Talk to Nurse Rita - Health, Nursing & Clinic Matters

Who Is a Nurse? Let Me Tell You About the Real Nurse and How to Spot a Fake One

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 20:14:12 +0000

When people hear the word nurse, they often imagine someone in a clean uniform checking blood pressure, giving injections, or assisting doctors. While these are important parts of the profession, they barely scratch the surface of what nursing truly is.

A nurse is much more than someone who administers medication or dresses wounds. Nursing is a profession built on knowledge, compassion, critical thinking, ethics, and an unwavering commitment to preserving life.

Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, fake or unqualified individuals pretend to be nurses. Their actions not only damage the reputation of the profession but also put patients' lives at serious risk.

As a registered nurse with years of experience, I want to share what makes a real nurse and how you can identify someone who is genuinely qualified to care for you.

Who Is a Nurse?

A nurse is a licensed healthcare professional who has completed formal education, clinical training, and has been approved by the appropriate nursing regulatory body to provide safe, evidence-based care in their region (in some countries like Canada and US every state or province have their own licensing body or board, while in countries like Nigeria, UK, New Zealand etc have a centralized licencing body).

Nurses care for people of all ages—from new-born babies to older adults (depending on their speciality). They work in hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, schools, communities, research institutions, military services, industries, and even patients' homes.

Their responsibilities include:

Assessing patients' health conditions.
Monitoring vital signs.
Administering medications safely.
Educating patients and families.
Preventing illness and promoting healthy lifestyles.
Supporting patients emotionally and psychologically.
Responding to medical emergencies.
Advocating for patients' rights.
Collaborating with doctors and other healthcare professionals.
Maintaining accurate medical records.

A real nurse combines scientific knowledge with genuine compassion.

Nursing Is More Than Giving Injections

One of the biggest misconceptions is that nurses simply give injections or follow doctors' orders. In reality, nurses make independent clinical decisions every day. Before administering medication, a nurse checks:

Whether the medication is correct.
The correct patient.
The correct dosage.
The correct route.
The correct time.
Possible allergies.
Potential side effects.
Whether the medication is still appropriate.

These decisions require education, experience, and professional judgment.

The Heart of Nursing

Behind every procedure is a human being. Real nurses comfort frightened children before surgery.

They reassure anxious families.

They support patients receiving life-changing diagnoses.

They care for people during their happiest moments and often during their final hours.

Nursing is about treating people with dignity, respect, and kindness regardless of age, race, religion, or financial status.

Who Is a Fake or Quack Nurse?

A fake nurse is someone who presents themselves as a nurse without having the required education, professional registration, or legal authority to practise. Some may wear uniforms that resemble those of healthcare professionals.

Others may falsely claim qualifications or use the title "nurse" without being licensed.

In some unfortunate cases, they may even work illegally in healthcare settings using forged documents.

These individuals are dangerous because they lack the necessary knowledge and skills to provide safe patient care.

Why Fake Nurses Are Dangerous

Healthcare decisions can mean the difference between life and death.

An unqualified person may:

Give the wrong medication.
Administer an incorrect dose.
Miss signs of a life-threatening condition.
Fail to recognise emergencies.
Ignore infection prevention measures.
Delay appropriate treatment.
Cause permanent injury.
Put patients' lives at risk.

Every healthcare professional has a responsibility to practise within their level of competence.

Pretending to be a nurse is not only unethical but, in many countries, also a criminal offence.

How to Identify a Real Nurse

Although procedures vary by country, genuine nurses usually have the following:

1. Professional Registration : A real nurse is registered with the country's nursing regulatory body and holds a valid licence to practise. And in most country , you can research if a nurse is registered, by simply going to the Nursing Regulatory Board or Body of the country and typing the nurses' name or surname or both. So you can save yourself or a friend from being treated by a quack.

2. Formal Education : They have completed an approved nursing programme that includes both classroom learning and supervised clinical practice.

3. Professional Identification : Registered nurses typically carry official identification issued by their employer or healthcare institution.

4. Clinical Knowledge : They understand anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, infection prevention, emergency care, and patient safety.

5. Ethical Practice : Real nurses follow professional codes of conduct, maintain patient confidentiality, and respect patients' rights.

What Makes a Great Nurse?

Not every licensed nurse automatically becomes an exceptional nurse. Great nurses possess qualities such as:

* Compassion

* Patience

* Integrity

* Honesty

* Critical thinking

* Excellent communication

* Emotional resilience

* Attention to detail

* Respect for diversity

* Lifelong commitment to learning

Medicine continues to evolve, and nurses constantly update their knowledge to provide the safest and most effective care.

Nurses Are Lifelong Learners

Graduating from nursing school is only the beginning. Throughout their careers, nurses attend training programmes, workshops, professional conferences, and continuing education courses. They learn about:

* New medications

* Updated clinical guidelines

* Emerging diseases

* Advances in medical technology

* Patient safety improvements

* Infection control practices

Continuous learning helps nurses provide the highest standard of care.

Respect the Nursing Profession

Nursing is one of the most trusted professions in the world because society depends on nurses during its most vulnerable moments.

When someone is seriously ill, injured, or frightened, it is often the nurse who stays by their bedside long after others have left.

Behind every smile is years of education, practical training, examinations, and countless hours spent caring for patients.

The title "nurse" is earned through dedication, competence, and accountability—it should never be claimed without meeting the professional standards required by law.

Final Thoughts

A real nurse is far more than someone wearing scrubs or a stethoscope. A nurse is a qualified healthcare professional who combines knowledge, skill, compassion, and ethical practice to improve lives and protect the health of individuals and communities.

Fake or quack nurses threaten patient safety and undermine public trust in healthcare. This is why it is essential for healthcare employers, regulatory bodies, and the public to ensure that anyone practising as a nurse is properly trained, licensed, and competent.

The next time you meet a nurse, remember that behind the uniform is a professional who has dedicated years to learning how to care for others safely, respectfully, and compassionately.

Have you ever met a nurse who made a positive difference in your life or the life of someone you love? Share your experience in the comments below. Let's celebrate the incredible work of genuine nurses around the world.

Ocular rosacea

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 13:24:00 +0000

Ocular rosacea is inflammation that causes redness, burning and itching of the eyes. It often develops in people who have rosacea, a chronic skin condition that affects the face. Sometimes ocular, or eye, rosacea is the first sign that you may later develop the facial type. Ocular rosacea (roe-ZAY-she-uh) primarily affects adults between the ages of 30 and 50. It seems to develop in people who tend to blush and flush easily.
Medications and a good eye-care routine can help control the signs and symptoms. But treatment doesn't cure ocular rosacea. It often recurs after an apparent remission.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The precise pathophysiology of rosacea is unclear but is comprised of both vascular dysregulation and altered immune system responses and inflammatory changes.Recent research has shown an upregulation of proinflammatory and vasoregulatory genes in rosacea patients.A variety of rosacea triggers have been described including skin colonization with Demodex mites (along with bacteria in their gut) and Staphyloccocus epidermidis. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori has been shown to improve rosacea in some patients, and the organism may play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammation of inflammation in rosacea.

TYPES
Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea,
Papulopustular rosacea,
Phymatous rosacea, and
Ocular rosacea.

SINGS AND SYMPTOMS
1. Facial symptoms - Recurrent flushing episodes Persistent and/or recurrent midfacial erythema Papular and pustular lesions.
2. Ocular symptoms-

Dry eyes,
irritation,
redness, itching, burning, foreign body sensation, and photophobia
Recurrent styes,
Telangiectasias Papules and pustules (without comedones)
Rhinophyma (hypertrophy of sebaceous glands leading to bulbous deformity of the nose)
Recurrent Eyelid infections(most common) - Eyelid telangiectasias, Blepharitis Meibomian gland dysfunction Thick viscous plugging of meibomian gland orifices Hordeola/chalazia
Conjunctivitis Usually chronic, diffuse hyperemia Can lead to cicatrization in rare, severe cases Corneal findings Punctate epithelial keratopathy (PEK), usually in the inferior one third of the cornea Marginal corneal infiltrates
Corneal neovascularization Superficial, wedge-shaped peripheral vascularization with its base at the limbus Can progress to frank corneal neovascularization and eventual opacification as shown below Ocular rosacea. Extensive corneal neovascularizati Ocular rosacea.
Extensive corneal neovascularization and opacification. Corneal thinning as depicted below, ulceration, and perforation Ocular rosacea.
Extensive corneal pannus with thin Ocular rosacea. Extensive corneal pannus with thinning.
Secondary bacterial keratitis Episcleritis, scleritis (rare)

CAUSES
The exact cause of ocular rosacea, like skin rosacea, is unknown. It may be due to one or more factors, including: Heredity Environmental factors Bacterial involvement Blocked glands in the eyelids Eyelash mites A number of factors can aggravate rosacea, so they can aggravate ocular rosacea, as well. Some of these factors include: Hot or spicy foods or beverages Alcohol Sunlight, wind or temperature extremes Certain emotions, such as stress, anger or embarrassment Strenuous exercise Hot baths or saunas Some medications, such as cortisone creams and drugs that dilate blood vessels

HOME REMEDIES
Hot compresses applied to the eyelid margins can help to liquefy the thick meibomian gland secretions and, thus, facilitate their expression. Mild, nonirritating cleaning solutions, such as dilute baby shampoo or commercially prepared eyelid scrubs, can also be applied to the eyelids to remove clogging debris. Additionally, light pressure applied to the eyelids can aid in gland expression. Thermal pulsation to the eyelid (Lipiflow, Intense Pulse Light) is a technique used in the treatment of blepharitis. BlephEx is another emerging technique for the treatment of blepharitis.

TREATMENT
Ocular rosacea can usually be controlled with above listed home eye care remedies, but these steps don't cure the condition, which often remains chronic or may reocurs .
Temporary use of oral antibiotics, such as tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin and minocycline, artificial tears may be used to treat dry eyes and reduces the burnung sensations in the eye and ointment may be very useful at night. For severe disease, you may need to take an antibiotic for a longer time and as such hospital visits is necessary.

RISKS FACTORS
Ocular rosacea is common in people with rosacea, although you can also have eye rosacea without the skin being involved. Skin rosacea affects more women than men, and ocular rosacea affects men and women equally. Some studies suggest that among people with rosacea, those who blush easily may be more likely to also develop eye symptoms.

COMPLICATIONS
Sever cornea involvement may worsen disease with may result surgical treatment alternative, which iif not done mey lead to loss of vision.

Rhinorrhea (runny nose)

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Sat, 04 Mar 2017 12:07:00 +0000

Rhinorrhea or rhinorrhoea is a condition where the nasal cavity is filled with a significant amount of mucus fluid. The condition, commonly known as a runny nose, occurs relatively frequently. Rhinorrhea is a common symptom of allergies (hay fever) or certain diseases, such as the common cold. It can be a side effect of crying, exposure to cold temperatures, cocaine abuse or withdrawal, such as from opioids like methadone.
Treatment for rhinorrhea is not usually necessary, but there are a number of medical treatments and preventive techniques available.some people have a chronically runny nose for no apparent reason — a condition called nonallergic rhinitis or vasomotor rhinitis (VMR).

Causes
    Acute sinusitis
    Allergies
    Chronic sinusitis
    Churg-strauss syndrome
    Common cold
    Decongestant nasal spray overuse
    Deviated septum
    Drug addiction
    Dry air
    Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis)
    Hormonal changes
    Influenza (flu)
    Lodged object
    Medications
    Nasal polyps
    Nonallergic rhinitis
    Occupational asthma
    Pregnancy
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
    Spinal fluid leak
    Tobacco smoke

Signs and symptoms

Rhinorrhea is characterized by an excess amount of mucus produced by the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities.
The membranes create mucus faster than it can be processed, causing a backup of mucus in the nasal cavities.
As the cavity fills up, it blocks off the air passageway, causing difficulty breathing through the nose.
Air caught in nasal cavities, namely the sinus cavities, cannot be released and the resulting pressure may cause a headache or facial pain.
If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance that sinusitis may result.
If the mucus backs up through the Eustachian tube, it may result in ear pain or an ear infection.
Excess mucus accumulating in the throat or back of the nose may cause a post-nasal drip, resulting in a sore throat or coughing.
Additional symptoms include sneezing, nosebleeds, and nasal discharge.

Treatment

In most cases treatment for rhinorrhea is not necessary since it will clear up on its own—especially if it is the symptom of an infection. For general cases, blowing one's nose can get rid of the mucus buildup. Though blowing may be a quick-fix solution, it would likely proliferate mucosal production in the sinuses, leading to frequent and higher mucus buildups in the nose. Alternatively, saline nasal sprays and vasoconstrictor nasal sprays may also be used, but may become counterproductive after several days of use, causing rhinitis medicamentosa.

In recurring cases, such as those due to allergies, there are medicinal treatments available. For cases caused by histamine buildup, several types of antihistamines can be obtained relatively cheaply from drugstores.

People who prefer to keep clear nasal passages, such as singers, who need a clear nasal passage to perform, may use a technique called "nasal irrigation" to prevent rhinorrhea. Nasal irrigation involves rinsing the nasal cavity regularly with salty water or store bought saline solutions.

Self-care

Until you see your doctor, try these simple steps to relieve symptoms:

    Sniffing and swallowing or gently blowing your nose.
    Avoid known allergic triggers.
    If the runny nose is a persistent, watery discharge, particularly if accompanied by sneezing and itchy or watery eyes, your symptoms may be allergy-related and an over-the-counter antihistamine may help. Be sure to follow the label instructions exactly.
    For babies and small children, use a soft rubber suction bulb to gently remove any secretions.

Try these measures to relieve postnasal drip — when excess mucus accumulates in the back of your throat:

    Avoid common irritants such as cigarette smoke and sudden humidity changes.
    Drink plenty of water.
    Try nasal saline sprays or rinses

Trachoma

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Sun, 07 Aug 2016 23:37:00 +0000

Trachoma is the world’s leading cause of preventable blindness of infectious origin. Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, trachoma is easily spread through direct personal contact, shared towels and cloths, and flies that have come in contact with the eyes or nose of an infected person. If left untreated, repeated trachoma infections can cause severe scarring of the inside of the eyelid and can cause the eyelashes to scratch the cornea (trichiasis). In addition to causing pain, trichiasis permanently damages the cornea and can lead to irreversible blindness.

CAUSES
Trachoma is caused by repeated conjunctival infection with C trachomatis. Important individual-level risk factors for active trachoma include
1. having siblings with active disease,
2. having a dirty face, and
3. crowded sleeping arrangements.
At the community level, adequate water access for personal hygiene, sanitation, and fly control determine the risk of endemic trachoma.

W.H.O. CLASSIFICATION

The World Health Organization recommends a simplified grading system for trachoma. The Simplified WHO Grading System is summarized below:

Trachomatous inflammation, follicular (TF)—Five or more follicles of >0.5 mm on the upper tarsal conjunctiva
Trachomatous inflammation, intense (TI)—Papillary hypertrophy and inflammatory thickening of the upper tarsal conjunctiva obscuring more than half the deep tarsal vessels
Trachomatous scarring (TS)—Presence of scarring in tarsal conjunctiva.
Trachomatous trichiasis (TT)—At least one ingrown eyelash touching the globe, or evidence of epilation (eyelash removal)
Corneal opacity (CO)—Corneal opacity blurring part of the pupil margin

CLINICAL PRESENTATION/SIGNS

Active trachoma is characterized by a mucopurulent keratoconjunctivitis. The conjunctival surface of the upper eyelid shows a follicular and inflammatory response. The cornea may have limbal follicles, superior neovascularization (pannus), and punctate keratitis. Infection with C trachomatis concurrently occurs in other extraocular mucous membranes, commonly the nasopharynx, leading to a nasal discharge.

Follicular trachoma
Trachomatous inflammation, follicular (TF), is the Trachomatous inflammation, follicular (TF), is the presence of 5 or more follicles (each at least 0.5 mm in diameter) on the central part of the upper tarsal conjunctiva.Follicular trachoma indicates active disease.This form is most commonly found in children, with a peak prevalence in those aged 3-5 years. The prevalence rapidly decreases in school-aged children as they leave the pool of re-infection (i.e. their family childcare group).
Follicles are germinal centers that primarily consist of lymphocytes and monocytes.The presence and involution of follicles at the limbus (corneoscleral border) give rise to the pathognomonic lesion of past active trachoma.

Intense inflammatory trachoma
Trachomatous inflammation, intense (TI) is pronoun Trachomatous inflammation, intense (TI) is pronounced inflammatory thickening of the upper tarsal conjunctiva that obscures more than one half the normal deep tarsal vessels.Intense inflammatory trachoma is defined as pronounced inflammatory thickening of the upper tarsal conjunctiva that obscures more than one half of the normal deep tarsal vessels.The cause is an intense inflammatory response. Like follicular trachoma, intense inflammatory trachoma indicates active disease.The normally thin tarsal conjunctiva develops a velvety thickening.Papillae are visible under slit lamp examination.Intense inflammatory trachoma indicates an increased potential for significant conjunctival scarring and, hence, a higher ultimate risk of blinding disease.Surveying the prevalence of intense inflammatory trachoma in children can help in predicting the risk of future blinding trachoma in that cohort of children.

Trachomatous scarring
Trachomatous conjunctival scarring (TS) is the pre Trachomatous conjunctival scarring (TS) is the presence of easily visible scars in the tarsal conjunctiva.Trachomatous scarring indicates past inflammatory disease and a risk of future trichiasis. The more severe the scarring, the higher the risk of subsequent trichiasis.This form may be associated with the development of dry eye syndrome, but chronic, low-grade bacterial conjunctivitis and dacryocystitis may also lead to a weeping eye.
Trichiasis

Trachomatous Trichiasis
Trichiasis is defined as at least 1 eyelash rubs on the eyeball or evidence of recent removal of in-turned eyelashes.This is a potentially blinding lesion that can lead to corneal opacification.Trichiasis is due to subconjunctival fibrosis over the tarsal plate that leads to lid distortion.Some vision can be restored with the successful correction of trichiasis.

Corneal opacity
Corneal opacity is defined as easily visible corneal opacity over the pupil that is so dense that it blurs at least part of the pupillary margin when it is viewed through the opacity.Corneal opacity or scarring reflects the prevalence of vision loss and blindness resulting from trachoma.This condition includes pannus, epithelial vascularization, and infiltration only if it involves the central cornea.

TREATMENT
The key to the treatment of trachoma is the SAFE strategy developed by the WHO. The surgical ("S") component of this strategy is described in Surgical Care . Antibiotics ("A"), facial cleanliness ("F"), and environmental improvement ("E") are described in this section.

Antibiotic therapy
The WHO recommends 2 antibiotics for trachoma control: oral azithromycin and tetracycline eye ointment. Azithromycin eye drops have also been shown to be very effective.Azithromycin is better than tetracycline, but it is more expensive.National trachoma control programs in a number of countries are fortunate to be beneficiaries of a philanthropic donation of azithromycin.

Azithromycin is the drug of choice because it is easy to administer as a single oral dose. Its administration can be directly observed. Therefore, compliance is higher than with tetracycline and can actually be measured, whereas, with the home administration of tetracycline, the level of compliance is unknown.Azithromycin has high efficacy and a low incidence of adverse effects. When adverse effects occur, they are usually mild; gastrointestinal upset and rash are the most common adverse events.Infection with C trachomatis occurs in the nasopharynx; therefore, patients may reinfect themselves if only topical antibiotics are used.Beneficial secondary effects of azithromycin include its treatment of genital, respiratory, and skin infections.

Facial cleanliness
Epidemiologic studies and community-randomized trials have shown that facial cleanliness in children reduces both the risk and the severity of active trachoma.To be successful, health education and promotion activities must be community based and require considerable effort.

Environmental improvement
General improvements in personal and community hygiene are almost universally associated with a reduction in the prevalence—and eventually the disappearance—of trachoma. This is true not only in Europe, the Americas, and Australia but also in Africa and Asia.Environmental improvement activities are the promotion of improved water supplies and improved household sanitation, particularly methods for safe disposal of human feces.These activities should be prioritized.The flies that transmit trachoma preferentially lay their eggs on human feces lying exposed on the soil. Controlling fly populations by spraying insecticide is difficult. Studies on the impact of fly control on trachoma have had variable results. Trials undertaken to evaluate the installation of pit latrines suggested that the prevalence of trachoma was reduced but failed to demonstrate a statistically significant effect.

Surgical Care
Eyelid surgery to correct trichiasis is important in people with trichiasis, who are at high-risk for trachomatous visual impairment and blindness. Eyelid surgery to correct entropion and/or trichiasis may prevent blindness in individuals at immediate risk.Eyelid rotation limits the progression of corneal scarring. In some cases, it can result in a slight improvement in visual acuity, probably due to restoration of the visual surface and reductions in ocular secretions and blepharospasm.The W.H.O. has produced a training manual on the bilamellar tarsal rotation procedure.Details are as follows:

    This procedure involves a full-thickness incision of the scarred lid and external rotation of the distal margin by using 3 sutures.
    In regions where access to ophthalmologists is limited, well-trained and well-supported health workers can perform bilamellar tarsal rotation.
    Results of randomized clinical trials have confirmed the superiority of this method over other techniques.
    Even after successful surgery, patients remain at risk for recurrence. Therefore, long-term follow-up care and intermittent screening are important after surgery.
    Recurrence rates vary greatly between surgeons. Ongoing audit is an essential element of trichiasis surgery programs.

PREVENTIONThe World Health Organization has targeted trachoma for elimination by 2020 through an innovative, multi-faceted public health strategy known as S.A.F.E.Surgery to correct the advanced, blinding stage of the disease (trichiasis),Antibiotics to treat active infection,Facial cleanliness and,
Environmental improvements in the areas of water and sanitation to reduce disease transmission.Facial cleanliness and environmental improvement are major components of the SAFE strategy.Many regard the lack of facial cleanliness in children as the key factor for the persistence of trachoma.

PROGNOSIS
The prognosis depends on the severity of the disease at the time of treatment, the appropriateness of the treatment, and the risk of reinfection.Patients in whom early disease is treated appropriately have an excellent prognosis.Severe disease may be stabilized, but the patient's vision may not improve once corneal scarring has developed.Reinfection worsens the prognosis.

what to do with Witlow

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Wed, 02 Mar 2016 05:36:00 +0000

A whitlow is a painful and highly contagious infection on the fingers caused by the herpes simplex virus. It is also known as herpetic whitlow or paronychia.
There are two types of herpes simplex virus—type 1 and type 2—and both can cause herpetic whitlow. A whitlow can occur when broken skin on your finger comes in direct contact with body fluids infected with the herpes simplex virus. These body fluids may come from you or someone else. The first bout of whitlow is usually the most troublesome, with recurrences usually being lesser in pain and length. Since about 20 to 50% of cases are recurrences, prevention is key

TO DIAGNOSE WITLOW :

1. Recall if you've had contact with someone who has herpes. Herpes simplex virus is very common and highly contagious.
HSV -1 commonly affects the face, and often causes cold sores (painful blisters on the lips). HSV-2 tends to cause painful genital blisters.HSV-1 can spread through kissing or oral sex, while
HSV-2 can spread through skin to skin contact with infected genitals.
Be aware that HSV can have a long dormant period. You may have contracted herpes long ago, but the virus may have stayed dormant in the nerve cells where it resides. Stress and lack of immunity (getting sick) are common triggers for activation of the virus from the dormant phase.

2. Look for early symptoms. In the "prodrome" or early phase of any disease, symptoms indicate the onset of a condition. For whitlow, these symptoms usually appear 2 to 20 days after initial exposure, and include:
-Fever
-Fatigue
-Unusual pain
-Numbness
-Tingling in the area

3. Observe more typical whitlow symptoms in the disease phase.Once the initial prodrome phase has passed, you will see far more specific symptoms that point clearly to whitlow:
-Swelling, redness, and rash, with fluid filled vesicles around the area.
-The vesicles may rupture, and a white, clear, or bloody fluid will come out.
-These vesicles may merge and take on a black/brown color.
-Ulceration, or a break in the skin, may develop later.
-Symptoms can resolve from anywhere from 10 days to 3 weeks

4. Get a formal medical diagnosis. Since whitlow is a more of a clinical diagnosis, the medical staff might not order any additional tests. Instead, the doctor will take your symptoms and medical history — including an HSV diagnosis — into consideration to diagnose whitlow. They may also take a tube of your blood to order a complete blood count (CBC) with a differential (a count of your white blood cells). This will let them see if you have enough immune cells to fight infections, or if you have an underlying immune dysfunction that causes reoccurring infections.
The doctor may want to test for herpes if you haven't been diagnosed with it. They may analyze your blood for herpes antibodies, order a PCR test (for the detection of herpes DNA), and/or order a viral culture (to see if actual herpes virus is growing from your blood).

INITIAL TREATMENT

Take antiviral medication. If whitlow is diagnosed within 48 hours after the symptoms start, the doctor can prescribe antiviral medication to you.The medicine might be topical (a cream) or oral (pills), but will lessen the severity of the infection and promote quicker healing. Thus, it's crucial that you seek immediate medical advice.Commonly prescribed medications include topical acyclovir 5%, oral acyclovir, oral Famciclovir or valacyclovir.Take the medications as advised by your doctor or pharmacist or nurse consultant.Dosages will be adjusted for children, but the treatments will remain the same.
Take precautions to prevent spreading the infection. Since the virus can spread through contact, your healthcare provider may advise you not to touch others, or even to avoid yourself with the infected finger. Specifically avoid touching body parts that contain fluids or bodily secretions. These include the eyes, mouth, tongue, genitals, ears, and breast.If you wear contacts, don't wear them until the infection has resolved. Touching the contacts, then inserting them into your eyes could infect the eye.
Wrap the infected area. Your healthcare provider may wrap the infected area with a bandage, cloth, or any form of dry wrap with medical tape. You can do this easily at home, too, by buying the bandages or wraps from your local pharmacy. To keep the wrap fresh, change it daily. To be extra safe, your doctor may advise you to both wrap the infected area and wear a glove over it.
Monitor children closely. It can be difficult enough to be conscious of your hands as an adult, but children often find it quite difficult. You don't want them sucking on infected fingers, touching their eyes, or any other areas of the body that contain or carry bodily fluids. Even after wrapping the infected area, watch them closely to make sure everything is as it should be.
Get pain medication if necessary.The doctor may provide or advise you to use over the counter pain medication like Advil, Tylenol, ibuprofen or aspirin. They should ease pain while the infection heals by reducing inflammation to the area. If you saw a doctor within 48 hours of noticing the symptoms, the doctor might not recommend anything beyond pain medication.Children and teenagers with viral infections are advised not to take aspirin. There's a risk of developing a multi-organ fatal condition known as Reye’s syndrome.Seek expert medical advice before taking over the counter pain meds for viral infections.Take all medications as described either by your healthcare provider or on the label. Be careful not to exceed the maximum daily dose.
Ask the doctor to test for bacterial infection.If you try to burst or drain the vesicles on your finger on your own, you give debris and bacteria opportunity to invade. Whitlow is a viral infection, but you can compound the issue with a bacterial infection (this can appear dark, have an odor, and may have a whitish pus discharge).The doctors will order a complete blood count with differential (to detect immune cells or white blood cells) if they suspect bacterial infection.The white blood cells will be high if you have a bacterial infection.They may reorder this test after you've completed your antibiotic course to check for normal levels of white blood cells. This isn't always necessary if symptoms have calmed and they have no further suspicion.

HEALTH BENEFITS/NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS OF DATES

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Wed, 25 Nov 2015 04:56:00 +0000

Botanically; they are the fruits grow on the palm tree belonging to the family of Arecaceae, in the genus: Phoenix, and scientifically named as Phoenix dactylifera. The tree is believed to originate in the lands on the banks of Nile and Euphrates Rivers of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Date palm is now grown extensively for its edible fruits under warmer climates across all the continents.
Dates ripen in four stages, which are known throughout the world by their Arabic names kimri (unripe), khlal (full-size, crunchy), rutab (ripe, soft), tamr (ripe, sun-dried).
A date palm cultivar, known as Judean date palm is renowned for its long-lived orthodox seed, which successfully sprouted after accidental storage for 2000 years.This particular seed is presently reputed to be the oldest viable seed but the upper survival time limit of properly stored seeds remains unknown.Fossil records show that the date palm has existed for at least 50 million years.

HEALTH BENEFITS/NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS OF DATES

Constipation: Dates are often categorized as a laxative food. This is why dates are so frequently eaten by people suffering from constipation. In order to achieve the desired laxative effect of dates, you should soak them in water over night. Then, eat the soaked dates in the morning like syrup to get the most optimal results. Dates have high levels of soluble fiber, which is essential in promoting healthy bowel movements and the comfortable passage of food through the intestinal tract, which can relieve symptoms of constipation.

Bone Health and Strength: The significant amounts of minerals found in dates make it a super food for strengthening bones and fighting off painful and debilitating diseases like osteoporosis. Dates contain selenium, manganese, copper, and magnesium, all of which are integral to healthy bone development and strength, particularly as people begin to age and their bones gradually weaken. So, eat your dates and give a boost to your bones!

Intestinal Disorders: The nicotine content in dates is thought to be beneficial for curing many kinds of intestinal disorders. Continuous intake of dates helps to inhibit growth of the pathological organisms and thus, they help stimulate the growth of friendly bacteria in the intestines. In terms of digestive issues, dates contain those insoluble and soluble fibers, as well as many beneficial amino acids which can stimulate the digestion of food and make it more efficient, meaning that more nutrients will be absorbed by the digestive tract and enter your body for proper usage.

Anemia: Dates have a high mineral content, which is beneficial for many different health conditions, but their impressive levels of iron make them a perfect dietary supplement for people suffering from anemia. The high level of iron balances out the inherent lack of iron in anemic patients, increasing energy and strength, while decreasing feelings of fatigue and sluggishness.

Allergies: One of the most interesting facets of dates is the presence of organic sulfur in them. This is not a very common element to find in foods, but it does have a worthwhile amount of health benefits, including the reduction of allergic reactions and seasonal allergies. According to a study done in 2002, organic sulfur compounds can have a positive impact on the amount of suffering people experience from SAR (Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis), which affects approximately 23 million people in the United States alone. Dates are a great way to somewhat stem the effects of those seasonal allergies through its contributions of sulfur to the diet.

Weight Gain: Dates should be included as a part of a healthy diet. They consist of sugar, proteins and many essential vitamins. If dates are consumed with cucumber paste, you can also keep your weight at a normal, balanced level, rather than over-slimming. One kilogram of dates contains almost 3,000 calories, and the calories in dates are sufficient to meet the daily requirements for a human body. Of course, you should not eat just dates throughout the day. If you are thin and slim and want to increase your weight, or if you are trying to build your muscles to impress some girl, or you have become weak due to a serious medical problem – you need to eat dates!

Energy Booster: Dates are high in natural sugars like glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Therefore, they are the perfect snack for an immediate burst of energy. Many people around the world use dates for a quick afternoon snack when they are feeling lethargic or sluggish.

Nervous System Health: The vitamins present in dates make it an ideal boost to nervous system health and functionality. Potassium is one of the prime ingredients in promoting a healthy and responsive nervous system, and it also improves the speed and alertness of brain activity. Therefore, dates are a wonderful food source for people as they begin to age and their nervous system becomes sluggish or unsupported, as well as for people who want to keep their mind sharp.

Healthy Heart: Dates are quite helpful in keeping your heart healthy. When they are soaked for the night, crushed in the morning and then consumed, they have been shown to have a positive effect on weak hearts. Dates are also a rich source of potassium, which studies have shown to reduce the risk of stroke and other heart related diseases. Furthermore, they are suggested as a healthy and delicious way to reduce the levels of LDL cholesterol in the body, which is a major contributing factor heart attacks, heart disease, and stroke. Therefore, when taken twice a week, dates can seriously improve the overall health of the heart.

Sexual Weakness: Studies have shown that dates are even beneficial for increasing sexual stamina. Soak a handful of dates in fresh goat’s milk over night, then grind them in the same milk with a mixture of cardamom powder and honey. This mixture becomes a very useful tonic for increasing sexual endurance and reducing sterility caused by various sexual disorders. The science behind this phenomenon is largely due to traditional usage which stimulated formal research. In 2006, Bahmanpour studied the effects of date palms and their oil on sexual functioning and found that the high levels of estradiol and flavonoid components of dates are what increase sperm count and motility, as well as promoting increased testes size and weight. So, if you are looking for a masculine boost, eat some dates, because they are a great natural aphrodisiac!

DatesNight Blindness: The benefits of dates are extensive, and are commonly employed to fight off various conditions affecting the ear, nose, and throat. When the leaves of the date palm are ground into a paste and rubbed on and around the eyes, or when dates are ingested orally, it has been shown to reduce the frequency of night blindness, and this solution is commonly used in rural areas where dates grow as an alternative medicine.

Intoxication: Dates are commonly used as a remedy for alcoholic intoxication. Dates provide quick relief and have a sobering effect in case you feel as though have consumed an uncomfortable amount of alcohol. They can also be used the following morning to prevent severe hangovers. Again, they should be rubbed and soaked overnight for the best results.

Diarrhea: Ripe dates contain potassium, which is known as an effective way of controlling diarrhea. They are also easy to digest, which further helps alleviate the unpredictable nature of chronic diarrhea. The soluble fiber in dates can also help relieve diarrhea, by providing bulk to the bowel movements and promoting normal, healthy functioning of the excretory system.

Abdominal Cancer: Research has pointed towards dates being a legitimate way to reduce the risk and impact of abdominal cancer. They work as a useful tonic for all age groups, and in some cases, they work better than traditional medicines, and are natural, so they don’t have any negative side effects on the human body. They can be quickly and easily digested for a quick boost of energy.

Although dates carry tremendous nutritional values, great care should be taken in their selection because their surface is very sticky, which often attracts various impurities. Therefore, you should only consume dates that are processed and packaged properly. Also, make sure to wash them thoroughly before you eat them, as this will help remove the impurities present on the surface.

A Healthy Pregnancy and Delivery – Further adding to the health benefits of dates, one study performed by researchers at the University of Science and Technology set out to discover how the date fruit impacted labor parameters and delivery outcomes. After studying 69 women for a year and 1 month, the researchers found that “the consumption of date fruit in the last 4 weeks before labour significantly reduced the need for induction and augmentation of labour, and produced a more favorable but non-significant, delivery outcome. The results warrant a randomised controlled trial.”CLICK TO READ MORE

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WONDERS OF HONEY

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Mon, 16 Nov 2015 21:17:00 +0000

Honey’s scientific super powers contribute to its vastly touted health benefits for the whole body. The healthy natural sweetener offers many nutritional benefits depending on its variety. Raw honey is the unpasteurized version of commonly used honey and only differs in its filtration, which helps extend its shelf life. A tablespoon of raw honey contains 64 calories, is fat-free, cholesterol-free, and sodium-free, says the National Honey Board. Its composition is roughly 80 percent carbohydrates, 18 percent water, and two percent vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.

Typically, honey is sweet but can be cruel to infants. Spores of Clostridium botulinum bacteria — found in dirt and dust, which can contaminate honey — may lead to infant botulism and produce a toxin inside the body that can cause muscle weakness and breathing problems. It's often advised that you wait until the child is 12 months of age to give infants honey; consumption is safe for older adults and kids, since they have a mature digestive system that can handle the spores.

Consume honey responsibly and reap the numerous health benefits of this liquid gold.

1. Alleviates Allergies
Honey’s anti-inflammatory effects and ability to soothe coughs has led to the belief it can also reduce seasonal allergy symptoms. Although there are no clinical studies proving its efficacy, Dr. Matthew Brennecke, a board certified naturopathic doctor practicing at the Rocky Mountain Wellness Center in Fort Collins, Colo., told Medical Daily in an email, "A common theory is that honey acts like a natural vaccine." It contains small amounts of pollen, which if the body is exposed to small amounts of it, it can trigger an immune response that produces antibodies to the pollen. "After repeated exposure, you should build up these antibodies and the body should become accustomed to their presence so that less histamine is released, resulting in a lesser allergic response."

2. Nature's Energy Booster
The benefits of honey go beyond its great taste. A great natural source of carbohydrates which provide strength and energy to our bodies, honey is known for its effectiveness in instantly boosting the performance, endurance and reduce muscle fatigue of athletes. Its natural sugars play an important role in preventing fatigue during exercise. The glucose in honey is absorbed by the body quickly and gives an immediate energy boost, while the fructose is absorbed more slowly providing sustained energy. It is known that honey has also been found to keep levels of blood sugar fairly constant compared to other types of sugar. So, to experience these health benefits of honey, here are a few tips for you:
(i). Next time before you go for a workout, take a spoon of honey to enable you to go for the extra mile.
(ii). If you are feeling low and lethargic in the morning, instead of reaching out for a can of carbonated energy drink , try honey. Spread it on hot toast or replace the sugar in your tea with it for a refreshing surge of energy.

3. Boosts Memory
Honey’s ability to help the body absorb calcium, according to Brennecke, helps aid brain health. The brain needs calcium in order to process thought and make decisions. “As our populations continue to get older and older, the likelihood of dementia setting in because of poor intake of vitamins and minerals continues to get higher and higher,” he said.
The sweet nectar is loaded in antioxidants that may help prevent cellular damage and loss within the brain. A 2011 study published in Menopause found a daily spoonful of Malaysian honey may boost postmenopausal women’s memory, which can provide an alternative therapy for the hormone-related intellectual decline. After four months of taking 20 grams of honey a day, the women were more likely to have better short-term memory than their counterparts who took hormone pills.

4. Treats Wounds And Burns
Honey is a natural antibiotic that can act both internally and externally. It can be used as a conventional treatment for wounds and burns by disinfecting wounds and sores from major species of bacteria such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A 2005 study published in the British Journal of Surgery found all but one of patients who suffered from wounds and leg ulcers showed remarkable improvement after applying a topical application of honey.

Dr. Diane Radford, a breast surgical oncologist in St. Louis, Mo., told Medical Daily in an email, Manuka honey has antibacterial properties for wound healing. “The precursor for the active antibacterial agent methylglyoxal (MGO) comes from the nectar of mānuka trees. A specialized research unit at the University of Waikato is looking into the conversion to the active product,” she said.

5. Cough Suppressant

Honey can be the all-natural cure when it comes to pesky colds. A persistent cough that won’t go away can easily be remedied with two teaspoons of honey, according to a 2012 study published in the journal Pediatrics. Children between the ages of 1 and 5 with nighttime cough due to colds coughed less frequently when they received two teaspoons of honey 30 minutes before bed.

The golden liquid’s thick consistency helps coat the throat while the sweet taste is believed to trigger nerve endings that protect the throat from incessant coughing. Honey is believed to be as effective as the common cough suppressant ingredient dextromethorphan. It can be used in treating upper respiratory tract infections.

6. Sleep Aid

Honey can be a health aid for sleepless nights. Similar to sugar, honey can cause a rise in insulin and release serotonin — a neurotransmitter that improves mood and happiness. “The body converts serotonin into melatonin, a chemical compound that regulates the length and the quality of sleep,”

Moreover, honey also contains several amino acids, including tryptophan that is commonly associated with turkey. Honey’s steady rise in insulin, according to Brennecke, causes the tryptophan in honey to enter the brain, where it’s then converted into serotonin and then into melatonin, which is a sleep aid. This hormone is responsible for regulating sleep and wake cycles.

7. Treats Dandruff

Honey can bring temporary relief to the scalp by targeting dandruff. In a study, Skin lesions healed within two weeks and patients even showed an improvement in hair loss. The patients did not relapse even after six months of use.
Thanks to honey's antibacterial and antifungal properties, it can also treat seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff, which are often caused by an overgrowth of fungus. Moreover, “honey also has anti-inflammatory properties, which address the redness and itching on the scalp,” Brennecke said.

YOUR TURN
WHATS YOUR EXPERIENCE WITH HONEY......KINDLY LEAVE YOUR OPINION BELOW...

high cholesterol (Hypercholesterolemia)

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Fri, 30 Oct 2015 11:57:00 +0000

What is High Cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a fat-like material that provides structure for your body's cells. Your liver makes most of the cholesterol your body needs, but you also get some from the foods you eat.The fat and cholesterol you eat are absorbed in the intestine and transported to the liver. The liver converts fat into cholesterol, and releases cholesterol into the bloodstream. There are two main types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol). High levels of LDL cholesterol are linked to atherosclerosis, which is the accumulation of cholesterol-rich fatty deposits in arteries. This can cause arteries to narrow or become blocked, slowing or stopping the flow of blood to vital organs, especially the heart and brain. Atherosclerosis affecting the heart is called coronary artery disease, and it can cause a heart attack. When atherosclerosis blocks arteries that supply blood to the brain, it can cause a stroke

EFFECT OF EXCESS
Too much cholesterol can cause a sticky substance (plaque) to build up in your blood vessels. This plaque can block blood vessels and cause heart attacks and strokes.Most people with high cholesterol feel healthy and don't have symptoms. The only way to know if you have high cholesterol is to have your cholesterol checked. You should have your cholesterol regularly checked if: You are a man 35 years or older. You are a woman of any age or a younger man and have risk factors for heart disease or stroke such as: Smoking. Diabetes. High blood pressure. Overweight. A family history of heart attacks or strokes before age 50 in male relatives or before age 60 in female relative.
NOTE:: The Daily value of cholesterol is 300mg or below.

High cholesterol increases the risk of other conditions. Some of these conditions include:

Coronary heart disease
The main risk associated with high cholesterol is coronary heart disease (CHD). Your blood cholesterol level can increase the risk of getting heart disease. If your cholesterol is too high, it builds up on the walls of your arteries. Over time, this buildup (called plaque) causes hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). This condition causes arteries to become narrowed, slowing blood flow to the heart. The narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the heart. This can result in angina (chest pain) or in a heart attack in cases when a blood vessel is blocked completely.

Stroke
Stroke can result if the blood supply to part of the brain is reduced. A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain becomes blocked or bursts. When stroke occurs, part of the brain cannot get the blood and oxygen it needs, so it starts to die.

Peripheral vascular disease
High cholesterol also has been linked to peripheral vascular disease (PAD), which refers to diseases of blood vessels outside the heart and brain. In PAD, fatty deposits build up along artery walls and affect blood circulation, mainly in arteries leading to the legs and feet.

Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is another disease linked to high cholesterol because diabetes can affect the different cholesterol levels. Even if blood sugar control is good, people with diabetes tend to have increased triglycerides, decreased HDL, and sometimes increased LDL. This increases the likelihood of developing narrowing in the arteries.

High blood pressure
High blood pressure (hypertension) and high cholesterol also are linked. When the arteries become hardened and narrowed with cholesterol plaque and calcium (atherosclerosis), the heart has to strain much harder to pump blood through them. As a result, blood pressure becomes abnormally high.

FOODS WITH LOW CHOLESTEROL
Here are some examples of food that u might want to try out,that are low in cholesterol.......

#1: Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fats (Olive Oil, Canola Oil, Peanut Oil, Peanuts, Olives, Avocados)
Cholesterol Reduction:18%1,2,37
Substituting saturated animal fats and other high cholesterol foods with healthier fats like olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, and avocados is the most powerful thing you can do to achieve a drastic reduction in your LDL cholesterol. Specifically a diet high in olive and sunflower oil, that contains 12.9% saturated fat, 15.1% monounsaturated fat, and 7.9% polyunsaturated fat can achieve an 18% reduction in LDL(low density lipoprotein )
#2: Bran (Oat, Rice)
Cholesterol Reduction:7-14%3-5
Bran, particularly oat bran, has been proven effective in lowering LDL cholesterol levels. Add bran to hot cereals and bread. Also, eating whole oatmeal every morning, or switching to whole products like brown rice, can help you get more bran in your diet and lower your cholesterol numbers.
#3: Flax Seeds
Cholesterol Reduction:8-14%6,7
Up to 50 grams of flax seeds a day has been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol in healthy young adults by up to 8%,6 and 38 grams of flax seeds per day reduced LDL cholesterol by 14% in people with high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia).7 In both studies the flax seeds where consumed in a muffin or other bread product. Flax seeds are easily incorporated in baked goods, as well as added to hot cereals like oatmeal.
#4: Garlic
Cholesterol Reduction:9-12%8,9
Studies have shown that less than half a clove (900mg) of raw garlic a day can lower cholesterol by 9-12%.8,9 Raw garlic is best and can be added to olive oil salad dressings, or as a garnish on soups and sandwiches.
#5: Almonds
Cholesterol Reduction:7-10%10-12
Several studes report that eating up to a cup of almonds can reduce cholesterol levels by up to 10%. In a dose response study it was found that half a cup of almonds reduces cholesterol by 5% and 1 cup causes the full 10% reduction.11 As almonds are a high calorie food, it is not recommended that you eat more that a cup. Almonds are great as a snack, or as an addition to breakfast cereals like oatmeal.
#6: Lycopene Foods
Cholesterol Reduction:0-17%13,14
Lycopene is a carotenoid pigment responsible for giving fruits and vegetables their red color and is found in tomatoes, watermelon, and various other high lycopene foods. Studies are conflicting as to whether lycopene reduces LDL cholesterol or not. Some studies report a 10-17% reduction13,14 while other studies find no difference.15,16 Despite this difference, lycopene is thought to generally promote heart health whether it lowers LDL cholesterol or not.
#7: Walnuts and Pistachios
Cholesterol Reduction:10%17-21
Numerous studies report a reduction in cholesterol with consumption of walnuts or pistachios. This is esepcially true when the fats from the nuts replace consumption of other high cholesterol fats. Consuming around 30 grams of walnuts, or having the nuts be about 20-30% of total caloric intake is necessary to achieve the cholesterol lowering benefits.
#8: Whole Barley
Cholesterol Reduction:7-10%22,23
Like the bran from oats and rice, barley reduces cholesterol, particularly when it is used as a substitute for wheat products.22 Barley can easily substitute for wheat in the form of barley noodles, barley flour, or whole pearl barley.
#9: Dark Chocolate and Plant Sterols
Cholesterol Reduction:2-5%24,25
The plant sterols and cocoa flavanols in dark non-milk chocolate have been shown to reduce cholesterol by 2-5%. Further, plant sterols (phytosterols), found in all plants, and particularly plant oils like corn oil and soybean oil have been shown to lower LDL cholesterol by up to 16%.25 However, this reduction is largley due to inhibiting absorption of cholesterol, and would not have a large effect if you consumed little or no cholesterol.
#10: Green Tea
Cholesterol Reduction:2-5%26
Green tea has long been a staple in East Asia where it is believed to wash oil (fat) out of the body. Studies suggest this may be true as. green tea can lower cholesterol by 2-5%.26 Green tea without sugar also has few calories (typically less than 10) and can make a great substitute for a variety of beverages.

LIME {Citrus Aurantifolia} AND HEALTH

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Fri, 23 Oct 2015 21:45:00 +0000

Lime, bearing the scientific name Citrus Aurantifolia, has been used for ages in the treatment of various ailments.The first fruit that comes to mind in terms of medicinal uses is the reliable lime. This sour citrus fruit can do what many advanced medicines cannot.
Lime is consumed throughout the world in the form of sorbet, beverages, refreshing cocktails, pickles, jams, jellies, snacks, candies, sugar boiled confections and in cooking. The oil extracted from its peel or skin is extensively used in soft drink concentrates, body oils, cosmetic products, hair oils, toothpastes, toilet and beauty soaps, disinfectants, mouth washes, deodorants and innumerable other products. There are many varieties of lime found all over the world, particularly in the tropical and the Mediterranean climates.

Health benefits of lime

Let’s take a look at the benefits and medicinal uses of lime,am sure you would be amazed.

Scurvy: Lime is very well-known as a cure for scurvy, the disease which is caused from a deficiency of vitamin-C. It is characterized by frequent infections that show as normal cold symptoms, cracked lips and lip corners, ulcers on the tongue and in the mouth. You can also spot scurvy from spongy, swollen and bleeding gums. Since its cause is a deficiency of vitamin-C, its remedy is none other than vitamin-C, and lime is full of this this essential vitamin.
In the past, soldiers and sailors were given lime to keep them safe from scurvy, which was a horrible and potentially fatal disease back then. Even now, it is distributed among the workers working in polluted environments like furnaces, painting shops, heat treatments, cement factories, mines, and other dangerous work environments to protect them from scurvy.

Skin Care: Lime juice and its natural oils are very beneficial for skin when consumed orally or applied externally. It rejuvenates the skin, keeps it shining, protects it from infections and reduces body odor due to the presence of a large amount of vitamin-C and Flavonoids. Those are both class-1 anti oxidants, and have antibiotic and disinfectant properties. When applied externally on skin, its acids scrub out the dead cells, cures dandruff, rashes, and bruises. It can also be used to create a refreshing bathing experience if its juice or oil is mixed into your bathing water.

Digestion: Lime has an irresistible scent which causes your mouth to water and this actually aids primary digestion (the digestive saliva floods your mouth even before you taste it). The natural acidity in lime does the rest. While they break down of the macro molecules of the food, the Flavonoids, the compounds found in the fragrant oils extracted from lime, stimulate the digestive system and increase secretion of digestive juices, bile and acids. This flood of flavonoids also stimulate the peristaltic motion. This is the reason behind lemon pickle with lunch and dinner being a traditional practice in India and various neighboring countries in that region.

Constipation: Primarily, the ample amount of acids present in lime helps clear the excretory system by washing and cleaning off the tracts, just as some acids are used to clean floors and toilets. The roughage in lime is also helpful in easing constipation, but the most beneficial element is the high acidity. An overdose of lime juice with salt also acts as an excellent purgative without any side effects, thereby providing relief from constipation.

Diabetes: According to the American Diabetes Association, limes and other citrus fruits are considered a diabetes super food for a number of reasons. Mainly, the high levels of soluble fiber found in limes make it an ideal dietary aid to help regulate the body’s absorption of sugar into the bloodstream, reducing the occurrence of blood sugar spikes that are a serious risk to to diabetic patients. Also, limes and other citrus fruits have a low glycemic index, which means that they will not cause unexpected spikes in glucose levels, in addition to the benefits of soluble fiber’s effect.

Heart Disease: That same soluble fiber which can help diabetics maintain their blood sugar levels can also lower blood pressure and eliminate the presence of LDL cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol). Furthermore, soluble fiber can cut down on inflammation of the blood vessels, which is a known preventative measure against heart disease, heart attacks, and strokes.

Peptic Ulcer:In addition to vitamin-C, lime contains special compounds called Flavonoids (Limonoids such as Limonin Glucoside) which have antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, antibiotic and detoxifying properties that stimulate the healing process of peptic and oral ulcers.

Respiratory Disorders: The flavonoid-rich oil that is extracted from limes is extensively used in anti-congestive medicines such as balms, vaporizers, and inhalers due to the presence of Kaempferol. Just scratching the peel of a lime and inhaling it gives immediate relief for congestion and nausea.

Arthritis: One of the many causes of arthritis is an excess of uric acid that builds up in the body. Uric acid is one of the waste products that normal urination will clear out of the body, but unfortunately, when too much builds up, it can make the pain and inflammation from arthritis even worse. The citric acid found in citrus fruits like limes is a solvent in which uric acid can dissolve, increasing the amounts that are eliminated in the urine. Citrus fruits in general have anti-inflammatory properties, and can be used for a number of inflammation issues.

Eye Care: Vitamin-C again! Its anti oxidant properties protect eyes from aging and macular degeneration. On top of that, flavonoids help protect them from infections.

Fever: If someone is suffering from a fever, limes and lime juice can be of great importance. Citrus fruits in general have fever-reducing qualities, and if the fever is very high, the patient’s diet should be restricted to lemon juice and water. However, if the fever is mild to moderate, other fruit juices, particularly citrus juices like lime juice, can be administered in order to bring the fever back a manageable level. Vitamin-C, found in high concentrations in citrus fruits, naturally lowers the temperature of the body.

Gout: There are two main causes of gout. The first source is the accumulation of free radicals in the body, and the second is accumulation of toxins in the body, primarily uric acid. Limes can help prevent both of these causes. It is a wonderful source of antioxidants & detoxifiers (vitamin-C & Flavonoids) which reduce the number of free radicals as well as detoxifying the body.

Gums: The root cause of gum problems is a deficiency of vitamin-C (Scurvy, which gives bleeding and spongy gums) and microbial growth. Sometimes, the ulcers come from physical trauma. In all of these situations, limes can help. Its vitamin-C cures scurvy, Flavonoids inhibit microbial growth and potassium and Flavonoids help heal ulcers and wounds.

Piles: Since lime helps heal ulcers and wounds in the digestive system and excretory system while providing relief from constipation, it eradicates all the root causes of piles. Piles are a different term for hemorrhoids, an uncomfortable condition that occurs in the anal region and can result in bleeding and discomfort both during excretion and general activity. It can also lead to certain forms of cancer, and limes can help prevent their formation or recurrence.

Cholera: Although it has disappeared in many parts of the world, cholera is still a dangerous and deadly disease in some places on the planet, and luckily, limes and other citrus fruits can help defend against this often fatal condition. The lime juice, when added to potentially infected water, proved to be a very effective disinfectant, and even when it was consumed regularly after someone had been exposed to cholera-infected water, fatalities were reduced. Numerous studies were done on this application of lime juice, particularly following the horrible outbreak of cholera in Guinea-Bissau in 1994.

Weight Loss: A glass of warm water with a full lime’s worth of juice in it is an excellent weight reducer as well as a brilliant refresher and antioxidant drink. The citric acid present in lime is an excellent fat burner. You can consume two glasses a day and see legitimate and remarkable results within a week.

Urinary Disorders: The high potassium content of limes is very effective in removal of the toxic substances and the precipitates which get deposited in kidneys and the urinary bladder. The disinfectant properties of limes also help cure infections in the urinary system. Furthermore, it stops prostrate growth (very common in males above 40) and clears blockage of urine that can come from calcium deposits in the urinary tract.

Other Benefits: It is a good appetizer and digestive. It can help to cure rheumatism, prostate and colon cancer, cholera, arteriosclerosis, fatigue and even high fevers (contrary to popular belief). The best part of it is that it has no negative side effects!

THANKS FOR VISITING....PLEASE SHARE AFTER READING .....LEAVE YOUR COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS BELOW....

GOUT

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Fri, 09 Oct 2015 13:43:00 +0000

Gout (also known as podagra when it involves the big toe) is a medical condition usually characterized by recurrent attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis—a red, tender, hot, swollen joint. The metatarsal-phalangeal joint at the base of the big toe is the most commonly affected (approximately 50% of cases). It may also present as tophi, kidney stones, or urate nephropathy. It is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. The uric acid crystallizes, and the crystals deposit in joints, tendons, and surrounding tissues.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The signs and symptoms of gout almost always occur suddenly — often at night — and without warning. They include:
Intense joint pain. Gout usually affects the large joint of your big toe, but it can occur in your feet, ankles, knees, hands and wrists. The pain is likely to be most severe within the first four to 12 hours after it begins.
Lingering discomfort. After the most severe pain subsides, some joint discomfort may last from a few days to a few weeks. Later attacks are likely to last longer and affect more joints.
Inflammation and redness. The affected joint or joints become swollen, tender, warm and red.
Limited range of motion. Decreased joint mobility may occur as gout progresses

RISK FACTORS
You're more likely to develop gout if you have high levels of uric acid in your body. Factors that increase the uric acid level in your body include:

Diet. Eating a diet that's high in meat and seafood and high in beverages sweetened with fruit sugar (fructose) promotes higher levels of uric acid, which increases your risk of gout. Alcohol consumption, especially of beer, also increases the risk of gout.
Obesity. If you are overweight, your body produces more uric acid and your kidneys have a more difficult time eliminating uric acid, which greatly increases your risk of gout.
Medical conditions. Certain diseases and conditions make it more likely that you'll develop gout. These include untreated high blood pressure and chronic conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and heart and kidney diseases.
Certain medications. The use of thiazide diuretics — commonly used to treat hypertension — and low-dose aspirin also can increase uric acid levels. So can the use of anti-rejection drugs prescribed for people who have undergone an organ transplant.
Family history of gout. If other members of your family have had gout, you're more likely to develop the disease.
Age and sex. Gout occurs more often in men, primarily because women tend to have lower uric acid levels. After menopause, however, women's uric acid levels approach those of men. Men also are more likely to develop gout earlier — usually between the ages of 30 and 50 — whereas women generally develop signs and symptoms after menopause.
Recent surgery or trauma. Experiencing recent surgery or trauma has been associated with an increased risk of developing gout

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Gout is a disorder of purine metabolism, and occurs when its final metabolite, uric acid, crystallizes in the form of monosodium urate, precipitating and forming deposits (tophi) in joints, on tendons, and in the surrounding tissues. Microscopic tophi may be walled off by a ring of proteins, which blocks interaction of the crystals with cells, and therefore avoids inflammation. Naked crystals may break out of walled-off tophi due to minor physical trauma to the joint, medical or surgical stress, or rapid changes in uric acid levels.When they breach the tophi, they trigger a local immune-mediated inflammatory reaction, with one of the key proteins in the inflammatory cascade being interleukin 1β An evolutionary loss of urate oxidase (uricase), which breaks down uric acid, in humans and higher primates has made this condition common.

The triggers for precipitation of uric acid are not well understood. While it may crystallize at normal levels, it is more likely to do so as levels increase.Other factors believed important in triggering an acute episode of arthritis include cool temperatures, rapid changes in uric acid levels, acidosis, articular hydration, and extracellular matrix proteins, such as proteoglycans, collagens, and chondroitin sulfate.The increased precipitation at low temperatures partly explains why the joints in the feet are most commonly affected. Rapid changes in uric acid may occur due to a number of factors, including trauma, surgery, chemotherapy, diuretics, and stopping or starting allopurinol.Calcium channel blockers and losartan are associated with a lower risk of gout compared to other medications for hypertension

TESTS AND MEDICAL EXAMS
Exams and tests that may help with diagnosis and treatment of gout include:

1. A joint fluid analysis (arthrocentesis) to see whether uric acid crystals are present. This is the only certain way to diagnose gout.
2. A medical history and physical exam.
3. A test to measure levels of uric acid in blood. This may be done if your doctor cannot safely get fluid from the affected joint.
4. A test to measure levels of uric acid in urine.
5. While X-rays of extremities (hands and feet) are sometimes useful in the late stages of the disease, X-rays aren't usually helpful in the early diagnosis. Pain often causes people to seek medical attention before any long-term changes can be seen camera.gif on an X-ray. But X-rays may help to rule out other causes of arthritis.
Your doctor may evaluate you for lead poisoning if you have been exposed to lead in your job or through hobbies

TREATMENTS
The initial aim of treatment is to settle the symptoms of an acute attack. Repeated attacks can be prevented by different drugs used to reduce the serum uric acid levels. Tentative evidence support the application of ice for 20 to 30 minutes several times a day to decrease pain. Options for acute treatment include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, and steroids, while options for prevention include allopurinol, febuxostat, and probenecid. Lowering uric acid levels can cure the disease. Treatment of associated health problems is also important. Lifestyle interventions have been poorly studied. It is unclear if dietary supplements have an effect in people with gout.

NSAIDs
NSAIDs are the usual first-line treatment for gout, and no specific agent is significantly more or less effective than any other. Improvement may be seen within four hours, and treatment is recommended for one to two weeks. They are not recommended, however, in those with certain other health problems, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, renal failure, or heart failure.While indomethacin has historically been the most commonly used NSAID, an alternative, such as ibuprofen, may be preferred due to its better side effect profile in the absence of superior effectiveness. For those at risk of gastric side effects from NSAIDs, an additional proton pump inhibitor may be given.

Colchicine
Colchicine is an alternative for those unable to tolerate NSAIDs. At high doses, side effects (primarily gastrointestinal upset) limit its usage. At lower doses, which are still effective, it is well tolerated. Colchicine may interact with other commonly prescribed drugs, such as atorvastatin and erythromycin, among others.

Steroids
Glucocorticoids have been found as effective as NSAIDs and may be used if contraindications exist for NSAIDs. They also lead to improvement when injected into the joint; a joint infection must be excluded, however, as steroids worsens this condition.

Pegloticase
Pegloticase was approved in the USA to treat gout in 2010. It is an option for the 3% of people who are intolerant to other medications. Pegloticase is administered as an intravenous infusion every two weeks and has been found to reduce uric acid levels in this population It is likely useful for tophi but has a high rate of side effects.

Prophylaxis
A number of medications are useful for preventing further episodes of gout, including xanthine oxidase inhibitor (including allopurinol and febuxostat) and uricosurics (including probenecid and sulfinpyrazone). They are not usually started until one to two weeks after an acute flare has resolved, due to theoretical concerns of worsening the attack, and are often used in combination with either an NSAID or colchicine for the first three to six months. They are not recommended until a person has had two attacks of gout, unless destructive joint changes, tophi, or urate nephropathy exist, as medications have not been found cost-effective until this point. Urate-lowering measures should be increased until serum uric acid levels are below 300–360 µmol/l (5.0–6.0 mg/dl), and are continued indefinitely. If these medications are being used chronically at the time of an attack, discontinuation is recommended. If levels cannot be brought below 6.0 mg/dl and there are recurrent attacks, this is deemed treatment failure or refractory gout. Overall, probenecid appears less effective than allopurinol.

Uricosuric medications are typically preferred if undersecretion of uric acid, as indicated by a 24-hour collection of urine results in a uric acid amount of less than 800 mg, is found. They are, however, not recommended if a person has a history of kidney stones. In a 24-hour urine excretion of more than 800 mg, which indicates overproduction, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor is preferred.

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (including allopurinol and febuxostat) block uric acid production, and long-term therapy is safe and well tolerated, and can be used in people with renal impairment or urate stones, although allopurinol has caused hypersensitivity in a small number of individuals. In such cases, the alternative drug, febuxostat, has been recommended.

PROGNOSIS
Without treatment, an acute attack of gout usually resolves in five to seven days; however, 60% of people have a second attack within one year.Those with gout are at increased risk of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and renal and cardiovascular disease, and thus are at increased risk of death.This may be partly due to its association with insulin resistance and obesity, but some of the increased risk appears to be independent.

Without treatment, episodes of acute gout may develop into chronic gout with destruction of joint surfaces, joint deformity, and painless tophi. These tophi occur in 30% of those who are untreated for five years, often in the helix of the ear, over the olecranon processes, or on the Achilles tendons. With aggressive treatment, they may dissolve. Kidney stones also frequently complicate gout, affecting between 10 and 40% of people, and occur due to low urine pH promoting the precipitation of uric acid. Other forms of chronic renal dysfunction may occur.

Tay-Sachs Disease

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Wed, 09 Sep 2015 10:23:00 +0000

Tay-Sachs disease (the most severe form of Hexosaminidase A deficiency) is a progressive, fatal genetic condition that affects the nerve cells in the brain. People with Tay-Sachs lack a specific protein (enzyme) called hexosaminidase A. This enzyme deficiency causes a fatty substance, GM2 ganglioside, to build up in the brain. It is this accumulation that causes the symptoms of Tay-Sachs.

CAUSES
All people have two copies of the Tay-Sachs gene (HEXA). Tay-Sachs occurs when neither of a person's HEXA genes is working properly because of a mutation (harmful change). If a person has one working copy of the HEXA gene and the other copy has a mutation in it, he/she is called a "carrier." Carriers don't show symptoms but when two carriers have children together each child (boy or girl) will have a 25% (1/4) chance of developing Tay-Sachs. If only one parent passes on the defective gene to the child (50% chance in each pregnancy), the child will not develop the disease but will be a carrier and have the potential to pass the disease on to his or her children.

Although anyone can be a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease, the disease is much more common among people of Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jewish descent. One in every 30 people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent is a carrier. Other populations with as many (or more) carriers include French Canadians, Cajuns (from Louisiana) and Old Order Amish in Pennsylvania. Some studies state that people of Irish ancestry have a 1 in 50 chance of being a carrier. Around 1 in every 300 people who are not of these backgrounds is a carrier for Tay-Sachs.

SYMPTOMS

Symptoms of Tay-Sachs usually develop around 3-6 months of age when the child starts to have muscle weakness, low muscle tone, an increased startle response and sudden contractions of large muscles when falling asleep (myoclonic jerks).

Between 6 and 10 months of age, a child will not meet motor milestones and may lose the ability to perform tasks (such as sitting) that he/she had previously learned. Decreased eye movement and contact as well as attentiveness are also seen along with a specific change in the eye called a cherry-red spot which can be seen during an eye exam.

After 8 to 10 months of age, a baby will move less and become less responsive. Vision will be lost and many will have seizures by a year of age. A person's head size will start to grow around 18 months of age and when a child is 2 years old, they typically have trouble swallowing and progress into an unresponsive vegetative state. Age of death is usually between 2 and 4 years, often from pneumonia.

In addition to classic Tay-Sachs, there are other forms of Hexosaminidase A deficiency that are sometimes referred to as forms of Tay-Sachs.

    Juvenile Hexosaminidase A deficiency begins with trouble walking (ataxia) and incoordination in early childhood. Symptoms are similar to those of classic Tay-Sachs although the cherry-red spot is not as common. Age of death is usually in teenage years, usually from infections, although some will die much sooner.
    Chronic Hexosaminidase A deficiency usually develops before age 10 but people do not lose as many motor skills as those with Tay-Sachs. Cognitive and verbal skills are affected later in the course.
    Adult-onset Hexosaminidase A deficiency causes slow but progressive muscle weakness and wasting as well as trouble speaking clearly, cognitive problems, and dementia. Up to 40% of people have psychiatric problems (which can be present without dementia). Severity, even within a family, is very variable. Life expectancy can vary widely and may not be shortened.

DIAGNOSIS

A blood test can be taken to measure the body's level of hexoaminidase A (patients with Tay-Sachs lack most or all of this protein whereas levels are reduced in other forms of Hexosaminidase A deficiency). A doctor may also conduct an eye examination to see if the patient has the classic cherry-red spot in the center of the eye's macula (part of the retina). For parents and other relatives of affected children, as well as people who are concerned that they may be carriers of the disease because of their ethnicity), genetic testing is available. Prenatal diagnosis (e.g., chorionic villus sampling, amniotic fluid testing) and even preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is more complicated. It is usually possible, but genetic counseling and testing is strongly recommended prior to pregnancy.

TREATMENT

Unfortunately, there is no cure for Tay-Sachs disease itself. Treatment targets controlling some of the symptoms—such as providing anticonvulsants to control seizures—and proper nutrition and hydration as well as other comfort measures. Research is ongoing.

Myths About 'Female Viagra' Busted

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Sun, 06 Sep 2015 03:07:00 +0000

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has given women who struggle with low libido some hope. The agency approved the first drug to treat hypoactive sexual desire disorder. While there are more than a dozen drugs that help men's sex lives, this is the first that will help women.

1. This is like Viagra

While people are calling Addyi the "female Viagra," it doesn't really work that way. Viagra eliminates a physical problem for men. Men take it to get and keep an erection. They pop it before they want to have sex. Addyi doesn't treat a physical problem for women -- instead it targets the chemicals in their brain and it improves, in at least 37% of the women who take it, their sense of desire for their romantic partner. Women have to take Addyi every night.

2. This will be a cure-all for women not all that into sex

Unlike Viagra, which works for a wide variety of men, Addyi only works on women with a significantly low sex drive. It doesn't turn people on if they aren't already attracted to a person. Low libido is the biggest sexual complaint, according to a 2002 study. For those it helps, such Amanda Parrish, a 52-year-old who was a part of the drug trial, it can be life-changing. She did have a sex life with her husband before she took the drug, but it wasn't fully satisfying. "It was that I lost my drive to initiate [sex] and be an active participant [in sex] and I found myself more of an obligatory participant." Parrish said. "From the neck down my body responds just fine, but from the head up, well, for years people have been telling women it's all in our head and I guess it turns out for some women it really is."

3. This will make women nymphos

"It doesn't make you have hypersexual interest," according to Dr. Anita Clayton. Clayton works as a consultant with Sprout Pharmaceuticals and is interim chair of the department of psychiatry and neurobehavioral sciences at the University of Virginia School of Medicine in Charlottesville. "It's not an aphrodisiac." Instead it helps rebalance the chemicals in a woman's brain to restore their desire for someone to whom they are attracted. Women "saw improvements," Clayton said, but "it wouldn't go beyond normal" and does not give them "a more enhanced sexual interest" overall. Women who were in this study said they were happy even if they just "got close to their normal."

4. This will be something someone could use on unsuspecting women

Even for the women the new drug will help, it doesn't take effect instantly. The drugmaker says it only works over time.

5. It can make women sleepy;

it would not incapacitate them like GHB, popularly known as a "date rape" drug, can. A woman taking this libido drug would remain conscious and aware of her surroundings.

6. Women may abuse this recreationally

Because of the serious side effects of low blood pressure and passing out, particularly when women drink alcohol and use the product, women will need a prescription to get the drug. The packaging will include a warning. The women will have to be screened by doctors for sexual dysfunction. "This is not the panacea that Viagra is at all," Dr. Laura Berman said. Berman worked on the drug trial and is an assistant professor of clinical obstetrics and gynecology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Women may still need therapy to address broader relationship issues that may be affecting their interest in intimacy. "Women who don't need a medication won't be taking it unnecessarily," Berman said. "That's why there is a screening process and I know the company takes it seriously."

By: NWN

Kentucky Clerk: I am prepared to go to jail

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Sat, 05 Sep 2015 23:25:00 +0000

Kim Davis could become the first Christian in America jailed as a result of the Supreme Court decision legalizing gay marriage.

“I've weighed the cost and I'm prepared to go to jail, I sure am,” Mrs. Davis told me in an exclusive interview. “This has never been a gay or lesbian issue for me. This is about upholding the word of God.”

“This is a heaven or hell issue for me and for every other Christian that believes,” she said. “This is a fight worth fighting.”

Click here to join Todd’s American Dispatch –a MUST-READ for Conservatives!

I’m very steadfast in what I believe. I don’t leave my conscience and my Christian soul out in my vehicle and come in here and pretend to be something I’m not. It’s easy to talk the talk, but can you walk the walk?

- Kim Davis, clerk of Rowan County, Kentucky
Davis is the clerk of Rowan County, Ky. – a small patch of earth in the north eastern part of the state. She was elected last November – taking the place of her mother, who held the position for nearly 40 years.

It’s fair to say that issuing marriage licenses was something of a family business – until the day the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage.

Davis is a devout Apostolic Christian, and she knew that should gay marriage become legal, she could not and would not sign her name on a same-sex marriage certificate.

“I would have to either make a decision to stand or I would have to buckle down and leave,” she said, pondering her choices. “And if I left, resigned or chose to retire, I would have no voice for God’s word.

So when that day came, she issued an edict: No more marriage licenses would be issued in Rowan County. It was a decision that would bring down the wrath of militant LGBT activists and their supporters.

“They told my husband they were going to burn us down while we slept in our home,” she said. “He’s been told that he would be beaten up and tied up and made to watch them rape me. I have been told that gays should kill me.”

Liberty Counsel, the public interest law firm that represents Davis, says forcing her to issue same-sex marriage licenses violates her religious beliefs. But the courts don’t seem interested in that argument.

A federal judge ordered her to issue the licenses, an appeals court upheld that decision and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to intervene. Should Davis continue to defy the law, she could be fined or sent to jail.

No matter what the court decides, Davis says she will not violate her religious beliefs – and she will not resign her post.

“I'm very steadfast in what I believe,” she told me. “I don’t leave my conscience and my Christian soul out in my vehicle and come in here and pretend to be something I'm not. It’s easy to talk the talk, but can you walk the walk?”

The mainstream media and the activists have been ruthless. They've portrayed her as a monster – a right-wing, homophobic hypocrite. She’s been smeared by tabloid-style reports on her checkered past. They've written extensively about her failed marriages.

It’s true, she’s been married four times. But what’s missing in the mainstream media coverage is the context. Her life was radically changed by Jesus Christ in 2011, and since then she has become a different person.

“My God in heaven knows every crack, every crevice, every deep place in my heart,” she said. “And he knows the thoughts that are in my mind before I even think them. And he has given me such a beautiful and wonderful grace through all of this.”

She once lived for the devil, but now she lives for God. She’s a sinner saved by grace.

“I had created such a pit of sin for myself with my very own hands,” she told me.

So how does she handle the reporters and talking heads who call her a hypocrite?

“All I can say to them is if they have a sordid past like what I had, they too can receive the cleansing and renewing, and they can start a fresh life and they can be different,” she said. “They don’t have to remain in their sin, there’s hope for tomorrow.”

Davis did not seek the national spotlight. She had no intention of becoming a spokeswoman for religious liberty, and she bristles at the idea that she is a hero of the faith.

“I'm just a vessel God has chosen for this time and this place,” she said. “I'm
no different than any other Christian. It was my appointed time to stand, and their time will come.”

wonders of Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina)

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Sat, 05 Sep 2015 20:28:00 +0000

Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) is a vegetable used for preparing the popular Bitter leaf soup. It is also known as Onugbu, Shiwaka & Ewuro by the Igbos, Hausas&Yorubas in Nigeria. Apart from this, bitter leaf is well known for its healing potency when it is chewed or juiced raw because cooking reduces its potency and medicinal value.

Although this plant has been around for hundreds of years, only a few people know of its medicinal and healing properties.

Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) as the name implies, is actually a bitter plant whose leaves, extracts, stems and barks are used for culinary,medicinal and curative purposes.
Vitamins in Bitter leaf includes;Vitamin A, Vitamin C ,Vitamin E, Vit.B1 and Vit.B2.

My mum is a big fan of the bitter leaf juice, and the truth is growing up,we barely visited the hospital.. I hated the bitter taste, at that time,but now, kowing what it can do, I humbly joined the Bitter leaf fan club ... ☺ .....

Bitter leaf and Spinach Juice

Well, To get the best results from the bitter leaf plant, it's best taken freshly squeezed from the leaves.

How to extract the Bitter leaf Juice
This can be done, the old school way of rubbing the clean leaves in between your palms with the help of a little water and squeezing out the juice from the leaves.

You can also use a juicer or blend the leaves with a little water, in a blender and strain out the extract with a cheese cloth, coffee strainer or a sieve with a tight mesh.

Bitter leaf juice on its own, is quite bitter and this taste might be unbearable for a lot of people.
So to reduce the bitterness of the bitter leaf juice, simply blend it with spinach or Ugwu (fluted pumpkin). If you still find it extremely bitter, then add some sweet fruits to it, such as pineapple , apples, or oranges or milk.

Dry bitter leaf is also potent, but has to be properly cleaned before use.

Some of the health benefits of Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina);

* It speeds up metabolism and therefore is great for weight loss.

* Bitter leaf juice relieves fever and feverish conditions. Take the squeezed juice, 3 times daily until the symptoms disappears.

* It also helps to reduce high sugar level in the blood, and great for diabetic patients Sarah Abagia, head, Dietetics Department at the National Hospital, Abuja, said: “It is not that bitter leaf can cure diabetes, but it has some sugar controlling influence to a certain degree. Bitter leaf is able to influence some drop in the sugar level. But it is not suppose to be regarded as an entire medication for diabetes. One can take a handful of fresh bitter leaf, pour in a blender, pour the desired amount of water, blend and strain it, then drink while some people take a handful of bitter leaf and eat it too.” Bitter leaf does not only reduce the blood sugar level drastically, it also helps to repair the pancreas. According to some researchers writing in the Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences, the administration of aqueous extract of bitter leaf at a concentration of 500 mg/kg of body weight significantly decreases the level of blood glucose and its efficacy to lower blood glucose level was comparable with that of chlorpropamide which is a standard drug used in the management of diabetes.

* Squeeze the fresh leaves on your palm and apply the juice on skin rashes,eczema, ring worms and any superficial skin ailments, you'll notice a change in few days.

* Bitter leaf is said to soothe and also cure pile .

* Taking a cup of bitter leaf juice a day, is a great way to detoxify the body of harmful toxins.

* Bitter leaf juice nourishes the skin.

* Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) also cures mild stomach ailments

* Bitter leaf juice is said to increase breast milk production in nursing mothers.

* The washed roots and stalks of bitterleaf are boiled and the infusion is taking as a worm expeller. A cup of bitter leaf infusion taking first thing in the morning before meals

* Bitter leaf juice is used by local women in Guinea-Bissau to contract the uterus and after childbirth and The aqueous extract of bitter leaf can also help in inducing labour in cases of prolonged labour. NOTE : therefore should not be taking during the first trimester of pregnancy or if you're trying to conceive,because high intake might cause miscarriage.

* A cup of bitter leaf juice a day, energizes you... Bitter leaf also stimulates bile and hydrochloric acid production, stimulates nervous and immune system function. Interestingly, it also combats fatigue and exhaustion.

okay people.....go juicing some Vernonia amygdalina

Pyloric stenosis (infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Tue, 16 Jun 2015 10:37:00 +0000

Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of the pylorus, the lower part of the stomach through which food and other stomach contents pass to enter the small intestine. When an infant has pyloric stenosis, the muscles in the pylorus have become enlarged and cause narrowing within the pyloric channel to the point where food is prevented from emptying out of the stomach.Also called infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, pyloric stenosis is a form of gastric outlet obstruction, which means a blockage from the stomach to the intestines. It's about four times more likely to occur in firstborn male infants and also has been shown to run in families — if a parent had pyloric stenosis, then an infant has up to a 20% risk of developing it. Pyloric stenosis occurs more commonly in Caucasian infants than in babies of other ethnic backgrounds.

Most infants who develop symptoms of pyloric stenosis are usually between 3 to 5 weeks. It is one of the more common causes of intestinal obstruction during infancy that requires surgery.

CAUSES
It is believed that babies who develop pyloric stenosis are not born with it, but that the progressive thickening of the pylorus occurs after birth. A baby will start to show symptoms when the pylorus is so thickened that the stomach can no longer empty properly.

It is not known exactly what causes the thickening of the muscles of the pylorus. It may be a combination of several factors; for example, the use of erythromycin in the first 2 weeks of life has been associated with pyloric stenosis, and there is also a connection in babies whose mothers took this antibiotic at the end of pregnancy or during breastfeeding.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The gastric outlet obstruction due to the hypertrophic pylorus impairs emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum. As a consequence, all ingested food and gastric secretions can only exit via vomiting, which can be of a projectile nature. While the exact cause of the hypertrophy remains unknown, Rogers has assembled compelling evidence that neonatal hyperacidity is involved.

This physiological explanation for the development of clinical pyloric stenosis at around 4 weeks and its spontaneous long term cure without surgery if treated conservatively, has recently been further reviewed.The vomited material does not contain bile because the pyloric obstruction prevents entry of duodenal contents (containing bile) into the stomach.

Persistent vomiting results in loss of stomach acid (hydrochloric acid). The chloride loss results in a low blood chloride level which impairs the kidney's ability to excrete bicarbonate. This is the significant factor that prevents correction of the alkalosis.

A secondary hyperaldosteronism develops due to the decreased blood volume. The high aldosterone levels causes the kidneys to avidly retain Na+ (to correct the intravascular volume depletion), and excrete increased amounts of K+ into the urine (resulting in a low blood level of potassium).

The body's compensatory response to the metabolic alkalosis is hypoventilation resulting in an elevated arterial pCO2.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of pyloric stenosis generally begin around 3 weeks of age. They include:

Vomiting. The first symptom of pyloric stenosis is usually vomiting. At first it may seem that the baby is simply spitting up frequently, but then it tends to progress to projectile vomiting, in which the breast milk or formula is ejected forcefully from the mouth, in an arc, sometimes over a distance of several feet. Projectile vomiting usually takes place soon after the end of a feeding, although in some cases it may be delayed for hours.
In some cases, the vomited milk may smell curdled because it has mixed with stomach acid. The vomit will not contain bile, a greenish fluid from the liver that mixes with digested food after it leaves the stomach.
Despite vomiting, a baby with pyloric stenosis is usually hungry again soon after vomiting and will want to eat. The symptoms of pyloric stenosis can be deceptive because even though a baby may seem uncomfortable, he may not appear to be in great pain or at first look very ill.

Changes in stools. Babies with pyloric stenosis usually have fewer, smaller stools because little or no food is reaching the intestines. Constipation or stools that have mucus in them may also be symptoms.
Failure to gain weight and lethargy. Most babies with pyloric stenosis will fail to gain weight or will lose weight. As the condition worsens, they are at risk for developing fluid and salt abnormalities and becoming dehydrated.

Dehydration. Dehydrated infants are less active than usual, and they may develop a sunken "soft spot" on their heads, sunken eyes, and their skin may appear wrinkled. Because less urine is made it may be more than 4 to 6 hours between wet diapers.

After feeds, increased stomach contractions may make noticeable ripples, or waves of peristalsis, which move from left to right over the baby's belly as the stomach tries to empty itself against the thickened pylorus.
It's important to contact your doctor if your baby experiences any of these symptoms.

Other conditions can have similar symptoms. For instance, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) usually begins before 8 weeks of age, with excess spitting up, or reflux — which may resemble vomiting — taking place after feedings. However, the majority of infants with GERD do not experience projectile vomiting, and although they may have poor weight gain, they tend to have normal stools.

A baby with allergy to milk protein may also spit up or vomit, as well as have diarrhea. However, these babies do not have projectile vomiting or vomit up bile.

In infants, symptoms of gastroenteritis — inflammation in the digestive tract that can be caused by viral or bacterial infection — may also somewhat resemble pyloric stenosis. Vomiting and dehydration are seen with both conditions; however, infants with gastroenteritis usually also have diarrhea with loose, watery, or sometimes bloody stools. Diarrhea usually isn't seen with pyloric stenosis.

TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS
1. On physical exam, palpation of the abdomen may reveal a mass in the epigastrium.'olive mass'.
2. pyloric stenosis are diagnosed/confirmed with ultrasound, if available, showing the thickened pylorus
3. Although somewhat less useful, an upper GI series (x-rays taken after the baby drinks a special contrast agent) can be diagnostic by showing the narrowed pyloric outlet filled with a thin stream of contrast material; a "string sign" or the "railroad track sign"
4. Blood tests will reveal low blood levels of potassium and chloride in association with an increased blood pH and high blood bicarbonate level due to loss of stomach acid (which contains hydrochloric acid) from persistent vomiting. There will be exchange of extracellular potassium with intracellular hydrogen ions in an attempt to correct the pH imbalance. These findings can be seen with severe vomiting from any cause.

TREATMENT
Infantile pyloric stenosis is typically managed with surgery;very few cases are mild enough to be treated medically.

The danger of pyloric stenosis comes from the dehydration and electrolyte disturbance rather than the underlying problem itself. Therefore, the baby must be initially stabilized by correcting the dehydration and the abnormally high blood pH seen in combination with low chloride levels with IV fluids. This can usually be accomplished in about 24–48 hours.

Intravenous and oral atropine may be used to treat pyloric stenosis. It has a success rate of 85-89% compared to nearly 100% for pyloromyotomy, however it requires prolonged hospitalization, skilled nursing and careful follow up during treatment.It might be an alternative to surgery in children who have contraindications for anesthesia or surgery, or in children whose parents do not want surgery.

Surgery
The definitive treatment of pyloric stenosis is with surgical pyloromyotomy known as Ramstedt's procedure (dividing the muscle of the pylorus to open up the gastric outlet). This surgery can be done through a single incision (usually 3–4 cm long) or laparoscopically (through several tiny incisions), depending on the surgeon's experience and preference.

Today, the laparoscopic technique has largely supplanted the traditional open repairs which involved either a tiny circular incision around the navel or the Ramstedt procedure. Compared to the older open techniques, the complication rate is equivalent, except for a markedly lower risk of wound infection.This is now considered the standard of care at the majority of children's hospitals across the US, although some surgeons still perform the open technique. Following repair, the small 3mm incisions are hard to see.

The vertical incision, pictured and listed above, is no longer usually required, though many incisions have been horizontal in the past years.

Once the stomach can empty into the duodenum, feeding can begin again. Some vomiting may be expected during the first days after surgery as the gastrointestinal tract settles. Rarely, the myotomy procedure performed is incomplete and projectile vomiting continues, requiring repeat surgery. Pyloric stenosis generally has no long term side-effects or impact on the child's future.

HIV/AIDS prevalence reduces in Nigeria--NACA

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Tue, 09 Jun 2015 09:57:00 +0000

The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in a recent report averred that most deaths in the country were disease-related. From the diseases identified in the report, HIV/AIDS accounted for much of the deaths. But the National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA) insists Nigeria is winning the war against HIV/AIDS.

The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), in its recent report entitled ‘Statistical Report on Women and Men in Nigeria’, identified malaria, pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhoea, hepatitis B and measles and some others as among the killer diseases in the country.

From the diseases mentioned in the report, HIV/AIDS accounted for the highest proportion of infected females (63.5 percent) as against 36.5 percent reported for males in the referenced period (2010-2013).

It resulted in 59.3 percent of documented female deaths and 40.7 percent male deaths in Nigeria between 2010 and 2013.

Malaria, a second killer disease, according to the report, accounted for 53.4 percent female patients and 46.6 percent male patients within the same period.

In this country, an estimated 300,000 children die of malaria each year. This accounts for over 25 percent of infant mortality (children under the age of one), 30 percent of childhood mortality (children under five), and 11 percent of maternal mortality.

According to the National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) 2008, about 50 percent of the population has at least one episode of malaria annually, while children aged less than 5 years have 2 to 4 attacks annually.

Malaria is particularly severe among pregnant women and children under 5 years of age due to their relatively lower levels of immunity. Malaria in pregnancy compromises the health of the woman and that of the unborn child. It causes negative pregnancy outcomes like stillbirth, spontaneous abortion etc.

The national coordinator, National Malaria Elimination Programme, Dr Nnenna Ezeigwe, said before 2010, the prevalence of malaria in the country used to be more than 50 percent, in fact as high as maybe 75 percent, but from when the Roll Back Malaria initiative started and a lot of resources and commitment went into the fight, there has been a gradual reduction in prevalence.

By 2010, according to her, the prevalence has come way below 50 percent in most parts of the country, “so now you find out that in over 80 percent of the country, the prevalence is actually between 10 and 49 percent and you see that it is coming down. In some places you see that it is 20 percent, 25 and some even 15, so we are on the right track.”

On the other hand, HIV/AIDS, since it was recognized in the early 1980s, has been a critical health issue for women and men as the epidemic continues to undermine development efforts worldwide and mostly afflict populations already beset by extreme poverty.

HIV/AIDS has been particularly noted to affect the working population and preventing women and men from making meaningful contributions to development and improvement of families while at the household level, the epidemic increases the burden of care and erodes savings.

“The proportions of those infected with pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhoea with and without water, yellow fever and measles were equally significant accounting for over 45 percent cases in both sexes in the reference period,” the report stated.

From the report, the editorial emanating from it concluded that “the prevailing strategy” to win the war against the HIV/AIDS pandemic had not worked.

The MDG goal number 6 calls for the halting and beginning of the reversal of the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015. About 59 percent of adults living with HIV are women.

At the national level, a total of 168,067 adults and children are living with HIV in 2013, which is a modest decrease from 322,529 in 2010.

The National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), being the agency of the Federal Government with responsibility for the management and control of HIV/AIDS and the coordination of the activities of stakeholders involved in the fight against the pandemic, in collaboration with the Federal Ministry of Health, keeps record of AIDS deaths in the country.

The director-general of NACA, Prof. John Idoko, however, said the report only gave unfounded percentages of AIDS deaths without stating the total number of deaths upon which the percentages were based.

“The total number of deaths and the number of deaths due to AIDS which resulted in the percentages were not given. Even the “Summary Distribution of Deaths by Causes, Year and Sex (2010-2013)” – Table 2.2a at page 7 of the report did not capture HIV/AIDS among the diseases.”

The NACA DG insisted that if the factual AIDS deaths given were taken into cognizance, malaria which accounted for 108,453 deaths in 2012 and 46,612 deaths in 2013, according to the ‘Summary distribution of deaths by causes, year and sex’, by far accounted for more deaths than AIDS in Nigeria within the period.

Idoko, said HIV prevalence had declined from 5.8 percent in 2001 to 4.1 percent in 2010 and that new HIV infections declined by about 50 percent from 338,423 in 2005 to 176,701 in 2015. He maintained that HIV/AIDS had been in decline in Nigeria in the past five years, due to improved funding by the Federal Government and the sustained efforts of international partners.

According to him, this has made it possible for the number of people living with HIV who are on Anti Retroviral Therapy to sharply increase from 359,181 in 2010 to 747,382 in 2014.

“There are more remarkable improvements attributable to Nigeria’s HIV response. For instance, the number of HIV counselling and testing sites across the country from 1,046 in 2010 to 8,114 in 2014. The number of people tested for HIV has significantly increased from 1,380,418 in 2010 to 7,101,636 in 2014,” he further stated.

On Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT), Idoko said the number of sites had increased from 675 in 2010 to 6283 in 2014 while the number of HIV positive pregnant women who received anti-retroviral prophylaxis to pregnant mother to child transmission has increased by over 87 percent from 33,891 in 2010 to 63,350 in 2014.

He said, “From these figures, it is clear that Nigeria has made significant progress in AIDS response. Effective antiretroviral treatment provides a dual effect of saving the lives of people living with HIV and sharply interrupting the transmission of HIV within the community.

“With improved domestic budgeting for HIV/AIDS and sustained external funding, there are plans to expand the coverage of antiretroviral treatment to 1.2 million adults and children by 2017 through the establishment of 2000 additional treatment sites.

“This and other prevention and control activities are important steps towards achieving an end to AIDS epidemic by the year 2030."

By Wale Odunsi
Dailypost

Breast Lumps

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Sun, 17 May 2015 15:45:00 +0000

COMMON CAUSES OF BREAST LUMPS
Physiological (normal) swelling and tenderness
This is also known as fibrocystic change or fibroadenosis. Your breasts change throughout your menstrual cycle each month because of your hormones. At least half of all women who have periods will have some pain, tenderness and lumpiness in their breasts at some time in the month. This is usually most obvious in the week before your period. It quickly goes when your period starts. It is more common in women aged 30-50.

Fibroadenoma
This is a benign (non-cancerous) breast lump that usually occurs in women under the age of 40. They occur as a result of excess growth of the glands and connective tissue in the breasts. They usually feel like round, firm, and rubbery lumps. They usually move slightly under the skin when they are pressed. They are not usually painful.

Sometimes they can disappear of their own accord or they can be removed. They tend to go after the menopause.

Breast cysts
A cyst is a fluid-filled lump. Cysts are more common in women approaching menopause, although they can occur at any age. They are usually oval or round lumps that are smooth and firm. They tend to move slightly when pressed. It is common for them to appear within two weeks prior to your period and then resolve soon after the period.

Treatment of breast cysts typically involves draining the fluid in them by using a thin needle inserted into your breast by the doctor. After draining, about 3 in 10 cysts will refill with fluid, but can be drained again.

Infection
A lump caused by infection is fairly common in women who are breast-feeding. The ducts that carry the breast milk can become blocked. Bacteria, or germs, can enter through cracks in the nipple. This can lead to the development of an abscess in the breast. Warm compresses, paracetamol and/or antibiotics may be needed. Infection can also cause lumps in women who are not breast-feeding.

Fat necrosis
Injury or trauma to the fatty tissue in your breast can cause a lump. These lumps usually heal and go away of their own accord. However, if they persist then they can be removed.

Lipoma
A lipoma is a fatty growth that develops within the fatty tissue of your breast. It is non-cancerous and usually does not need any treatment. However, they can be removed if they are large or causing any symptoms.

Breast cancer
The vast majority of breast lumps are not caused by breast cancer. However, breast cancers are a cause of lumps in the breasts. There are separate leaflets called Breast cancer and Breast cancer - hereditary factors

HOW ARE BREAST LUMPS EVALUATED

Physical Examination

A manual examination of the breast is an important screening method for detecting cancer and is the first step in the evaluation of a breast lump. Unfortunately, the manual examination of the breast is not perfect. However, if a mass can be felt manually, it is important to estimate the location of the mass so that the mammogram and/or other diagnostic examinations can focus on the particular area. A doctor also inspects any suspicious skin changes that may be a sign of breast cancer. Since the manual examination can miss breast cancer, mammography is also important as a screening tool.

Mammogram

Women with a breast lump need to have a mammogram of both breasts. A mammogram is estimated to be able to detect about 90% of breast cancers. This means that about 10% of breast cancers are missed by mammography. Therefore, if a woman or her physician feels a lump and the mammogram is normal, further studies or biopsies are carried out to rule out cancer. Sometimes, a certain pattern of calcium deposits appears on the mammogram that makes the doctor suspicious of cancer. In these cases, it is often recommended that a biopsy be taken that is guided by mammogram images to be sure the correct area is sampled.

Ultrasound

Ultrasound is useful in the evaluation of breast lumps. It can distinguish between a cyst (such as a benign cyst, which is filled with fluid) and a solid lump (which may or may not be cancerous). The first step in the evaluation of a breast lump is to determine whether it is a cyst or solid mass, and this is what an ultrasound can do best. Especially in young women, in whom a benign cyst may be suspected, if the woman's ultrasound confirms a typical cyst, she may not require any procedures or biopsies. If it is unclear on the ultrasound whether the lump is completely a cyst, a further evaluation is usually recommended.

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is becoming more widely used in the evaluation of breast lumps because it is particularly sensitive to small abnormalities in breast tissue. MRI is a special radiology technique designed to image internal structures of the body using magnetism, radio waves, and a computer to produce the images of body structures. Cancers require a greater blood supply than non-cancerous growths, and the images obtained from an MRI may help determine whether a particular area is cancerous because the MRI shows greater contrast in those areas with an increased blood supply. In most cases, MRI is performed if results of mammography and ultrasound evaluations are not conclusive.

MRI also has limitations. For example, MRI cannot detect the presence of calcium deposits, which can be identified by mammography and may be a sign of cancer

HOW CAN A WOMAN BE CERTAIN A LUMP IS NOT BREAST CANCER?

The only one way to be certain that a lump is not cancerous is to have a tissue sampling (biopsy). There are several ways to do the biopsy.

Types of biopsy studies inlcude:

Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
Needle core biopsy
Excisional biopsy
Fine needle aspiration is similar to a blood test in that a needle is inserted and fluid is withdrawn. The fluid and cells are examined by a pathologist for signs of abnormal or cancerous cells.

For some, a needle core biopsy may be performed. In this procedure, a hollow needle is inserted into the suspicious area, and a core of tissue is removed via the needle.

To determine the correct location to sample by either method, the lump can either be felt, or if it cannot be felt, the FNA or core biopsy may be done during an ultrasound or mammogram. FNA of a benign cyst may remove the fluid contents of the cyst and cause the mass to disappear or markedly decrease in size.

If no fluid can be aspirated, and the mass is solid, then a direct tissue sampling must be performed. Tissue sampling using either a core biopsy or an excisional biopsy (removal of all or a portion of the abnormal area in a surgical procedure) is the best method of making an accurate diagnosis. An excisional biopsy is done in the operating room using either local or general anesthesia.

HOW CAN BREAST LUMP BE TREATED?

A breast infection (mastitis) in a breastfeeding woman is treated with warm compresses and antibiotics.
A convenient and effective way of applying heat treatment is to wet some washcloths and put them in the microwave briefly to warm them.
Hot showers are also helpful.
During heat treatment, the infected area can be massaged.
After heat treatment, which helps open up the milk ducts, either nursing the baby or using a breast pump can help relieve the swelling and pain. Contrary to common myth, nursing the baby or using a breast pump is a critical part of the treatment because it helps decrease the chance of the infection progressing.
If the area actually looks red or fails to get better with heat, massage, and nursing, a doctor should be consulted for consideration of antibiotics, because mastitis can progress quickly and develop into a severe infection. Whether a woman is pregnant or not, she needs to see a doctor if the area does not return completely to normal with treatment in order to rule out more unusual types of infections. Cellulitis needs to be treated with antibiotics and frequent follow-ups with the doctor.

An abscess of the breast often needs to be drained by a doctor because antibiotics alone cannot adequately treat an abscess.
Fibroadenomas are usually removed because they are difficult to distinguish from cancer until they are removed.
Breast pain (mastodynia) is a common problem. As long as no mass can be felt by the doctor or patient, and no breast lump is seen on a mammogram or ultrasound, breast pain is often concluded to be a normal condition. It is often thought that this pain is caused by natural hormonal fluctuations. If the discomfort is particularly acute and interferes excessively with a woman's life, oral contraceptives or other medications can be helpful, especially if the pain is worse around the time of the menstrual cycles.
Fibrocystic changes do not require medication or surgery. Often, a baseline mammogram is done. Then, no further treatment is needed unless a new lump arises, in which case an evaluation with a mammogram and possibly ultrasound is necessary.
Breast cancer requires urgent treatment. Treatment depends on the type of cancer detected, its size, and its location

chronic fatigue syndrome

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Thu, 09 Apr 2015 12:00:00 +0000

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a complicated disorder characterized by extreme fatigue that can't be explained by any underlying medical condition. The fatigue may worsen with physical or mental activity, but doesn't improve with rest.

The cause of chronic fatigue syndrome is unknown, although there are many theories — ranging from viral infections to psychological stress. Some experts believe chronic fatigue syndrome might be triggered by a combination of factors.

There's no single test to confirm a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. You may need a variety of medical tests to rule out other health problems that have similar symptoms. Treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome focuses on symptom relief.

When to see a doctor

Fatigue can be a symptom of many illnesses, such as infections or psychological disorders. In general, see your doctor if you have persistent or excessive fatigue

Symptoms

Chronic fatigue syndrome has eight official signs and symptoms, plus the central symptom that gives the condition its name:
1. Fatigue
2. Loss of memory or concentration
3. Sore throat
4. Enlarged lymph nodes in your neck or armpits
5. Unexplained muscle pain
6. Pain that moves from one joint to another without swelling or redness
7. Headache of a new type, pattern or severity
8. Unrefreshing sleep
9. Extreme exhaustion lasting more than 24 hours after physical or mental exercise

Lifestyle and home remedies

For chronic fatigue syndrome, certain self-care measures may help:

Reduce stress. Develop a plan to avoid or limit overexertion and emotional stress. Allow yourself time each day to relax. That may mean learning how to say no without guilt.
Improve sleep habits. Go to bed and get up at the same time each day. Limit daytime napping and avoid caffeine, alcohol and nicotine.

Pace yourself. Keep your activity on an even level. If you do too much on your good days, you may have more bad days.

Alternative medicine. Many alternative therapies have been promoted for chronic fatigue syndrome. It's difficult to determine whether these therapies actually work, partly because the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome often are linked to mood and can vary from day to day.

Pain associated with chronic fatigue syndrome may be helped by:
Acupuncture
Massage
Yoga or tai chi

Treatments and drugs

Medications
Because chronic fatigue syndrome affects people in many different ways, your treatment will be tailored to your specific set of symptoms. Symptom relief may include certain medications:

Antidepressants. Many people who have chronic fatigue syndrome are also depressed. Treating your depression can make it easier for you to cope with the problems associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. Low doses of some antidepressants also can help improve sleep and relieve pain.
Sleeping pills. If home measures, such as avoiding caffeine, don't help you get better rest at night, your doctor might suggest trying prescription sleep aids.

Therapy
The most effective treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome appears to be a two-pronged approach that combines psychological counseling with a gentle exercise program.

Graded exercise. A physical therapist can help determine what types of exercise are best for you. Inactive people often begin with range-of-motion and stretching exercises for just a few minutes a day.

If you're exhausted the next day, you're doing too much. Your strength and endurance will improve as you gradually increase the intensity of your exercise over time.

Psychological counseling. Talking with a counselor can help you figure out options to work around some of the limitations that chronic fatigue syndrome imposes on you. Feeling more in control of your life can improve your outlook dramatically.

Performance enhancing drugs are bad.

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Sat, 21 Feb 2015 16:20:00 +0000

WHAT ARE ANABOLIC STEROIDS ?
Anabolic steroids are synthetic substances similar to the male hormone testosterone. Doctors prescribe them to treat problems such as delayed puberty and other medical problems that cause the body to make very low amounts of testosterone. Steroids make muscles bigger and bones stronger. They also may cause puberty to start and can help some boys who have a genetic disorder to grow more normally.
Anabolic steroids may be taken as a pill, as a shot into a muscle, or as a gel or cream rubbed on the skin.
Common anabolic steroid medicines include fluoxymesterone (such as Halotestin) and nandrolone (such as Durabolin). In the United States, you need a prescription to get any anabolic steroid. Illegal anabolic steroids are those that people get without a doctor's prescription.

Some people take legal dietary supplements that have certain steroid hormones also made by the human body. One such supplement is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The body can turn DHEA into other steroid hormones, including testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol. People use it to try to make their muscles bigger. Whether such products actually work has not been proved. But if you take them in large amounts, they can cause the same side effects as anabolic steroids.

FACTS; THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF STEROIDS PRODUCED BY THE BODY
Catabolic steroids or glucocorticoids are part of the body's response to stress. The word catabolic comes from the Greek word meaning to "throw down," and these steroids help break down large chemicals into smaller ones. For example, cortisol helps glycogen (a large molecule that is stored in the liver) metabolize into glucose, a small molecule that can be used for energy by the body. Cortisol naturally is manufactured in the adrenal glands and is required for many of the basic functions of the body, including glucose metabolism, the immune response to infection, and protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism. Prescription medications, such as prednisone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone, are examples of steroids that are used to reduce inflammation and treat a range of illnesses from asthma and COPD to rheumatoid arthritis and allergic reactions.

Anabolic androgenic steroids are steroids that mimic testosterone in the body. Anabolic refers to the properties of these drugs to increase production of proteins that act as building blocks for muscle cells, bone, and other tissues within the body. The androgenic response (andro=male + genic=formation) describes the increased male features (secondary sexual characteristics) that occur as a result of androgenic steroids, including facial, body, and pubic hair, deepened voice, and increased sex drive or libido. The medical indications for these medications are inadequate testosterone production in the body, either because of inborn errors of metabolism or because of illnesses that decrease production. Some physicians believe that decreased testosterone that occurs normally with aging is an indication for replacement therapy with anabolic steroids, but their use in otherwise healthy older patients is still controversial because of the potential serious side effects.

There are many different types of anabolic steroids that have been manufactured over the past decades. The goal of the chemists is to promote the anabolic effect of the drug while decreasing the androgenic effects that are most often associated with potential side effects that can be life threatening. Examples of anabolic steroids include the following:

Testosterone
Androstenedione
Stanozolol
Durabolin
Dianabol
Nandrolone

WHY PEOPLE ABUSE ANABOLIC STEROIDS
People abuse steroids for a variety of reasons, but most do it to increase body performance and appearance. There may be peer pressure to use anabolic steroids in some sports because of a fear that normal training will not be enough to succeed. There is also the perception that other athletes are abusing steroids and gaining an unfair advantage.

People who use steroids to enhance their appearance by increasing muscle and decreasing fat may suffer from muscle dysmorphia or abnormal perception of their own body. Males may think that they are perpetually too small and weak, and females may think themselves fat, even though that perception may not be actually true.

Body builders and weight lifters are not the only athletes to think that anabolic steroid use is their road to success. Athletes, from strength sports like football and throwing the discus to speed sports like track sprinters and speed skaters, have attempted to use steroids to enhance performance and increase the efficiency of their training.
see how to get ripped 6 pack abs without steroids.

WHAT ARE THE LONG TERM EFFECTS OF ANABOLIC STEROID USE

Hormonal system
Steroid abuse disrupts the normal production of hormones in the body, causing both reversible and irreversible changes. Changes that can be reversed include reduced sperm production (low sperm count ) and shrinking of the testicles (testicular atrophy). Irreversible changes include male-pattern baldness and breast development (gynecomastia) in men. In one study of male bodybuilders, more than half had testicular atrophy and/or gynecomastia.

In the female body, anabolic steroids cause masculinization. Breast size and body fat decrease, the skin becomes coarse, the clitoris enlarges, and the voice deepens. Women may experience excessive growth of body hair but lose scalp hair. With continued administration of steroids, some of these effects become irreversible.

Musculoskeletal system
Rising levels of testosterone and other sex hormones normally trigger the growth spurt that occurs during puberty and adolescence and provide the signals to stop growth as well. When a child or adolescent takes anabolic steroids, the resulting artificially high sex hormone levels can prematurely signal the bones to stop growing.

Cardiovascular system
Steroid abuse has been associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including heart attacks and strokes, even in athletes younger than 30. Steroids contribute to the development of CVD, partly by changing the levels of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol in the blood. Steroids, particularly oral steroids, increase the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and decrease the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). High LDL and low HDL levels increase the risk of atherosclerosis, a condition in which fatty substances are deposited inside arteries and disrupt blood flow. If blood is prevented from reaching the heart, the result can be a heart attack. If blood is prevented from reaching the brain, the result can be a stroke.

Steroids also increase the risk that blood clots will form in blood vessels, potentially disrupting blood flow and damaging the heart muscle so that it does not pump blood effectively.

Liver
Steroid abuse has been associated with liver tumors and a rare condition called peliosis hepatis, in which blood-filled cysts form in the liver. Both the tumors and the cysts can rupture, causing internal bleeding.

Skin
Steroid abuse can cause acne, cysts, and oily hair and skin,yellowing of the skin,skin cancers.

Eye
Steroids can sometimes cause cataracts or glaucoma or worsen these conditions if they are already present.

Infections
Many abusers who inject anabolic steroids may use nonsterile injection techniques or share contaminated needles with other abusers. In addition, some steroid preparations are manufactured illegally under nonsterile conditions. These factors put abusers at risk for acquiring lifethreatening viral infections, such as HIV and hepatitis B and C. Abusers also can develop endocarditis, a bacterial infection that causes a potentially fatal inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. Bacterial infections also can cause pain and abscess formation at injection sites.

What effects do anabolic steroids have on behavior?
Case reports and small studies indicate that anabolic steroids, when used in high doses, increase irritability and aggression. Some steroid abusers report that they have committed aggressive acts, such as physical fighting or armed robbery, theft, vandalism, or burglary. Abusers who have committed aggressive acts or property crimes generally report that they engage in these behaviors more often when they take steroids than when they are drug free. A recent study suggests that the mood and behavioral effects seen during anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse may result from secondary hormonal changes.

management of multiple sclerosis

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Thu, 12 Feb 2015 12:54:00 +0000

Although there is no known cure for multiple sclerosis, several therapies have proven helpful. The primary aims of therapy are returning function after an attack, preventing new attacks, and preventing disability. As with any medical treatment, medications used in the management of MS have several adverse effects. Alternative treatments are pursued by some people, despite the shortage of supporting evidence.

Treatments for signs and symptoms
Physical therapy. A physical or occupational therapist can teach you stretching and strengthening exercises, and show you how to use devices that can make it easier to perform daily tasks.
Muscle relaxants. You may experience painful or uncontrollable muscle stiffness or spasms, particularly in your legs. Muscle relaxants such as baclofen (Lioresal, Gablofen) and tizanidine (Zanaflex) may help.
Medications to reduce fatigue.Other medications. Medications may also be prescribed for depression, pain, and bladder or bowel control problems that are associated with MS.

Treatments for attacks
Corticosteroids, such as oral prednisone and intravenous methylprednisolone, are prescribed to reduce nerve inflammation. Side effects may include insomnia, increased blood pressure, mood swings and fluid retention.
Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis). The liquid portion of part of your blood (plasma) is removed and separated from your blood cells. The blood cells are then mixed with a protein solution (albumin) and put back into your body. Plasma exchange may be used if your symptoms are severe and haven't responded to steroids.

Treatments to modify progression
No therapies have shown benefit for slowing the progression of primary-progressive MS. For relapsing-remitting MS, certain medications can lower the relapse rate and reduce the rate of formation of new lesions, particularly early in the disease course.
The options include:

Beta interferons. These medications, which are injected under the skin or into muscle, can reduce the frequency and severity of relapses. Beta interferons can cause side effects such as flu-like symptoms and injection-site reactions. You'll need blood tests to monitor your liver enzymes.
Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone). This medication may help block your immune system's attack on myelin. The medication must be injected beneath the skin. Side effects may include skin irritation at the injection site.
Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera). This twice-daily oral medication can reduce relapses. Side effects may include flushing, diarrhea, nausea and lowered white blood cell count.
Fingolimod (Gilenya). This once-daily oral medication reduces relapse rate. You'll need to have your heart rate monitored for six hours after the first dose because your heartbeat may be slowed. Other side effects include high blood pressure and blurred vision.
Teriflunomide (Aubagio). This once-daily medication can reduce relapse rate. Teriflunomide can cause liver damage, hair loss and other side effects. It is also known to be harmful to a developing fetus.
Natalizumab (Tysabri). This medication is designed to block the movement of potentially damaging immune cells from your bloodstream to your brain and spinal cord. The medication increases the risk of a viral infection of the brain called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. It is generally given to people who have more severe or active MS, or who do not respond to or can't tolerate other treatments.
Mitoxantrone (Novantrone). This immunosuppressant drug can be harmful to the heart and is associated with development of blood cancers. Mitoxantrone is usually used only to treat severe, advanced MS

Lifestyle and home remedies
To help relieve the signs and symptoms of MS, try to:
1. Get plenty of rest.
2. Exercise. If you have mild to moderate MS, regular exercise can help improve your strength, muscle tone, balance and coordination. Swimming or other water exercises are good options if you're bothered by heat. Other types of mild to moderate exercise recommended for MS include walking, stretching, low-impact aerobics, stationary bicycling, yoga and tai chi.
3. Cool down. MS symptoms often worsen when your body temperature rises. Avoiding exposure to heat and using devices such as cooling scarves or vests can be helpful.
4. Eat a proper diet. Results of small studies suggest that a diet low in saturated fat but high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as those found in olive and fish oils, may be beneficial. But further research is needed. Studies also suggest that vitamin D may have potential benefit for MS.
5. Relieve stress. Stress may trigger or worsen your signs and symptoms. Yoga, tai chi, massage, meditation or deep breathing may help.

Foods That Should Not Be Eaten
for people with MS foods to avoid are:
1. Meat, including processed meat, salami, sausages, canned meat
2. Eggs except for egg whites
3. Dairy products; that is, avoid milk, cream, butter, ice cream and cheeses. Low fat milk or yoghurt is not acceptable. Cow’s milk and dairy products are best avoided altogether as the protein is likely to be as much of a problem as the saturated fat, given recent evidence. Soy products or rice or oat milk are good substitutes.
4. Any biscuits, pastries, cakes, muffins, doughnuts or shortening, unless fat-free
5. Commercial baked goods
6. Prepared mixes
7. Snacks like chips, corn chips, party foods
8. Margarine, shortening, lard, chocolate, coconut and palm oil. There is some debate about chocolate as it does have some good antioxidants, but most chocolate is also loaded with saturated fat, so it is one of the foods to avoid with MS. Cocoa, however, is a natural vegetable product with only a little saturated fat, and the occasional teaspoon in a glass of soy milk for example, as hot chocolate, is fine.
9. Fried and deep fried foods except those fried without oil or with just a dash of olive oil. It is important not to heat oils if possible, and if you want to use just a little extra virgin olive oil, the most stable of the oils, it is a good idea to put a little water in with it when frying to keep its temperature down. Things like fish and chips deep fried in, say, sunflower oil, are bad, in that the oil changes its chemical structure when heated in this way, and tends to be left in the vat for days, with all sorts of unpredictable chemical changes happening to the fats.
10. Most fast foods (burgers, fried chicken, etc.)
11. Other fats and oil

Foods to eat
So what are the best foods for MS? The diet consists of all vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, seeds, pulses and grains (so most pastas, rice, wheat, oats, corn, barley, etc), fish and all other seafood, egg whites, and so on. From these ingredients, one can make a great variety of tasty, satisfying, and above all healthy meals. The recipes section of this website gives just a few examples of what is possible and there are many cookbooks around that are based on this way of eating. Given that seafood is included opens up lots of possibilities with recipes, and also ensures a healthy intake of amino acids, vitamin B12, and omega 3 fatty acids

reference
for full article about the diseases
http://www.talktonurserita.com/2015/02/what-is-multiple-sclerosis.html

what is multiple sclerosis ?

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Thu, 12 Feb 2015 11:05:00 +0000

WHAT IS MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS?
Multiple sclerosis (MS), also known as disseminated sclerosis or encephalomyelitis disseminata, is an inflammatory disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a wide range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problem.
In simple terms,Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease in which your immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers your nerves. Myelin damage disrupts communication between your brain and the rest of your body. Ultimately, the nerves themselves may deteriorate, a process that's currently irreversible.
While the cause is not clear, the underlying mechanism is thought to be either destruction by the immune system or failure of the myelin-producing cells.Proposed causes for this include genetics and environmental factors such as infections. MS is usually diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms and the results of supporting medical tests.There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatments attempt to improve function after an attack and prevent new attacks. Medications used to treat MS while modestly effective can have adverse effects and be poorly tolerated. Many people pursue alternative treatments, despite a lack of evidence. The long-term outcome is difficult to predict, with good outcomes more often seen in women, those who develop the disease early in life, those with a relapsing course, and those who initially experienced few attacks.Life expectancy is on average 5 to 10 years lower than that of an unaffected population.
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE CAUSES OF MS?
What Role Do Genetics Play in Multiple Sclerosis?
Researchers believe that multiple sclerosis may in part be inherited (genetics contribute to the increased risk of MS seen in family members). First, second and third degree relatives of people with MS are at increased risk of developing the disease. Siblings of an affected person have a 2%-5% risk of developing MS.Researchers believe that there is more than one gene that makes a person more likely to get MS. Some scientists theorize that MS develops because a person is born with a genetic predisposition to react to some environmental agent, which, upon exposure, triggers an autoimmune response.
Sophisticated new techniques for identifying genes may help answer questions about the role of genetics in the development of MS.

What Viruses Are Linked to Multiple Sclerosis?
Some studies have suggested that many viruses such as Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis), varicella zoster, and the hepatitis vaccine may be the cause of MS. To date, however, this belief has not been proven.

Are There Other Potential Factors That Cause Multiple Sclerosis?
There is growing evidence suggesting that hormones, including sex hormones, can affect and be affected by the immune system. For example, both estrogen and progesterone, two important female sex hormones, may suppress some immune activity. Testosterone, the primary male hormone, may also act as an immune response suppressor. During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone levels are very high, which may help explain why pregnant women with MS usually have less disease activity. The higher levels of testosterone in men may partially account for the fact that women with MS outnumber men with MS by 2-3 to 1.
Smoking has been shown to be an independent risk factor for MS.Stress may be a risk factor although the evidence to support this is weak. Association with occupational exposures and toxins—mainly solvents—has been evaluated, but no clear conclusions have been reached.Vaccinations were studied as causal factors; however, most studies show no association. Several other possible risk factors, such as diet and hormone intake, have been looked at; however, evidence on their relation with the disease is "sparse and unpersuasive". Gout occurs less than would be expected and lower levels of uric acid have been found in people with MS. This has led to the theory that uric acid is protective, although its exact importance remains unknown.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF MS?
Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis vary, depending on the location of affected nerve fibers. MS signs and symptoms may include:

1. Numbness or weakness in one or more limbs that typically occurs on one side of your body at a time, or the legs and trunk
2. Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time, often with pain during eye movement
3. Double vision or blurring of vision
4. Tingling or pain in parts of your body
5. Electric-shock sensations that occur with certain neck movements, especially bending the neck forward
6. Tremor, lack of coordination or unsteady gait
7. Slurred speech
8. Fatigue
9. Dizziness
10. Problems with bowel and bladder functioN

Disease course
Most people with MS have a relapsing-remitting course, with new symptoms (relapse) that develop over days or weeks and usually improve partially or completely, followed by a quiet period (remission) that can last months or even years. Small increases in body temperature can temporarily worsen signs and symptoms of MS, but that type of event isn't a relapse.
About 60 to 70 percent of people with relapsing-remitting MS eventually develop a steady progression of symptoms, with or without periods of remission (secondary-progressive MS). The worsening symptoms usually include problems with gait. The rate of progression varies greatly among people with secondary-progressive MS.
Some people with MS experience a gradual onset and steady progression of signs and symptoms with no relapses (primary-progressive MS).
NB: management of multiple sclerosis

TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS
There are no specific tests for MS. The diagnosis relies on ruling out other conditions that might produce similar signs and symptoms.

Your doctor is likely to start with a thorough medical history and examination. Your doctor may then recommend:

Blood tests, to help rule out infectious or inflammatory diseases with symptoms similar to MS.
Spinal tap (lumbar puncture), in which a small sample of fluid is removed from your spinal canal for laboratory analysis. This sample can show abnormalities in white blood cells or antibodies that are associated with MS. Spinal tap can also help rule out viral infections and other conditions with symptoms similar to MS.
MRI, which can reveal areas of MS (lesions) on your brain and spinal cord. You may receive an intravenous dye to highlight lesions that indicate your disease is in an active phase.
Evoked potential tests
These tests record the electrical signals produced by your nervous system in response to stimuli. An evoked potential test may use visual stimuli or electrical stimuli, in which you watch a moving visual pattern or short electrical impulses are applied to nerves in your legs or arms. Electrodes measure how quickly the information travels down your nerve pathways

COMPLICATIONS
People with multiple sclerosis also may develop:

Muscle stiffness or spasms
Paralysis, typically in the legs
Problems with bladder, bowel or sexual function
Mental changes, such as forgetfulness or mood swings
Depression
Epilepsy

PROGNOSIS
The expected future course of the disease depends on the subtype of the disease; the individual's sex, age, and initial symptoms; and the degree of disability the person has. Female sex, relapsing-remitting subtype, optic neuritis or sensory symptoms at onset, few attacks in the initial years and especially early age at onset, are associated with a better course.
The average life expectancy is 30 years from the start of the disease, which is 5 to 10 years less than that of unaffected people. Almost 40% of people with MS reach the seventh decade of life. Nevertheless, two-thirds of the deaths are directly related to the consequences of the disease.Suicide is more common, while infections and other complications are especially dangerous for the more disabled.Although most people lose the ability to walk before death, 90% are capable of independent walking at 10 years from onset, and 75% at 15 years.

Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Sickle Cell Diseases

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Tue, 13 Jan 2015 14:32:00 +0000

The ocular manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD) result from vascular occlusion, which may occur in the conjunctiva, iris, retina, and choroid. Because the ocular changes produced by SCD can be seen in other diseases, it is important to rule out other causes of occlusion, including central retinal vein occlusion, Eales disease, and retinopathy secondary to diabetes and other disorders. Other causes of ocular changes that should also be considered include familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, polycythemia vera, talc and cornstarch emboli, and uveitis.

POSSIBLE ABNORMALITIES
Anterior Segment Abnormalities
Sickle cell vasoocclusive events can affect every vascular bed in the eye, often with visually devastating consequences in advanced stages of the disease.Anterior segment abnormalities include the following:
1. Segmentation "corkscrew" conjunctival vessels: Best observed in the inferior bulbar conjunctiva.
2. Iris infarct and atrophy.
3. Cataracts.
4. Phthisis bulbi.
5. Hyphema.

Posterior Segment Abnormalities
The abnormalities of the posterior segment can be divided into 6 categories, as follows;

A.   Optic disc changes
B.   Posterior retinal and macular vascular occlusion
C.   Chronic macular changes (sickling maculopathy)
D.   Choroidal vascular occlusions
E. Nonproliferative retinal changes
F. Proliferative retinal changes
Optic disc changes
Intravascular occlusions on the surface of the optic disc appear ophthalmoscopically as dark-red intravascular spots. These occlusions are transient and do not produce any clinical impairment. These changes are most common in hemoglobin SS disease but can also occur in patients with hemoglobin SC and hemoglobin S.

Posterior retinal and macular vascular occlusions
Retinal artery occlusions are either central or branch. Peripapillary or macular arteriolar occlusions are rare. Retinal vein occlusions also are rare with SCD.

Chronic macular changes
Chronic macular vascular occlusions occur in SCD. These are manifested by microaneurysms resembling dots, hairpin-shaped vascular loops, and abnormal foveal avascular zone (FAZ).

Choroidal vascular occlusions
This is an extremely rare manifestation of SCD. Only 3 cases have been reported thus far in the literature.

Nonproliferative retinal changes
Nonproliferative or background sickle retinopathy includes the following manifestations:

Venous tortuosity
Salmon-patch hemorrhage
Schisis cavity
The black sunburst
Venous tortuosity probably is due to arteriovenous shunting from the retinal periphery. It can occur in many patients with hemoglobin SS and hemoglobin SC disease.

Salmon-patch hemorrhages are superficial intraretinal hemorrhages. They are usually seen in the mid periphery of the retina adjacent to a retinal arteriole.

The schisis cavity is a space caused by the disappearance of the intraretinal hemorrhage. Nonproliferative sickle retinopathy features iridescent spots and glistening refractive bodies in the schisis cavity.

The black sunburst consists of round chorioretinal scars usually located in the equatorial fundus. These lesions result from pigment accumulated around the vessels. They do not cause any visual symptoms.

Proliferative sickle retinopathy
Proliferative sickle retinopathy (PSR) is the most severe ocular change in SCD. This is a peripheral retinal change most frequent in patients with hemoglobin SC but also can be present in patients with hemoglobin S-thalassemia disease, homozygous hemoglobin SS, and hemoglobin AS and hemoglobin AC disease.

PSR is progressive. A desirable objective is to treat the neovascular tissue before a vitreous hemorrhage occurs.

Goldberg classified PSR into the following 5 stages:

Peripheral arteriolar occlusions
Arteriolar-venular anastomosis
Neovascular proliferation
Vitreous hemorrhage
Retinal detachment
In stage I, the peripheral arteriolar vessels occlude, with anteriorly located avascular vessels evident. Early in the process, the occluded arterioles are dark-red lines, but eventually they turn into silver-wire–appearing vessels.

In stage II, peripheral arteriolar-venular anastomosis occurs as the eye adjusts to peripheral arteriolar occlusion, and blood is diverted from the occluded arterioles into the adjacent venules. Peripheral to these anastomoses, no perfusion is present.

In stage III, new vessel formation occurs at the junction of the vascular and avascular retina. These neovascular tufts resemble sea fans. Initially, the sea fans can be fed by a single arteriole and draining vessel.

Later, as the sea fan grows in size, it is difficult to distinguish the major feeding and draining vessels. The sea fans may acquire a glial and fibrotic tissue envelope. This envelope may pull on the vitreous. A full-thickness retinal break, which may lead to total rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, may occur.

TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Ocular treatment is directed toward preventing vision loss from vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and epiretinal membranes.
Medical ocular management may include topical medications; however, avoid carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, because they may cause further sickling and worsen the outflow obstruction. If the intraocular pressure remains elevated after a judicious trial of medical therapy, surgical intervention with an anterior chamber lavage is indicated.

The goal of treatment is to eliminate existing neovascularization and, thus, to eliminate the sequelae of proliferative sickle retinopathy (PSR). Modalities to treat proliferative sickle retinopathy include diathermy, cryotherapy, xenon arc photocoagulation, and argon laser photocoagulation.

Diathermy is used infrequently because of the high incidence of complications accompanying this procedure. Cryotherapy, both single freeze-thaw and triple freeze-thaw, has been used to treat PSR. Triple freeze-thaw has a high complication rate. Single freeze-thaw is used to treat peripheral vitreous hemorrhage in the presence of vitreous hemorrhage. Xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation have been used to treat either the peripheral neovascularization or the feeder vessels to the neovascularization.

Photocoagulation applied through various techniques (eg, feeder vessel, focal scatter, peripheral circumferential scatter) is effective for treating proliferative sickle retinopathy and reducing the risk of vision loss. Because of potential complications from photocoagulation and the tendency for regression, patients older than 40 years probably do not require treatment. Complications of photocoagulation include choroidal neovascularization, retinal breaks, and peripheral choroidal ischemia.

Surgical treatment
Surgical procedures may be performed to treat retinal detachments, nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage, and epiretinal membranes. Based on a 71% incidence of anterior segment ischemia in patients with PSR who are undergoing scleral buckling surgery, prophylactic preoperative exchange transfusions or erythropheresis is recommended. Risks associated with exchange transfusions and improvement in vitreoretinal surgical techniques warrant a careful reevaluation of prophylactic exchange transfusions.

Perioperative measures to reduce the incidence of anterior segment ischemia include the following:

1. Nonsympathomimetic local anesthesia
2. Minimization of topical sympathomimetics
3. Supplemental oxygen for 48 hours after surgery
4. Avoiding wide encircling scleral buckling elements, expansile concentrations of intraocular gases, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
5. Closely monitoring and treating elevated intraocular pressure
Anterior segment ischemia after surgery is an emergency. Although the prognosis is notoriously poor, make all attempts to oxygenate the anterior segment. Options include hyperbaric oxygen therapy, continuous supplemental oxygen therapy, and transcorneal oxygen with goggles.

NOTE: Elevated intraocular pressure
Blood in the anterior chamber in patients with sickle cell disease is a medical emergency. A sickle screen is warranted for every black patient who has an unexplained hyphema. The environment of the anterior chamber promotes sickle hemoglobin polymerization, which can result in elevated intraocular pressure due to blockage of the trabecular meshwork.

Because patients with sickle cell disease are particularly prone to central retinal artery occlusion and optic atrophy, even with mildly elevated intraocular pressures, closely monitor the intraocular pressure. Do not allow it to exceed 25 mm Hg for longer than 24 hours.

Group B Streptococcal Infections in Newborns

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Thu, 01 Jan 2015 12:16:00 +0000

What is group B streptococcal infection?
Group B streptococcal (group B strep) infection is a serious bacterial infection that is a leading cause of death and disability in newborns.

In the 1970s, about half of newborns with group B strep infection died. Today, due to early recognition and aggressive treatment of the infection, far fewer cases end in death.

What are the Causes?
Septicemia is an infection in the bloodstream that may travel to different body organs. Group B streptococcal septicemia is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae, which is commonly called "group B strep" or GBS. A newborn with septicemia is very sick.

GBS is commonly found in adults and older children, where it does not usually cause infection. There are two ways in which it may be passed to a newborn baby:

The infant can become infected as he or she passes through the birth canal. In this case, babies become ill between birth and 6 days of life (most often in the first 24 hours). This is called "early-onset" GBS disease.
The infant may also become infected after delivery by coming into contact with people who carry the GBS germ. In this case symptoms appear later, when the baby is 7 days to 3 months or more old. This is called "late-onset" GBS disease.
GBS now occurs less often, because now there are methods to screen and treat pregnant women at risk.

The following increase an infant's risk for group B streptococcal septicemia:

-Being born more than 3 weeks before the due date (prematurity), especially if the mother goes into labor early (preterm labor)
-Mother who has already given birth to a baby with GBS sepsis
-Mother who has a fever (over 100.4 degrees F) during labor
-Mother who has group B streptococcus in her gastrointestinal, reproductive, or urinary tract
-Rupture of membranes ("water breaks") more than 18 hours before the baby is delivered
-Use of intrauterine fetal monitoring ("scalp lead") during labour.

Exams and Tests to Diagnose
To diagnose GBS septicemia, GBS bacteria must be found in a sample of blood (blood culture) taken from a sick newborn.
Other tests that may be done include:

1. Blood clotting tests - prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
2. Blood gases (to see if the baby needs help with breathing)
3. Complete blood count
4. CSF culture (to check for meningitis)
5. Urine culture
6 .X-ray of the chest

Symptoms
i. Anxious or stressed appearance
ii. Blue appearance (cyanosis)
iii. Breathing difficulties such as:
iv. Flaring of the nostrils
v. Grunting noises
vi. Rapid breathing
vii. Short periods without breathing
viii.Irregular or abnormal heart rate - may be fast or very slow
ix. Lethargy
x. Pale appearance (pallor) with cold skin
xi. Poor feeding
xii. Unstable body temperature (low or high)

Treatment
Treatment may involve one or more of the following:

* Antibiotics given through a vein
* Breathing help (respiratory support)
* Fluids given through a vein
* Medicines to reverse shock
* Medicines or procedures to correct blood clotting problems
* Oxygen therapy
* A therapy called extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be used in very severe cases.

When to Contact a Medical Professional
This disease is usually diagnosed shortly after birth, often while the baby is still in the hospital.

However, if you have a newborn at home who shows symptoms of this condition, seek immediate emergency medical help or call the local emergency number.

Parents should watch for symptoms in their baby's first 6 weeks. The early stages of this disease can produce symptoms that are hard to spot.

Prevention
To help reduce the risk of Group B streptococcal septicemia, the American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that pregnant women get tested for group B streptococcus at 35 - 37 weeks into their pregnancy. If the bacteria are detected, women are given antibiotics through a vein during labor. If the mother goes into premature labor before 35 weeks, she should be tested for GBS.

Newborns who are at high risk are tested for GBS infection. They may receive antibiotics through a vein during the first 48 hours of life until blood culture results are available.

In all cases, proper hand washing by nursery caretakers, visitors, and parents can help prevent the spread of the bacteria after the infant is born.

An early diagnosis can help decrease the risk of some complications.

Alternative Names
Group B strep; GBS

Surprising Health Benefits of Yogurt

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Sat, 11 Oct 2014 12:44:00 +0000

Some say yogurt is fatten and bad but here are some facts about yogurt.

1. Yogurt is rich with vitamins.
One serving is a significant source of potassium, phosphorous, riboflavin, iodine, zinc, and vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid). Yogurt also contains B12, which maintains red blood cells and helps keep your nervous system functioning properly. "Vitamin B12 is found mostly in animal products, such as chicken and fish, so strict vegetarians can easily fall short". Eating more yogurt can help close the nutrient gap: An eight-ounce serving contains 1.4 micro-grams of the vitamin, about 60 percent of what adult women need daily.

2. Face saver.
No need for pricey derm treatments to perfect your complexion. "Yogurt contains lactic acid, which is a component in some in-office chemical peels," says dermatologist Hema Sundaram, MD. "It gently exfoliates the top layers of the epidermis, which can clear up blemishes and discolorations, and may even reduce fine wrinkles."
Try this DIY mask: Mix 1 cup Greek yogurt with 2 to 3 drops of almond or olive oil and a tablespoon of honey; apply to face, leave on for 20 to 30 minutes, then rinse and pat dry. Result: more radiant skin.

3. Yogurt can give you flat abs.
Eat 18 ounces a day and you can drop a jeans size. People who ate that much -- in conjunction with cutting their total calories -- lost 22 percent more weight and 81 percent more belly fat than dieters who skipped the snack, according to research from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. They also retained one-third more calorie-torching lean muscle mass, which can help you maintain weight loss. "Fat around your waist produces the hormone cortisol, which tells your body to accumulate even more belly flab," says nutrition professor and lead study author Michael Zemel, PhD. When you eat yogurt, the calcium signals your fat cells to pump out less cortisol, making it easier for you to drop pounds, while the amino acids help burn fat.

4. A cup of yogurt a day can help you recover faster after a workout.
With the right ratio of protein to carbohydrates, yogurt, particularly high-protein Greek yogurt, makes an excellent post-sweat-session snack. "The perfect time to grab a container is within 60 minutes of exercise," says Keri Gans, RD, a nutritionist in New York City. The protein provides the amino acids your muscles need to repair themselves, Gans explains, and the carbohydrates replace your muscles' energy stores, which are depleted after a hard workout. It's a bonus if you drink a bottle of water along with it: The protein in yogurt may also help increase the amount of water absorbed by the intestines, improving hydration.

5. Yogurt may prevent high blood pressure.
Every day 70 percent of us consume more than twice the recommended amount of salt; over time that can lead to hypertension and kidney and heart disease. The potassium in yogurt, almost 600 milligrams per eight ounces, may help flush some of the excess sodium out of your body. In fact, adults in a study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition who ate the most low-fat dairy -- two or more servings daily -- were 54 percent less likely to develop high blood pressure than those who ate the least.

6. A daily serving of yogurt keeps colds away.
Dig into four ounces each day and you may find yourself sniffle-free in the months ahead, according to a study at the University of Vienna. Women eating this amount had much stronger and more active T cells, which battle illness and infection, than they did before they started consuming it. "The healthy bacteria in yogurt help send signals to the immune-boosting cells in your body to power up and fight off harmful bugs," says lead study author Alexa Meyer, PhD, a nutrition researcher at the university. Allergy sufferers, who typically have low levels of certain T cells, may also find relief by adding yogurt to their diets. In a study in the Journal of Nutrition, people who ate seven ounces a day had fewer symptoms than those who opted for none at all.

7. Yogurt is a good source of protein.
Yogurt can be an excellent source of protein, but "one variety may contain more than double the protein of another," Blatner says. Greek yogurt, which is strained to make it thicker, has up to 20 grams of protein per container; traditional yogurt may have as few as five grams. If you're eating it for the protein, look for brands that provide at least eight to 10 grams per serving.

8. Yogurt With Active Cultures May Discourage Vaginal Infections
Candida or "yeast" vaginal infections are a common problem for women with diabetes. In a small study, seven diabetic women with chronic Candidal vaginitis consumed 6 ounces of frozen aspartame-sweetened yogurt per day (with or without active cultures).
Even though most of the women had poor blood sugar control throughout the study, the vaginal pH (measure of acidity or basicity) of the group eating yogurt with active cultures dropped from 6.0 to 4.0 (normal pH is 4.0-4.5). These women also reported a decrease in Candida infections. The women eating the yogurt without active cultures remained at pH 6.0.

9. Have good Probiotic effects.
Probiotics can be defined as live bacteria which are beneficial to human health. Fermented dairy products such as yogurt have the ability to support the viability of probiotic cultures and therefore provide a suitable vehicle for their delivery into the body, and are easily incorporated into the diet.

Non pathogenic (non-harmful) intestinal bacteria play an important role in the normal functioning of the gut and improve resistance to disease; however factors such as changes in lifestyle, diet, increased stress and consumption of antibiotic medications can all lead to changes in the balance of gut bacteria (microflora).
Reduced numbers of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria and increased numbers of harmful or pathogenic bacteria often result, this may cause minor health complaints and infections and may pre-dispose individuals to a number of life threatening diseases such as bowel cancer and inflammatory bowel disease.
In these situations probiotics can exert a positive effect on health by redressing the balance of health-promoting and pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.The micro-organisms most commonly used as probiotics are lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria which are both found naturally in the gut. Numerous health benefits have been connected with the use of probiotics including:
-Lactose intolerance
-Constipation
-Diarrhea
-Colon cancer
-Inflammatory bowel disease
-H. pylori infection.

how to choose the best yogurt to buy...http://www.talktonurserita.com/2014/10/what-to-look-for-in-yogurt.html

What to Look For in a Yogurt

noreply@blogger.com (Rita Miller) — Sat, 11 Oct 2014 11:51:00 +0000

To find a healthy yogurt that's low in calories, fat, and sugar, follow as many of these guidelines as you can.Per 6-ounce serving:

1. Calories: 100 to 150 (if you're snacking, stick to the lower end).
2. Fat: 3.5 grams or less (low-fat or nonfat).
3. Saturated fat: 2 grams or less.
4. Protein: at least 8 to 10 grams.
5. Sugar: 20 grams or less.
6. Calcium: at least 20 percent of the daily value.
7. Vitamin D: at least 20 percent of the daily value.