<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" media="screen" href="/~d/styles/rss2full.xsl"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~d/styles/itemcontent.css"?><rss version="2.0">
<channel>
<title>Swing Dance Genova</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net</link>
<description>Se sei innamorato della vita, se sei convinto che la danza sia soprattutto liberà di espressione, se hai un cuore che batte in quattro quarti, ma soprattutto.. se hai un cuore.. allora sai già chi siamo! Altrimenti.. è inutile cercare di spiegartelo!</description>
<image>
<title>&gt;Swing Dance Genova</title>
<url>http://swingdancegenova.net/images/logo.png</url>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net</link>
<description>Se sei innamorato della vita, se sei convinto che la danza sia soprattutto liberà di espressione, se hai un cuore che batte in quattro quarti, ma soprattutto.. se hai un cuore.. allora sai già chi siamo! Altrimenti.. è inutile cercare di spiegartelo!</description>
<width>144</width>
<height>252</height>
</image>
<atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/SwingDanceGenova" /><feedburner:info xmlns:feedburner="http://rssnamespace.org/feedburner/ext/1.0" uri="swingdancegenova" /><atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="hub" href="http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/" /><item>
<title>TuttiFruttiDanceCamp</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=60</link>
<description>&lt;p&gt;
	Il TuttiFruttiDanceCamp &amp;egrave; partito tra mille difficolt&amp;agrave;... come alla prima edizione del Be-lindy Zena Camp, anche quest&amp;#39;anno maltempo e neve non ci hanno dato tregua per tutta la settimana che ha preceduto il weekend, ed il freddo ancora non ci ha abbandonato!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Ma a quanto pare il maltempo ci ha sempre portato fortuna, dal momento che il Be-Lindy Zena Camp &amp;egrave; diventato uno dei pi&amp;ugrave; bei camp italiani... e contiamo molto su questo anche in questo caso.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	La location &amp;egrave; davvero spettacolare.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Il Marina Place Spa &amp;amp; Resort ci ha accolto con professionalit&amp;agrave; e calore, mettendoci a disposizione una struttura di altissimo livello, elegante e di qualit&amp;agrave;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Le sale certamente non sono grandissime, ma non ci aspettavamo sinceramente un tale afflusso di persone, per la prima edizione di un camp ambizioso che cerca di unire tra loro stili di ballo diversi e di renderli fruibili per tutti.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Lindy Hop, Boogie Woogie, WCS, Blues, Swingo, Charleston, aerials, balboa, un assaggio di Shag... tutti gli ingredienti per un weekend straordinario.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1328369642.jpg" style="width: 417px; height: 600px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	Le serate si svolgeranno come sempre al Crazy Bull, il nostro luogo di ritrovo per eccellenza, quello che ormai &amp;egrave; diventato il sinonimo di swing nella nostra citt&amp;agrave;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	Nella serata di avvio, pista piena e tanto divertimento con la musica del mitico Doctor Boogie.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	Stasera aspettiamo con ansia il concerto del mitico Silvan Zingg&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1328369884.jpg" style="width: 418px; height: 598px; " /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	sperando di fare il pienone e di far divertire il maggior numero di persone possibile.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	Per il prossimo anno cercheremo una data che ci consenta di apprezzare il pi&amp;ugrave; possibile questo mare azzurro, i monti sullo sfondo, il rollio degli yacht ed il sole che di solito ci accompagna tutto l&amp;#39;anno.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	Per ora posso solo ringraziare i partecipanti che hanno creduto in noi ancora una volta e ci hanno concesso di gettare le basi per l&amp;#39;ennesimo sensazionale evento di Swing in Italia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Brindisino a: Deipetos Dixie Disaster!</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=59</link>
<description>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="349" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/k4mJX0ctm2o" width="425"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	La Deipetos Dixie Disaster Band, ha fatto irruzione nelle nostre vite con la potenza di un uragano e l&amp;#39;energia di mille, che dico, duemila, che dico... centomila tornadi!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Grazie alla grande capacit&amp;agrave; di Marketing del Banjo player, Alberto Zanetti, che ci ha sommerso di email per settimane, alla fine ci siamo arresi e ci siamo detti: guardiamo un po&amp;#39; che fanno sti ragazzi. E&amp;#39; stato amore a primo YOUTUBE!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Difficile cogliere l&amp;#39;energia e la bravura di una band dai video girati dagli amici e da amatori, che spesso hanno un audio pessimo e pessima qualit&amp;agrave; delle immagini. Nonostante tutto questo, da subito le loro incredibili capacit&amp;agrave; ci sono state chiare e manifeste. Folgorati da Zeus e da tutti gli dei Greci a cui si ispirano anche nella scelta del loro nome (ehm, pi&amp;ugrave; o meno...) abbiamo detto: &amp;quot;Dobbiamo portarli a Genova!&amp;quot;... praticamente a scatola chiusa abbiamo chiesto loro di suonare per noi al Be-Lindy Zena Camp. Ed abbiamo fatto bene...&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Ma non potevamo aspettare fino ad ottobre per condividere con i nostri allievi e con tutti gli amanti del genere musicale in questione - il Dixieland - una scoperta simile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	L&amp;#39;occasione si &amp;egrave; presentata grazie agli organizzatori di VintaGe in porto, che hanno voluto fortissimamente uno spazio dedicato al ballo all&amp;#39;interno della loro rassegna e si sono fidati dei nostri gusti musicali.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	E fu cos&amp;igrave; che il 2 luglio scorso, i sette eccentrici musicisti, sbarcarono a genova, con le loro tute da lavoro ed i loro caschetti infortunistici, ancora non consapevoli a pieno della loro carica e di quanto sarebbero stati in grado di dare a tutti noi, ballerini e semplici appassionati di un&amp;#39;epoca e di una cultura...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Il 2 Luglio &amp;egrave; una data che passer&amp;agrave; alla storia a Genova! E&amp;#39; il giorno in cui la citt&amp;agrave; ha subito uno scossone, &amp;egrave; stata investita da un marea di musica e di swing che dal porto antico ha raggiunto i vicoli per fermarsi, e solo per motivi di ordine pubblico, in Piazza delle Erbe a Genova.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	I Deipetos Dixie Disaster hanno suonato per la citt&amp;agrave; senza risparmiarsi, hanno dato il meglio del loro repertorio e delle loro energie, stregando la gente che non sapeva nemmeno che un genere musicale simile esistesse, n&amp;egrave;, tanto meno, &amp;nbsp;si potesse ballare.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Che si tratti di coinvolgente Dixieland o di auentico Blues, la loro musica &amp;egrave; una vera forza, ancor di pi&amp;ugrave; se pensate che suonano solo ed esclusivamente in acustico - ovvero senza amplificazione!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="349" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ba-aZgUxo7g" width="425"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Tra un suonatore di Banjo un po&amp;#39; aggressivo, un trombone sapientone, un clarinettista narcolettico, una tuba un pochino logorroica, un percussionista che suona la gente, una tromba perseguitata ed una spesso disidratata, e tutti i genovesi presenti quella sera, oltre agli Zenaswingers ed agli Wops, &amp;egrave; nata una sinergia magica ed unica!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	I loro suoni sono potenti e precisi, anche quando suonano seduti per terra o sdraiati sui marciapiedi ( non ci credete? allora venite ad ascoltarli!), i loro pianti blues sono irresistibili, i loro arrangiamenti sono davvero incredibili... in poche parole, sono dei musicisti davvero pazzeschi, bravi come pochi che ci &amp;egrave; capitato incontrare.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Forse qualcuno di voi obietter&amp;agrave; che le loro musiche non siano semplici da ballare... ma, a parte il fatto che trasmettono gioia ed energia anche solo ad ascoltarli, e comunque la loro musica &amp;egrave; una sfida per chi vuole imparare a ballare meglio... :D... in ogni caso, non preoccupatevi, perch&amp;egrave; stanno lavorando per voi per creare un repertorio che sia adatto anche ai ballerini e non solo agli ascoltatori.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Insomma... non potete assolutamente mancare alla &amp;quot;Cerimonia di Apertura&amp;quot; del Be-Lindy Zena Camp il 21 ottobre, ed alla Parata stile New Orleans che attraverser&amp;agrave; la citt&amp;agrave;... Per un giorno Genova come New Orleans, con dei musicisti che non hanno nulla da invidiare a tutti quelli che quotidianamente suonano nei locali di Frenchmen Street...&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Alberto Zanetti (Banjo), Lorenzo Poletti (trombone), Giulio Piola (tromba), Alberto Capello (tromba), Massimiliano Montagna (tuba), Fabio Ceresa (clarinetto), Matteo Erigoni (rullante, percussioni) sono prima di tutto sette ragazzi innamorati della musica, desiderosi di divertirsi e di far divertire il proprio pubblico, facendolo ballare, cantare, suonare (soprattutto uova e banane); sono dei grandi musicisti, con un talento indiscutibile ed una grande umilt&amp;agrave;. Sono artisti di strada per scelta e per passione, ma soprattutto perch&amp;egrave; hanno capito a pieno lo spirito della musica che suonano: condivisione, integrazione, unione, gioia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Insomma... la rivelazione del Nuovo Millennio!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	e noi possiamo solo essere grati di averli incontrati nel nostro percorso... ed a loro dedichiamo un sonoro:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&lt;span style="font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="background-color:#ff8c00;"&gt;BRINDISINO... LA LA LA LA LA LA!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>The Fabulous 50s!</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=56</link>
<description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;span style="font-size:14px;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(165, 42, 42);"&gt;I FAVOLOSI ANNI 50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309336232.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	Mercoled&amp;igrave; 29 giugno la nostra serata settimanale avr&amp;agrave; come tema i favolosi ed amatissimi anni 50. Ecco alcune notizie su un&amp;#39;era che ci ha affascinato tutti, le sue controversie, le sue contraddizioni e quello che l&amp;#39;ha resa unica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	La fine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale riport&amp;ograve; in America tutti i militari in servizio nell&amp;#39;esercito: essi ricominciarono le loro vite, si formarono delle nuove famiglie, in nuove case e con nuovi lavori.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	Con un&amp;#39;energia senza precedenti, l&amp;#39;industria americana si svilupp&amp;ograve; per assecondare i bisogni di una nuova era di pace.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	Gli Americani cominciarono ad acquistare beni che in tempo di guerra non erano disponibili e nuovi beni voluttuari, il che cre&amp;ograve; nuove aziende e nuovi posti di lavoro.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	Tutto era crescita ed espansione. Era l&amp;#39;era del Baby-Boom&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309246011.gif" style="width: 131px; height: 115px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&lt;u&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(165, 42, 42);"&gt;ARTE ed ARCHITETTURA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	Dopo la Seconda Guerra Mondiale vi fu un rinnovamento totale sotto il punto di vista artistico. L&amp;#39;Espressionismo astratto di autori come Jackson Pollock ricevette un riconoscimento ufficiale dal Museo di Arte Moderna di New York.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309246512.jpg" style="width: 512px; height: 398px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;span style="font-size:10px;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Jackson Pollock - Lavander Mist&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	Questi artisti erano sperimentali. Un&amp;#39;altra corrente fu l&amp;#39;esistenzialismo: Mark Rothko usava grossi blocchi di colore per creare una presenza materiale forte e potente.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309246628.jpg" style="width: 274px; height: 400px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;span style="font-size:10px;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mark Rothko&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;Il Boom consumistico degli anni 50, incluse anche il settore abitativo. La gente poteva finalmente permettersi case singole e cos&amp;igrave; nacquero quartieri e sobborghi residenziali. Un piccola comunit&amp;agrave; suburbana chiamata&lt;a href="http://www.blue-dragons.com/preserve/dahs1997/levittown.htm" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt; Levittown&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;fu costruita appositamente da William Levitt per i militari che erano appena rientrati a casa dalla guerra e per le loro famiglie.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248548.jpg" style="width: 623px; height: 455px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
	&lt;u&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"&gt;&lt;font color="#cc0000"&gt;&lt;font size="-0"&gt;LIBRI E LETTERATURA&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;font size="-1"&gt;L&amp;#39;America non fece in tempo a riprendersi dalla Seconda Guerra Mondiale, che improvvisamente scoppi&amp;ograve; la guerra in Corea. L&amp;#39;Unione Sovietica divenne il principale nemico della guerra fredda. Cominci&amp;ograve; un&amp;#39;irrazionale lotta al Comunismo, fomentata anche dai capi di governo e da personaggi di rilievo come il Senatore Joseph McCarthy, che sosteneva che i Comunisti fossero infiltrati ai pi&amp;ugrave; alti livelli nel governo americano. Si svilupp&amp;ograve; un senso comune di ansia e di inadeguatezza. L&amp;#39;America era davvero il paese pi&amp;ugrave; forte del mondo? E la vita, in America, era davvero la migliore possibile? Mentre il decennio passava, la letteratura rifletteva il conflitto evidente tra l&amp;#39;auto-compiacimento dei cosiddetti Happy Days ed il dubbio sui valori Americani.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img align="left" alt="Jack Kerouac 1922-1969" border="0" height="144" hspace="8" src="http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/images/jack-kerouac.gif" vspace="8" width="122" /&gt;&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;Autori come&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tupperware/filmmore/ps_peale.html" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; " target="_blank"&gt;Norman Vincent Peale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp; con il suo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rapidnet.com/%7Ejbeard/bdm/Psychology/guidepo/peale.htm" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;The Power of Positive Thinking&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;o&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.archbishopsheencause.org/" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Bishop Fulton J. Sheen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;con &lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.americancatholictruthsociety.com/articles/sheen.htm" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Life is Worth Living&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;parlano del potere dell&amp;#39;individuo di controllare il proprio destino.&amp;nbsp; Appare un nuovo gruppo di autori, appartenemti alla&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size="-1"&gt; beat generation o, come loi chiamava qualcuno, i &lt;font color="#000000"&gt; beatniks.&amp;nbsp; Uno dei pi&amp;ugrave; noti &amp;egrave;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;Jack Kerouac con il famosissimo&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; "&gt;On the Road (Sulla strada)&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Dharma Bums&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span style="font-style: italic; "&gt;The Town and The City&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Mexico City Blues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;La Fantascienza divenne sempre pi&amp;ugrave; popolare, grazie al fatto che la possibilit&amp;agrave; di viaggiare nello spazio stava diventando realt&amp;agrave;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;Ray Bradbury&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; scrisse Cronache Marziane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; Ricordiamo anche &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.asimovonline.com/" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Isaac Asimov&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;ed il suo&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.asimovonline.com/asimov_home_page.html" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;I, Robot,&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ed altri testi che parlavano di mondi che presto sarebbero stati sc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;operti.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;img align="right" alt="Spaceships of the 1950's" hspace="25" src="http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/images/spaceships_waroftheworlds.jpg" style="width: 253px; height: 162px;" vspace="10" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(165, 42, 42);"&gt;LA SCUOLA E L&amp;#39;LFABETIZZAZIONE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248397.gif" style="width: 400px; height: 227px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;Durante gli anni 50 la scuola Americana fu sottoposta a cambiamenti decisivi. Fino al 1954 esisteva una legge ufficiale che stabiliva opportunit&amp;agrave; di studio separate ma egualitarie per i neri. Si pensava che quello fosse il modo pi&amp;ugrave; corretto per assicurare a tutti i bambini americani un&amp;#39;educazione adeguata ed uniforme&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;, nelle scuole pubbliche della nazione. Nel 1954,&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.landmarkcases.org/brown/warren.html" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Earl Warren&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; ed altri membri della corte suprema&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt; stabilirono che strutture separate per i neri non fossero legali secondo quanto stabilito dalla costituzione.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;Cominci&amp;ograve; cos&amp;igrave; l&amp;#39;integrazione in tutto il paese.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt; Nel 1956,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ua.edu/openingdoors/history_attempt.html" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Autherine J.Lucy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;si iscrisse con successo all&amp;#39;Universit&amp;agrave; dell&amp;#39;Alabama a Tuscaloosa. Nel 1957,&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.centralhigh57.org/photo1.htm" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Elizabeth Eckford&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;fu la prima teenager nera ad entrare nella scuola per soli bianchi&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.centralhigh57.org/" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Little Rock Central High School&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;. Nonostante il tentativo di integrazione si fosse attuato in maniera tranquilla in molte citt&amp;agrave;, il conflitto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt; alla Central High School di Little Rock fu uno dei primi confronti che ebbero luogo in&amp;nbsp; Arkansas a mostrare come fosse divisa l&amp;#39;opinione pubblica.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&lt;span style="font-size:12px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(165, 42, 42);"&gt;LA MODA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;Forse uno degli elementi maggiormente caratterizzanti gli anni 50 fu il forte conservatorismo ed il sentimento anti-comunista&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt; che serpeggiava attraverso la societ&amp;agrave;. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;La Religione era vista come un indicatore di anti-comunismo.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt; Gli abiti degli anni 50 erano fortemente conservativi. Gli uomini indossavano abiti di flanella grigia&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; e le donne abiti con la vita stretta e tacchi alti.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248717.jpg" style="width: 103px; height: 150px;" /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248614.jpg" style="width: 376px; height: 489px;" /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248587.jpg" style="width: 408px; height: 595px;" /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248575.jpg" style="width: 150px; height: 200px;" /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248369.jpg" style="width: 361px; height: 550px;" /&gt;I ru&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248357.jpg" style="width: 346px; height: 550px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;I ruoli erano fortemente divisi: le ragaze giocavano con le Barbie ed i bambini con giocattoli ispirati a &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.royrogers.com/roy_rogers_bio.html" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Roy Rogers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.celebhost.net/fessparker/crockett.html" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Davy Crockett.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248410.jpg" style="width: 242px; height: 251px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;I Drive-in divennero molto popolari per le famiglie ed i ragazzini.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248317.jpg" style="width: 150px; height: 113px;" /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;Anche le auto erano viste come indicatore di prosperit&amp;agrave;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;Si costruirono autostrade per portare la gente da un posto all&amp;#39;altro velocemente. Nacquero i primi centri commerciali.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;Incredibile successo ebbero i Blue jeans, portati alla ribalta da molti attori e cantanti, fra cui Elvis Presley che con un completo di jeans realizza il suo primo (ed il primo della storia) video musicale &amp;quot;Jailhouse Rock&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248502.gif" style="width: 391px; height: 248px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;Per le donne, imprescindibile era possedere la cosiddetta &amp;quot;poodle skirt&amp;quot; - una gonna a ruota fatta in feltro leggero, decorata con paillettes e con applicata l&amp;#39;immagine di un barboncino - &amp;quot;poodle&amp;quot; appunto&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309332343.jpg" style="width: 147px; height: 339px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;abbinata alle inseparabili &lt;a href="http://www.fiftiesweb.com/fashion/saddle-shoe.htm" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Saddle shoes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; o ai mocassini di camoscio blu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248640.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 270px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Un&amp;#39;immancabile tocco alla moda femminile era la coda di cavallo e la gonna a ruota ampia, con sottogonna di pizzo, raso e/o garza, immancabile su ogni pista da ballo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248704.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 380px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Gli uomini invece portavano i capelli quasi rasati sulla nuca e con il ciuffo, a volte ribelle, a volte semplicemente a spazzola, residuo dell&amp;#39;esperienza al fronte.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;I Teenager erano considerati una generazione a parte ed erano rappresentati da &amp;quot;eroi&amp;quot; contemporanei come&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://jamesdeangallery.com/dean.html" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;James Dean&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;che portava anch&amp;#39;egli i blue jeans nel film &amp;quot;Il Ribelle&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;, creando una moda a parte ed un modello di comportamento molto imitato.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248470.jpg" style="width: 170px; height: 493px;" /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;I giovani passavano le serate in un&amp;#39;attivit&amp;agrave; chiamata&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aztecufo.com/farmington.htm" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;flying saucer watching&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;, che consisteva nel cercare di scovare oggetti volanti non identificati in cielo, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;o a guardare un porogramma televisivo che li faceva anche ballare, nei locali come i fast food ed i bar, dal momento che negli anni 50 le sale da ballo erano state ormai chiuse, per questioni economiche.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;Uno dei programmi televisivi pi&amp;ugrave; famosi e che fecero ballare milioni di giovani dal 1956 in poi fu &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&amp;quot;American Bandstand&amp;quot; di Dick Clarke.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248383.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 231px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;I bambini giocavano con gli Hula Hoops&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; e con i fucili di Hopalong Cassidy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;, oltre che indossando abbigliamento western ed imitando eroi come Davy Crockett.&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248598.jpg" style="width: 310px; height: 367px;" /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&lt;span style="font-size:12px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(165, 42, 42);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;"&gt;LA MUSICA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;Quando si parla di anni 50, il primo tipo di musica che viene in mente alla maggior parte della gente &amp;egrave; il rock and roll.&lt;/font&gt; Svilluppatosi dalla fusione del Blues del Sud con la musica Gospel, con l&amp;#39;aggiunta di un forte accento sul tempo e la battuta, questo tipo di musica divenne presto popolare tra i teenagers che cercavano di ribellarsi agli schemi conservativi e di mentalit&amp;agrave; ristretta della Middle Class americana. Il rock and Roll divenne simbolo di ribellione e di sregolatezza, ed era mal visto dagli adulti, dalla chiesa e dalla societ&amp;agrave; in generale. Gli artisti pi&amp;ugrave; popolari dell&amp;#39;epoca, come &lt;a href="http://www.history-of-rock.com/haley.htm" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Bill Haley&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/july-dec97/elvis_8-15.html" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Elvis Presley&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;, e &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jerryleelewis.com/site.php" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Jerry Lee Lewis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; erano pubblicizzati soprattutto in radio dai dj pi&amp;ugrave; famsi dell&amp;#39;epoca, tra cui non possiamo dimenticare i famosissimi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.radiohof.org/discjockey/alanfreed.html" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Alan Freed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;e&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.tsimon.com/bopper.htm" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;the Big Bopper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248484.jpg" style="width: 299px; height: 450px;" /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248535.jpg" style="width: 397px; height: 345px;" /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248440.jpg" style="width: 136px; height: 154px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;La loro influenza si fece sentire in tutto il mondo, anche nel successivo sviluppo della musica pop.&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
	Ma la musica negli anni 50 non era solo Rock and Roll. Erano popolarissimi anche Crooners come&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.natkingcole.com/" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Nat King Cole&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.franksinatra.com/" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Frank Sinatra&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.perrycomo.net/" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Perry Como&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;e&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/S/htmlS/shoredinah/shoredinah.htm" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153); " target="_blank"&gt;Dinah Shore&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248626.jpg" style="width: 593px; height: 349px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248559.jpg" style="width: 206px; height: 421px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1309248687.jpg" style="width: 223px; height: 300px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;font size="-1"&gt;&lt;font color="#000000"&gt;Molti di questi cantanti erano a loro volta gli idoli di chi faceva rock and roll e le loro canzoni si suonano ancora in tutto il mondo, alla radio, negli stereo delle case e su molti lettori cd.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>I Ruggenti anni 20 e le Flapperettes</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=55</link>
<description>&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;
	Il prossimo mercoled&amp;igrave; la nostra serata sar&amp;agrave; dedicata ai ruggenti anni 20, ecco cosa eran, chi erano le Flapperette e qual era la loro moda! &amp;nbsp;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div id="bodyContent"&gt;
	&lt;div id="siteSub"&gt;
		Da Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
	Questo articolo riguarda le donne degli anni 20.&amp;nbsp;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&lt;div&gt;
			&lt;div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
					&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg" title="Actress Louise Brooks (1927)"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg/177px-Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg" style="width: 177px; height: 342px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
					Actress&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Brooks" title="Louise Brooks"&gt;Louise Brooks&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1927)&lt;/div&gt;
			&lt;/div&gt;
			&lt;div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
					&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FlapperOnShip1929_crop.jpg" title="A flapper onboard ship (1929)"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FlapperOnShip1929_crop.jpg/180px-FlapperOnShip1929_crop.jpg" style="width: 180px; height: 342px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
					A flapper onboard ship (1929)&lt;/div&gt;
			&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Flapper&amp;nbsp;negli anni 20 era un termine che si rivolgeva as una nuova &amp;quot;razza&amp;quot; di giovani donne occidentali, che indossavano gonne corte, si tagliavano i capelli a caschetto, ascoltavano jazz ed ostentavano il loro sdegno per quello che veniva considerato il comportamento socialmente conveniente.&amp;nbsp; Le Flappers erano ritenute impudenti perch&amp;egrave; indossavano un trucco eccessivo, bevevano, parlavano di sesso in maniera disinvolta, fumavano, guidavano auto e spesso si prendevano gioco delle norme sociale e sessuali.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Le Flappers nacquero nel periodo del Liberalismo, della turbolenza sociale e politica e diedero un grosso impulso allo scambio culturale tra America ed Europa che segu&amp;igrave; la fine della Prima Guerra Mondiale., cos&amp;igrave; come a far arrivare la cultura Jazz Americana in Europa.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h2&gt;
		&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress,_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress%2C_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg/220px-Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress%2C_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg" style="width: 220px; height: 215px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&lt;div&gt;
			&lt;div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
					&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Violet_Romer_in_flapper_dress,_LC-DIG-ggbain-12393_crop.jpg" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violet_Rohmer&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" title="Violet Rohmer (page does not exist)"&gt;Violet Rohmer&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in a flapper dress c. 1915&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		ETIMOLOGIA&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		La parola slang flapper, usata per descrivere una giovane donna, potrebbe venire dal gesto di un giovane uccello che sbatte le ali (flapper) nel tentativo di imparare a voalre. Tuttavia, potrebbe anche derivare da un vocabolo anticamente usato nell&amp;#39;Inghilterra Settentrionale per indicare una Tennager, in riferimento alle ragazzine che ancora non si raccolgono i capelli e con le punte girate all&amp;#39;indietro, sulla nuca; potrebbe anche venire da un termine ancora pi&amp;ugrave; antico, che significa&amp;nbsp;prostituta.&amp;nbsp;La parola slang flap &amp;nbsp;veniva usata per &amp;nbsp;definire le giovani prostitute fine dal 1631. Verso la fine del 19esimo secolo la parola flapper&amp;nbsp;veniva utilizzata in Inghilterra sia per definire una giovane prostituta, ed in senso pi&amp;ugrave; generale, una vivace adolescente.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		La parola apparve sui giornali nel Regno Unito sin dal 1903 e negli Stati Uniti a partire dal 1904, quando il romanziere Desmond Coke la us&amp;ograve; nelle sue storie della vita del college di Oxford,&amp;nbsp;Sandford of Merton: &amp;quot;C&amp;#39;&amp;egrave; una flapper che fa girare la testa&amp;quot;. Nel 1908. quoridiani seri come&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times"&gt;The Times&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;usavano anche&amp;#39;essi il termine, sebbene lo facessero seguire da un&amp;#39;attenta spiegazione &amp;quot;una &amp;#39;flapper&amp;#39;, &amp;egrave; una giovane fanciulla che ancora non pu&amp;ograve;, per motivi di convenzione sociale, indossare abito lunghi e legarsi i capelli&amp;quot;. Entro il novembre del&amp;nbsp;1910, la parola era popolare abbastanza perch&amp;egrave; l&amp;#39;autore A.E.James cominciasse una serie di storie nella&amp;nbsp;London Magazine,&amp;nbsp;che raccontavano le disavventure di una gradevole quindicenne, il cui titolo era proprio &amp;#39;Her Majesty the Flapper&amp;#39;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&lt;div&gt;
			&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG/170px-Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG" style="width: 170px; height: 217px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
			&lt;div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
					&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Bow" title="Clara Bow"&gt;Clara Bow&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1921, before she became a star&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Qualcuno ha avanzato l&amp;#39;ipotesi che il concetto di &amp;quot;flapper&amp;quot; solo come una fase della vita di alcune giovani donne in particolare, fu importato in Inghilterra dalla Germania, dove le flappers erano nate come reazione alle iper-nutrite e monumentali donne dell&amp;#39;epoca e come un compromesso tra le pratiche omonsessuali ed il sesso normale.&amp;nbsp;In Germania le flappers venivano definite&amp;quot;backfisch&amp;quot;, &amp;nbsp;che significa &amp;quot;giovane pesce non ancora grande abbastanza per essere venduto sul mercato&amp;quot;. l concetto di&amp;nbsp;&amp;#39;backfisch&amp;#39; era noto in Inghilterra gi&amp;agrave; alla fine degli anni 80 del 1800, anche se allora era inteso come un modello sociale pi&amp;ugrave; contegnoso rispetto a quello della Flapper Inglese degli anni successivi, che era tipicamente ribelle e provocatoria.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Nel 1912, l&amp;#39;impresario teatrale&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tiller" title="John Tiller"&gt;John Tiller&lt;/a&gt;, definendo la parola in un&amp;#39;intervista al&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt;, descrisse la &amp;#39;flapper&amp;#39; come appartenente ad una sfera d&amp;#39;et&amp;agrave; pi&amp;ugrave; avanzata, una ragazza che &amp;egrave; appena &amp;quot;fiorita&amp;quot;. Sebbene il termine si riferisse sempre alle ragazzine con una grande voglia di vivere, gradualmente in Gran Bretagna fu esteso a descrivere qualsiasi donna immatura ed impetuosa.&amp;nbsp;L&amp;#39;utilizzo del termine aument&amp;ograve; durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale, anche a causa dell&amp;#39;evidente emergenza di giovani donne che si trovarono ad entrare improvvisamente nel mondo del lavoro per prendere il posto degli uomini che, a causa della guerra, erano assenti: un articolo del Times che parla dei problemi incontrati dalle donne per trovare lavoro al ritorno degli uomini dalla guerra si initola&amp;quot;The Flapper&amp;#39;s Future&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;Nel 1918, il termine ppoteva anche esser usato per definire, in maniera provocatoria, una donna pi&amp;ugrave; anziana &amp;quot;dedita al piacere&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Finalmente nel 1920, il termine aveva acquisito il significato che caratterizza lo stile ed il comportamento della generazione delle flapper. In una conferenza tenuta quell&amp;#39;anno in Gran Bretagna, sul sovrannumero di giovani donne, causato dalla morte di molti giovani in guerra il Dr. R. Murray-Leslie critic&amp;ograve; &amp;quot;il tipo sociale di farfalla&amp;hellip; la flapper frivola, impellicciata e pazza per il jazz, irresponsabile ed indisciplinata, per la quale un ballo, un cappello nuovo, o un uomo con una bella auto, avevano pi&amp;ugrave; importanza del futuro della nazione&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h2&gt;
		Evoluzione dell&amp;#39;immagine&lt;/h2&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&lt;div&gt;
			&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg/170px-Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg" style="width: 170px; height: 322px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
			&lt;div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
					&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				Actress&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Joyce" title="Alice Joyce"&gt;Alice Joyce&lt;/a&gt;, 1926&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		La prima apparizione della parola e dell&amp;#39;immagine negli Stati Uniti, si deve al popolarissimo film di Frances Marion del 1920&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flapper" title="The Flapper"&gt;The Flapper&lt;/a&gt;, con&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Thomas" title="Olive Thomas"&gt;Olive Thomas&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;La Thomas aveva rappresentato un ruolo simile nel 1917, ma il termine non venne mai usato, fino all&amp;#39;uscita di The Flapper&amp;nbsp;. Nei suoi ultimi film, era ormai l&amp;#39;icona delle flapper. Altre attrici, come&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Bow" title="Clara Bow"&gt;Clara Bow&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Brooks" title="Louise Brooks"&gt;Louise Brooks&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Moore" title="Colleen Moore"&gt;Colleen Moore&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford"&gt;Joan Crawford&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;avrebbero presto costruito le loro carriere sulla stesa immagine, ottenendo una grande popolarit&amp;agrave;:&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Negli Stati Uniti, il malcontento popolare per il Proibizionismo, fu un fattore determinante per l&amp;#39;ascesa delle flapper.&amp;nbsp;Con i locali legali ed i cabaret chiusi, gli&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy"&gt;speakeasies&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(locali dove si vendeva illegalmente alcol)&amp;nbsp;nei vicoli nascosti, divennero prolifici e popolari.&amp;nbsp; La discrepanza tra il &amp;quot;movimento della temperanza&amp;quot;, osservante e con basi religiose e l&amp;#39;efffettivo ed onnipresente consumo di alcool, port&amp;ograve; a sviluppare un disprezzo per l&amp;#39;autorit&amp;agrave;. L&amp;#39;indipendenza delle&amp;nbsp;Flapper pu&amp;ograve; anche avere origine dalle&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_girl" title="Gibson girl"&gt;Gibson girls&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; degli anni 80 del 1800. Sebbene il look che precedeva la guerra, non assomigli allo stile delle Flappers, la loro indipendenza pu&amp;ograve; aver condotto alla tenacit&amp;agrave; delle flapper di trent&amp;#39;anni dopo.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Scittori statunitensi come&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald"&gt;F. Scott Fitzgerald&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Loos" title="Anita Loos"&gt;Anita Loos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;ed illustratori come&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Patterson" title="Russell Patterson"&gt;Russell Patterson&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Held_Jr." title="John Held Jr."&gt;John Held Jr.&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Hays" title="Ethel Hays"&gt;Ethel Hays&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Burrows" title="Faith Burrows"&gt;Faith Burrows&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;resero il look e lo stile di vita delle flappers popolare con i loro lavori, e le flappers cominciarono ad essere viste come attraenti, imprudenti ed indipendenti. Tra coloro che criticavano la follia Flapper, c&amp;#39;era la critica letteraria&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Parker" title="Dorothy Parker"&gt;Dorothy Parker&lt;/a&gt;, who scrisse &amp;quot;Flappers: A Hate Song&amp;quot; per prendersi gioco di questa fissazione.&amp;nbsp;Uno piscoloco di Harvard dichiar&amp;ograve; che le Flappers avaveno il pi&amp;ugrave; basso quoziente intellettivo del mondo e che erano un problema senza soluzione per qualsiasi educatore.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Un altro utilizzo del termine alla fine degli anni 20, era un termine pubblicitario dei media che si riferiva alle donne adulte aventi diritto al voto ed a come avrebber poturo votare in maniera diversa dagli uomini della loro stessa et&amp;agrave;. Mentre il termine&amp;quot;flapper&amp;quot; aveva molteplici utilizzi, le flappers come gruppo sociale, erano totalmente distinte da tuttel le altre mode degli anni 20.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;h2&gt;
		Comportamento&lt;/h2&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&lt;div&gt;
			&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flappermag001.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flappermag001.jpg/170px-Flappermag001.jpg" style="width: 170px; height: 262px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
			&lt;div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
					&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flappermag001.jpg" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Dove" title="Billie Dove"&gt;Billie Dove&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on the cover of&amp;nbsp;The Flapper&amp;nbsp;magazine (&amp;quot;Not for Old Fogies&amp;quot;), November 1922&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Il comportamento delle Flappers era considerato bizzarro all&amp;#39;epoca, e ridefin&amp;igrave;, certamente, i ruoli delle donne. L&amp;#39;immagine era quella di una giovane donna che, di notte, frequentava&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_club" title="Jazz club"&gt;jazz clubs&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;dove ballava in maniera provocatoria, fumava sigarette attraverso lunghi bocchini, e si fidanzava o flirtava liberamente, forse anche indiscriminatamente. Le Flappers andavano in bicicletta, guidavano le auto e bevevano alcool apertamente, un atto provocatorio e coraggioso allo stesso tempo, nel periodo americano del Proibizionismo. Baciarsi in pubblico e le effusioni pesanti divennero pratiche molto pi&amp;ugrave; poplari che nell&amp;#39;Et&amp;agrave; Vittoriana. I&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_out" title="Making out"&gt;Petting Parties&lt;/a&gt;, dove le effusioni sessuali erano l&amp;#39;attrazione principale, erano popolarissimi.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Le Flappers cominciarono anche a lavorare fupri casa ed a sfidar i ruoli tradizionali delle donne nella societ&amp;agrave; di allora. Sostenevano il voto ed i diritti delle donne. Con il tempo, si svilupparono anche degli stili di ballo allora considerati shoccanti, come il&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)"&gt;Charleston&lt;/a&gt;, lo&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimmy" title="Shimmy"&gt;Shimmy&lt;/a&gt;, il&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunny_Hug" title="Bunny Hug"&gt;Bunny Hug&lt;/a&gt;, ed il&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Bottom_(dance)" title="Black Bottom (dance)"&gt;Black Bottom&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Esse erano anche considerate una sfida ai ruoli imposti dall&amp;#39;era vittoriana, quali la devozione per una vita semplice ed il lavoro duro, per la religione e molto altro. Piano piano le donne si liberarono delle vecchie e rigide idee riguardanti i loro ruoli ed abbracciarono il consumismo ed il libero arbitrio, e spessao si diceva rappresentasseri una cultura di guerra del vecchio contro il nuovo.&amp;nbsp;In questo modo, le flappers divennero il simbolo di un pi&amp;ugrave; ampio cambiamento a livello sociale &amp;mdash; le donne ottennero il diritto al voto negli USA nel 1920 e la societ&amp;agrave; religiosa fu soppiantata da quella delle opportunit&amp;agrave;.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Per tutta la preocupazione che avevano ad uscire dai vecchi ruoli, tuttavia, alcuni dicono che le flapper non fossero necessariamente impegnate in maniera particolare nella politica. Infatti, le vecchie suffragette, che combattevano per il diritto di voto alle donne, vedevano le flappers come insulse e, in qualche modo, non meritevoli della battaglia per cui loro lottavano tanto duramente.&amp;nbsp;Altri invece sostenevano che l&amp;#39;atteggiamento &amp;quot;laissez-faire&amp;quot; delle Flappers fosse semplicemente un segno di progresso della liberazione femminile, poich&amp;egrave; il diritto era gi&amp;agrave; stato ottenuto.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Dunbar_Bromley&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" title="Dorothy Dunbar Bromley (page does not exist)"&gt;Dorothy Dunbar Bromley&lt;/a&gt;, una nota scrittrice liberale dell&amp;#39;epoca, riassunse questa dicotomia descrivendo le flappers come femministe &amp;quot;veramente moderne&amp;quot; e di &amp;quot;nuovo stile&amp;quot; che mentre &amp;quot;ammettono che una vita piena include sia il matrimonio che i figli&amp;quot; sono anche &amp;quot;mosse da un&amp;#39;irresistibile desiderio interiore di essere individui, con i propri diritti&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h3&gt;
		Slang&lt;/h3&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Le Flappers avevano il loro&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang" title="Slang"&gt;slang&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;privato;&amp;nbsp;usavano termini come &amp;quot;snuggle pup&amp;quot; (un uomo che frequenta petting parties) e &amp;quot;barney-mugging&amp;quot; (sesso). Il loro modo di parlare, spesso rifletteva i loro sentimenti e pensieri sul matrimonio e sulle abitudini riguardo al bere: &amp;quot;I have to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_a_man_about_a_dog" title="See a man about a dog"&gt;see a man about a dog&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; spesso significava andare a comprare del whiskey, ed un &amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;handcuff&amp;quot; (manetta) o &amp;quot;manacle&amp;quot; era l&amp;#39;anello di fidanzamento o la fede matrimoniale. Indicative delle loro preoccupazioni primarie erano anche le frasi utilizzate per esprimere approvazione, come &amp;quot;That&amp;#39;s so Jake&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;That&amp;#39;s the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bee%27s_knees" title="wikt:bee's knees"&gt;bee&amp;#39;s knees&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;quot; e la popolare &amp;quot;the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cat%27s_meow" title="wikt:cat's meow"&gt;cat&amp;#39;s meow&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;&lt;a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cat%27s_pyjamas" title="wikt:cat's pyjamas"&gt;cat&amp;#39;s pyjamas&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;. per indicare qualcosa che andava loro particolarmente a genio. Un giornale americano del 1922 cataloga le parole &amp;quot;junk&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;necker&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;heavy necker&amp;quot; e &amp;quot;necking parties&amp;quot; come slang contemporaneo delle flappers.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Molti termini ancora in uso nel moderno slang Inglese Americano provengono dallo slang delle flappers, come&amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;big cheese&amp;quot;, per definire una persona importante; &amp;quot;to bump off&amp;quot;, che significa assassinare; and &amp;quot;baloney&amp;quot;, che significa senza senso. Altri termini divennero definitivi dell&amp;#39;era del Poribizionismo, come &amp;quot;speakeasy&amp;quot;, per indicare un luogo dove poter comprare e consumare alcool illegale e &amp;quot;hooch&amp;quot;, che significa liquore.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h2&gt;
		Aspetto fisico&lt;/h2&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&lt;div&gt;
			&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Normatalmadge_crop.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Normatalmadge_crop.jpg/170px-Normatalmadge_crop.jpg" style="width: 170px; height: 254px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
			&lt;div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
					&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Normatalmadge_crop.jpg" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				Actress&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Talmadge" title="Norma Talmadge"&gt;Norma Talmadge&lt;/a&gt;, a prototypical flapper[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Oltre al loro comportamento irriverente, le &amp;nbsp;flappers erano note per il loro stile, ampiamente ispirato alla moda francese, soprattutto quella di&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel"&gt;Coco Chanel&lt;/a&gt;, per l&amp;#39;effetto nella rapida ascesa e diffusione del Jazz Americano, e per aver reso&amp;nbsp;and the popolare il ballo che lo accompagnava.&amp;nbsp;Chiamato gar&amp;ccedil;onne&amp;nbsp;in Francese&amp;nbsp;(&amp;quot;ragazzo&amp;quot; ma con un suffisso femminile), lo stile delle flapper faceva apparire le ragazze giovani e un po&amp;#39; mascoline: capelli corti, seni appiattiti in abiti stretti, vita larga, accentuavano questo aspetto. Entro il 1913, &amp;nbsp;l&amp;#39;associazione di idee tra l&amp;#39;adolescenza snella ed un certo look caratteristico, fu benchiara nella testa del pubblico.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;blockquote&gt;
		&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		A quell&amp;#39;epoca, sembra che lo stile associato alla flapper comprendesse gi&amp;agrave; un fisico mascolino, il cappello a cloche, ma la gonna a tubino anziche quella con l&amp;#39;orlo pi&amp;ugrave; corto.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Sebbene l&amp;#39;immagine che noi abbiamo oggi delle flappers (vita larga, capelli corti e orlo sopra il ginocchio9 non comparisse fino al 1926, ci fu una&amp;#39;associazione d&amp;#39;idee immediata e molto prematura nel pubblico tra l&amp;#39;apparenza non convenzionale, il comportamento oltraggioso e la parola&amp;quot;flapper&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Nonostante lo scandalo che generarono, il look delle&amp;nbsp;flappers, il loro look, interpretato in una versione sotto-tono, divenned i moda tra le pi&amp;ugrave; vecchie e rispettabili signore. Principalmente, le flappers tolsero i bustini dalla moda femminile, accorciarono le gonne e gli orli degli abiti da sera, e resero popolari i capelli corti tra le signore.&amp;nbsp;Tra le attrice che si identificavano moltissimo con questo stile ricordiamo&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Borden" title="Olive Borden"&gt;Olive Borden&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Thomas" title="Olive Thomas"&gt;Olive Thomas&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Mackaill" title="Dorothy Mackaill"&gt;Dorothy Mackaill&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_White" title="Alice White"&gt;Alice White&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe_Daniels" title="Bebe Daniels"&gt;Bebe Daniels&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Dove" title="Billie Dove"&gt;Billie Dove&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Kane" title="Helen Kane"&gt;Helen Kane&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford"&gt;Joan Crawford&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatrice_Joy" title="Leatrice Joy"&gt;Leatrice Joy&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer"&gt;Norma Shearer&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_La_Plante" title="Laura La Plante"&gt;Laura La Plante&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Talmadge" title="Norma Talmadge"&gt;Norma Talmadge&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Bow" title="Clara Bow"&gt;Clara Bow&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Brooks" title="Louise Brooks"&gt;Louise Brooks&lt;/a&gt;, e&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Moore" title="Colleen Moore"&gt;Colleen Moore&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&lt;div&gt;
			&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Where_there's_smoke_there's_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg/285px-Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg" style="width: 285px; height: 183px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
			&lt;div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
					&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				&amp;quot;Where there&amp;#39;s smoke there&amp;#39;s fire&amp;quot; by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Patterson" title="Russell Patterson"&gt;Russell Patterson&lt;/a&gt;, showing a fashionably dressed flapper in the 1920s.&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;h3&gt;
		Abbigliamento&lt;/h3&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		I vestiti delle Flappers erano stretti e dritti, lasciavano le braccia nude (spesso non avevano spalline) ed avevano la vita bassa. Calze di seta o di viscosa, erano tenute su dai reggicalze. Le gonne si accorciarono appena sotto il ginocchio nel 1927: in questo modo si potevano vedere le gambe mentre si ballava o si camminava nel vento, anche se il modo in cui ballavano, faceva salire qualsiasi tipo di gonna anche se lunga e larga e le gambe si potevano vedre ugualmente. E&amp;#39; una credenza popolare errata che le flappers si arrossassero di proposito le ginocchia. Anche i tacchi alti cominciarono a diventare popolari a quell&amp;#39;epoca: raggiungevano i 5-8 cm)&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h4&gt;
		Lingerie&lt;/h4&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Flappers gettarono via i bustini ed i mutandoni lunghi, e li sostituirono con mutandine pi&amp;ugrave; comode. Senza i vecchi bustini, indossavano semplici corpetti morbidi, che tenessero fermo il petto mentre ballavano.&amp;nbsp;Indossavano anche dei nuoi e pi&amp;ugrave; morbidi corsetti che raggiungevano i fianchi, addolcendo l&amp;#39;intera figura ma rendendola omogenea dalla testa ai piedi, in controtendenza rispetto ai vecci corsetto che strizzavano la vita ed accentuavano il seno e d i fianchi.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Era proprio l&amp;#39;assenza di curve che determinava il look mascolino. Per aggiungere un tocco ancora pi&amp;ugrave; mascolino, fu inventato il Symington Side Lacer e divenne presto un reggiseno indipensabile da indossare ogni giorno. Questo tipo di reggiseno, era fatto per tirare verso l&amp;#39;interno ed appiattire il petto.&amp;nbsp;Le altre donne invidiavano le flappers per il loro seno piatto e molte acquistarono il &amp;nbsp;Symington Side Lacer per imitare il loro look; i seni grossi erano di solito considerati come un segno di volgarit&amp;agrave;. Cos&amp;igrave;, il seno piatto divenne attraente per le donne.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h3&gt;
		Capelli ed accessori&lt;/h3&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&lt;div&gt;
			&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg/220px-MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg" style="width: 220px; height: 241px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
			&lt;div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
					&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				French actress&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaire" title="Polaire"&gt;Polaire&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1899&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		I tagli da ragazzo erano molto di moda, soprattutto il&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_cut" title="Bob cut"&gt;Bob cut&lt;/a&gt;, l&amp;#39;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_crop" title="Eton crop"&gt;Eton crop&lt;/a&gt;,e lo&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_bob" title="Shingle bob"&gt;Shingle bob&lt;/a&gt;. il&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_wave" title="Finger wave"&gt;Finger Waving&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(le onde) erano un ulteriore tocco di stile. I cappelli erano molto usati e gli stili pi&amp;ugrave; in voga erano&amp;nbsp;il&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsboy_cap" title="Newsboy cap"&gt;Newsboy cap&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;e la&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloche_hat" title="Cloche hat"&gt;Cloche&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		I gioielli di solito erano pezzi &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_deco" title="Art deco"&gt;art deco&lt;/a&gt;. Andavano molto di moda innumerevoli strati di collane di vario tip. Spille, anelli e pettinini si usavano molto, insieme agli occhiali con montatura di corno.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h3&gt;
		Cosmetici&lt;/h3&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		Fina dal 1980 l&amp;#39;attrice francese&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaire" title="Polaire"&gt;Polaire&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;diede vita ad un look che includeva capelli corti e spettinati, una bocca molto enfatizzata ed occhi enormi enfatizzati pesantemente dal mascara.&amp;nbsp;L&amp;#39;evoluzione del look flapper richiedeva un trucco pesante, paragonato a quello che all&amp;#39;epoca veniva considerato accettabile al di fuori dell&amp;#39;uso professionale nei teatri. Le Flappers indossavano rossetto a prova di bacio.&amp;nbsp;Con l&amp;#39;invenzione del contenitore di metallo per rossetti e degli specchietti da borsa, il look &amp;quot;labbra piene&amp;quot; non si poteva evitare. Occhi scuri, sottolineati dalla matita Kohl, erano la regola. Il Fard venne di moda, poich&amp;egrave; non era pi&amp;ugrave; cos&amp;igrave; difficile come un tempo da applicare.&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		All&amp;#39;inizio la pelle pallida venne considerata pi&amp;ugrave; attraente. Comunque anche la pelle abbronzata divenne popolare dopo che&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel"&gt;Coco Chanel&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;sfoggi&amp;ograve; un&amp;#39;abbronzatura dopo una vacanza al sole - suggeriva una vita di piacere, sena il bisogno oneroso di lavorare. Tutte volevano apparire in forma, sportive, e, soprattutto, sane.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h2&gt;
		Libere da abiti opprimenti, da stringhe che impedivano di respirare e da tutte le piccole restrizioni fisiche, cominciarono a desiderare un altro tipo di libert&amp;agrave;: La nuova libert&amp;agrave; di camminare e respirare, le incoraggi&amp;ograve; ad uscire di casa e le flapper ne approfittarono pienamente.Le&amp;nbsp;flappers furono una manifestazione estrema del cambiamento nello stile di vita delle donne americane, reso visibile attraverso l&amp;#39;abbigliamento.&lt;/h2&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		I cambiamenti nella moda erano un segnalo di pi&amp;ugrave; profondi cambiamenti negli ideali femminili americani. La gonna corta ed i capelli a caschetto, venivano usato soprattutto come simboli di emancipazione.I pi&amp;ugrave; evidenti segnalo di una rivoluzione morale furono. Il sesso prima del matrimonio, il controllo delle nascite, il bere&amp;nbsp;e il disprezzo per i vechi valori. Prima della guerra, una donna non poteva mettere piede in un&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)"&gt;saloon&lt;/a&gt;; dopo entrava negli&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy"&gt;speakeasy&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;cos&amp;igrave; come se fosse andata in stazione a prendere il treno. Le donne iniziarono a bestemmiare ed a fumare, ad usare contraccettivi ed ad accorciare le gonne sopra le ginocchia, mentre facevano scendere le calze... Le donne erano ora in competizione con gli uomini nel modo del lavoro e per ottenere indipendenza finanziaria ma, soprattutto, ogni tipo di indipendenza dall&amp;#39;uomo.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		La Nuova Donna spingeva i confini dell&amp;#39;identit&amp;agrave; sessuale oltre ogni limite, il che rappresentava libert&amp;agrave; in tutti i sensi. Si tagliava i capelli corto e indossava abiti larghi e corti. Non pi&amp;ugrave; costretta in vite strizzate e gonne lunghe da trascinarsi dietro e dal bisogno dell&amp;#39;aiuto di un uomo ad ogni occasione, la donna moderna degli anni 20 era un pensatore indipendente, che non seguiva pi&amp;ugrave; gli ordini di chi stava davanto a lei. La&amp;nbsp;flapper &amp;egrave; l&amp;#39;epitome della concezione prevalente di quello che erano le donne ed il loro ruolo nei ruggenti anni 20. L&amp;#39;ideale della flapper era il movimento caratterizzato da intensit&amp;agrave;, energia e volubilit&amp;agrave;. Rifiutava il codice morale tradizionale. La Modestia, la castit&amp;agrave;, la moralit&amp;agrave;, ed i concetti tradizionali di uomo e donna stavano diventando invisibili. La Flapper provocava l&amp;#39;autorit&amp;agrave; ed era attaccata perch&amp;egrave; era la causa dell&amp;#39;immoralit&amp;agrave; del paese.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		La concezione di sessualit&amp;agrave; dell&amp;#39;america vittoriana e gli altri ruoli di uomini e donne bella societ&amp;agrave; erano sottoposti a sfide continue.Gli abiti moderni erano pi&amp;ugrave; leggeri e flessibilie, stavano meglio alla donna moderna.Anzich&amp;egrave; mantenersi occupata con il bisogno di apparire decorosa, la flapper voleva essere vestita in maniera adatta a praticare sport attivi. Le donne syavano diventano pi&amp;ugrave; assertive.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h2&gt;
		Fine dell&amp;#39;era delle Flapper&lt;/h2&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;
		Nonostante la sua popolarit&amp;agrave;, lo stile di vita ed il look della flapper, non pot&amp;egrave; sopravvivere al crollo di Wall Street ed alla successiva Grande Depressione.&amp;nbsp;L&amp;#39;atteggiamento sopra le righe e l&amp;#39;edonismo a tutti i costi, non avevano pi&amp;ugrave; posto nel baratro economico degli anni 30.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>The Roaring 20s and the Flapperettes</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=53</link>
<description>&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; "&gt;
	&lt;img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg/177px-Louise_Brooks_ggbain_32453u_crop.jpg" /&gt;&lt;img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/FlapperOnShip1929_crop.jpg/180px-FlapperOnShip1929_crop.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	Next wednesday our weekly event will be dedicated to the Roaring 20s. An amazing era, when everything changed and the women began to express their identity.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	This article comes from Wikipedia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	&lt;b&gt;Flapper&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the 1920s was a term applied to a &amp;quot;new breed&amp;quot; of young&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Western world"&gt;Western&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;women who wore short skirts,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_cut" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Bob cut"&gt;bobbed&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;their hair, listened to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#1920s_and_1930s" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Jazz"&gt;jazz&lt;/a&gt;, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup,&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beverage" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Distilled beverage"&gt;drinking&lt;/a&gt;, treating&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_sex" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Casual sex"&gt;sex in a casual manner&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Smoking"&gt;smoking&lt;/a&gt;, driving&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Automobile"&gt;automobiles&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	Flappers had their origins in the period of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Liberalism"&gt;Liberalism&lt;/a&gt;, social and political turbulence and increased transatlantic cultural exchange that followed the end of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="World War I"&gt;First World War&lt;/a&gt;, as well as the export of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="United States"&gt;American&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;jazz culture to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Europe"&gt;Europe&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	The slang word&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;flapper&lt;/i&gt;, describing a young woman, is sometimes supposed to refer to a young bird flapping its wings while learning to fly. However, it may derive from an earlier use in northern England to mean&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;teenage girl&lt;/i&gt;, referring to one whose hair is not yet put up and whose plaited pigtail&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;flapped&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;on her back;&amp;nbsp;or from an older word meaning&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;prostitute&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;The slang word&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;flap&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;was used for a young prostitute as far back as 1631.&amp;nbsp;By the late 19th century the word&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;flapper&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;was emerging in England as popular slang both for a very young prostitute&amp;nbsp;and in a more general--and less derogatory sense--of any lively mid-teenage girl.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	The word appeared in print in the United Kingdom as early as 1903 and United States 1904, when novelist Desmond Coke used it in his college story of Oxford life,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Sandford of Merton&lt;/i&gt;: &amp;quot;There&amp;#39;s a stunning flapper&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;By 1908, newspapers as serious as&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="The Times"&gt;The Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;used it, although with careful explanation: &amp;quot;A &amp;#39;flapper&amp;#39;, we may explain, is a young lady who has not yet been promoted to long frocks and the wearing of her hair &amp;#39;up&amp;#39;&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;By November 1910, the word was popular enough for the author A.E.James to begin a series of stories in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;London Magazine&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;featuring the misadventures of a pretty fifteen-year-old girl and titled &amp;#39;Her Majesty the Flapper&amp;#39;.&amp;nbsp;By 1911 a newspaper review indicates the mischievous and flirtatious &amp;lsquo;flapper&amp;rsquo; was an established stage-type.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class="thumb tright" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "&gt;
	&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "&gt;
		&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="217" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG/170px-Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
		&lt;div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "&gt;
			&lt;div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "&gt;
				&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clara_Bow_Brewster_1921.PNG" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
			&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Bow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Clara Bow"&gt;Clara Bow&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1921, before she became a star&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;
	Some have suggested that the flapper concept as a stage of life particular to young women was imported to England from Germany, where it originated &amp;quot;as a sexual reaction against the over-fed, under-exercised monumental woman, and as a compromise between&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Pederasty"&gt;pederasty&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and normal sex&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;In Germany flappers were called &amp;quot;backfisch&amp;quot;, which meant a young fish not yet big enough to be sold in the market.&amp;nbsp;The concept of &amp;#39;backfisch&amp;#39; was known in England by the late 1880s, though it seems to have been understood to mean a more demure social type&amp;nbsp;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;compared with the English flapper, who was typically rebellious and defiant of convention.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	By 1912, the London theatrical impresario&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tiller" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="John Tiller"&gt;John Tiller&lt;/a&gt;, defining the word in an interview he gave to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="New York Times"&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, described a &amp;#39;flapper&amp;#39; as belonging to a slightly older age group, a girl who has &amp;quot;just come out&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;Although the word was still largely understood as referring to high-spirited teenagers&amp;nbsp;gradually in Britain it was being extended to describe any impetuous immature woman.&amp;nbsp;Usage increased during World War I, perhaps due to the visible emergence of young women into the workforce to supply the place of absent men: a Times article on the problem of finding jobs for women made unemployed by the return of the male workforce is headed &amp;quot;The Flapper&amp;#39;s Future&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp;By 1918, the word could also be used teasingly of a &amp;quot;pleasure-loving&amp;quot; older woman: a Dr. Whatley, accused of adultery with the wife of Major Sydney George Everitt of Knowle Hall, Knowle, was asked in court why he had begun a verse to her with the words &amp;quot;There once was a flapper named Mary&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	By 1920, the term had taken on the full meaning of the flapper generation style and attitudes. In his lecture that year on Britain&amp;#39;s surplus of young women caused by the loss of young men in war, Dr. R. Murray-Leslie criticized &amp;quot;the social butterfly type&amp;hellip; the frivolous, scantily-clad, jazzing flapper, irresponsible and undisciplined, to whom a dance, a new hat, or a man with a car, were of more importance than the fate of nations.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 style="line-height: 1.5em; color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; "&gt;
	&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Evolution_of_the_image"&gt;Evolution of the image&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class="thumb tleft" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;
	&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "&gt;
		&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="322" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg/170px-Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
		&lt;div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "&gt;
			&lt;div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "&gt;
				&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alicejoyce1926full_crop.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
			Actress&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Joyce" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Alice Joyce"&gt;Alice Joyce&lt;/a&gt;, 1926&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;
	The first appearance of the word and image&amp;nbsp;in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="United States"&gt;United States&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;came from the popular 1920&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Marion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Frances Marion"&gt;Frances Marion&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;film,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flapper" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="The Flapper"&gt;The Flapper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, starring&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Thomas" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Olive Thomas"&gt;Olive Thomas&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;Thomas starred in a similar role in 1917, though it was not until&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Flapper&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;that the term was used. In her final movies, she was seen as the flapper image.&amp;nbsp;Other actresses, such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Bow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Clara Bow"&gt;Clara Bow&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Brooks" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Louise Brooks"&gt;Louise Brooks&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Moore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Colleen Moore"&gt;Colleen Moore&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Joan Crawford"&gt;Joan Crawford&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;would soon build their careers on the same image, achieving great popularity.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	In the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="United States"&gt;United States&lt;/a&gt;, popular contempt for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Prohibition in the United States"&gt;Prohibition&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;was a factor in the rise of the flapper. With legal saloons and cabarets closed, back alley&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakeasy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Speakeasy"&gt;speakeasies&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;became prolific and popular. This discrepancy between the law-abiding, religion-based&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Temperance movement"&gt;temperance movement&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the actual ubiquitous consumption of alcohol led to widespread disdain for authority. Flapper independence may also have origins in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_girl" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Gibson girl"&gt;Gibson girls&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the 1890s. Although that pre-war look does not resemble the flapper style, their independence may have led to the flapper wise-cracking tenacity 30 years later.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	Writers in the United States such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="F. Scott Fitzgerald"&gt;F. Scott Fitzgerald&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Loos" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Anita Loos"&gt;Anita Loos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and illustrators such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Patterson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Russell Patterson"&gt;Russell Patterson&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Held_Jr." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="John Held Jr."&gt;John Held Jr.&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Hays" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Ethel Hays"&gt;Ethel Hays&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Burrows" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Faith Burrows"&gt;Faith Burrows&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;popularized the flapper look and lifestyle through their works, and flappers came to be seen as attractive, reckless, and independent. Among those who criticized the flapper craze was writer-critic&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Parker" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Dorothy Parker"&gt;Dorothy Parker&lt;/a&gt;, who penned &amp;quot;Flappers: A Hate Song&amp;quot; to poke fun at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Fad"&gt;fad&lt;/a&gt;. The secretary of labor denounced the &amp;quot;flippancy of the cigarette smoking, cocktail-drinking flapper.&amp;quot;A Harvard psychologist reported that flappers had &amp;quot;the lowest degree of intelligence&amp;quot; and constituted &amp;quot;a hopeless problem for educators.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	A related but alternative use of the word &amp;quot;flapper&amp;quot; in the late 1920s was as a media&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_phrase" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Catch phrase"&gt;catch word&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that referred to adult women voters and how they might vote differently than men their age. While the term &amp;quot;flapper&amp;quot; had multiple uses, flappers as a social group were distinct from other 1920s fads.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="clear: both; "&gt;
	&lt;h2 style="line-height: 1.5em; color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; "&gt;
		&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Behavior"&gt;Behavior&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
	&lt;div class="thumb tright" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "&gt;
		&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "&gt;
			&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flappermag001.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="262" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flappermag001.jpg/170px-Flappermag001.jpg" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
			&lt;div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "&gt;
				&lt;div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "&gt;
					&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flappermag001.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Dove" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Billie Dove"&gt;Billie Dove&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;on the cover of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Flapper&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;magazine (&amp;quot;Not for Old Fogies&amp;quot;), November 1922&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		Flappers&amp;#39; behavior was considered outlandish at the time and redefined women&amp;#39;s roles. The image of flappers were young women who went by night to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_club" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Jazz club"&gt;jazz clubs&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;where they danced provocatively, smoked&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Cigarette"&gt;cigarettes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;through long holders, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dating_(activity)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Dating (activity)"&gt;dated&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;freely, perhaps indiscriminately. They&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycles#Female_emancipation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Bicycles"&gt;rode bicycles&lt;/a&gt;, drove cars, and openly drank alcohol, a defiant act in the American period of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Prohibition in the United States"&gt;Prohibition&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreplay" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Foreplay"&gt;Petting&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;became more common than in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Victorian era"&gt;Victorian era&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_out" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Making out"&gt;Petting Parties&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, where petting (&amp;quot;making out&amp;quot; or foreplay) was the main attraction, became popular.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		Flappers also began working outside the home and challenging women&amp;#39;s traditional societal roles. They advocated voting and women&amp;#39;s rights. With time, came the development of dance styles then considered shocking, such as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Charleston (dance)"&gt;Charleston&lt;/a&gt;, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimmy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Shimmy"&gt;Shimmy&lt;/a&gt;, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunny_Hug" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Bunny Hug"&gt;Bunny Hug&lt;/a&gt;, and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Bottom_(dance)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Black Bottom (dance)"&gt;Black Bottom&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		They were also considered a significant challenge to traditional&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Victorian era"&gt;Victorian&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;gender roles, devotion to plain-living and hard work, religion and more. Increasingly, women discarded old, rigid ideas about roles and embraced consumerism and personal choice, and were often described in terms of representing a &amp;quot;culture war&amp;quot; of old versus new. In this manner, flappers were an artifact of larger social changes &amp;mdash; women were able to vote in the United States in 1920, and religious society had been rocked by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopes_trial" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Scopes trial"&gt;Scopes trial&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		For all the concern about women stepping out of their traditional roles, however, some say many flappers weren&amp;#39;t necessarily particularly engaged in politics. In fact, older&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_suffrage" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Woman suffrage"&gt;suffragettes&lt;/a&gt;, who fought for the right for women to vote, viewed flappers as vapid and in some ways unworthy of the enfranchisement they had worked so hard to win. Others argued, though, that flappers&amp;#39; laissez-faire attitude was simply a natural progression of feminine liberation, the right having already been won.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Dunbar_Bromley&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Dorothy Dunbar Bromley (page does not exist)"&gt;Dorothy Dunbar Bromley&lt;/a&gt;, a noted liberal writer at the time, summed up this dichotomy by describing flappers as &amp;quot;truly modern&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;New Style&amp;quot; feminists who &amp;quot;admit that a full life calls for marriage and children&amp;quot; and also &amp;quot;are moved by an inescapable inner compulsion to be individuals in their own right.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h3 style="line-height: 1.5em; color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; "&gt;
		&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Slang"&gt;Slang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		Flappers had their own&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Slang"&gt;slang&lt;/a&gt;, using terms like &amp;quot;snuggle pup&amp;quot; (a man who frequents petting parties) and &amp;quot;barney-mugging&amp;quot; (sex). Their dialect sometimes reflected their feelings about marriage and drinking habits: &amp;quot;I have to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_a_man_about_a_dog" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="See a man about a dog"&gt;see a man about a dog&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; often meant going to buy whiskey, and a &amp;quot;handcuff&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;manacle&amp;quot; was an engagement or wedding ring. Also reflective of their preoccupations were phrases to express approval, such as &amp;quot;That&amp;#39;s so Jake&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;That&amp;#39;s the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bee%27s_knees" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="wikt:bee's knees"&gt;bee&amp;#39;s knees&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;quot; and the popular &amp;quot;the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cat%27s_meow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="wikt:cat's meow"&gt;cat&amp;#39;s meow&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;&lt;a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cat%27s_pyjamas" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="wikt:cat's pyjamas"&gt;cat&amp;#39;s pyjamas&lt;/a&gt;&amp;quot;. A 1922 U.S. newspaper article lists the words &amp;quot;junk&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;necker&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;heavy necker&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;necking parties&amp;quot; as contemporary flapper slang.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		Many terms still in use in modern&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="American English"&gt;American English&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;slang originated as flapper slang such as &amp;quot;big cheese&amp;quot;, meaning an important person; &amp;quot;to bump off&amp;quot;, meaning to murder; and &amp;quot;baloney&amp;quot;, meaning nonsense. Other terms became definitive of the Prohibition era such as &amp;quot;speakeasy&amp;quot;, meaning a place to purchase illegal alcohol and &amp;quot;hooch&amp;quot;, meaning liquor.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h2 style="line-height: 1.5em; color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; "&gt;
		&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Appearance"&gt;Appearance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
	&lt;div class="thumb tright" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "&gt;
		&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "&gt;
			&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Normatalmadge_crop.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="254" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Normatalmadge_crop.jpg/170px-Normatalmadge_crop.jpg" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="170" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
			&lt;div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "&gt;
				&lt;div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "&gt;
					&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Normatalmadge_crop.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				Actress&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Talmadge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Norma Talmadge"&gt;Norma Talmadge&lt;/a&gt;, a prototypical flapper&lt;sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; " title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2010"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;
		In addition to their irreverent behavior, flappers were known for their style, which largely emerged as a result of French fashions,&amp;nbsp;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;especially those pioneered by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Chanel" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; " title="Coco Chanel"&gt;Coco Chanel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;, the effect on dress of the rapid spread of American&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; " title="Jazz"&gt;jazz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;, and the popularization of dancing that accompanied it.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Called&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;gar&amp;ccedil;onne&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; " title="French language"&gt;French&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;(&amp;quot;boy&amp;quot; with a feminine suffix), flapper style made girls look young and boyish: short hair, flattened breasts, and straight waists accentuated it. By at least 1913, the association between slim adolescence and a certain characteristic look became fixed in the public&amp;#39;s mind.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Nordica" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; " title="Lilian Nordica"&gt;Lilian Nordica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;, commenting on New York fashions that year, referred to&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;blockquote style="line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
			a thin little flapper of a girl donning a skirt in which she can hardly take a step, extinguishing all but her little white teeth with a dumpy bucket of a hat, and tripping down Fifth Avenue.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;/blockquote&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		At this early date, it seems that the style associated with a flapper already included the boyish physique&amp;nbsp;and close-fitting hat, but a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobble_skirt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Hobble skirt"&gt;hobble skirt&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;rather than one with a high hemline.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		Although the appearance typically associated now with flappers (straight waists, short hair and a hemline above the knee) did not fully emerge until about 1926,&amp;nbsp;there was an early association in the public mind between unconventional appearance, outrageous behaviour, and the word &amp;quot;flapper&amp;quot;. A report in&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;The Times&lt;/i&gt;of a 1915 Christmas entertainment for troops stationed in France described a soldier in drag burlesquing feminine flirtatiousness while wearing &amp;quot;short skirts, a hat of Parisian type and flapper-like hair&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		Despite the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Scandal"&gt;scandal&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;flappers generated, their look became fashionable in a toned-down form among respectable older women. Significantly, the flappers removed the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corset" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Corset"&gt;corset&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;from female fashion, raised skirt and gown hemlines, and popularized short hair for women. Among actresses closely identified with the style were&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Borden" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Olive Borden"&gt;Olive Borden&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Thomas" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Olive Thomas"&gt;Olive Thomas&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Mackaill" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Dorothy Mackaill"&gt;Dorothy Mackaill&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_White" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Alice White"&gt;Alice White&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe_Daniels" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Bebe Daniels"&gt;Bebe Daniels&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Dove" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Billie Dove"&gt;Billie Dove&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Kane" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Helen Kane"&gt;Helen Kane&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Joan Crawford"&gt;Joan Crawford&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatrice_Joy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Leatrice Joy"&gt;Leatrice Joy&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Norma Shearer"&gt;Norma Shearer&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_La_Plante" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Laura La Plante"&gt;Laura La Plante&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Talmadge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Norma Talmadge"&gt;Norma Talmadge&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Bow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Clara Bow"&gt;Clara Bow&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Brooks" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Louise Brooks"&gt;Louise Brooks&lt;/a&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Moore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Colleen Moore"&gt;Colleen Moore&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;div class="thumb tleft" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;
		&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 287px; "&gt;
			&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="183" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg/285px-Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="285" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
			&lt;div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "&gt;
				&lt;div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "&gt;
					&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Where_there%27s_smoke_there%27s_fire_by_Russell_Patterson_crop.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				&amp;quot;Where there&amp;#39;s smoke there&amp;#39;s fire&amp;quot; by&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Patterson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Russell Patterson"&gt;Russell Patterson&lt;/a&gt;, showing a fashionably dressed flapper in the 1920s.&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;h3 style="line-height: 1.5em; color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; "&gt;
		&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Apparel"&gt;Apparel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
	&lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="line-height: 1.5em; font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; "&gt;
		Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920s_in_fashion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="1920s in fashion"&gt;1920s in fashion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		Flapper dresses were straight and tight, leaving the arms bare (sometimes no straps at all) and dropping the waistline to the hips. Silk or rayon stockings were held up by garters. Skirts rose to just below the knee by 1927, allowing flashes of leg to be seen when a girl danced or walked through a breeze, although the way they danced made any long loose skirt flap up to show their legs. It is a common misconception that flappers rouged their knees.&lt;sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; " title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2007"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Popular dress styles included the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robe_de_style" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Robe de style"&gt;Robe de style&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_heels" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="High heels"&gt;High heels&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;also came into vogue at the time, reaching 2&amp;ndash;3&amp;nbsp;inches (5&amp;ndash;8&amp;nbsp;cm) high.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h4 style="line-height: 1.5em; color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 15px; "&gt;
		&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Lingerie"&gt;Lingerie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		Flappers did away with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corset" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Corset"&gt;corsets&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergarment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Undergarment"&gt;pantaloons&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in favor of &amp;quot;step-in&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergarment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Undergarment"&gt;panties&lt;/a&gt;. Without the old restrictive corsets, flappers wore simple bust bodices to make their chest hold still when dancing. They also wore new, softer and suppler corsets that reached to their hips, smoothing the whole frame, giving women a straight up and down appearance, as opposed to the old corsets which slenderized the waist and accented the hips and bust.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;
		The lack of curves of a corset promoted a boyish look. Adding an even more boyish look, the Symington Side Lacer was invented and became a popular essential as an every-day bra. This type of bra was made to pull in the back to flatten the chest.&amp;nbsp;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;Other women envied flappers for their flat chests and bought the Symington Side Lacer to enhance the same look; large breasts were commonly regarded as a trait of unsophistication. Hence, flat chests became appealing to women, although flappers were the most common to wear such bras.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h3 style="line-height: 1.5em; color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; "&gt;
		&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Hair_and_accessories"&gt;Hair and accessories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
	&lt;div class="thumb tright" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "&gt;
		&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 222px; "&gt;
			&lt;a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="241" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg/220px-MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
			&lt;div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "&gt;
				&lt;div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "&gt;
					&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MademoisellePolaireStebbing_cropped.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " width="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				French actress&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Polaire"&gt;Polaire&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;in 1899&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Boy"&gt;Boyish&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;cuts were in vogue, especially the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_cut" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Bob cut"&gt;Bob cut&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_crop" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Eton crop"&gt;Eton crop&lt;/a&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_bob" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Shingle bob"&gt;Shingle bob&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_wave" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Finger wave"&gt;Finger Waving&lt;/a&gt;was used as a means of styling.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Hat"&gt;Hats&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;were still required wear and popular styles included the&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsboy_cap" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Newsboy cap"&gt;Newsboy cap&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloche_hat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Cloche hat"&gt;Cloche hat&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		Jewelry usually consisted of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_deco" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Art deco"&gt;art deco&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;pieces, especially many layers of beaded necklaces. Pins, rings, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooch" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Brooch"&gt;brooches&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;came into style.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn-rimmed_glasses" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Horn-rimmed glasses"&gt;Horn-rimmed glasses&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;were also popular.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;h3 style="line-height: 1.5em; color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; "&gt;
		&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Cosmetics"&gt;Cosmetics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
	&lt;div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="line-height: 1.5em; font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; "&gt;
		Main article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics_in_the_1920s" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Cosmetics in the 1920s"&gt;Cosmetics in the 1920s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		As far back as the 1890s French actress&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Polaire"&gt;Polaire&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;pioneered a look which included short, dishevelled hair, emphatic mouth and huge eyes heavily outlined in mascara.&amp;nbsp;The evolving flapper look required &amp;#39;heavy makeup&amp;#39; in comparison to what had previously been acceptable outside of professional usage in the theatre. Flappers tended to wear &amp;#39;kiss proof&amp;#39;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstick" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Lipstick"&gt;lipstick&lt;/a&gt;. With the invention of the metal lipstick container as well as compact&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Mirror"&gt;mirrors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;bee stung lips came into vogue. Dark eyes, especially&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Kohl (cosmetics)"&gt;Kohl&lt;/a&gt;-rimmed, were the style.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Rouge (cosmetics)"&gt;Blush&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;came into vogue now that it was no longer a messy application process.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
		Originally,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Pale"&gt;pale&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;skin was considered most attractive. However,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_tanning" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Sun tanning"&gt;tanned skin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;became increasingly popular after&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Chanel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Coco Chanel"&gt;Coco Chanel&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;donned a tan after spending too much time in the sun on holiday &amp;ndash; it suggested a life of leisure, without the onerous need to work. Women wanted to look fit, sporty, and, above all, healthy.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;div&gt;
		&lt;h2 style="line-height: 1.5em; color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; "&gt;
			&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Semiotics_of_the_flapper"&gt;Semiotics of the flapper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
		&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
			Liberated from restrictive dress, from laces that interfered with breathing, and from hoops that needed managing suggested liberation of another sort. The new found freedom to breathe and walk encouraged movement out of the house, and the flapper took full advantage.&amp;nbsp;The flapper was an extreme manifestation of changes in the lifestyles of American women made visible through dress.&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;
			Changes in fashion were signs of deeper changes in the American feminine ideal. The short skirt and bobbed hair were likely to be used as a symbol of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Emancipation"&gt;emancipation&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;Signs of the moral revolution consisted of:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premarital_sex" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; " title="Premarital sex"&gt;premarital sex&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; " title="Birth control"&gt;birth control&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;, drinking, and contempt for older values. Before the war, a lady did not set foot in a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; " title="Bar (establishment)"&gt;saloon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;; after the war she entered a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakeasy" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; " title="Speakeasy"&gt;speakeasy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class="Apple-style-span" size="2"&gt;&amp;nbsp;as thoughtlessly as she would go into a railroad station. Women had taken to swearing and smoking, using contraceptives and raising their skirts above the knee and rolling her hose below it. Women were now competing with men in the business world and obtaining financial independence and, therefore, other kinds of independence from men.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
			The New Woman was pushing the boundaries of gender identity, representing sexual and economic freedom. She cut her hair short and took to loose-fitting clothing and low cut dresses. No longer restrained by a tight waist and long trailing skirts and the need for a man&amp;rsquo;s help at every turn, the modern woman of the 1920s was an independent thinker, who no longer followed the ordinances of those before her.&amp;nbsp;The flapper epitomized the prevailing conceptions of women and her role during the Roaring 20s. The flappers&amp;#39; ideal was motion with characteristics being intensity, energy, and volatility. She refused the traditional moral code. Modesty, chastity, morality, and traditional concepts of male and female were seemingly becoming invisible. The flapper was making an appeal to authority and was being attached to the impending &amp;ldquo;demoralization&amp;rdquo; of the country.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
			The&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_America" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Victorian America"&gt;Victorian American&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;conception of sexuality and other roles of men and women in society and to one another were being challenged. Modern clothing was lighter and more flexible, better suiting the modern woman. Rather than keeping herself busy with the need to appear decorous and reputable, the flapper wanted to be well suited to engage in active sport. Women were now becoming more assertive and less willing to keep the home fires burning. The flappers&amp;#39; costume was seen as sexual and arose deeper questions of the behavior and values it symbolized.&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;h2 style="line-height: 1.5em; color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; "&gt;
			&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="End_of_the_flapper_era"&gt;End of the flapper era&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
		&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
			Despite its popularity, the flapper lifestyle and look could not survive the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Wall Street Crash"&gt;Wall Street Crash&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the following&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="Great Depression"&gt;Great Depression&lt;/a&gt;. The high-spirited attitude and hedonism simply could not find a place amid the economic hardships of the 1930s.&lt;/p&gt;
		&lt;div style="line-height: 1.5em; "&gt;
			&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
	&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Louis Armstrong</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=51</link>
<description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1307625584.jpeg" style="width: 290px; height: 174px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;u&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Louis &amp;quot;Satchmo&amp;quot; Armstrong (1900-1971)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Louis Armstrong deve il suo soprannome &amp;quot;Satchmo&amp;quot; al fatto di avere un bocca molto grande. Da bambino, dapprima fu soprannominato &amp;quot;Dippermouth&amp;quot; (&amp;quot;Dipper&amp;quot;=mestolo) &amp;nbsp;e poi &amp;quot;Satchelmouth&amp;quot; (&amp;quot;Satchel&amp;quot;= sacca, cartella) che poi si trasform&amp;egrave; nel pi&amp;agrave; corto&amp;quot;Satchmo&amp;quot;. Negli anni 20, Armstrong cambi&amp;ograve; la natura d&amp;#39;insieme del jazz e lo trasform&amp;ograve; in un&amp;#39;arte da solisti. Suonava con tanta energia ed in maniera cos&amp;igrave; unica da inventare, in maniera totalmente autonoma, l&amp;#39;assolo improvvisato, mentre la sua stilizzazione vocale era caratterizzata da un nuovo tipo di elasticit&amp;agrave; ritmica, chiamata SCAT, che rivoluzion&amp;ograve; completamente il modo di cantare jazz. Registrazioni come&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Last Time&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1927),&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;can&amp;#39;t give you anything but love&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1929), e&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Heebie Jeebies&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;(1926) diedero vita negli anni 20 ad un tipo di jazz completamente nuovo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Louis Armstrong</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=50</link>
<description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1307625584.jpeg" style="width: 290px; height: 174px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;u&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Louis &amp;quot;Satchmo&amp;quot; Armstrong (1900-1971)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Louis Armstrong got his nickname &amp;quot;Satchmo&amp;quot; because he had a big mouth. As a child he was first called &amp;quot;Dippermouth&amp;quot; and the &amp;quot;Satchelmouth&amp;quot; which later morphed into a shortened &amp;quot;Satchmo&amp;quot;. In the 1920s, Armstrong changed the ensemble nature of jazz and turned it into a soloist&amp;#39;s art. He played so loudly and so uniquely that he single-handedly invented the improvised solo, while his vocal stylizations exhibited a new kind of rhythmic elasticity, called scat, that revolutionized jazz singing. Recording such as &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Last Time&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;(1927), &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;can&amp;#39;t give you anything but love&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt; (1929), and &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Heebie Jeebies &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;(1926) created a whole new kind of jazz in the twenties.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Next Stop: MSJF11</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=49</link>
<description>&lt;p style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&lt;img src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1306743782.png" style="height: 335px; width: 238px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	La nostra prossima fermata sar&amp;agrave;... Montpellier! il 2-3-4-5 giugno la bellissima citt&amp;agrave; francese ospiter&amp;agrave; uno dei pi&amp;ugrave; grandi piccoli Festival di Swing Francesi (cos&amp;igrave; lo definiscono i suoi organizzatori, i Ninjammerz). Per 4 giorni si baller&amp;agrave; all&amp;#39;aperto ed in uno dei locali pi&amp;ugrave; influenti per la scena Jazz francese, l&amp;#39;Apollo Jazz Club.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Il cast anche quest&amp;#39;anno &amp;egrave; eccezionale: Alice Mei e Thomas Blacharz, Annie Trudeau e Max Pitruzzella, Dax Hock e Sarah Breck, Sara Deckard con il mitico SONNY ALLEN, leggenda vivente e ballerino del Savoy, unico per stile e per personalit&amp;agrave;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	A loro si affiancgeranno altri grandi amici ed insegnanti come Oliv Wan, JB Mino, Fina Dorseuil, Tatiana Udry e Benjamin Montet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Una delle caratteristiche che rende unico il Montpellier Swing Jammerz Festival &amp;egrave; il cosiddetto &amp;quot;Cabaret Sauvage&amp;quot;: ore ed ore di ballo sociale all&amp;#39;aperto, quest&amp;#39;anno nelle meravigliose cornici de &amp;quot;LA GRANDE MOTTE&amp;quot; (sul mare!), in Place de la Comedie al centro di Montpellier, ed all&amp;#39;Odysseum.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Il Festival &amp;egrave; limitato a 120 partecipanti, le serate, tutte con musica dal vivo, accoglieranno, volutamente, non oltre 300 persone.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Le band che suoneranno: &amp;quot;Ta Mere en Swing&amp;quot;, &amp;quot; Les Papy Stompers&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;The MAgic Shook Heads, &amp;quot;Alain Martien Quintet&amp;quot; e &amp;quot;Philippe Duchemin Quartet&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Insomma, ci sono tutti gli ingredienti per un weekend davvero unico! Se qualcuno di voi ci vuole raggiungere... vi aspettiamo in pista!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Frankie's Memory by Bruno Rossi</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=48</link>
<description>&lt;p style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1306154782.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 380px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Ho fatto uno strano incontro: ho incontrato un essere vivente, che respira, mangia, sorride e balla.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	So che &amp;egrave; strano, ma ancora pi&amp;ugrave; strano &amp;egrave; il fatto che &amp;egrave; uomo, e, stranissimo... sorride, e guarda la sua donna in maniera amorevole ed umana.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Pensate, addirittura &amp;egrave; gentile ed educato, franco e non ama apparire, sceglie di essere se stesso; un uomo che preferisce la cucina di una casa qualunque ai piatti di un famoso ristorante, un uomo che fa il baciamano alle giovani signore, che tiene la porta aperta per farti passare, che prima di entrare in macchina apre la portiera alla sua donna.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Lo so, pensiate che non sia vero, ma vi posso assicurare che lo &amp;egrave;, ed &amp;egrave; tanto vero da avermi lasciato stupito; mi ha stupito ed affascinato il suo sguardo da saggia persona anziana e la sua voglia di giocare da ragazzino ed ancora di pi&amp;ugrave; l&amp;#39;amore che ha per la vita e la sua capacit&amp;agrave; di vivere sempre la parte positiva di ci&amp;ograve; che accade.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Io sono un uomo fortunato. Anzi, fortunatissimo, perch&amp;egrave; ho incontrato un uomo normale, ho incontrato un ragazzino di pi&amp;ugrave; di 90 anni: Frankie Manning.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Grazie Frankie, il tuo &amp;egrave; un insegnamento che va molto al di l&amp;agrave; della tecnica per danzare, un insegnamento che non scorder&amp;ograve;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Bruno Rossi, settembre 2005, Genova&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>STOMPIN' AT the SAVOY</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=47</link>
<description>&lt;p style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1306093146.jpg" style="width: 338px; height: 450px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	METTIAMOLA COSI&amp;#39;. IL JAZZ E&amp;#39; UN OTTIMO BAROMETRO DELLA LIBERTA&amp;#39;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;- DUKE ELLINGTON&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;strong&gt;THE JAM&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Il party era iniziato, ed Harlem era al centro di quella che F.S. Fitzgerald aveva definito &amp;quot;l&amp;#39;era del Jazz&amp;quot;. E gli &amp;quot;Speakeasy&amp;quot; di Harlem erano al centro di tutto questo, perch&amp;egrave; era l&amp;igrave; che si trovava il jazz. Trombe che suonavano, clarinetti incandescenti, e percussioni che rimbombavano dappertutto: ecco cosa si sentiva ovunque, su e gi&amp;ugrave; per Lexington Avenue. Questa musica richiamava la gente dalle strade, la faceva entrare nei locali, faceva loro spazzar via i loro guai e li faceva ballare! negli anni 20 il jazz era la musica da ballo per eccellenza, quella che ti faceva battere il piede a terra e che ti smuoveva il bacino. Era una musica esuberante e spensierata, con un ritmo sfrenato ed una melodia irresistibile. Era il tipo di musica che i proprietari degli Speakeasy amavano, perch&amp;egrave; faceva ballare i clienti senza sosta - il che garantiva che alla fine gli venisse una sete terribile. (gli Speakeasy erano i locali che vendevano alcol illegalmente)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Stompin' at the SAVOY</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=46</link>
<description>&lt;p style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1306093146.jpg" style="width: 338px; height: 450px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	PUT IT THIS WAY. JAZZ IS A GOOD BAROMETER OF FREEDOM.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; - DUKE ELLINGTON&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&lt;u&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;THE JAM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	THE PARTY WAS ON, and Harlem was at the center of what F. Scott Fitzgerald came to call &amp;quot;the Jazz Age&amp;quot;. And the Harlem speakeasy was the epicenter of it all because that&amp;#39;s where the jazz was. Blaring trumpets, hot clarinets, and booming drums could be heard up and down Lexington Avenue. These sounds called people from the streets to come in, brush off their troubles, and dance! In the 1920s, jazz was dance music that made your foot tap and your hips sway. It was an exuberant, carefree music, with a driving rhythm and a blistering melody. It was the kind of music that speakeasy owners loved because it kept customers dancing - which guaranteed they&amp;#39;d work up a giant thirst. (Speakeasies were places that sold alcohol illegally)&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Re-Mix Vintage Shoes</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=44</link>
<description>&lt;p&gt;
	Remix Vintage Shoes: riproduzione di scarpe da modelli originali degli anni 20-30-40.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305846950.gif" style="width: 225px; height: 183px; " /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305846791.gif" /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305847115.gif" style="width: 150px; height: 113px; " /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305847240.gif" style="width: 180px; height: 141px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Belle e comode, le scarpe di Re-mix Vintage shoes sono il complemento ideale per ogni abito vintage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305847083.gif" style="width: 225px; height: 201px; " /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305847134.gif" style="width: 225px; height: 177px; " /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305847192.gif" style="width: 270px; height: 183px; " /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305847270.gif" style="width: 180px; height: 116px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Ideali anche per ballare, col il loro tacco comodo, la pelle morbidissima e la suola in cuoio, utilizzabile su tutti i tipi di piste da ballo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Moda e ballo, insieme in un paio di scarpe uniche e bellissime.&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305847612.gif" style="width: 420px; height: 307px; " /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305847647.gif" style="width: 330px; height: 231px; " /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305847678.jpg" style="width: 264px; height: 206px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>STOP!</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=43</link>
<description>&lt;p&gt;
	Cari amici,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	per il momento la pubblicazione della traduzione in Italiano del libro &amp;quot;Frankie Manning - Ambassador of Lindy Hop&amp;quot; &amp;egrave; sospesa, in attesa che vengano espletate tutte le procedure per ottenere i diritti per la pubblicazione on-line.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	La casa editrice ci ha chiesto di non continuare nella nostra pubblicazione a puntate, perch&amp;egrave; questo potrebbe dare il via ad altre pubblicazioni del tutto non autorizzate in altre lingue.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Dopo alcuni anni di attesa, qualche settimana in pi&amp;ugrave; non far&amp;agrave; la differenza... quello che vi chiedo &amp;egrave; per&amp;ograve; di aiutarci a sveltire le procedure, facendo sapere alla casa editrice che volete conoscere la storia di Frankie! Basta che rispondiate a questo post e vedrete che i messaggi arriveranno a destinazione.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Vorrei anche chiarire che non ho fatto questo immane lavoro per denaro. Se potete aggiungete a questo post che non avete dovuto pagare per leggere gli estratti del libro che ho finora pubblicato, questo per chiarire le idee ad alcuni che hanno frainteso le mie intenzioni.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	iNSOMMA, uniamo le nostre forze per poter leggere tutti quanti la storia della vita del grande Frankie Manning nella nostra lingua. Grazie alla lunga trafila che ho intrapreso anni fa, presto il libro potr&amp;agrave; essere pubblicato on-line in tutte le lingue e l&amp;#39;eredit&amp;agrave; di Frankie non andr&amp;agrave; perduta o non rester&amp;agrave; un&amp;#39;esclusiva di chi parla inglese. Credo che questo conti pi&amp;ugrave; di tutto.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Per il resto, continuate a seguire il blog, pubblicher&amp;ograve; sempre e comunque notizie interessanti e tante curiosit&amp;agrave; e storia della nostra musica e del nostro ballo preferito.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Vogliamo fare cultura, difficile, ma non impossibile. Aiutateci!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	A presto!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Harlem Night Clubs</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=39</link>
<description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;a href="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305270806.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1305270806.jpg" style="width: 379px; height: 261px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Harlem NIght Clubs&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Il mio tributo a Frankie Manning</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=37</link>
<description>&lt;meta charset="utf-8" /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1303894321.jpg" style="cursor: default; float: left; width: 250px; height: 312px; " /&gt;Oggi &amp;egrave; il secondo anniversario della scomparsa di Frankie Manning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	E&amp;#39; incredibile pensare che il nostro Maestro non sia pi&amp;ugrave; insieme a noi. Dopo tanti momenti vissuti insieme, tante risate e tante ore passate ascoltando i suoi racconti senza tempo, credere davvero di non poter pi&amp;ugrave; sentire la sua voce e la sua risata &amp;egrave; davvero impossibile.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Del resto, Frankie &amp;egrave; sempre insieme a noi. Ad ogni Swing-Out, ad ogni passo che insegnamo ed apprendiamo, ogni volta che portiamo in pista le sue &amp;quot;points&amp;quot; o il suo &amp;quot;Mini-Dip&amp;quot; o quando raccontiamo agli allievi le storie che lui ha raccontato a noi.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Nel difficile percorso della mia vita, Frankie &amp;egrave; stato un faro ed un esempio, una stella luminosa nel cielo. Non solo perch&amp;egrave; da lui ho imparato cosa fosse il Lindy Hop, che poi &amp;egrave; diventato una delle cose per me pi&amp;ugrave; importanti ed in qualche modo la mia missione, ma perch&amp;egrave; da lui ho imparato a vivere: mi ha insegnato a cogliere sempre i lati positivi delle cose, a suggellare con una sonora risata anche le disavventure pi&amp;ugrave; fastidiose, a godere delle piccole cose, a riconoscere l&amp;#39;amicizia ed il rispetto, a non curarmi delle invidie e della falsit&amp;agrave; (anche se a volte mi dimentico le sue parole e mi faccio prendere dalla rabbia...!!!), insomma... &amp;egrave; stato prima di tutto un maestro di vita. Non ho avuto mai abbastanza occasioni per ringraziarlo, ma ho avuto il privilegio di essere con lui in momenti felici e privati e di condividere la sua vita al di fuori dei riflettori e delle luci della ribalta.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	L&amp;#39;ultimo grande regalo che ci ha fatto &amp;egrave; stato invitarci alla crociera per il suo novantaquattresimo compleanno. Eravamo un gruppo ristretto di pochi amici, una ventina di persone che lui ha espressamente voluto al suo fianco. Pochi mesi prima, a Parigi, aveva avuto l&amp;#39;incidente in cui si era rotto l&amp;#39;anca. Tuttavia la sua vitalit&amp;agrave; e la voglia di giocare, raccontare, ridere, ballare erano intatte. Ci ha intrattenuto per una settimana, con i suoi racconti e la sua gioia di vivere. Al termine della crociera ci ha invitato nella sua cabina per brindare insieme: fragole e champagne per tutti, condite da innumerevoli indimenticabili storie e tante risate. Alla fine della giornata ci ha detto: &amp;quot;Ragazzi, io ormai ho fatto tanto per il Lindy Hop, in tutto il mondo. Ora tocca a voi&amp;quot; &amp;quot;I&amp;#39;m giving you the torch&amp;quot; - Vi sto passando il testimone. Parole che nessuno dei presenti dimenticher&amp;agrave; mai.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	E noi men che meno. Ricevere il testimone direttamente dalle mani di Frankie &amp;egrave; stata una bella scommessa ed esserne degni &amp;egrave; una sfida che si perpetua ogni giorno. Ma noi ci proviamo e continueremo a provarci.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Per far s&amp;igrave; che molti Italiani possano conoscere la vita di Frankie e perch&amp;egrave; il suo messaggio non vada perduto, ho deciso di pubblicare, su questo blog, la traduzione del libro sulla sua vita. &amp;quot;Frankie Manning - Ambassador of Lindy Hop&amp;quot; potr&amp;agrave; essere letto in Italiano da tutti.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Un piccolo contributo perch&amp;egrave; tutti, anche chi non parla inglese, possano godere dei suoi racconti e saperne di pi&amp;ugrave; di questo bellissimo ballo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Speriamo che questa iniziativa vi faccia piacere, come fa piacere a me condividere il frutto di un lungo lavoro! :)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Buona lettura.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Frankie Manning Tribute</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=36</link>
<description>&lt;iframe title="YouTube video player" width="853" height="510" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/m34eD21QzUw" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Frankie Manning</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=34</link>
<description>&lt;iframe title="YouTube video player" width="480" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/P_TaoTNG0Jo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Swing Brother Swing: perchè partecipare?</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=33</link>
<description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1303465009.jpg" style="float: left; width: 250px; height: 354px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Vi chiederete perch&amp;eacute; continuiamo a dirvi che quest&amp;#39;anno lo Swing Brother Swing &amp;egrave; davvero imperdibile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Queste righe sono dirette a tutti quelli che, come noi, sanno cosa significa qualit&amp;agrave;, lavoro duro e voler realizzare i propri sogni.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Il nostro era quello di rendere lo swing una realt&amp;agrave; fruibile a tutti anche nel nostro paese e da sempre ci siamo impegnati per raggiungere questo fine.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	All&amp;#39;inizio abbiamo mosso passi incerti, sicuramente abbiamo fatto qualche errore, dettato dall&amp;#39;entusiasmo e dalla poca informazione. Come ci ha detto qualcuno, eravamo entusiasti, ma un po&amp;#39; improvvisati.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Negli anni siamo cresciuti, grazie al supporto dei ballerini italiani e stranieri, alla fiducia che tutti voi ci avete sempre dato e che continuate a darci, alla collaborazione d&amp;#39;insegnanti, artisti e musicisti che ci hanno aiutato a realizzare i nostri sogni - in primis Roberto Resaz che per noi ha fondato una Big Band che ormai vogliono tutti nel mondo!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Dal settembre del 2005, anno in cui abbiamo organizzato il nostro primo evento internazionale portando il mitico Frankie Manning in Italia, a Genova, per la prima volta, ne &amp;egrave; passata acqua sotto i ponti. Non &amp;egrave; stato sempre facile - quante difficolt&amp;agrave; abbiamo avuto e quanti soldi abbiamo investito in maniera avventata - ma non ci siamo mai dati per vinti.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Da qualche anno ormai abbiamo preso la strada giusta, ed ora siamo rispettati in tutto il mondo come alcuni tra i migliori organizzatori sulla piazza.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Lo Shout Sister Shout a Roma lo scorso dicembre, ne &amp;egrave; stato una tangibile prova.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	E la conferma arriver&amp;agrave; tra qualche settimana, a Bologna, con lo Swing Brother Swing.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;strong&gt;Perch&amp;eacute; quest&amp;#39;anno non potete assolutamente mancare&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Per un sacco di buoni motivi:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- un cast di oltre 60 artisti 60 di eccezionale levatura&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- i migliori insegnanti del mondo di Lindy Hop, dalle stelle nascenti &amp;nbsp;per arrivare ai mostri sacri, eredi diretti del grande Frankie - vi ricordo che saranno con noi quelli che lui considerava i suoi figli adottivi, Ryan e Steven!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- lezioni per tutti i livelli, anche per chi non ha MAI ballato (non sono molti i festival che offrono questa possibilit&amp;agrave;, tranne quelli che organizziamo noi!)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- un livello Master, al quale potranno partecipare i migliori ballerini della scena nazionale ed internazionale;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- auduzioni per tutti i livelli: pu&amp;ograve; non sembrare piacevole o divertente, ma in realt&amp;agrave; lo facciamo per dare a tutti una buona qualit&amp;agrave; di lezioni e per avere gruppi pi&amp;ugrave; omogenei con cui lavorare; chi all&amp;#39;inizio &amp;quot;storcer&amp;agrave;&amp;quot; il naso, alla fine sar&amp;agrave; contento e soddisfatto!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- una delle migliori Swing Band a livello nazionale: la Billy Bros J.O., che gi&amp;agrave; conoscete, che vi ha fatto ballare e divertire, e che Frankie Manning ha definito una delle migliori Swingin&amp;#39; Bands dell&amp;#39;era moderna;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- la migliore BIg Band di hot jazz del Mondo, i Bratislava Hot Serenaders, il vero scoop di questo festival: una formazione di musicisti professionisti che vi porter&amp;agrave; i suoni e le emozioni degli anni 20-30-40, anche attraverso l&amp;#39;utilizzo di strumenti originali dell&amp;#39;epoca;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- dj di esperienza e grande passione, come Deeb e Lady Kamikaze;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- una location unica e prestigiosa&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- 6 sale spaziose per le lezioni&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- una grandissima pista da ballo rivestita in parquet&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- un grande palco di 200 mq, strutturato in sue sezioni contrapposte e che sabato sera ospiter&amp;agrave; la battaglia delle band, come al Savoy!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- uno dei migliori staff organizzativi del mondo&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- uno show senza precedenti, i cui protagonisti saranno i Killer Dillers (Kevin &amp;amp; Jo, Juan &amp;amp; Sharon, Nathan &amp;amp; Evita), con la collaborazione di tutti gli altri insegnanti: Steven &amp;amp; Virginie, Ryan &amp;amp; Jenny, Nikki &amp;amp; Shesha, Tommy &amp;amp; Alice, Oliv &amp;amp; Trisha, Joel &amp;amp; Valerie, William &amp;amp; Maeva - avete mai visto tanti insegnanti di cos&amp;igrave; alto livello, tutti insieme?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- pacchetti per tutte le tasche - e ci piace far notare che, per quello che offre, il nostro festival &amp;egrave; uno dei pi&amp;ugrave; a buon mercato del mondo, considerato che il prezzo include l&amp;#39;hotel e tutte le serate! e per chi abita in zona, ci sono pacchetti senza hotel a prezzi davvero abbordabili!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- l&amp;#39;Italiano come lingua ufficiale del festival, e la traduzione simultanea in tutte le lezioni!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- gare di showcase e jack and jill che offrono premi in denaro e pass per molti altri festival in tutta europa&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	- tanto, tanto, tanto ballo e la possibilit&amp;agrave; di incontrare gente nuova, stringere amicizie, cementare vecchie conoscenze, divertirsi e socializzare.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Lo Swing Brother Swing &amp;egrave; tutto questo e molto di pi&amp;ugrave;: &amp;egrave; un vero festival di swing, con vera musica swing, insegnanti non improvvisati e tanta passione da parte di chi lo organizza. E&amp;#39; una riunione di appassionati che vogliono che il ballo e la musica che amano sia conosciuta ed apprezzata come merita anche in Italia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Per questo non potete mancare, per questo dovete esserci!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Perch&amp;egrave; grazie a voi, ogni anno potremo crescere e migliorare e darvi di pi&amp;ugrave;... perch&amp;egrave; abbiamo bisogno di voi affinch&amp;eacute; il sogno non finisca mai...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Perch&amp;egrave;...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	IT DON&amp;#39;T MEAN A THING, IF IT AIN&amp;#39;T SWING BROTHER SWING!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Vi aspettiamo!&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>A book to read</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=32</link>
<description>&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1303239224.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 379px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Moving to higher ground: how jazz van change your life by&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: rgb(165, 42, 42); "&gt;Wynton Marsalis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	I reccomend this amazing book, born from the memories and from the pen of one of the greatest american contemporary artists: Wynton Marsalis.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	He was born in New Orleans in 1961 and he&amp;#39;s today a great musician and composer, besides than a teacher; he has dedicated his life to spread the music culture in general. He lives in New York city, where he&amp;#39;s the artistic director of the &amp;quot;Jazz at Lincoln Center&amp;quot;, one of the most prestigious musical institution in the States.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis&amp;#39; passionate and inspirational&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Moving To Higher Ground: How Jazz Can Change Your Life&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;is not only an ode to jazz, but a call to creativity in all its forms. It&amp;#39;s a meditation on life and art, and an invitation to live an energetic, artistic life. &amp;quot;I testify to the power of art, and more specifically jazz,&amp;quot; says Marsalis, &amp;quot;to improve your life.&amp;quot; As the book progresses, he takes on issues bigger than jazz itself, and, at times, what he writes is controversial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Marsalis starts the book not from an expert position, but talks about his experience as a child who was exposed to jazz. Despite growing up with his jazz musician father, pianist&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=9097" style="color: rgb(78, 90, 119); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Ellis Marsalis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;, and starting trumpet at age six, like most Americans he grew up listening to three-minute pop songs, and had to find an emotional entry into jazz. Marsalis gives a vivid description of his journey as a young musician, which despite being marked by early success had its share of rough moments, including being called &amp;quot;Flash&amp;quot; by older musicians whom he respected.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;During the course of his career, Marsalis had the good fortune to meet and play with some of jazz&amp;#39;s brightest luminaries, and throughout the book he shares personal conversations with drummers&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=5069" style="color: rgb(78, 90, 119); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Art Blakey&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=8162" style="color: rgb(78, 90, 119); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Elvin Jones&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;, saxophonists&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=5571" style="color: rgb(78, 90, 119); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Benny Carter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=5818" style="color: rgb(78, 90, 119); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Ornette Coleman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;, trumpeter&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=6486" style="color: rgb(78, 90, 119); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Sweets Edison&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;and other greats. He also includes thoughtful sections on several of jazz&amp;#39;s great musicians, and what he learned from each of them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;In addition to the book&amp;#39;s wealth of personal stories, Marsalis offers succinct meditations on the components of jazz, such as the solo, call and response, scat singing, the shout chorus and so forth. He also gives a real sense of what it&amp;#39;s like to play this music, with its constantly shifting interaction between self and sound and other.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;But the book is not just about jazz. Marsalis relates his highly personal story of being an eight-year-old who was one of two black children in an &amp;quot;integrated&amp;quot; school. He takes this section of the book further by including a number of stories illustrating his own moments of ignorance and arrogance. The history of his personal experience as a black American expands into a thoughtful consideration of race relations altogether, and is certainly one of the most compelling sections of the book.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Marsalis is an engaging narrator throughout. His conversational, easygoing tone is eminently readable, and the book is bursting with the anecdotes that make any jazz autobiography so enjoyable. He has a lot of opinions and some tart comments (including plenty about jazz writers, ouch), but he doesn&amp;#39;t spare himself, which gives the book a nice balance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Best of all,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;Moving To Higher Ground&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;is full of inspiring insights. Marsalis offers a wealth of comments on how one can achieve higher levels of human consciousness by engaging in art in all forms, and the exquisitely crafted prose (kudos to cowriter Geoffrey C. Ward) makes the reader feel these concepts by the beauty and clarity of the words. For example: &amp;quot;Music is the art of the invisible&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Each musician opens a chamber in the very center of his being and expresses that center in the uniqueness of his sound.&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;However, it must also be said that some of Marsalis&amp;#39; insights are sure to repel many readers. Marsalis is not a fan of avant-garde jazz, and he does his best to explain why. His explanations include wince-worthy moments such as his description of the &amp;quot;so-called avant-garde movement,&amp;quot; and lamentations about saxophonist&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=5851" style="color: rgb(78, 90, 119); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;John Coltrane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;&amp;#39;s post-classic quartet music.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Marsalis is of course entitled to his opinion, and he is certainly not the only one who feels this way about avant-garde jazz, or Coltrane for that matter. Things get sticky because Marsalis is, arguably, the most well-known living jazz musician, and is considered by many to be the spokesperson for American jazz. Also, as artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center, he has tremendous influence in the jazz world and beyond. As a result his dislike of avant-garde jazz is not just an opinion: it sets an agenda. This creates resentment among those struggling to create, promote and listen to non-traditional jazz, and therefore there are many people who do not want to hear anything Marsalis has to play or say.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Un Libro da Leggere</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=30</link>
<description>&lt;p style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&lt;img alt="" src="http://www.swingdancegenova.net/images/upload/1303238123.jpeg" style="width: 250px; height: 250px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	Come il Jazz pu&amp;ograve; cambiarti la vita di &lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;Wynton Marsalis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Consiglio questo bellissimo libro, nato dai ricordi e dalla penna di uno dei pi&amp;ugrave; grandi artisti americani contemporanei: Wynton Marsalis.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Nato a New Orleans nel 1961, &amp;egrave; stato bambino prodigio ed &amp;egrave; tuttora un grande musicista e compositore, oltre che insegnante e strenuo diffusore della cultura musicale in genere. Oggi vive a New York, dove dirige il &amp;quot;Jazz at Lincoln Center&amp;quot;, una delle istituzioni musicali pi&amp;ugrave; prestigiose della citt&amp;agrave;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Non &amp;egrave; solo musica, il jazz. E&amp;#39; anche un modo di stare nel mondo, ed un modo di stare con gli altri. Al cuore della sua &amp;quot;filosofia&amp;quot; ci sono l&amp;#39;unicit&amp;agrave; ed il potenziale di ciascun individuo, uniti per&amp;ograve; alla sua capacit&amp;agrave; di ascoltare gli altri ed improvvisare insieme a loro. E&amp;#39; stato creato dai discendenti degli schiavi, ma sa parlare di libert&amp;agrave;. E&amp;#39; figlio della malinconia del blues, ma sa lasciarsi andare alla felicit&amp;agrave; pi&amp;ugrave; pura. Le sue radici sono nella tradizione, ma la sua sfida &amp;egrave; la continua innovazione. E anche se vive di tensioni armoniche e ritmiche, ha saputo e sa essere ancora messaggero di pace.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;span style="color:#a52a2a;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wynton Marsalis fa leva sulla sua eccezionale storia artistica e sull&amp;#39;eredit&amp;agrave; dei grandi maestri per introdurci in questo universo fatto di opposti che si riconciliano. Con la passione del protagonista racconta storie del presente e del passato. Con la competenza dello studioso, spiega cosa e come ascoltare. E soprattutto mostra come le idee centrali del jazz possano aiutare le persone e le comunit&amp;agrave; a cambiare il loro modo di pensare e di agire, con se stesse, e le une con le altre.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Un libro per tutti gli appassionati di Jazz, per chi vi si avvicina per la prima volta, per chi vuole approfondire oppure vuole trasmettere il bellissimo messaggio che questa musica porta con s&amp;egrave;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align: justify; "&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Welcome to My Blog!</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=27</link>
<description>&lt;h3 style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&lt;u&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34); "&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16px; "&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; "&gt;Welcome to My Blog!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Welcome to our Blog and to our brand new website!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	We&amp;#39;re so proud to have it and we sincerely hope it will become a very important reference for mainly but not only Italian swing lovers!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;What will you find in this Blog?&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style="padding-right: 40px; "&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		all the information you were looking for, and also some you didn&amp;#39;t expect to find, of course about swing! Music, dancing, culture, history, curiosities,fashion, opinions, advices and thoughts about this wonderful world we all love.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		links to events in Italy and all over the world, what you should see, according to us, what to do, where to go and why to go there.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		our thoughts (for those who are interested, of course) about events, mainly about those we will personally attend.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		News about bands, swing music in general and tips about the history of music and its evolution through the years&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		Our opinions about books, cds, dvds you must read, listen and watch!&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		News about the famous people of the past and of the present.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	We wish this Blog could become a meeting point for all the people who love the &amp;nbsp;world of swing, a place to talk about their ideas, their points of view and and to express their opinions. So, don&amp;#39;t be shy, come on and stop by!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Aiutateci a renderlo vivo e swingante!!!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
<item>
<title>Welcome to My Blog!</title>
<link>http://swingdancegenova.net/blog/?r=24</link>
<description>&lt;h3 style="text-align: center; "&gt;
	&lt;u&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color:#b22222;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;Welcome to My Blog!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Benvenuti sul nostro Blog e sul nostro nuovissimo sito!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Siamo felici di avere questo nuovo spazio, che vogliamo sia un punto di riferimento per tutti gli appassionati di Swing Italiani (soprattutto!) e non solo!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;Cosa troverere in questo Blog?&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		tutte le notizie che stavate cercando ed anche quelle che non sospettavate di trovare, sullo swing! Musica, ballo, cultura, cenni storici, curiosit&amp;agrave;, moda, opinioni, consigli e pensieri su questo favoloso mondo che tutti noi amiamo.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		link ad eventi in Italia ed in tutto il mondo, quello che secondo noi &amp;egrave; da vedere e da fare, dove andare e perch&amp;egrave; andarci.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		le nostre opinioni (per chi possa essere interessato) su tutto quello che riguarda gli eventi, vissuti soprattutto in prima persona.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		Notizie sulle band e sulla musica Swing in generale e curiosit&amp;agrave; sulla storia della musica e sull&amp;#39;evoluzione della stessa&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		Consigli e recensioni su libri, cd, dvd da vedere assolutamente&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		Notizie su personaggi, del passato e del presente&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		e LAST BUT NOT LEAST: &lt;span style="color:#b22222;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;la traduzione del libro di Frankie Manning &amp;quot;Ambassador of Lindy Hop&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#0000ff;"&gt;&amp;quot; &lt;/span&gt;che molti Italiani aspettavano con ansia e che ora potranno trovare in queste pagine, gratuitamente.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Ci auguriamo che questo Blog possa diventare un punto d&amp;#39;incontro per molti appassionati, essere un luogo dove scambiarsi idee e punti di vista diversi e dove ognuno possa dire la sua.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	Aiutateci a renderlo vivo e swingante!!!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<author>Swing Dance Genova</author>
</item>
</channel>
</rss>

