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhErdUYS3lXqwUGxuhzLdUf-V4BDzZPSS0vTrf5maPdFWggT7zJbUDpIJMCQ4pi5mDtEezVdTGWIG1l5-0bGj7HHawJtgMiwHev6CmbWJx9W09z71-0B2hJseqzDI3-mC1VPmP6v3QUMwRKzVGUD41XZ3ElwtcwNIENq8DlTStvgIZax_w5OC7sZPW6hw/s481/06%20anid%20succ%C3%ADnico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="418" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhErdUYS3lXqwUGxuhzLdUf-V4BDzZPSS0vTrf5maPdFWggT7zJbUDpIJMCQ4pi5mDtEezVdTGWIG1l5-0bGj7HHawJtgMiwHev6CmbWJx9W09z71-0B2hJseqzDI3-mC1VPmP6v3QUMwRKzVGUD41XZ3ElwtcwNIENq8DlTStvgIZax_w5OC7sZPW6hw/w556-h640/06%20anid%20succ%C3%ADnico.jpg" width="556" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de anidrido succínico, é um intermediário na preparação de fármacos, vitaminas, ésteres e derivados deles. Outro fim é o de produção de polímeros do tipo poliéster insaturado, como aqueles encontrados em piscinas e caixas d'água.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQWYGH3pUobgtCA6r2I3wQfeVaNVEUeYUYycVcU7MLByyFKGQbCZzWx-T8pG50bjDs2XnKzhjHKN_XZX_vGGWLKbYU-4i9WejKDO69OyUVj00egMGz8aT9SIQnWDR9G05KM9BVny-IOYQPAXXzKEbTeQxzPw-H7yhMLCJe1cRlTKdTrunOaeIKZWlEaA/s1000/07%20piscinas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="1000" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQWYGH3pUobgtCA6r2I3wQfeVaNVEUeYUYycVcU7MLByyFKGQbCZzWx-T8pG50bjDs2XnKzhjHKN_XZX_vGGWLKbYU-4i9WejKDO69OyUVj00egMGz8aT9SIQnWDR9G05KM9BVny-IOYQPAXXzKEbTeQxzPw-H7yhMLCJe1cRlTKdTrunOaeIKZWlEaA/w640-h256/07%20piscinas.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ anidrido butenodioico:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuhrmUmz_eSsY8z5ZzD2ObJzKoocPV_fiIr52VXTg35NOLyyTYcVANOnmBkYrezpRDZnEoR2mamBKTjn2cnaqbsbMLtLOoO45oNmLUI-OMFNwtVnh7yUw745VELA7bmEf2DBvn83Xl0LYc0qGSlN_xzgNAY3fvimC_RGy12iBXlwp5J4PyVU6icSML4w/s481/08%20anid%20mal%C3%A9ico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="326" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuhrmUmz_eSsY8z5ZzD2ObJzKoocPV_fiIr52VXTg35NOLyyTYcVANOnmBkYrezpRDZnEoR2mamBKTjn2cnaqbsbMLtLOoO45oNmLUI-OMFNwtVnh7yUw745VELA7bmEf2DBvn83Xl0LYc0qGSlN_xzgNAY3fvimC_RGy12iBXlwp5J4PyVU6icSML4w/w434-h640/08%20anid%20mal%C3%A9ico.jpg" width="434" /></span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de anidrido maléico, assim como o succínico, ele é usado na fabricação de poliésteres, copolímeros e plastificantes. Outra finalidade é a produção de aditivos para óleos lubrificantes, herbicidas, inseticidas, fungicidas e cola para papel.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Este é um resumo sobre os anidridos. Ficou alguma dúvida? Comente aí... até a próxima.</span></div>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-57342183811102792102022-05-09T15:05:00.009-03:002022-05-14T11:57:03.504-03:00Funções orgânicas oxigenadas: éster.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Os ésteres são resultado a reação entre ácido carboxílico e uma função orgânica de uma das três a seguir: álcool, fenol e enol. Elas têm em comum o grupo hidroxila. Resumimos esta reação da seguinte forma:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh05HmEfNFFT1wpDTri4Zz0L3PWzvBeRWNmbABHsrhPYRJ9482Wl7YK83GtuLG5yjaPHxERI3kcFIrAQZ76G72ul1xIeI1dBeYG0oyOm3q9wrd8yNwg2MJCLoVoTtiBogPu4th_UGE3qvBUmkRUguwi56-kXQMlXqSgwmVkiAHxthY4ADZj0Cxzr3w6oQ/s1288/01%20reac.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="1288" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh05HmEfNFFT1wpDTri4Zz0L3PWzvBeRWNmbABHsrhPYRJ9482Wl7YK83GtuLG5yjaPHxERI3kcFIrAQZ76G72ul1xIeI1dBeYG0oyOm3q9wrd8yNwg2MJCLoVoTtiBogPu4th_UGE3qvBUmkRUguwi56-kXQMlXqSgwmVkiAHxthY4ADZj0Cxzr3w6oQ/w640-h150/01%20reac.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">reação de esterificação</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Note que R₁ é parte da cadeia de origem do ácido carboxílico e R₂ é parte da cadeia de origem do composto hidroxilado, seja ele álcool, fenol ou enol. Esta reação também é conhecida por reação de esterificação. Ésteres são conhecidos por serem largamente utilizados como flavorizantes, ou seja, por conferirem cheiro e sabor artificialmente a diversos produtos, como chicletes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A nomenclatura do éster é a mais complicada até o momento entre as funções apresentadas. Nela, o sufixo ICO do ácido é substituído por ATO, semelhante aos sais, a parte da cadeia com origem na hidroxila é tratada como um ramo com letra "a" de sufixo. Veja os exemplos:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ metanoato de metila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggqw8fIkEg-Jd-fhtUqTYxKpdge-lQrX-ByhN4HJYzgf-Jkr1Vd1tU2ZkTTbubVjle9aQ81TJfqqvpDUueh_RBWnoIz0OoWNTkYiZI2sgb8YeTdYPM89C4wledBQrJ0OKQfakyw8Ob_IncFSuEUIXeo6QZy6zzW25l9PCoKzKDGmzo176FVl_tNRr5Cg/s1239/02%20metanoato%20de%20metila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="1239" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggqw8fIkEg-Jd-fhtUqTYxKpdge-lQrX-ByhN4HJYzgf-Jkr1Vd1tU2ZkTTbubVjle9aQ81TJfqqvpDUueh_RBWnoIz0OoWNTkYiZI2sgb8YeTdYPM89C4wledBQrJ0OKQfakyw8Ob_IncFSuEUIXeo6QZy6zzW25l9PCoKzKDGmzo176FVl_tNRr5Cg/w640-h154/02%20metanoato%20de%20metila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Ácido metanoico e metanol são, nesta ordem, os nomes dos reagentes. O éster produzido é metanoato de metila, também conhecido por formiato de metila.<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬metanoato de etila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-odAIxrmngoObuMwEYN7_Ah8PkBZvCGSWydsl-ecvJyEfSiCxAcoW6hidBDOLzWk56EuhKBj4UKmWkazGIyTzhlrsjDRzt_tpfTox2l4z5I1HfsquX4TSfxPRZu_przNPU7X3-qnPPfI0yfjesbPYVXMosVN-XA56jpVIlh7qC2KhYsbi9KoNUZRUVw/s629/03%20metanoato%20de%20etila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="629" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-odAIxrmngoObuMwEYN7_Ah8PkBZvCGSWydsl-ecvJyEfSiCxAcoW6hidBDOLzWk56EuhKBj4UKmWkazGIyTzhlrsjDRzt_tpfTox2l4z5I1HfsquX4TSfxPRZu_przNPU7X3-qnPPfI0yfjesbPYVXMosVN-XA56jpVIlh7qC2KhYsbi9KoNUZRUVw/w640-h306/03%20metanoato%20de%20etila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É usado para conferir sabor artificial de framboesa.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ndtiXz9CYPmrJl5R_1hEc4WJ9CdORiNDhhzQH5T0DU74btCyqbPfgUloL5WOte8gdQ8MyfhjHn-cbskuyXGL0S5m1GsfDOmAFksfNB6ZoVur9ASORtCSy-jCERa0gvIv3pzbM2oecvEO6ABexd3XMRrnZI9ByPBUHxsBSpH-KvCtlHWwfNCUArgTZw/s464/03%20framboesa.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="464" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ndtiXz9CYPmrJl5R_1hEc4WJ9CdORiNDhhzQH5T0DU74btCyqbPfgUloL5WOte8gdQ8MyfhjHn-cbskuyXGL0S5m1GsfDOmAFksfNB6ZoVur9ASORtCSy-jCERa0gvIv3pzbM2oecvEO6ABexd3XMRrnZI9ByPBUHxsBSpH-KvCtlHWwfNCUArgTZw/w640-h536/03%20framboesa.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ etanoato de metila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieHA0r4f9CtYEad6kzP7VxCzgp9aE9W8snp-ceklfsp26T87gtcdIKEnJD9zKBOyzZvb4O_RKM1w2ZQAK5UDJJ-l4WUJHA3Berm7rLeBy55Gf8VUfGdV7GfAatSMObCQC5T8IvsxovbJn0PHhzTRuFtmOqf7XNoTjcXmWs-9z2pGOH45kDjb3vhJNN1w/s503/04%20etanoato%20de%20metila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="503" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieHA0r4f9CtYEad6kzP7VxCzgp9aE9W8snp-ceklfsp26T87gtcdIKEnJD9zKBOyzZvb4O_RKM1w2ZQAK5UDJJ-l4WUJHA3Berm7rLeBy55Gf8VUfGdV7GfAatSMObCQC5T8IvsxovbJn0PHhzTRuFtmOqf7XNoTjcXmWs-9z2pGOH45kDjb3vhJNN1w/w640-h376/04%20etanoato%20de%20metila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de acetato de metila, é usado como solvente na composição de tintas, colas e vernizes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8NzzwKi1Nuvd60JBANSiViMA82mMR-sF_iU8h2s7zYfdPJmV81Z86ZRqQDtGncJHWeTSDYPxqq5JtTHbyFtywJhb9z3DF26wO8DXjWhCakn1HCT225P19hxK8u5njJvFOiKxR4rDpgzjpPhW5xry3RKMyCZzxNdd-JalNVS-a6qoH9ezhlg9bM6T72w/s828/06%20etanoato%20de%20metila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="828" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8NzzwKi1Nuvd60JBANSiViMA82mMR-sF_iU8h2s7zYfdPJmV81Z86ZRqQDtGncJHWeTSDYPxqq5JtTHbyFtywJhb9z3DF26wO8DXjWhCakn1HCT225P19hxK8u5njJvFOiKxR4rDpgzjpPhW5xry3RKMyCZzxNdd-JalNVS-a6qoH9ezhlg9bM6T72w/w640-h370/06%20etanoato%20de%20metila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ etanoato de etila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIHmdCFR0ao-R5iJc43gjcjdTA8GjrpWTbGkGGyN3pLylc5jWOIPdwMjy0o0Qry-qveVV0KnF8gsLaWzEFA8s34RaErPK83MhRJmQdAaJSYSJ7mrnQGompTOlu_9PotqIT9aR8c08DoBe2rWlW1bK1n0uDbwsZefMieXmxtoufMp3lFYg-A_gbvFnmEA/s711/07%20etanoato%20de%20etila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="711" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIHmdCFR0ao-R5iJc43gjcjdTA8GjrpWTbGkGGyN3pLylc5jWOIPdwMjy0o0Qry-qveVV0KnF8gsLaWzEFA8s34RaErPK83MhRJmQdAaJSYSJ7mrnQGompTOlu_9PotqIT9aR8c08DoBe2rWlW1bK1n0uDbwsZefMieXmxtoufMp3lFYg-A_gbvFnmEA/w640-h270/07%20etanoato%20de%20etila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de acetato de etila. Além de ser usado como solvente para os mesmos fins que o acetato de metila, também é usado na conservação de insetos em coleções entomológicas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMeSdkScmRA6p1lnv5YBfTeOzl4wGLzzb0UzoxFGxoSI-n-DeOJ_-o6wfn4nWqROjkF0NWFotUEmwDKk_E32vQ1eIutq_zBlnWu5AMNcpsdhInXrkhorjULNIfzHhYQ6hGXqk2OmkMGgUGHdamHKIGkxG20ibAPZ7g8PQJzO2K7AsOQlhUEhiwquQq0g/s1024/08%20etanoato%20de%20etila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="1024" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMeSdkScmRA6p1lnv5YBfTeOzl4wGLzzb0UzoxFGxoSI-n-DeOJ_-o6wfn4nWqROjkF0NWFotUEmwDKk_E32vQ1eIutq_zBlnWu5AMNcpsdhInXrkhorjULNIfzHhYQ6hGXqk2OmkMGgUGHdamHKIGkxG20ibAPZ7g8PQJzO2K7AsOQlhUEhiwquQq0g/w640-h484/08%20etanoato%20de%20etila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ etanoato de prop-1-ila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinkw51mSDOgr3l3deZTKdxBpbsPparcub7cEazFhQW6Uv_2q8bQfxDLb05kFIYOMP8q7uxB0W9uZz43GvC71KHsXU5R6CvYgLLYzmw6iVFDLBPr0XIevZ8S-Vwopj5RDSL0vY1wfMF6gICnm8NtILzcJBNCoWvOW6NOadavARPEe-UF5XmZejZqK-Epw/s526/09%20acetato%20de%20propila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="526" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinkw51mSDOgr3l3deZTKdxBpbsPparcub7cEazFhQW6Uv_2q8bQfxDLb05kFIYOMP8q7uxB0W9uZz43GvC71KHsXU5R6CvYgLLYzmw6iVFDLBPr0XIevZ8S-Vwopj5RDSL0vY1wfMF6gICnm8NtILzcJBNCoWvOW6NOadavARPEe-UF5XmZejZqK-Epw/w640-h322/09%20acetato%20de%20propila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de acetato de propila, é flavorizante de pera.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8xc6-QKnlhXRalz3W92g6LfG7Meb-CN4eQ5PHdIVoQNRn-dwK6hM8C5R_Y8W4Y_tImpjiTHn_YSeUQWHQHjBSwpfWZMpKNddPORPUxrdxYHP7Id8wdWazqt_NCn7CcDBXbP9VL3IHSHhfrUm4nLB20_vlcL_03VH4Nk8fvEzbM9Q_rAKE8-ORr5lg1Q/s1116/10%20acetato%20de%20propila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="837" data-original-width="1116" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8xc6-QKnlhXRalz3W92g6LfG7Meb-CN4eQ5PHdIVoQNRn-dwK6hM8C5R_Y8W4Y_tImpjiTHn_YSeUQWHQHjBSwpfWZMpKNddPORPUxrdxYHP7Id8wdWazqt_NCn7CcDBXbP9VL3IHSHhfrUm4nLB20_vlcL_03VH4Nk8fvEzbM9Q_rAKE8-ORr5lg1Q/w640-h480/10%20acetato%20de%20propila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ etanoato de 3-metilbut-1-ila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvKSqoLXK1pbyGSIkVJDzpeN13gqrqKmcQV5TSg2Iy_HxK198YSTuhS9806lJKoX5Q_UABP_6t0ZkKhLqoOvPSTCTlMxvJiGRjh4HaeYSb_Dhbmy8xBceeWDvEdbfq6wNAj6Hrbm2WMAp6DMJeNnzVz6Fvl-0_mJlb79K7FaZzsc3QnUcOHqfHcJTIXw/s633/11%20acetato%20de%20isoamila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="633" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvKSqoLXK1pbyGSIkVJDzpeN13gqrqKmcQV5TSg2Iy_HxK198YSTuhS9806lJKoX5Q_UABP_6t0ZkKhLqoOvPSTCTlMxvJiGRjh4HaeYSb_Dhbmy8xBceeWDvEdbfq6wNAj6Hrbm2WMAp6DMJeNnzVz6Fvl-0_mJlb79K7FaZzsc3QnUcOHqfHcJTIXw/w640-h254/11%20acetato%20de%20isoamila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de acetato de isoamila, é flavorizante de banana.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2v1Sv8pujC1MhjJHIC0t3dee7uWNQu4Ss3qw0IHWhx_wzE44syyC-Ntkv_9zOtBakjZeZ14vNye9IOt0CbBPZJJLwit5nkdDBWokWQvKV6zThwWpgRVXUYdcYemmNIuQsrmb8txYiHOmkgCdTS4uuMXiF82lwmtF2DsaFcP8gbFU0TnpnWQKtTjU8rA/s660/12%20acetato%20de%20isoamila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="660" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2v1Sv8pujC1MhjJHIC0t3dee7uWNQu4Ss3qw0IHWhx_wzE44syyC-Ntkv_9zOtBakjZeZ14vNye9IOt0CbBPZJJLwit5nkdDBWokWQvKV6zThwWpgRVXUYdcYemmNIuQsrmb8txYiHOmkgCdTS4uuMXiF82lwmtF2DsaFcP8gbFU0TnpnWQKtTjU8rA/w640-h360/12%20acetato%20de%20isoamila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ etanoato de octila<br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Cmlz7QC1wrBQJSYcLuFJsHR_lsNEj5SNpQAs8ij3t8kbheiPpdjloVYGDUTqQarG9PneDNgegDjWZwHUu1naJEYl2O0cJ8FZh81d_brsc8UtZDyPbJVQ2au4yN6KGJeNTyvvI-owZfVgOFesXIy40MffmGZ1G-aNA2ErhKBzuHU1P7EEtXql9JTjSA/s1032/13%20acetato%20de%20octila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="1032" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Cmlz7QC1wrBQJSYcLuFJsHR_lsNEj5SNpQAs8ij3t8kbheiPpdjloVYGDUTqQarG9PneDNgegDjWZwHUu1naJEYl2O0cJ8FZh81d_brsc8UtZDyPbJVQ2au4yN6KGJeNTyvvI-owZfVgOFesXIy40MffmGZ1G-aNA2ErhKBzuHU1P7EEtXql9JTjSA/w640-h164/13%20acetato%20de%20octila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de acetato de oct-1-ila, é flavorizante de laranja.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBvfxog4pd8QHyCqUEuH32RT_njCJl7lfFy25EO4PtLAbNMde7SvaZpD0_PJpKkK81N0Q-U65N6I_4U9f3-RjIvBOB32Ulre4GVWLabkRzzRcNH1r9sxRAjnjwGhjL4TWlNcHRC39QVF_PixuzqDDzm9O9RZRx1f1menrqtOp_igmN41g06Y5D2ZoMNQ/s1239/14%20acetato%20de%20octila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="596" data-original-width="1239" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBvfxog4pd8QHyCqUEuH32RT_njCJl7lfFy25EO4PtLAbNMde7SvaZpD0_PJpKkK81N0Q-U65N6I_4U9f3-RjIvBOB32Ulre4GVWLabkRzzRcNH1r9sxRAjnjwGhjL4TWlNcHRC39QVF_PixuzqDDzm9O9RZRx1f1menrqtOp_igmN41g06Y5D2ZoMNQ/w640-h308/14%20acetato%20de%20octila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ pentanoato de etila:<br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDqB8jCiRv6c1X-SwB1IBZeVEMB4852wgIo7VlJY_E_CmUADe0DyKadbOckjA8UATeAKL2wcYj8Uiyp10b364jVmLJYsVwnMdflV4ofsQfY7l7mVgryD54DYcbBp6IG0hpOP8lViSkM3UcDX6ejHi--gg2_yBWyflVz4lIslugDItoAkWhfKps0tSohQ/s725/15%20pentanoato%20de%20etila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="725" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDqB8jCiRv6c1X-SwB1IBZeVEMB4852wgIo7VlJY_E_CmUADe0DyKadbOckjA8UATeAKL2wcYj8Uiyp10b364jVmLJYsVwnMdflV4ofsQfY7l7mVgryD54DYcbBp6IG0hpOP8lViSkM3UcDX6ejHi--gg2_yBWyflVz4lIslugDItoAkWhfKps0tSohQ/w640-h234/15%20pentanoato%20de%20etila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É flavorizante de maçã.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuhp8xOO5Yp3L4E2prAckZwBUYgAmMkwr_9aREPlBRUUvtPb_sn5w8YKXPCOKeB5l9WNAJBk08isZsYcWCScKF0QJI-nUyer3xkU91pVXj8RTGDcukUvwKdpxclt8Ts1xaQK1M0j-GPF9RJPLE_KIe-5tVyB3r-fiJiLqmAPrrWDRj5K7rU3bT_PuG6w/s639/16%20pentanoato%20de%20etila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="639" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuhp8xOO5Yp3L4E2prAckZwBUYgAmMkwr_9aREPlBRUUvtPb_sn5w8YKXPCOKeB5l9WNAJBk08isZsYcWCScKF0QJI-nUyer3xkU91pVXj8RTGDcukUvwKdpxclt8Ts1xaQK1M0j-GPF9RJPLE_KIe-5tVyB3r-fiJiLqmAPrrWDRj5K7rU3bT_PuG6w/w640-h480/16%20pentanoato%20de%20etila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ hexanoato de prop-1-ila:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6DcrSOhwikrN1ctT1Ts5h605RIkSIVKBtkMqoupJYF2Z7fKzTBIQWnrasLxvrERD_-7K6-q9_YGgoLLCstPXJm2yU2acCHl2g1LjQ2ZbwDjFyBLM5HfreU1lNQWojWommM6X2rdW54B1iJ-012ejkmJRYoXCr1wGc3Gh0ZY9cKc4YPQz-KDH3C2XnWg/s931/17%20hexanoato%20de%20propila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="931" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6DcrSOhwikrN1ctT1Ts5h605RIkSIVKBtkMqoupJYF2Z7fKzTBIQWnrasLxvrERD_-7K6-q9_YGgoLLCstPXJm2yU2acCHl2g1LjQ2ZbwDjFyBLM5HfreU1lNQWojWommM6X2rdW54B1iJ-012ejkmJRYoXCr1wGc3Gh0ZY9cKc4YPQz-KDH3C2XnWg/w640-h182/17%20hexanoato%20de%20propila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É flavorizante de amora:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX8TqvUW5lqVvXhKJFU-EewcE4gjKC0rQkou3PyRkVai_g2SG-8AhsO9pWZHXPaHQzREdJVPkj_Y2PXh51PJkfL19C98N8ME7cz9K4DG8RI1Rxk0Pup4kIInHfYEbf3j3dAgzBW_yc6iwnXSQ55n7KiB-WFMZbfMEadhAmqSE5ven6T0tEGR5UViLmJQ/s800/18%20hexanoato%20de%20propila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX8TqvUW5lqVvXhKJFU-EewcE4gjKC0rQkou3PyRkVai_g2SG-8AhsO9pWZHXPaHQzREdJVPkj_Y2PXh51PJkfL19C98N8ME7cz9K4DG8RI1Rxk0Pup4kIInHfYEbf3j3dAgzBW_yc6iwnXSQ55n7KiB-WFMZbfMEadhAmqSE5ven6T0tEGR5UViLmJQ/w640-h640/18%20hexanoato%20de%20propila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ hexanoato de prop-2-en-1-ila:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLL68H4U5gS3b6Mf9VZzCT_88hQ1_v5d-vw11mHdZrtThP5kV_ZTuYiFKJkpeGyptmQTaOXP6YQxwUmT02p7wJ_pzGhd8kFyoidro3--QLZqtD0glZ8uLfd93AjOQyoar7P8NIaAjQt0K2pIwOihxGPSe4nnp-9drjp_zaJzVtlBj4BWeaFsU6ep6rkA/s946/19%20hexanoato%20de%20propenila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="946" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLL68H4U5gS3b6Mf9VZzCT_88hQ1_v5d-vw11mHdZrtThP5kV_ZTuYiFKJkpeGyptmQTaOXP6YQxwUmT02p7wJ_pzGhd8kFyoidro3--QLZqtD0glZ8uLfd93AjOQyoar7P8NIaAjQt0K2pIwOihxGPSe4nnp-9drjp_zaJzVtlBj4BWeaFsU6ep6rkA/w640-h180/19%20hexanoato%20de%20propenila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de hexanoato de alila, é flavorizante de abacaxi.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0dL2oGmrMr5yuKTz0xNueanhP4CmRms-NrPrI4s_VdgJitjO5jLZ8-HS00ZHVlT4dlJFk_ttIaSq6_h-B_Sh5NbVC29vrgbIal6JJhZtWYMAqsE8U0faeP2r_h6LVW-NgyNk0ou9fWMx8X-6Ki8wDJf0-uKQIrxxNiGKZA8L8o8tOpq1bkq_OkFNBA/s446/20%20hexanoato%20de%20propenila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="446" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0dL2oGmrMr5yuKTz0xNueanhP4CmRms-NrPrI4s_VdgJitjO5jLZ8-HS00ZHVlT4dlJFk_ttIaSq6_h-B_Sh5NbVC29vrgbIal6JJhZtWYMAqsE8U0faeP2r_h6LVW-NgyNk0ou9fWMx8X-6Ki8wDJf0-uKQIrxxNiGKZA8L8o8tOpq1bkq_OkFNBA/w640-h460/20%20hexanoato%20de%20propenila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ feniletanoato de metila:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisDWETkLCLCq3IQ0Rt-d9Yk2wNJ5ntXtKR9KyyhYFqez7vcRHtoLd14CDLJvVFwzlxVoMPV0UNfxN4bfmPO2iCLFMjYJGYBQwnCNjkdaznzeSF0bd_mTuh9LWp-o5J0flyXiu_DYL8lhv6Rsrmui7OxcdUcIVir8fUaTmggAt6ClBVyueHlhmCcuQAvA/s626/21%20fenilacetato%20de%20metila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="626" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisDWETkLCLCq3IQ0Rt-d9Yk2wNJ5ntXtKR9KyyhYFqez7vcRHtoLd14CDLJvVFwzlxVoMPV0UNfxN4bfmPO2iCLFMjYJGYBQwnCNjkdaznzeSF0bd_mTuh9LWp-o5J0flyXiu_DYL8lhv6Rsrmui7OxcdUcIVir8fUaTmggAt6ClBVyueHlhmCcuQAvA/w640-h294/21%20fenilacetato%20de%20metila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de fenilacetato de metila, é flavorizante de mel.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqbh14J222UHavq6p2TwvNeY1nVG8edXQXDpnpLi0wVpnuJ8eWoGiePde2rxeZs3-ZK_M63Xt9Zrxj8_626rKOgw2ysLxjeO9kTtm7IHBRO1rhLaTlzqTxkDIGNxY4Kb0d1zkcmRjMkyNNaW0fE5dwj_vg3bi1goPa1F3cl6duq6_1n-UTVDliBcppvg/s1200/22%20fenilacetato%20de%20metila.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="1200" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqbh14J222UHavq6p2TwvNeY1nVG8edXQXDpnpLi0wVpnuJ8eWoGiePde2rxeZs3-ZK_M63Xt9Zrxj8_626rKOgw2ysLxjeO9kTtm7IHBRO1rhLaTlzqTxkDIGNxY4Kb0d1zkcmRjMkyNNaW0fE5dwj_vg3bi1goPa1F3cl6duq6_1n-UTVDliBcppvg/w640-h436/22%20fenilacetato%20de%20metila.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS):</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiOMIOoQp_NnDMOsC8nomQizUm6onTrddOEEEAYAZaMSjvYN2jhjHVMdwFi4cushgpeMNmco85Ep4lRtNs_ujC_soGSGop3_YQ3TykqdB2cICLk6o3byV3XI0Dq4LUylN8vqnw6GJSGMv5nyODIwxz3EtCOnTq0vnWAUxGCOp_gqvfTDqlwGdQ1OYqow/s577/036%20acetilsalic%C3%ADlico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="577" height="550" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiOMIOoQp_NnDMOsC8nomQizUm6onTrddOEEEAYAZaMSjvYN2jhjHVMdwFi4cushgpeMNmco85Ep4lRtNs_ujC_soGSGop3_YQ3TykqdB2cICLk6o3byV3XI0Dq4LUylN8vqnw6GJSGMv5nyODIwxz3EtCOnTq0vnWAUxGCOp_gqvfTDqlwGdQ1OYqow/w640-h550/036%20acetilsalic%C3%ADlico.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><p>É um analgésico, antipirético e anti-inflamatório, pois combate, respectivamente, a dor, a febre e inflamação.</p></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBSsu7c7IeK5EWQtt-0bp7qaktH0u5LQn8OPZ91oeUw4QDEGAGKAVAWc085WUKc7j32d60rPkqFzdfOtjHLrLjJsdk2EUBPJUUGWNqXmajTcs5O6PlBt_X2z9HPYbH0d2hyNCrxdCUEtjDmjIA9iv1IOOi2K0Oa865xCmxIhtJbVbAN9McprOorHQFIg/s1280/037%20AAS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBSsu7c7IeK5EWQtt-0bp7qaktH0u5LQn8OPZ91oeUw4QDEGAGKAVAWc085WUKc7j32d60rPkqFzdfOtjHLrLjJsdk2EUBPJUUGWNqXmajTcs5O6PlBt_X2z9HPYbH0d2hyNCrxdCUEtjDmjIA9iv1IOOi2K0Oa865xCmxIhtJbVbAN9McprOorHQFIg/w640-h426/037%20AAS.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;">Vários exemplos da função éster foram apresentados, agora você verá um éster com origem em um triálcool, ou seja, um álcool com três hidroxilas. Chamamos este éster genericamente de triacilglicerol. O "triacil" por se tratar de origem em três ácidos carboxílicos e o "glicerol" por ser este o nome usual do propanotriol.</span></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXgnH1mRj_DKUBtwfYq-3KbfwcVUCcKov1yKStHlr-qdyt9ajCO87RfwHTbrLinUhcD7hDSslsxrdWdruxBTrzrKN5ar7R5baq9yOcpMTIgtaSJ5bcYAnEKPwjiRDS2VFJq5noqxpdu403Y7G-LP2EnXzdujAfHRmZzU_OfkUxnpm3YWpf-QKm3CYdwg/s1988/23%20triacilglicerol.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="782" data-original-width="1988" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXgnH1mRj_DKUBtwfYq-3KbfwcVUCcKov1yKStHlr-qdyt9ajCO87RfwHTbrLinUhcD7hDSslsxrdWdruxBTrzrKN5ar7R5baq9yOcpMTIgtaSJ5bcYAnEKPwjiRDS2VFJq5noqxpdu403Y7G-LP2EnXzdujAfHRmZzU_OfkUxnpm3YWpf-QKm3CYdwg/w640-h252/23%20triacilglicerol.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Caso o triglicerídeo tenha sua origem em gordura saturada como banha de porco ou de boi, sua cadeia carbônica será saturada como a do exemplo acima. Era muito comum em áreas rurais as pessoas misturarem cinzas de fogão à lenha à banha para obter o sabão.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9NZOq6qg3Y0QHKRmgbw_tez9QzFNfFpo74lGjuulp8iLEk9HrTlCHA48TAJXYTOWlsrnHVybNN7CN3tXL8CkHxmLQMf_bcyJ3sLNWPoslJN7M1fXaChkqNimNKhIBLoO3lEzxoRbqRYO8b7wxfxgtO1L6AeAz5yafFXBWyNe8UYQdXFQY5C08oSFr5Q/s768/24%20banha%20de%20porco.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="768" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9NZOq6qg3Y0QHKRmgbw_tez9QzFNfFpo74lGjuulp8iLEk9HrTlCHA48TAJXYTOWlsrnHVybNN7CN3tXL8CkHxmLQMf_bcyJ3sLNWPoslJN7M1fXaChkqNimNKhIBLoO3lEzxoRbqRYO8b7wxfxgtO1L6AeAz5yafFXBWyNe8UYQdXFQY5C08oSFr5Q/w640-h426/24%20banha%20de%20porco.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">banha de porco</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7UZvnKTOq5O6Oz_YGomkbzFDIx1C1pOdajIn5DR7Nr7b1NH5mLnmtfObZ3t6oYVC2eauuaybf7RCnEGUKg2bA4BAFcBSX_jp98XB5Rc3NPkF997AoCU9vVm50e56O6ZjwExXc7lnDsveo_yBnqJBYDu7A6reKk_zbWyZlVsSIYIxAau12tGtYZm5jjg/s750/25%20cinzas.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="750" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7UZvnKTOq5O6Oz_YGomkbzFDIx1C1pOdajIn5DR7Nr7b1NH5mLnmtfObZ3t6oYVC2eauuaybf7RCnEGUKg2bA4BAFcBSX_jp98XB5Rc3NPkF997AoCU9vVm50e56O6ZjwExXc7lnDsveo_yBnqJBYDu7A6reKk_zbWyZlVsSIYIxAau12tGtYZm5jjg/w640-h226/25%20cinzas.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">cinzas</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHlO184kzZRzfTO8SaBHDqNGsgc5PFwnubNkfY7zCRifcPoF2mXN_pvMcOYGa3ZBkUCSPMYIlSOGYlAT1b6YDmYLDDIiPvhiL_5wYSMZEEKed_TPOUwmNjD5FwDaMhSD1SfdN7qoiodwpXyEm9z6fuajuTnwtyvt0iDujCTP5bFBFnh87Kral1LL2h-w/s611/26%20sab%C3%A3o%20caseiro.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="602" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHlO184kzZRzfTO8SaBHDqNGsgc5PFwnubNkfY7zCRifcPoF2mXN_pvMcOYGa3ZBkUCSPMYIlSOGYlAT1b6YDmYLDDIiPvhiL_5wYSMZEEKed_TPOUwmNjD5FwDaMhSD1SfdN7qoiodwpXyEm9z6fuajuTnwtyvt0iDujCTP5bFBFnh87Kral1LL2h-w/w630-h640/26%20sab%C3%A3o%20caseiro.jpg" width="630" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">sabão caseiro</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Atualmente é mais comum a substituição dos ingredientes originais por óleo de cozinha usado e soda cáustica. Este foi o resumo sobre ésteres. Alguma dúvida? Comente aí... até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-89716261609684038622022-05-09T12:52:00.003-03:002022-05-09T18:56:32.784-03:00Funções orgânicas oxigenadas: sal de ácido carboxílico.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Os sais derivados de ácidos carboxílicos são semelhantes aos sais inorgânicos, por serem compostos iônicos. Veja abaixo:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJiYicFYjcw8Kou6QMv3rUwuNQ8r2EUIte6Eq5-oG0Uhb0KhXlZM-bmL_aTzVNPoGbBikmFWj2PgGxAchi-k4B4YEwLwm0qaB2CAkzfF5bbzSuWmpuilGfam2Mzp1K9NW9XT5FybFE7sy1dH9c2I87HVh_SGK-fxcBbTks3jwADe1QzJT-m9q4iNf5uw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="1052" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJiYicFYjcw8Kou6QMv3rUwuNQ8r2EUIte6Eq5-oG0Uhb0KhXlZM-bmL_aTzVNPoGbBikmFWj2PgGxAchi-k4B4YEwLwm0qaB2CAkzfF5bbzSuWmpuilGfam2Mzp1K9NW9XT5FybFE7sy1dH9c2I87HVh_SGK-fxcBbTks3jwADe1QzJT-m9q4iNf5uw=w640-h178" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Note que o exemplo acima foi estabelecido para um ácido monocarboxílico com uma monobase. Caso se tenha mais de um grupo carboxila ou mais de um ânion hidróxido na base, a proporção entre os íons será aplicada. A nomenclatura se dá como em um sal inorgânico: com a substituição do sufixo ICO pelo sufixo ATO na parte vinda do ácido e manutenção do nome do metal em relação à base. As demais regras de nomenclatura de compostos orgânicos se aplicam.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ metanoato de sódio:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj5whr-hWVs3moe0SqO4LH90OydEw3KSpliaYS-gI-C4nsI7q8-Ji8AjJDdMLMvrruvCz7Xu8IblTd1QSV8cvFsgwFfQ1WXMBi7Wvx2DYh_Hh-rPPK24N4x4E_Co2jHiyf9EuLl9Z4fYcl9_PqCTvz5C77O3yijsDNxni-LO0ZTMqgonerqIY9fcskMXQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="323" data-original-width="1046" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj5whr-hWVs3moe0SqO4LH90OydEw3KSpliaYS-gI-C4nsI7q8-Ji8AjJDdMLMvrruvCz7Xu8IblTd1QSV8cvFsgwFfQ1WXMBi7Wvx2DYh_Hh-rPPK24N4x4E_Co2jHiyf9EuLl9Z4fYcl9_PqCTvz5C77O3yijsDNxni-LO0ZTMqgonerqIY9fcskMXQ=w640-h198" width="640" /></a><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de formato de sódio ou de formiato de sódio. É reagente necessário a diversas reações, pois se trata de um intermediário muito útil. Desde o curtimento de couro à produção de bissulfato de sódio, que é usado no clareamento de fibras durante a produção do papel.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj3kculLg6YDjjw5b5k7e37obOWTt53_J29bWvbxQ_DNBCHbIfF8YkKZxXBL7-4f9mfv1DWo3kvOLgWPB4duIoUlG_NTZksWT5-JxPLdK2DM56_f4xPrvkeKPvKKYD5O9H1u9KEO0V6tVMgJQoLn424OKaM856B55V7UcSCTmjJagx_XxOdApD_5ejecQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="379" height="591" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj3kculLg6YDjjw5b5k7e37obOWTt53_J29bWvbxQ_DNBCHbIfF8YkKZxXBL7-4f9mfv1DWo3kvOLgWPB4duIoUlG_NTZksWT5-JxPLdK2DM56_f4xPrvkeKPvKKYD5O9H1u9KEO0V6tVMgJQoLn424OKaM856B55V7UcSCTmjJagx_XxOdApD_5ejecQ=w640-h591" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ etanoato de sódio:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiG_PU50BFYc2LGk63czLyTYVOqantsZFGrAXlbEjjLc1zz8eJlSjPDCVnQ_eTJkdPEmUXuoB1CeHx-poP8LpS7CxAzL0WdRyx_5cUErNBfM2zOB7DYPciEax27rtUMa-O1NJ4YRLMQFbARe2TrYXKEbFUcJYlEwNFkFB5RuIkTLfWmhYIaJnl0Vo0aBw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="440" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiG_PU50BFYc2LGk63czLyTYVOqantsZFGrAXlbEjjLc1zz8eJlSjPDCVnQ_eTJkdPEmUXuoB1CeHx-poP8LpS7CxAzL0WdRyx_5cUErNBfM2zOB7DYPciEax27rtUMa-O1NJ4YRLMQFbARe2TrYXKEbFUcJYlEwNFkFB5RuIkTLfWmhYIaJnl0Vo0aBw=w640-h424" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de acetato de sódio, é usado na indústria têxtil, em limpeza de superfícies metálicas e retarda a vulcanização na produção de borracha sintética. Por ser derivado de uma base forte e de um ácido fraco, é capaz de formar solução tampão com amplo uso em laboratórios de química e bioquímica.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgGz7EFnC90WSfKMezZNHImQ65nQ_-mGPSczBTayv_mlGkRotoZLrAdC6lq20EPChwZcrANjx27ciH-I_RQZnX6GVpvCVbh74Kh2lgNu9VcT8bOqbEECQzowMbWxT8MGxEbSzhnvSdR_kmwr-qT-sPWlTa-10kPoJCrpn9GOzl7H7xMi_3eyp8tbc0Sig" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="1268" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgGz7EFnC90WSfKMezZNHImQ65nQ_-mGPSczBTayv_mlGkRotoZLrAdC6lq20EPChwZcrANjx27ciH-I_RQZnX6GVpvCVbh74Kh2lgNu9VcT8bOqbEECQzowMbWxT8MGxEbSzhnvSdR_kmwr-qT-sPWlTa-10kPoJCrpn9GOzl7H7xMi_3eyp8tbc0Sig=w640-h430" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ Etanodioato de cálcio:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgVl39cieR1xbHTudqBSFoRywgX35EO21p9BnQn6bjFEjH-z74TDQJe7xHuYCw9feUJ5YoYj6RnkWcJats-fjIa9lWHB-HwEcSiSKqkDbKuL8B36sesQIrOcigera8WJ_1cKUOO2dHGcVQGf-rP4STwRMywfaxMRNo5lIW6S3wrR0vr4LoVSlXhw-tB-A" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="364" height="577" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgVl39cieR1xbHTudqBSFoRywgX35EO21p9BnQn6bjFEjH-z74TDQJe7xHuYCw9feUJ5YoYj6RnkWcJats-fjIa9lWHB-HwEcSiSKqkDbKuL8B36sesQIrOcigera8WJ_1cKUOO2dHGcVQGf-rP4STwRMywfaxMRNo5lIW6S3wrR0vr4LoVSlXhw-tB-A=w640-h577" width="640" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também conhecido por oxalato de cálcio, é uma das substâncias responsáveis pelas pedras no rins, chamadas de cálculo renal.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0hUEbTCj6yiGiZSOIFFu74rL2EwjB1z4Z3mmF8nz23cd3fBpCigzVFO81jtprEDerovLI9-afeoJuSHyRIwuC2uEZcipSsGh646YzkvvKipcws9NoFZ8YAthzoBb9iPPy8Xe3sayHX9qk_4iTBgXmfzjS0My_6GaO3C9r4MttTfNEfjTG93Dg8QTycQ/s580/007%20pedras%20nos%20rins.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="580" height="596" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0hUEbTCj6yiGiZSOIFFu74rL2EwjB1z4Z3mmF8nz23cd3fBpCigzVFO81jtprEDerovLI9-afeoJuSHyRIwuC2uEZcipSsGh646YzkvvKipcws9NoFZ8YAthzoBb9iPPy8Xe3sayHX9qk_4iTBgXmfzjS0My_6GaO3C9r4MttTfNEfjTG93Dg8QTycQ/w640-h596/007%20pedras%20nos%20rins.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Dissecação de um rim humano com muitas pedras.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">O nome oxalato se deve ao ácido oxálico e ambos são encontrados na comigo-ninguém-pode e na ruibarbo, ambas do gênero oxalis.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOXbMvJBNiz_a-99wYG5GejGI5d-r8WoXSsCcNY49SLAvdckh4DWVMjwjDSVKv7Iq6nwtMJD33HMzP36-O4Hm1PnEaV6UKGSUZ5dIwO0XDdhwP3H_oXDxES76kcsvx1JhSb8fbHUBH4v1yyCCOG43UuOcYpeY9ONZGQIygIGCDha3VEJMX4AQIgy1Vrg/s822/008%20comigo%20ningu%C3%A9m%20pode%20e%20ruibarbo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="822" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOXbMvJBNiz_a-99wYG5GejGI5d-r8WoXSsCcNY49SLAvdckh4DWVMjwjDSVKv7Iq6nwtMJD33HMzP36-O4Hm1PnEaV6UKGSUZ5dIwO0XDdhwP3H_oXDxES76kcsvx1JhSb8fbHUBH4v1yyCCOG43UuOcYpeY9ONZGQIygIGCDha3VEJMX4AQIgy1Vrg/w640-h278/008%20comigo%20ningu%C3%A9m%20pode%20e%20ruibarbo.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">¬ fenilmetanoato de sódio:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf90yXBLh_34yNTLVOg18hhjxXCZvqv8AJfDSeapC8_8Ko9HhIbrkrHSZvujbyXzS7XUg4Ig3f_PbtOOGnEFY6cR2TvcqNZV9fSCFNXeZFAjuDymNHn0Qtkj2BV5PE65wo1xyV3psvWHO3vE38LuEgrWbTK2ejKK1XArb8w4nEhg054OLQQq0l4Mww3g/s583/009%20benzoato%20de%20s%C3%B3dio.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="583" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf90yXBLh_34yNTLVOg18hhjxXCZvqv8AJfDSeapC8_8Ko9HhIbrkrHSZvujbyXzS7XUg4Ig3f_PbtOOGnEFY6cR2TvcqNZV9fSCFNXeZFAjuDymNHn0Qtkj2BV5PE65wo1xyV3psvWHO3vE38LuEgrWbTK2ejKK1XArb8w4nEhg054OLQQq0l4Mww3g/w640-h446/009%20benzoato%20de%20s%C3%B3dio.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Também chamado de benzoato de sódio, é usado como bactericida, fungicida e conservante em alimentos e bebidas refrigerantes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOlB2HAUVgVYGbU5U7VYpGXDDXDjwP-4CyKUvvLKHqvz6RCikt9jvQXCCm2I5fPCFvKGa5aFKwwXuK6Knhyz1A2OBqJdUqkzyS12v2rJJPt0EeNJJ-GhBORyBwNU37XNp6MWGXPhOB929XP8tX7VZ8zh7nThppSH6_kVE_F8xuLYABnqW9BDTSUDgOdg/s1248/010%20benzoato%20de%20s%C3%B3dio.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="808" data-original-width="1248" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOlB2HAUVgVYGbU5U7VYpGXDDXDjwP-4CyKUvvLKHqvz6RCikt9jvQXCCm2I5fPCFvKGa5aFKwwXuK6Knhyz1A2OBqJdUqkzyS12v2rJJPt0EeNJJ-GhBORyBwNU37XNp6MWGXPhOB929XP8tX7VZ8zh7nThppSH6_kVE_F8xuLYABnqW9BDTSUDgOdg/w640-h414/010%20benzoato%20de%20s%C3%B3dio.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Esses foram alguns exemplos de sais de ácidos carboxílicos. Ficou alguma dúvida? Comente aí... até a próxima.</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7040681042903937728.post-47718891427641698132022-05-08T09:50:00.003-03:002022-05-08T09:50:40.730-03:00Lei da gravitação universal.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Até o século XVI as pessoas responsáveis por estudar a natureza tinham entre si o consenso de que os cometas eram fenômenos atmosféricos. Pois elas tinham a ideia de que o céu é imutável, e passagens aleatórias de cometas alterariam esta ideia. </span><span>Aliás, a palavra cometa vem de "kométes", algo parecido com estrela cabeluda no grego antigo. Os responsáveis ppr se questionar esta ideia de fenômeno meteorológico foram Tycho Brahe e Michael Maestlin, por ocasião da passagem do grande cometa de 1577, um não periódico, ou seja, que passou e não volta mais.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8Jh916RsfBT6TR4LjaDSlfVDbBFbxsdTiRZHA5qO6HzorKinuNL2ngKHr_sKWe5n4Vb5J8uapuJ8Vi_8sro13rRVboVaSa0_GHgSNo9YZDiuHLOL3_jUpreiyCfOX4-JvlZVNMAYEzDDn0ezdYU3ore2rN2jh7Na2Mrnf38gsTjKVDXm0E7RhS-tC2A" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="754" data-original-width="1024" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8Jh916RsfBT6TR4LjaDSlfVDbBFbxsdTiRZHA5qO6HzorKinuNL2ngKHr_sKWe5n4Vb5J8uapuJ8Vi_8sro13rRVboVaSa0_GHgSNo9YZDiuHLOL3_jUpreiyCfOX4-JvlZVNMAYEzDDn0ezdYU3ore2rN2jh7Na2Mrnf38gsTjKVDXm0E7RhS-tC2A=w640-h472" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Grande cometa de 12 de novembro de 1577, vista de Praga. Gravura de Jiri Daschitzky.<span><a name='more'></a></span></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigJOZyVQSdQjLUEteXnW8IBlY2TGUrDKFIfjpxEWovMGpUzR2pO2-YoVGyFRZy7rSBo3cwk8viPMojreJINV91E9HTiNJtjd537ExAluKBS25JZMTMELZ-HrlRcS3IPIjhv36Dl9OGubHDuXgT1rzgyNtXY4ka6Ydf7X_40apJ-iYGKactxIIozPHEXA/s1208/002%20Maestlin%20e%20Brahe.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="799" data-original-width="1208" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigJOZyVQSdQjLUEteXnW8IBlY2TGUrDKFIfjpxEWovMGpUzR2pO2-YoVGyFRZy7rSBo3cwk8viPMojreJINV91E9HTiNJtjd537ExAluKBS25JZMTMELZ-HrlRcS3IPIjhv36Dl9OGubHDuXgT1rzgyNtXY4ka6Ydf7X_40apJ-iYGKactxIIozPHEXA/w640-h424/002%20Maestlin%20e%20Brahe.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Michael Maestlin (esquerda) e <span style="text-align: justify;">Tycho Brahe (direita).</span></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">No século seguinte, em 1682, a passagem de um outro cometa, que hoje sabemos ser periódico, motivou um matemático a astrônomo chamado Edmond Halley a procurar seu amigo Isaac Newton e expor suas dúvidas a respeito do movimentos dos corpos no espaço. Coincidência ou não, cinco anos depois, Newton publicou seu livro Pincipia com sua perspectiva a respeito das causas do movimento de corpos dotados de massa. Entre muitos outros detalhes, estavam ali as leis de Newton e a lei da gravitação universal.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcFMZ4OVQzAfgxcKZZxRrF9NNrepQ2-wN7-6J7s2Z_tlSH75P45nV90zwaTwnOHAKSt3H2J_UsvgNBSNGNCjXmv5LH_9CVXJCZs4rxQVhsQTgqbkdiDLz65JI_pbeeXD8tan6WPJZETk1FH5fePs9qcJ8fGRKe8TmSP15IRruKrHDwWh3BvoOUZ3b_1g" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="660" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcFMZ4OVQzAfgxcKZZxRrF9NNrepQ2-wN7-6J7s2Z_tlSH75P45nV90zwaTwnOHAKSt3H2J_UsvgNBSNGNCjXmv5LH_9CVXJCZs4rxQVhsQTgqbkdiDLz65JI_pbeeXD8tan6WPJZETk1FH5fePs9qcJ8fGRKe8TmSP15IRruKrHDwWh3BvoOUZ3b_1g=w528-h640" width="528" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Edmond Halley</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>De posse das ferramentas matemáticas apresentadas por Newton, Halley foi capaz de identificar parâmetros astronômicos comuns em três das vinte e três passagem de cometas catalogadas entre 1337 e 1698. As de 1531, 1607 e 1682 tinham tantos detalhes em comum que levou ele a anuncia, em 1705, a passagem desse cometa em especial no ano de 1759. Quando este ano chegou e o cometa foi avistado, Halley já havia partido, mas seu nome foi imortalizado ao batizarem o cometa. E</span><span>sta foi a primeira vez que uma previsão tão específica foi feita com décadas de antecedência, e se confirmou, é claro.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Capacidade de prever o resultado de eventos objetos de seu estudo é uma característica comum hoje no meio científico. Três séculos atrás isto não era nada comum. Por este motivo, a teoria da gravitação de Newton se tornou um forte alicerce da ciência moderna e o inglês ficou conhecido como, provavelmente, o mais genial entre os gênios que a humanidade já nos apresentou.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj96CJh158-zwie3Myl6k7FsZdgnn5fsafpUzuRbNkNP9lCKkYBxkoAFYWr3J_5qeCWBW2FSsOMscMSbR4DXvR5RXwFD9Pys-iR1DtLXMSizYLVMA1trX_U5lAPvF4U24eWJa_dwnGANz1_PQmwmTPQwtOHk2p5X9rVEcTiM_lP8BS69Pk4NbUrgBz16A" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="148" data-original-width="257" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj96CJh158-zwie3Myl6k7FsZdgnn5fsafpUzuRbNkNP9lCKkYBxkoAFYWr3J_5qeCWBW2FSsOMscMSbR4DXvR5RXwFD9Pys-iR1DtLXMSizYLVMA1trX_U5lAPvF4U24eWJa_dwnGANz1_PQmwmTPQwtOHk2p5X9rVEcTiM_lP8BS69Pk4NbUrgBz16A=w400-h230" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span>Newton mostrou que a força de atração entre dois corpos é diretamente proporcional ao produto de suas massas e inversamente proporcional ao quadrado da distância entre eles. Essa conversa de diretamente proporcional significa que, se dobrarmos uma das massas, a força dobra, se triplicarmos, a força triplica. Por outro lado, o inversamente proporcional significa que, se dobrarmos a distância, a força teria de dividir por dois. Mas como é inversamente proporcional ao quadrado, significa que, se dobrar a distância, a força divide pelo quadrado do dois, ou seja, por quatro. Se a distância triplicar, a força divide por nove. </span><span>Para traduzirmos em uma fórmula e não falarmos de "proporcional" o tempo todo, inserimos a constante "G" da gravitação universal. Note que uma fórmula tem um sinal de igual, quando falamos em proporcional, não tem.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">A lei da gravitação é capaz de descrever o movimento orbital de corpos como a lua em torno da terra ou desta em torno do sol. Assim como dos demais corpos do sistema solar em torno do sol. É uma ferramenta poderosa nas mãos certas e nos fornece informações sobre os corpos no sistema solar ou na superfície de um deles.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Por exemplo, imagine um corpo qualquer na superfície do planeta terra. A força peso com que a terra o atrai corresponde exatamente à força gravitacional entre dois corpos de massas "M" e "m" com distância "d" entre si. Neste caso, porém, a distância é o próprio raio "R" da terra. Ao simplificarmos a massa "m" no corpo na superfície da terra, quem tem massa "M", encontramos um expressão para aceleração da gravidade na superfície da terra em função de sua massa M e seu raio R.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjtaX1YPRmMaIP4M2fmA82gVcO8V51hSQ4RZRPLmLNnuEA7BApYMQWM-5j34_xie7Cw7CsL1DJbwmuEi55_3bfs23uXidAFfuvO3e925PluXzGXMeBCLPgEGe2uH-dvcJZATKZu50TV04bUP0EmtsP6L1tzuHM4D1cWiugnZKtAR3euZCZt-GgMwhxlGw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="376" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjtaX1YPRmMaIP4M2fmA82gVcO8V51hSQ4RZRPLmLNnuEA7BApYMQWM-5j34_xie7Cw7CsL1DJbwmuEi55_3bfs23uXidAFfuvO3e925PluXzGXMeBCLPgEGe2uH-dvcJZATKZu50TV04bUP0EmtsP6L1tzuHM4D1cWiugnZKtAR3euZCZt-GgMwhxlGw=w345-h365" width="345" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Outra relação encontrada é para a lua ou qualquer satélite artificial orbitando a terra, onde a força gravitacional realiza o papel de força centrípeta. Como a aceleração centrípeta depende da velocidade "v" do corpo em órbita e do raio "R" de sua trajetória, encontramos uma forma de relacionar a velocidade do corpo com esses parâmetros.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgUPs05AqUZrHYdpW83w8XqCFAFV1uHzfxUMcdW9lg1FjLrhydF12PRB-8S9AAO4KkvAPcxgQEwtCCheIKBiQ_TX3TWO7__tu9hN1m9_oUv7lnXIu4BFWfxRrtkJXgScTJ5X5q-CXAAI_8xqI4MqaiagTONhMHyGtb-Tk395z52_FI2CUieYhtxLozg9w" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="415" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgUPs05AqUZrHYdpW83w8XqCFAFV1uHzfxUMcdW9lg1FjLrhydF12PRB-8S9AAO4KkvAPcxgQEwtCCheIKBiQ_TX3TWO7__tu9hN1m9_oUv7lnXIu4BFWfxRrtkJXgScTJ5X5q-CXAAI_8xqI4MqaiagTONhMHyGtb-Tk395z52_FI2CUieYhtxLozg9w=w324-h452" width="324" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">E se desprezarmos a resistência do ar e assumirmos o corpo orbitando a terra quase tocando o solo? Neste caso o raio "R" da trajetória será o próprio raio da terra, nos levando à relação:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguvl8smKaNQicfRbArNa2MUSt07kwvVJWJsKQ0E51RoLRTjkUSqG6yqouj7Tnfm7jiHDtlTDifD9YIYMJ5zU9zMY9W1Pndptr8y5idG3JRkCvCfZrZrC04B5P1903qsRLbIhKG-2ZFWKbD1qqBUQR4FBd2Dm9UIXcWuJIHhjZdT33ZX4wNfRnWeOjfig" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="107" data-original-width="295" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEguvl8smKaNQicfRbArNa2MUSt07kwvVJWJsKQ0E51RoLRTjkUSqG6yqouj7Tnfm7jiHDtlTDifD9YIYMJ5zU9zMY9W1Pndptr8y5idG3JRkCvCfZrZrC04B5P1903qsRLbIhKG-2ZFWKbD1qqBUQR4FBd2Dm9UIXcWuJIHhjZdT33ZX4wNfRnWeOjfig=w400-h145" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Para qualquer outra trajetória, devemos considerar que o raio R dela é o raio da terra acrescido da altitude, ficando assim:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgyCBAe6ZnbubYKiIkhLAoUwho0EXfPzTA-AMbk-nPx1-SGhRzbV3dvGFZXIxgVd7j2Wy20uSRz9wiTjYMFAnVfuMlWc2U1LJWR6wA4on9GRc7JWwWIVodUrjEjnvPGfYYFVS5SMTqrFn_2uQMeaPvy8Ma4yYSO5FJp-pZL9_VKe3Dh_VXIqgAd-jsJBg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><img alt="" data-original-height="178" data-original-width="379" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgyCBAe6ZnbubYKiIkhLAoUwho0EXfPzTA-AMbk-nPx1-SGhRzbV3dvGFZXIxgVd7j2Wy20uSRz9wiTjYMFAnVfuMlWc2U1LJWR6wA4on9GRc7JWwWIVodUrjEjnvPGfYYFVS5SMTqrFn_2uQMeaPvy8Ma4yYSO5FJp-pZL9_VKe3Dh_VXIqgAd-jsJBg=w400-h188" width="400" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Partindo da ideia de que a velocidade em um movimento circular é o comprimento da circunferência dividido pelo período "T", que é o tempo necessário para uma volta completa, temos a seguinte relação:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoeidahQtnLid5nVatNquu3BBgvt8RgMCOE0coKpF5HIjlthnaxSHiVPNCvT-mQsy-sg3KBYQwRS-6ouiSZpfjK6kyBYZnwHjuQIITXxmH53nVMNYJLuXu74Q_NpNxkxdLqxoyICD282ED05PW-SiRPVeZHT_xiCI9vGX69MU21qYchw7cZoYfi0r4ug/s665/009%20lei%20dos%20per%C3%ADodos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="475" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoeidahQtnLid5nVatNquu3BBgvt8RgMCOE0coKpF5HIjlthnaxSHiVPNCvT-mQsy-sg3KBYQwRS-6ouiSZpfjK6kyBYZnwHjuQIITXxmH53nVMNYJLuXu74Q_NpNxkxdLqxoyICD282ED05PW-SiRPVeZHT_xiCI9vGX69MU21qYchw7cZoYfi0r4ug/w286-h400/009%20lei%20dos%20per%C3%ADodos.jpg" width="286" /></span></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">É a lei dos períodos proposta por Kepler. Note que ela se encontra formulada para a lua ou satélites artificiais orbitando a terra, para os planetas orbitando o sol, devemos substituir a massa da terra pela do sol. Para os satélites de júpiter, devemos substituir pela massa de júpiter. Observe que, caso se descubra o valor da constante "G", descobriremos a massa de qualquer corpo celeste com base no período T e raio R de trajetória de um ou mais corpos que o orbitam. E como ela foi descoberta? Veremos futuramente. Até lá...</span></p>Paulo Sutilhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00072686432790498119noreply@blogger.com0