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Senator Florida fights back over nude images stolen from her

2022-01-25T20:33:00.002+05:00

After Florida senator’s nude images are stolen, she fights to strengthen revenge porn law:

TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (AP) — State Sen. Lauren Book often has told the story about how she was sexually abused by her nanny for six years when she was a child. She channeled the pain into a lifetime of helping other abuse survivors.

Now after years of working hard to heal herself and restore her life — running a nonprofit to help victims, getting married, having children, and winning her Senate seat — Book has been victimized again, this time by someone trying to extort her by threatening to reveal nude photos that were stolen from her.
The book was sacrificed again. To reveal nude photos stolen from her.

To make matters worse, during her investigation, she learned that images have been purchased and traded online since 2000.

“I hate that this happened to me,” Book told The Associated Press in an interview. “I hate it, I hate it, I hate it, I hate it, I hate it. But I’ll take it, because I know that I can do something about it.”

The book is taking action so that only legislators can do it. While the pain returned in a hurry, her fighting spirit also returned, and she is looking for new laws to try to prevent others from being sacrificed.

The bill, sponsored by the Democratic Book, will hold its first committee hearing on Tuesday. It will strengthen Florida’s revenge porn law by making it a felony to steal sexually explicit images from someone’s phone or other digital devices. It also spreads sexually explicit images that have been modified or created, known as deep fake, a felony.

The book exhaled her anger in a telephone interview with AP on Monday night, explaining the international trade and sale of images stolen from people without her knowledge. She sometimes cursed loudly and sometimes held back tears. She called it a sick, altered subculture that pays more for images of celebrities and elected officials but at the expense of lesser-known women.

The bill sponsored by Book, a Democrat, gets its first committee hearing Tuesday. It would strengthen Florida’s revenge porn law by making it a felony to steal sexually explicit images from someone’s phone or other digital devices. It would also make disseminating altered or created sexually explicit images, known as deep fakes, a felony.

To tell the truth, I would have ended my life without the children,” she said. “It brought everything. Everything you think you got under your belt, fixed and changed it, and suddenly here it’s in front of your face. .

And the conversations people had on their websites exacerbated their fears.

They were reading about who I am and talking about how I’m a survivor of rape, so get some rape videos. Rape and kill some of her. Can I be tortured? Can I make some of them? Can I find them? How can I get them?

The book still doesn’t know how the image was stolen. However, investigators told her that the images teenagers used to blackmail her were sent from virtual private networks in Sweden and Russia.

As an influential lobbyist, a 17-year-old daughter, she found courage while going to anorexia, sleepless nights, and Tallahassee, fighting crying to convince lawmakers and Gob at the time. Jeb Bush passes a law requiring rape suspects to be tested for HIV.
Currently, she is a 37-year-old senator and feels well-positioned to fight back with the resources to hire a lawyer to remove images from the website. Many others are not.

Network Security Punjab University Solved Past Paper 2020

2021-11-13T15:29:00.001+05:00

What are the advanced encryption standards(AES)?

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric block cipher chosen by the U.S. government to protect classified information. AES is implemented in software and hardware throughout the world to encrypt sensitive data. It is essential for government computer security, cybersecurity, and electronic data protection.

Explain the substitution and transposition techniques?

The substitution and transposition techniques are used for converting plaintext into ciphertext, where substitution technique replaces the characters whereas transposition technique rearranges the characters to form a ciphertext. However, a substitution cipher is simpler and easy to break.

Explain the intruders and intrusion detection?

Intruders are the attackers who attempt to breach the security of a network. They attack the network in order to get unauthorized access. Intruders are of three types, namely, masquerader, misfeasor, and clandestine user. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application that monitors a network for malicious activity or policy violations. Any malicious activity or violation is typically reported or collected centrally using a security information and event management system.

Briefly explain the hackers and hacker's techniques and explain firewall?

A hacker is an individual who uses a computer, networking, or other skills to overcome a technical problem. The term also may refer to anyone who uses their abilities to gain unauthorized access to systems or networks in order to commit crimes.

Bait and Switch
Cookie Theft
Denial of Service/Distributed Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS)
Eavesdropping
Keylogging
Malware
Phishing and Related Phenomena
Watering Hole and WAP Attacks
“Man in the Middle” (or “MITM”) Attack

Firewalls:

A Firewall is a network security device that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on an organization's previously established security policies. At its most basic, a firewall is essentially the barrier that sits between a private internal network and the public Internet

Briefly explain the Firewall and types of firewall?

Types of firewall:

Firewall types can be divided into several different categories based on their general structure and method of operation. Here are eight types of firewalls:

Packet-filtering firewalls
Circuit-level gateways
Stateful inspection firewalls
Application-level gateways (a.k.a. proxy firewalls)
Next-gen firewalls
Software firewalls
Hardware firewalls
Cloud firewalls

How to watch Halloween Kills online for free

2021-10-19T19:39:00.011+05:00

Watch Halloween Kills online for free:

Halloween Kills is the 12th movie in the Halloween franchise, which started in 1978 with the original Halloween. These movies follow Michael Myers, a serial killer who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for the murder of his sister, Judith. Halloween Kills, a sequel of 2018’s Halloween, sees Michael return to Haddonfield, the same town he terrorized more than 40 years ago in the original Halloween.

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When is Halloween Kills is released?

Halloween Kills premieres on October 15, 2021, on Peacock and in theaters.

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BISE GRW Matric Result 2022

2021-10-16T15:03:00.012+05:00

Bise Gujranwala Bise grw result matric 2022:

Bise grw announced matric 2022 result today at 5pm. Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education BISE Gujranwala. A few days ago Bise Grw announced the result of intermediate part II in which 18 students got 1100 marks out of 1100 .

Today we expect the same thing on BISE Matric Result 2022. The result of Bise Grw Matric is availabel on the official website check results from here .

Matric Part II result is about to be announced today at 5PM on 16 OCT 2022. Where total marks is 1100 and student only attempt 4 papers (Phy, Chem, Math, and Bio). Total marks gave to all of the student depends on average marks they got in these 4 subject.

for example.

if someone got 70 marks in phy, 60 in chem, 72 in math and 65 in bio respectively then the overall result should be.

((70+60+72+65)/280)*100=95.35%

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Beta Finance BETA Binance launchpad

2021-09-30T11:46:00.002+05:00

Beta Finance - A permissionless money market for lending, borrowing, and short selling crypto

Beta Finance is a cross-chain permissionless money market protocol for lending, borrowing, and shorting crypto. Beta Finance has created a simple, integrated "1-Click" short that enables Defi natives to take the opposite side of a trade and counter volatility, as well as has enabled anyone, anywhere, anytime to create money markets for a token automatically, unlocking new asset utilization. Now Beta is launched on the world's largest cryptocurrency platform Binance. People are excited to trade Beta on Binance.

Beta Finance’s mission is to facilitate greater stability for the long-term, mainstream adoption of Defi by individuals and institutions through building critical Defi tooling and infrastructure.

Beta Finance Total Supply:

Total Supply 1,000,000,000

Hard Cap 3,000,000

Initial Circulating Supply 1.6% of the total supply

Public Sale Token Price 0.06 USD

Token Offered 50,000,000

Token Type BEP20, ERC20

Token Distribution After the end of the token sale

Launch date 08-10-2021

Whatsapp Multi-Device beta Update Rolls out

2021-09-18T23:06:00.003+05:00

Multi-Device Beta Whatsapp:

Whatsapp finally rolls out a multi-device beta update for Whatsapp Beta users where users can use up to 4 devices and 1 mobile phone at once. After joining this beta your phone will no longer need to stay online to use WhatsApp on the Web, Desktop, or Portal that is an interesting feature added by Whatsapp. You can link up to 4 additional devices and 1 phone can be used at once. it will never disrupt communication.

Privacy of Multi-Device beta Whatsapp:

Your Personal Messages and calls will continue to be end-to-end encrypted.

Limitations:

You can't call/message from Web, Desktop, or Portal to users who have an outdated version of WhatsApp on their phone.
Performance and quality may be affected.
Other minor issues.

How to join Multi-device Beta Whatsapp:

Open Whatsapp.
Click on the top right 3 dots and then click on link devices.
After this, you will see a button like join beta Multi-Device Beta.
that's it

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2018

2021-09-16T14:00:00.006+05:00

Solved Past Paper of Software Quality Assurance 2018:

Q#1Differentiate between Software testing technique and strategy.

Software testing Techniques:

Software testing techniques are used to test an application to ensure it behaves and looks as expected. These encompass everything from front to back-end testing, including unit and system testing. This article is designed to highlight the myriad of testing techniques used by quality assurance professionals.

Testers are aware of the various types of Software Testing such as Functional Testing, Non-Functional Testing, Automation Testing, Agile Testing.

Software testing strategy:

A Software testing strategy is an outline that describes the testing approach of the software development cycle. The purpose of a test strategy is to provide a rational deduction from organizational, high-level objectives to actual test activities.

Static Testing Strategy
Structural Testing Strategy

Q#2 Draw cycle of Unit Testing?

Unit Testing Techniques:

Black Box Testing - Using which the user interface, input and output are tested.
White Box Testing - used to test each one of those functions’ behavior is tested.
Gray Box Testing - Used to execute tests, risks and assessment methods.

Q#3 Four principles of Software Testing?

There are seven principles in software testing:

Testing shows presence of defects
Exhaustive testing is not possible
Early testing
Defect clustering
Pesticide paradox
Testing is context dependent
Absence of errors fallacy

Q#4 What is FURPS Model?

FURPS is an acronym representing a model for classifying software quality attributes. FURPS model originally presented by Robert Grady.

FURPS stands for: Usability, Reliability, Performance and Supportability.

Functionality:

Which may include capabilities and security.

Usability:

Which may include human factors, user documentation, and training materials.

Reliability:

Which may include recoverability, predictability, accuracy, and mean time between failure.

Performance:

Which may include speed, efficiency, availability, accuracy, throughput, response time, recovery time.

Supportability:

Which may include testability, maintainability, compatibility, configurability, install ability.

Q#5 Name types of software reviews?

Software Review is systematic inspection of a software by one or more individuals who work together to find and resolve errors and defects in the software during the early stages of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Software review is an essential part of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) that helps software engineers in validating the quality, functionality and other vital features and components of the software. It is a whole process that includes testing the software product and it makes sure that it meets the requirements stated by the client.

Types of Software Reviews:

There are mainly 3 types of software reviews:

Software Peer Review
Software Management Review
Software Audit Review

Objectives of Software Review:

The objective of software review is:

To improve the productivity of the development team.
To make the testing process time and cost effective.
To make the final software with fewer defects.
To eliminate the inadequacies.

Long Questions

Q#2 Define White Box Testing, explain its one technique with relevant example.

White Box Testing:

White Box Testing is software testing technique in which internal structure, design and coding of software are tested to verify flow of input-output and to improve design, usability and security. In white box testing, code is visible to testers so it is also called Clear box testing, Open box testing, Transparent box testing, Code-based testing and Glass box testing.

White Box Testing Techniques:

Statement Coverage - In this technique, the aim is to traverse all statement at least once. Hence, each line of code is tested. In case of a flowchart, every node must be traversed at least once. Since all lines of code are covered, helps in pointing out faulty code.
Branch Coverage - This technique is running a series of tests to ensure that all branches are tested at least once.
Path Coverage - This technique corresponds to testing all possible paths which means that each statement and branch is covered.
Statement Testing = (Number of Statements Exercised / Total Number of Statements) x 100 %
Branch Testing = (Number of decisions outcomes tested / Total Number of decision Outcomes) x 100 %
Path Coverage = (Number paths exercised / Total Number of paths in the program) x 100 %

Q#4 Differentiate between validation and verification?

#	Verification	Validation
1	The verifying process includes checking documents, design, code, and program	It is a dynamic mechanism of testing and validating the actual product
2	It does not involve executing the code	It always involves executing the code
3	Verification uses methods like reviews, walkthroughs, inspections, and desk- checking etc.	It uses methods like Black Box Testing, White Box Testing, and non-functional testing
4	Whether the software conforms to specification is checked	It checks whether the software meets the requirements and expectations of a customer

5	It finds bugs early in the development cycle	It can find bugs that the verification process can not catch
6	Target is application and software architecture, specification, complete design, high level, and database design etc.	Target is an actual product.
7	QA team does verification and make sure that the software is as per the requirement in the SRS document.	With the involvement of testing team validation is executed on software code.
8	It comes before Validation	It comes after Validation

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2019

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2015

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2019

2021-09-16T13:56:00.003+05:00

Past Paper of Software Quality Assurance 2019 Solved:

Q#1 Write 3 differences between White Box and Black Box testing?

#	Black Box Testing	White Box Testing
1	Black Box Testing is the software testing method that is used to test the software without knowing the internal structure of code or program.	White Box Testing is the software testing method in which internal structure is being known to the tester who is going to test the software.
2	This type of testing is carried out by the testers.	Generally, This type of testing is carried out by software developers.
3	Implementation knowledge is not required to carry out Black Box Testing.	Implementation knowledge is required to carry out White Box Testing
4	Programming Knowledge is not required to carry out Black Box Testing.	Programming Knowledge is required to carry out White Box Testing.

5	Testing is applicable on higher levels of testing like System testing, Acceptance testing.	Testing is applicable on lower levels of testing like Unit testing, Integration testing.
6	Black Box Testing means functional test or external testing.	White Box Texting means structural test or internal testing.

Q#2 Why do we use regression testing?

Regression Testing is a type of testing that is done to verify that a code change in the software does not impact the existing functionality of the product. This is to make sure the product works fine with new functionality, bug fixes, or any change in the existing feature.

Examples, bug regression, old fix regression testing, port testing, configuration testing, localization testing, smoke testing.

Q#3 What do you understand from the term PROCESS Quality?

Process-oriented quality indicates the quality aspects associated with the processes adopted for the production and transformation of the product. These aspects, therefore, include environmentally and/or socially sustainable processes and practices. Process-oriented quality attributes may or may not have an effect on product-oriented quality.

Q#4 Differentiate between validation and verification?

#	Verification	Validation
1	The verifying process includes checking documents, design, code, and program	It is a dynamic mechanism of testing and validating the actual product
2	It does not involve executing the code	It always involves executing the code
3	Verification uses methods like reviews, walkthroughs, inspections, and desk- checking, etc.	It uses methods like Black Box Testing, White Box Testing, and non-functional testing
4	Whether the software conforms to specification is checked	It checks whether the software meets the requirements and expectations of a customer
5	It finds bugs early in the development cycle	It can find bugs that the verification process can not catch

6	Target is application and software architecture, specification, complete design, high level, and database design, etc.	Target is an actual product.
7	QA team does verification and makes sure that the software is as per the requirement in the SRS document.	With the involvement of the testing, team validation is executed on software code.
8	It comes before Validation	It comes after Validation

Long Questions

Q#1 Differentiate “Quality Control” And “Quality Assurance”?

Quality Assurance (QA)	Quality Control (QC)
It focuses on providing assurance that the quality requested will be achieved.	It focuses on fulfilling the quality requested.
It is the technique of managing quality.	It is the technique to verify quality.
It does not include the execution of the program.	It always includes the execution of the program.
It is a managerial tool.	It is a corrective tool.
It is process-oriented.	It is product-oriented.
The aim of quality assurance is to prevent defects.	The aim of quality control is to identify and improve the defects.
It is a preventive technique.	It is a corrective technique.
It is a proactive measure.	It is a reactive measure.
It is responsible for the full software development life cycle.	It is responsible for the software testing life cycle.
Example: Verification	Example: Validation

Q#3 What is meant by Testing? How many types of testing are there? Define Alpha and Beta Test.

Testing:

Testing is the process of executing a program with the aim of finding errors. To make our software perform well it should be error-free. If testing is done successfully it will remove all the errors from the software.

Types of Testing:

Functional Types:

Unit Testing
Integration Testing
Regression Testing
Smoke Testing
Alpha Testing
Beta Testing
System Testing
Stress Testing
Performance Testing

Non-functional Testing types include:

Performance Testing
Load Testing
Stress Testing
Volume Testing
Security Testing
Alpha Testing:

Alpha Testing is a type of software testing performed to identify bugs before releasing the product to real users or to the public. Alpha Testing is one of the user acceptance testings.

This is a type of validation testing. It is a type of acceptance testing which is done before the product is released to customers. It is typically done by QA people.

Example:

When software testing is performed internally within the organization.

Beta Testing:

Beta Testing is performed by real users of the software application in a real environment. Beta testing is one of the types of User Acceptance Testing.

This version is released for a limited number of users for testing in a real-time environment

Example:

When software testing is performed for a limited number of people.

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2014

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2018

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2014

2021-09-16T13:52:00.007+05:00

Solved Past Paper of Software Quality Assurance 2018:

Q#1 Write 3 differences between White Box and Black Box testing?

#	Black Box Testing	White Box Testing
1	Black Box Testing is the software testing method that is used to test the software without knowing the internal structure of code or program.	White Box Testing is the software testing method in which internal structure is being known to the tester who is going to test the software.
2	This type of testing is carried out by the testers.	Generally, This type of testing is carried out by software developers.
3	Implementation knowledge is not required to carry out Black Box Testing.	Implementation knowledge is required to carry out White Box Testing

4	Programming Knowledge is not required to carry out Black Box Testing.	Programming Knowledge is required to carry out White Box Testing.
5	Testing is applicable on higher levels of testing like System testing, Acceptance testing.	Testing is applicable on lower levels of testing like Unit testing, Integration testing.
6	Black Box Testing means functional test or external testing.	White Box Texting means structural test or internal testing.

Q#1 Differentiate “Quality Control” And “Quality Assurance”?

Quality Assurance (QA)	Quality Control (QC)
It focuses on providing assurance that the quality requested will be achieved.	It focuses on fulfilling the quality requested.
It is the technique of managing quality.	It is the technique to verify quality.
It does not include the execution of the program.	It always includes the execution of the program.
It is a managerial tool.	It is a corrective tool.
It is process-oriented.	It is product-oriented.
The aim of quality assurance is to prevent defects.	The aim of quality control is to identify and improve the defects.
It is a preventive technique.	It is a corrective technique.
It is a proactive measure.	It is a reactive measure.
It is responsible for the full software development life cycle.	It is responsible for the software testing life cycle.
Example: Verification	Example: Validation

Q#3 Differentiate Process Quality and Product Quality with example?

Q#3 What do you understand from the term PROCESS Quality?

Q#4 Differentiate between validation and verification?

#	Verification	Validation
1	The verifying process includes checking documents, design, code, and program	It is a dynamic mechanism of testing and validating the actual product
2	It does not involve executing the code	It always involves executing the code
3	Verification uses methods like reviews, walkthroughs, inspections, and desk- checking, etc.	It uses methods like Black Box Testing, White Box Testing, and non-functional testing
4	Whether the software conforms to specification is checked	It checks whether the software meets the requirements and expectations of a customer

5	It finds bugs early in the development cycle	It can find bugs that the verification process can not catch
6	Target is application and software architecture, specification, complete design, high level, and database design, etc.	Target is an actual product.
7	QA team does verification and makes sure that the software is as per the requirement in the SRS document.	With the involvement of the testing, team validation is executed on software code.
8	It comes before Validation	It comes after Validation

Q#5 Differentiate Load Testing and Stress Testing with example

LOAD TESTING STRESS TESTING

Load Testing is performed to test the performance of the system or software application under extreme load. Stress Testing is performed to test the robustness of the system or software application under extreme load.

In load testing load limit is the threshold of a break. In stress testing load limit is above the threshold of a break.

In load testing, the performance of the software is tested under multiple users. In stress testing, the performance is tested under varying data amounts.

A huge number of users. Too many users and too much data.

Load testing is performed to find out the upper limit of the system or application. Stress testing is performed to find the behavior of the system under pressure.

The factor tested during load testing is performed. The factor tested during stress testing is robustness and stability.

Load testing determines the operating capacity of a system or application. Stress testing ensures system security.

Long Questions

Q#1 Briefly explain McCall’s Quality Factors and Criteria?

Quality factor represents a behavioral characteristic of a system. Following is the list of quality factors:

1. Correctness:

A software system is expected to meet the explicitly specified functional requirements and the implicitly expected non-functional requirements.

If a software system satisfies all the functional requirements, the system is said to be correct.

2. Reliability

Customers may still consider an incorrect system to be reliable if the failure rate is very small and it does not adversely affect their mission objectives.

Reliability is customer perception, and incorrect software can still be considered to be reliable.

3. Efficiency:

Efficiency concerns to what extent a software system utilizes resources, such as computing power, memory, disk space, communication bandwidth, and energy.

A software system must utilize as few resources as possible to perform its functionalities.

4. Integrity:

A system’s integrity refers to its ability to withstand attacks to its security.

In other words, integrity refers to the extent to which access to software or data by unauthorized persons or programs can be controlled.

5. Usability:

Software is considered to be usable if human users find it easy to use.

Without a good user interface, a software system may fizzle out even if it possesses many desired qualities.

McCall’s Quality Criteria:

A quality criterion is an attribute of a quality factor that is related to software development. For example, modularity is an attribute of the architecture of a software system.

List of McCall’s Quality Criteria:

Access Audit: Ease with which the software and data can be checked for compliance with standards.
Access Control: Provisions for control and protection of the software
Accuracy: Precisions of computations and output.
Consistency: Use of uniform design and implementation techniques.
Data commonality: Use of standard data representation.
Execution efficiency: Run time efficiency of the software.

Q#5 Name types of software reviews?

Types of Software Reviews:

There are mainly 3 types of software reviews:

Software Peer Review
Software Management Review
Software Audit Review

Objectives of Software Review:

The objective of software review is:

To improve the productivity of the development team.
To make the testing process time and cost effective.
To make the final software with fewer defects.
To eliminate the inadequacies.

Q#3 Write a short note on:

a) Defects Metrics.

In software testing, Metric is a quantitative measure of the degree to which a system, system component, or process possesses a given attribute. In other words, metrics help to estimate the progress, quality, and health of a software testing effort. The ideal example to understand metrics would be a weekly mileage of a car compared to its ideal mileage recommended by the manufacturer.

There are a number of metrics to find the defects. These defect metrics are as follows:

Defect Density

1. Defect Density

It is defined as the ratio of defects to requirements.

Defect density determines the stability of the application.

Formula:

Defect Density = Total no. of defects identified / Actual Size (requirements)

2. Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE)

DRE is used to identify the test effectiveness of the system.

Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE) = (No. of Defects found during QA testing / (No. of Defects found during QA testing + No. of Defects found by End-user)) * 100

3. Defect leakage

Defect Leakage is the Metric that is used to identify the efficiency of the QA testing.

Defect Leakage = (No. of Defects found in UAT / No. of Defects found in QA testing.) * 100

4. Error Discovery Rate:

It is to determine the effectiveness of the test cases.

Formula:

Error Discovery Rate = (Total number of defects found /Total no. of test cases executed) *100

5. Defect Fix Rate:

It helps to know the quality of a build in terms of defect fixing.

Formula:

Defect Fix Rate = (Total no of Defects reported as fixed - Total no. of defects reopened) / (Total no of Defects reported as fixed + Total no. of new Bugs due to fix) *100

6. Defects by Priority:

This metric is used to identify the no. of defects identified based on the Priority of the defect which is used to decide the quality of the software.

b) Capability Maturity Model (CMM)

The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is developed by the Software Engineering Institute of Carnegie Mellon University. CMM is a way to develop and refine an organization's processes. CMM is a framework that describes the key elements of an effective software process. CMM uses the five levels to describe the maturity of the organization.

The five levels of CMM:

Initial
Repeatable
Defined
Managed
Optimizing

Level#1- Initial:

The software process is characterized as Ad-Hoc and occasionally even chaotic. Few processes are defined and success depends upon individual effort.

Level#2- Repeatable:

Basic project management processes are established to track cost, schedule, and functionality. The necessary process discipline is in place to repeat earlier successes on projects with similar applications.

Level#3- Defined:

The software process for both management and engineering activities is documented, standardized, and integrated into a standard software process for the organization.

Level#4- Managed:

Detailed measures of the software process and product quality are collected. Both the software process and products are quantitatively understood and controlled.

Level#5- Optimizing:

At this level, processes are constantly being improved through monitoring feedback, innovative ideas, technologies from current processes, and introducing innovative processes to better serve the organization's particular needs.

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2015

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2019

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2015

2021-09-16T13:42:00.011+05:00

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2015

Q#1 Explain data flow guided testing with suitable examples.

Data Flow Guided Testing:

Data-flow-guided testing is a method for obtaining structural information about programs that have found wide applicability in compiler design and optimization. Control flow information about a program is used to construct test sets for the paths to be tested.

For example:

Pick enough paths to assure that every data object has been initialized prior to use or that all defined objects have been used for something.

Q#2 Describe the following briefly: a) Regression Testing:

Examples, bug regression, old fix regression testing, port testing, configuration testing, localization testing, smoke testing.

b) Stress Testing:

Stress testing refers to the testing of software or hardware to determine whether its performance is satisfactory under any extreme and unfavorable conditions, which may occur as a result of heavy network traffic, process loading.

Q#3 Difference between Testing and Debugging

Testing Debugging:

The purpose of testing is to find bugs and errors. The purpose of debugging is to correct those bugs found during testing.

Testing is done by the tester. Debugging is done by the programmer or developer.

It can be automated. It can’t be automated.

It can be done by outsiders like clients. It must be done only by an insider i.e. programmer.

Most of the testing can be done without design knowledge. Debugging can’t be done without proper design knowledge.

Q#4 Describe the ethical basis for software quality?

Ethical Basis for Quality

Technical Issues
Professional Issues
Social Issues

Q#5 Define the Software Quality Assurance. Give some basis.

Software Quality Assurance (SQA):

Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is defined as “the process of making sure that the software is free from defects or mistakes and performs all the functionalities without complaints just before the delivery.”

Bases of SQA:

Software Quality Assurance is measured based on the internal and external quality features of the software.
The external quality is measured based on the real-time activities in operational mode and how the software is useful for the end-users.

Q#6 Briefly describe the Software Process with respect to Software Quality Assurance.

Software Process w.r.t SQA:

A software process (also known as software methodology) is a set of related activities that leads to the production of the software. These activities may involve the development of the software from modifying an existing system.

Any software process must include the following four activities:
Software Specification (or Requirements Engineering)
Software design and implementation
Software verification and validation
Software evolution (software maintenance)

Q#7 Write short notes on errors, faults, and failures?

Errors:

An error is a mistake, misconception, or misunderstanding on the part of a software developer. In the category of the developer, we include software engineers, programmers, analysts, and testers.

For example, a developer may misunderstand a de-sign notation, or a programmer might type a variable name incorrectly.

Faults:

An incorrect step, process, or data definition in a computer program causes the program to perform in an unintended or unanticipated manner. A fault is introduced into the software as the result of an error.

For example, an anomaly in the software may cause it to behave incorrectly, and not according to its specification.

Failures:

A failure is the inability of a software system or component to perform its required functions within specified performance requirements. During development, Failures are usually observed by testers.

For example, when a defect reaches the end customer it is called a Failure.

Q#8 Write a short note on the origins of defects.

Origins of Defects:

The origins of defects are as follows:

Requirements
Design
Source Code
User Manuals/Training Material
“Bad Fixes” or mistakes made during repairs
Flawed Test Cases used by the application

Q#9 What are test case design strategies?

There are various types of test case design strategies, each of which is suitable for identifying a particular type of error.

Software test design techniques can be broadly classified into two major categories:

Static Strategies
Dynamic Strategies

Q#10 Define Software reliability. How is it associated with testing?

Software Reliability:

According to ANSI, Software Reliability is defined as “the probability of failure-free software operation for a specified period of time in a specified environment.” The reliability of software is measured in terms of Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF). For e.g. if MTBF = 10000 hours for an average software, then it should not fail for 10000 hours of continuous operation.

Long Questions

Q1. What are software metrics? How these are useful in testing? Also, discuss the source code metrics with relative advantages and disadvantages?

Software Metrics:

A software metric is a measure of software characteristics that are quantifiable or countable. Software metrics are important for many reasons, including measuring software performance, planning work items, measuring productivity, and many other uses.

Usage of Metrics in Testing:

Software testing metrics provide a quantitative approach to measure the quality and effectiveness of the software development and testing process. It helps the team to keep track of the software quality at every stage in the software development cycle and also provides information to control and reduce the number of errors.

For example:

A test manager must measure the effectiveness of a test process to identify the areas of improvement.

Advantages of Source Code Metrics:

1. Scope for Automation of Counting:

Since Line of Code is a physical entity manual counting effort can be easily eliminated by automating the counting process.

2. An Intuitive Metric:

Line of Code serves as an intuitive metric for measuring the size of software because it can be seen and the effect of it can be visualized.

3. Ubiquitous Measure:

LOC measures have been around since the earliest days of software. As such, it is arguable that more LOC data is available than any other size measure.

Disadvantages of Source Code Metrics:

Lack of Accountability
Lack of Cohesion with Functionality
Adverse Impact on Estimation
Developer’s Experience
Difference in Languages
The advent of GUI Tools
Problems with Multiple Languages
Lack of Counting Standards
Psychology of Programmer

Q#2 What is Software Quality? How is it related to testing? Also, explain software quality models briefly.

Software Quality:

The degree to which a system, component, or process meets the customer or user needs or expectations with specified requirements.

Quality software is reasonably bug or defect-free, delivered on time and within budget, meets requirements and/or expectations, and is maintainable.

Relation of Software Quality with Testing:

Software testing is the quality measures conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service. It is an important part of the entire Software Development ensuring that the functionalities of the system are tested to the finest and assures the quality, correctness and completeness of the product.

Software Quality Models:

There are five basic software quality models these are as follows:

1. McCall’s Quality Model (1977):

McCall identified three main perspectives for characterizing the quality attributes of a software product. These perspectives are: -

Product revision (ability to change).
Product transition (adaptability to new environments).
Product operations (basic operational characteristics).

2. Boehm Model:

Boehm establishes large-scale characteristics that constitute an improvement over McCall’s model because adds factors at different levels.

The high-level factors are:

Utility indicating the easiness, reliability, and efficiency of use of a software product.
Maintainability that describes the facilities to modify, the testability, and the aspects of understanding.
Portability in the sense of being able to continue being used with a change of environment.

3. Dromey’s Model:

This model emphasizes evaluating one software's quality with another. It helps to find out defects if any, and also to point out the factors that caused such defects. This model is designed on the basis of the relationship that exists between software properties and their quality attributes.

Dromey’s focused on the relationship between quality attributes and sub-attributes to connect software product properties with software quality attributes.

4. FURPS Model:

FURPS is an acronym representing a model for classifying software quality attributes. FURPS model was originally presented by Robert Grady.

FURPS stands for Functionality, Usability, Reliability, Performance, and Supportability.

5. ISO 9126 Model:

ISO-9126 is one of the best software quality standards in the world. It is an international standard for the evolution of software. ISO 9126 specifies and evaluates the quality of a software product in terms of internal and external software qualities and their connection to attributes. This standard was based on the McCall and Boehm models.

This standard is divided into four parts as follows:

Quality Model
Internal Metrics
External Metrics
Quality in use Metrics

Q#3 What is testing? What are its advantages? Also, discuss the significance of Unit Testing and Integration Testing with examples.

Testing:

Software Testing is a process of identifying bugs or faults in your existing product before it is in the hand of our end users. It is the process of evaluating a software item to detect differences between given input and expected output. In other words, software testing is a verification and validation process.

Verification:

Verification is the process to make sure the product satisfies the conditions imposed at the start of the development phase. In other words, to make sure the product behaves the way we want it to.

Validation:

Validation is the process to make sure the product satisfies the specified requirements at the end of the development phase. In other words, to make sure the product is built as per customer requirements.

Advantages of Testing:

Software testing helps in identifying and fixing bugs before the software becomes operational and the risk of failure can be reduced considerably.
Any software does not necessarily work alone. Sometimes it has to integrate and function with other existing legacy systems, as need be. In such cases, software testing gives a much-needed assurance that it will work suitably and its performance won’t get affected due to the integration.
Software testing is a part of the software development process. It performs a root cause analysis for which helps in making it more efficient.

Unit Testing:

Unit Testing is defined as a type of software testing where individual components of the software are tested. Unit testing is such a type of testing technique that is usually performed by developers.

The objective of Unit Testing:

To isolate a section of code.
To verify the correctness of the code.
To test every function and procedure.
To help with code reuse.

Unit Testing Techniques:

Black Box Testing - Using which the user interface, input, and output are tested.
White Box Testing - Used to test each one of those functions’ behavior is tested.
Gray Box Testing - Used to execute tests, risks, and assessment methods.

Integration Testing:

Integration testing is a type of software testing in which individual software modules are combined and tested as a group. Integration testing is conducted to evaluate the compliance of a system or component with specified functional requirements.

Types:

There are mainly two types of integration testing:

Component integration testing:

Testing was performed to expose defects in the interfaces and interactions between integrated components.

System integration testing:

Testing the integration of systems and packages; testing interfaces to external organizations (e.g. Electronic Data Interchange, Internet).

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2014

Software Quality Assurance Solved Past Paper 2018

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Coin Master Free Spins

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Coin Master Free Spins:

Wondering how to get Coin Master free spins? You have come to the right place at the right time. This is an addictive mobile game by design where peoples play coin master games and build their village to complete the level. It combines the thrill of playing slots with the social battling of Clash of Clans to create something that you just can’t put down; in a good way. The problem is, you so often have to put it down if you’re not willing to fork out the cash for regular spins.

Fortunately, there is a lot of ways to getting Coin Master free spins, reducing the need for you to spend and increasing the speed of your village. Many of them are out of spins and want to get free spins and coins.

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The game of Coin Master started in 2016 and we started sharing the spin of Coin Master in 2018. Now Thousand of the website shares the spins of Coin Master for free. Some people share Coin Master Free Spin using mobile applications as well.

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What is Coin Master?

Coin Master is a slot machine game. It has been developed by a company called Moon Active. The game is currently on the trending list of Google Play Store. 100 million-plus users downloaded the Coin Master game now. Coin master game is the most popular game in UK, US, and India. Coin Master Game has already earned $500 million by the end of July 2019 and the exact value is not confirmed yet for the year 2021.

How To Play Coin Master Using Haktuts?

The slot machine has to roll inside the coin master game. You need spins to roll the slot machine. When you roll the slot machine, you can get spins, coins, attacks, raids, or shields, etc.

You should be aware of all these things before you start playing the coin master game.

Build Village
Spins
Raid
Coins
Cards
Attack
Pets
Shields

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Now you will think that where will you get spins? You get 5 spins free every hour. Apart from this, you can get daily spins using our website. I will share more ways to collect coin master spins later. This game requires a spin as well as a coin. You can roll a slot machine and collect coins. You can get more coins using our website tpskill. In the following article, I will also share with you the way of collecting coins. You can build a village using a coin. Each village has 5 buildings and each building has 5 parts. You get 1 star on the construction of every part of every building. Every building has to be constructed to move from one village to another. There is 295 village in coin master.

Attack:

There are three rollers in the slot machine, when the three rollers stop at the sign of attack, you get a chance to take revenge by attacking. When your slot machine stops coming on the attack sign, then you can choose the person you want to attack. When you attack the village of any user and destroy his village, then you get extra coins.

Raid

Attack and Raidare almost the same. The way slot machines used to stop at the sign of attack, you get a chance to attack. Similarly, if the slot machinestops at the signal of the raid, then you get a chance to hit the raid. There is only one difference between Attack and Raid. When the option of attack comes, you can attack any player, but while hitting raid, you do not get a chance to select a player.

Chests:

There are three types of chests inside the coin master game.

Wooden chest
Golden chests
Magical chests

You get 2 cards in Wooden Chest, 4 cards in Golden Chest and 8 cards in Magic chest. Wooden chests have 2-3 star cards, Golden chests have 2-4 star cards and Magical chests have 2-5 star cards. Chances of the rare golden cards are most prevalent in Magic Chest, Golden card is available in Golden Chest. You can buy these three chests by coin. Apart from this, there are other different chests that unlock further when you complete the village.

The list of other chests is below:

Mystery Chest
Emerald Chest
Valentine’s Chest
Sapphire Chest
Ruby Chest
Small Lucky Chest
Big Lucky Chest
Small Easter Chest
Big Easter Chest
Tiger Chest
Foxy Chests

Cards:

There is a very important role of cards in the coin master game. To complete a card set, you need 9 cards. Out of these 9 cards, 7 are tradable cards and 2 are golden cards. You can ask for the cards from your friend, but there is no option to transfer the golden cards. But sometimes a golden card trade event comes, in that event, you can take 2 golden cards from friends.

But even at this golden event, you can't take and give any golden card at your own will. There are many pages and groups of coin masters on Facebook, you can go and trade cards. When your card set completes, you get coins, spins, XP potions, pet foods, and rare cards.

Shield:

In the coin master game, you get 5 shields. Using Shield, you can protect your village from attack. You can also collect the shield by rolling the slot machine. With One shield you can protect your village once. In the same way, the more shield you have, the more time you will be able to protect your village from attack.

XP Potion

You can upgrade your pet by using an XP potion. The more your pets are upgraded, the more you will get coin rewards from your pet. When you complete the village, you get an XP potion. Even after completing the card set, you get an XP potion. Sometimes, even when playing an event of attack and raid, one gets an XP potion.

Pets:

There are three pets in the coin master game. You can use these pets in attacks and Raid. Along with attacks and raids, you can also use pets to protect your village from attacks. You can activate the Pets by going to the menu. You can activate pets by using pet food. Once you give pet food, it stays active for up to 4 hours. As long as that pet remains active, it gives you an extra coin bonus. The more you upgrade your pet's level, the more you will get a coin reward on attack and raid time.

You can upgrade pets using XP potions. When you upgrade the pet, you also get a star according to its level.

Tiger:

When you activate Tiger, Tiger gives you an extra bonus when you attack. You get an extra coin bonus if your attack destroys the village of your enemy. How much the coin bonus will get depends on your pet level. Any coin bonus received is not deducted from the enemy account. When you upgrade the pet, you also get a star according to its level.

Foxy:

When you activate Foxy, Foxy gives you an extra bonus when you raid. When you hit raid using Foxy, you get a fixed coin bonus based on Foxy level. Whatever coin bonus you get, the same coin gets reduced from the account of the person on whom the raid hit. Foxy also requires XP Portion to upgrade.

Rhino:

If you want to save your village from Attacker, then Rhino plays the most important role. When Attacker tries to destroy your village and your rhino activates at that time, your village would not suffer any harm. Rhino can protect your village with an Attacker attack but cannot protect with Raid. Rhino protects your village for 4 hours after activation.

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Collect the spin of Coin Master on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and your email id.

On the Facebook page, 2 times a day a spin is found, the first spin is found at 2:30 pm and the second spin is found at 9:30 pm.
You'll get a spin on Twitter at 4:30 p.m.
In Instagram, you will get a spin on the Coin Master's Instagram Story.
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Play the Event and get the spins.

Other Ways to Collect more spins.

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What is Microprocessor 8086 in detail PU Past Paper

2021-08-20T20:54:00.006+05:00

Microprocessor 8086

Enhanced version of 8085.
Design by Intel 1976.
16 bit microprocessor which have 20 address lines
16 data lines that provide more than 1MB storage.
Powerful instruction set which provide operation like as

FEATURES OF 8086 MICROPROCCESOR

It has an instruction queue which is capable of storing six instruction bytes from memory resulting in a fast processor.
It was 16 bit first processor having 16 bit ALU, 16 bit data bus result in fast processing.

Support two modes of operation.

Maximum modes.
Minimum modes.
Suitable for system having multiple processors.
Suitable for system having single processor.

Available in 3-version

8086 5MHZ
8086 8MHZ
8086 10MHZ

It uses 2 stages of pipeline.

Fetch storage.
Execute stage with improve performance.
The fetch stage can pre fetch up to 6 bytes of instruction and store them in queue.
Execute stage execute these instruction one by one.
It consists of 29000 transistor comparison between 8086 and 8085 microprocessor.

Size ----8085 is 8 bit ,8086 is 16 bit.
Address bus -----8085 is 16 bit, 8086 is 20 bit.
Memory 8085 can access 20 kb ,8086 is 1mb.
Instruction ---8085 don’t have any instruction 8086 have instruction queue.
Pipelining 8085 does not support pipelining but8086 support pipelining.
8085 cost is very low as compared to 8086.

PU Assembly language Solved Past Paper

2021-08-20T20:45:00.007+05:00

Check vowel or consonant in Assembly

MODEL SMALL

STACK 100H

DATA

VOWEL DB 0DH,0AH,'VOWEL$'

CONSONANT DB 0DH,0AH,'CONSONANT$'

CODE

MAIN PROC

MOV AX,@DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV AH,1

INT 21H

CMP AL,'A'

JE VL

CMP AL,'E'

JE VL

CMP AL,'I'

JE VL

CMP AL,'O'

JE VL

CMP AL,'U'

JE VL

CMP AL,'a'

JE VL

CMP AL,'e'

JE VL

CMP AL,'i'

JE VL

CMP AL,'o'

JE VL

CMP AL,'u'

JE VL

LEA DX,CONSONANT

MOV AH,9

INT 21H

JMP EXIT

VL:

LEA DX,VOWEL

MOV AH,9

INT 21H

EXIT:

MOV AH,4CH

INT 21H

MAIN ENDP

END MAIN

FACTORIAL NUMBER

CODE

MAIN PROC

//GIVEN NUMBER STORED IN R1 REGISTER

//RESULT IS STORED IN R7 REGISTER

//RESULT IS IN HEXADECIMAL

//FACTORIAL UP TO 20 CAN BE FOUND

ORG 0000

MOV R1,#20

MOV R7,#01

LCALL FACT

MOV R7,A

FACT:

MOV A,R7

CJNE R1,#00,UP

SJMP UP1

UP:

MOV B,R1

MUL AB

DJNZ R1,UP

UP1:

RET

END

sorting using array

public _Sort

.model flat

.code

Sort proc

push ebp

mov ebp, esp

push esi

push edi

mov edi, [esp + 4] ; address of destination array

mov esi, [esp + 8] ; address of source array

mov ecx, [esp + 16] ; # of elements to mov

cld

rep movsd

L1:

mov eax, [esi]

cmp [esi + 8], eax

jg L2

xchg eax, [esi + 8]

mov [esi], eax

L2:

pop edi

pop esi

pop ebp

ret

Sort endp

end

INVOKE DIR

The INVOKE directive is a powerful replacement for

Intel’s CALL instruction that lets you pass multiple

arguments.

Syntax:

INVOKE procedureName [, argumentList]

ArgumentList is an optional comma-delimited list of procedure arguments

Arguments can be:

immediate values and integer expressions

variable names

address and ADDR expressions

EXAMPLE

data

byteVal BYTE 10

wordVal WORD 1000h

code

; direct operands:

INVOKE Sub1,byteVal,wordVal

; address of variable:

INVOKE Sub2,ADDR byteVal

; register name, integer expression:

INVOKE Sub3,eax,(10 * 20)

; address expression (indirect operand):

INVOKE Sub4,[ebx]

C++ Multiplication on Two matrix C++ Solved Program

2021-08-20T20:37:00.006+05:00

Guys Hello !! Here is Code in C++ for multiplying two 2D Matrix. It is not tough as you consider it till now.

Multiplication on Two matrix a[2][2]*b[2][2]

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

int a[10][10];int b[10][10];int c[10][10];

void main()

{

int i,j,k,l;

clrscr();

cout<<"Enter the value of the matrix a:";

for(i=0;i<2;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<2;j++)

{

cin>>a[i][j];

}

cout<<"\n Enter the value of the matrix b:";

for(i=0;i<2;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<2;j++)

{

cin>>b[i][j];

}

cout<<"\n The multiplied value is:";

for(i=0;i<2;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<2;j++)

{

c[i][j]=0;

for(k=0;k<2;k++)

{

c[i][j]=c[i][j]+(a[i][k]*b[k][j]);

}

for(i=0;i<2;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<2;j++)

{

cout<<c[i][j];

}

cout<<"\n" ;

}

getch()

PU Solved Assembly Language Programs

2021-08-20T20:32:00.007+05:00

Program to print a single character on screen

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

Main Proc

Mov dl,'A'

Mov ah, 2

INT 21h

Mov ah, 4ch

INT 21h

Main endp

End Main

Program to print your name on screen with characters using mov ah, 2

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov dl, 'A'

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov dl, 'L'

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov dl, 'I'

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov ah, 4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Program to take input character and print on a screen

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ah,1

INT 21h

mov dl, al

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov ah,4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Program to add two numbers

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov bl,2

mov dl,1

add dl,bl

add dl,48

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov ah,4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Program to print A to Z in small and capital letters using loop

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov cx, 26

mov ah, 2

mov dl, 65

L1:

int 21h

inc dl

loop L1

mov dl, 10

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov dl, 13

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov cx, 26

mov dl, 97

mov ah, 2

L2:

int 21h

inc dl

loop L2

mov ah,4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Program to print hello world string on screen

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

S1 db "Helloworld$"

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

lea dx,s1

mov ah,9

INT 21h

mov ah,4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Program to print two different strings in two different lines

.MODEL SMALL

.STACK 100H

.DATA

STRING_1 DB 'Ali$'

STRING_2 DB 'Hassan Soomro $'

.CODE

MAIN PROC

MOV AX, @DATA

MOV DS, AX

LEA DX, STRING_1

MOV AH, 9

INT 21H

MOV AH, 2

MOV DL, 10

INT 21H

MOV DL, 13

INT 21H

LEA DX, STRING_2

MOV AH, 9

INT 21H

MOV AH, 4CH

INT 21H

MAIN ENDP

END MAIN

Program to input a capital letter from a user and convert it into a small letter (uppercase to lowercase)

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ah, 1

int 21h

mov dl, al

add dl,32

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to input a small letter from a user and convert it into a capital letter (lowercase to uppercase)

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ah, 1

int 21h

mov dl, al

sub dl,32

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to input string from user and print it

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

var1 db 100 dup("$")

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov si,offset var1

l1: mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je printString

mov [si],al

inc si

jmp l1

printString:

mov dx, offset var1

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to input String from user and print its length

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

var1 db 100 dup("$")

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov bl, 0 ; counts the length of string

mov si,offset var1

l1: mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je printString

mov [si],al

inc si

inc bl

jmp l1

printString:

mov dl, bl

mov ah,2

add dl, 48

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Get an integer from user and display whether the number is even or odd.

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

ev db 'Even$'

od db 'Odd$'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ah,1

int 21h

mov bl,2

div bl

cmp ah,0

je IsEven

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset od

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

IsEven:

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset ev

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the sum of all odd numbers between 1 and 100

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov cx,1

mov ax,0

l1:

add ax,cx

add cl,2

cmp cl,100

jl l1

mov dx,0

mov bx,10

mov cx,0

l2:

div bx

push dx

mov dx,0

mov ah,0

inc cx

cmp ax,0

jne l2

mov ah,02h

l3:

pop dx

add dx,48

int 21h

loop l3

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the sum of all even numbers between 1 and 100

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov cx,0

mov ax,0

l1:

add ax,cx

add cl,2

cmp cl,100

jle l1

mov dx,0

mov bx,10

mov cx,0

l2:

div bx

push dx

mov dx,0

mov ah,0

inc cx

cmp ax,0

jne l2

mov ah,02h

l3:

pop dx

add dx,48

int 21h

loop l3

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the largest number in an array

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

STRING1 DB 1,2,7,5

res db ?

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov cx, 4

mov bl, 0

LEA SI, STRING1

up:

mov al, [SI]

cmp al, bl

jl nxt

mov bl, al

nxt:

inc si

dec cx

jnz up

mov res,bl

mov dl,res

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the smallest number in an array

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

STRING1 DB 2,1,7,5

res db ?

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov cx, 4

mov bl, 79h

LEA SI, STRING1

up:

mov al, [SI]

cmp al, bl

jge nxt

mov bl, al

nxt:

inc si

dec cx

jnz up

mov res,bl

mov dl,res

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the binary number of a given decimal number

; display the binary of given decimal number

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

msg db 'Enter a decimal number:$'

msg1 db 0dh,0ah,'Invalid entry $'

msg2 db 0dh,0ah,'Its equivalent binary is:$'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

lea dx,msg

mov ah,9 ;print message

int 21h

mov ah,1

int 21h ;read data from user

cmp al,30h ;check whether user enter number or something else

jnge invalid ;jump if any invalid entry

cmp al,39h

jnle invalid

lea dx,msg2 ;print message

mov ah,9

int 21h

and al,0fh ;clear upper four bits of al register

mov cl,3 ;cl used as counter in shifting bits

mov bl,al ;save value in bl register

mov bh,bl ;move contents of bl into bh

shr bh,cl ;right shift bh register three times by using cl as a counter

add bh,30h ;make binary value visible as 0 or 1

mov ah,2 ;print binary value

mov dl,bh

int 21h

xor bh,bh ;clear bh register

mov bh,bl

mov cl,2 ;make cl counter value equals to two

and bh,04h ;clear all bits except third last bit

shr bh,cl

add bh,30h

mov ah,2 ;print binary value of third last bit

mov dl,bh

int 21h

xor bh,bh

mov bh,bl

and bh,02h ;clear all bits except second last bit

shr bh,1

add bh,30h

mov ah,2 ;print second last bit

mov dl,bh

int 21h

xor bh,bh

mov bh,bl

and bh,01h ;clear all bits except the last bit

add bh,30h

mov ah,2 ;print last bit in binary

mov dl,bh

int 21h

jmp exit

invalid:

lea dx,msg1 ;used to print message of invalid entry

mov ah,9

int 21h

exit:

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the hex number of given decimal number

; Conversion program

; 1) Accept a decimal value (up to 5 digits), and print its hex value

; 3) Quit program.
.MODEL SMALL

.STACK 100h

.DATA

Menu DB 10, 13, 'Enter a choice (1 or 2):'

DB 10, 13, '1) Convert 1 to 5 Decimal values to Hex'

DB 10, 13, '2) Quit Program', 10, 13, '$'

MenuErr DB 10, 13, 'Choice must be a 1, 2, or 3!'

DB 10, 13, 'Try again!', 10, 13, '$'

AskDec DB 10, 13, 'Enter a number with 1 to 5 digits: ', 10, 13, '$'

.CODE

START PROC

MOV AX, @DATA ; Startup code

MOV DS, AX

dispMenu:

MOV DX, OFFSET Menu ; Display menu

MOV AH, 09H

INT 21H

MOV AH, 01H ; Get keyboard input

INT 21H

CMP AL, '1'

JL dispErr

CMP AL, '3'

JG dispErr

CMP AL, '1'

JE goDec

CMP AL, '2'

JE goQuit

dispErr:

MOV DX, OFFSET MenuErr ; Display menu error.

MOV AH, 09H

INT 21H

JMP dispMenu

goDec:

CALL DEC2HEX ; Call DEC2HEX procedure.

JMP dispMenu

goQuit:

MOV AL, 0 ; Exit program.

MOV AH, 4CH

INT 21H

START ENDP

DEC2HEX PROC ; *** Accept a decimal value (up to 5 digits) > print it's hex value.

MOV DX, OFFSET AskDec

MOV AH, 09H

INT 21H

MOV AX, 0 ; Clear AX

PUSH AX ; Save AX to stack (else overwritten when 0Dh is pressed)

Again:

MOV AH, 01H ; Get keyboard input

INT 21H

CMP AL, 0Dh ; If Return is entered, start division.

JE SDiv1

CMP AL, '0'

JL Again

CMP AL, '9'

JG Again

MOV AH, 0 ; Change to a digit.

SUB AL, 30h

MOV CX, AX ; Save digit in CX

pop ax

MOV BX, 10 ; Division by 10.

MUL BX

ADD AX, CX ; Add CX (original number) to AX (number after multiplication).

PUSH AX ; Save on stack.

JMP Again ; Repeat.

SDiv1:

mov cx, 0

MOV BX, 16

pop ax

Div1:

DIV BX ; Divide (Word-sized).

PUSH DX ; Save remainder.

ADD CX, 1 ; Add one to counter

MOV DX, 0 ; Clear Remainder (DX)

CMP AX, 0 ; Compare Quotient (AX) to zero

JNE Div1 ; If AX not 0, go to "Div1:"

getHex: ; Get hex number.

MOV DX, 0 ; Clear DX.

POP DX ; Put top of stack into DX.

ADD DL, 30h ; Conv to character.

CMP DL, 39h ; If DL > 39h (character 9)...

JG MoreHex

HexRet: ; Display hex number

MOV AH, 02h ; 02h to display DL

INT 21H ; Send to DOS

LOOP getHex ; LOOP subtracts 1 from CX. If non-zero, loop.

JMP Skip

MoreHex: ; Add 7h if DL > 39h (10-15)

ADD DL, 7h ; Add another 7h to DL to get into the A-F hex range.

JMP HexRet ; Return to where it left off before adding 7h.

Skip: ; Skip addition of 7h if it is not needed.

RET

DEC2HEX ENDP

END START

Display the octal number of given decimal number

; display the octal number of given decimal number

.model small

.stack 90h

.data

counter db 0

curValue db 0

prevValue db 0

octal db 0

msg db "Enter a decimal number and press Enter: $"

octmsg db 13,10,"In octall: $"

.code

main proc

mov ax, @data ;initialize DS

mov ds, ax

;load and display the string msg

mov ah, 09h

lea dx, msg

int 21h

accept:

mov ah, 01

int 21h ;read a digit

cmp al, 13 ;compare al with 13

je exit ;jump to label exit if input is 13

sub al, 48 ;subract al with 48

mov curValue, al ;move al to curValue

cmp counter, 1 ;compare counter with 1

jl inc_ctr ;jump to label inc_ctr if al<1 mov al, prevValue ;move prevValue to al

mov bl, 10

mul bl

add al, curValue ;add curValue to al

mov prevValue, al ;move al tp prevValue

inc counter ;inc_ctr counter

jmp accept ;jump to label accept

inc_ctr:

mov prevValue, al ;move al to prevValue

inc counter ;inc_ctr counter

jmp accept ;jump to label accept

exit:

mov bl,prevValue ;move prevValue to bl

mov octal, bl ;move bl to octal

xor bx, bx ;clear bx

jmp convertTooctall ;jump to convertTooctall

convertTooctall:

mov ah, 09h ;load and display the string ctmsg

lea dx, octmsg

int 21h

mov bh, octal ;move octal to bh

and bh, 192 ;multiply 192 to bh

mov cl, 2 ;move 2 to cl

rol bh, cl ;rotate bh 2x

add bh, 48 ;add 48 to bh

mov ah, 02 ;set the output function

mov dl, bh ;move bh to dl

int 21h ;print the character

mov bh, octal ;move octal to bh

and bh, 56 ;add 56 to bh

mov cl, 5 ;move 5 to cl

rol bh, cl ;rotate bh 5x

add bh, 48 ;add 48 to bh

mov ah, 02 ;set the output function

mov dl, bh ;move bh to dl

int 21h ;print the character

mov bh, octal ;move octal to bh

and bh, 7 ;mulptiply by 7

add bh, 48 ;add 48 to bh

mov ah, 02 ;set the output function

mov dl, bh ;move bh to dl

int 21h ;print the character

mov ah, 04ch ;return control to DOS

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display which is divisible by 2 and 3.

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

ev db 'divisible by 2$'

od db 'divisible by 3$'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ah,1

int 21h

mov bl,2

div bl

cmp ah,0

je IsEven

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset od

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

IsEven:

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset ev

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Get 10 numbers from user and display after placing them in an array.

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

msg db 'Please 10 Digits: $'

array db 11 dup('$')

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov dx,offset msg

mov ah,9

int 21h

lea si,array

l1:

mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je Print

mov [si],al ; placing in array

inc si

jmp l1

Print:

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset array ; displaying array to get confirm numbers are placed

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Get number in the form of array and display it.

dosseg

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

msg db 'Please 5 Digits in terms of array: $'

array db 11 dup('$')

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov dx,offset msg

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov bl,','

lea si,array

l1:

mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je Print

cmp al,bl

je l1

mov [si],al ; placing in array

inc si

jmp l1

Print:

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset array ; displaying array to get confirm numbers are placed

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to reverse the hard coded string

;dosseg

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

arr1 db 'k' ,'c','n','g'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov si, offset arr1

mov cx, 4

L1:

mov ax, [si]

push ax

inc si

loop L1

mov cx, 4

L2:

pop dx

mov ah, 2

int 21h

inc si

loop L2

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to Input string from user and reverse it

;program to input string from user reverse it

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

var1 db 100 dup("$")

.code

inputString proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov bl, 0 ; counts the length of string

mov si,offset var1

l1: mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je printString

mov [si],al

inc si

inc bl

jmp l1

printString:

mov cl, bl

print:

dec si

mov dx,[si]

mov ah,2

int 21h

loop print

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

inputString endp

end inputString

Program to input two numbers and check if they are equal, unequal, greater or lesser

Dosseg

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

MsgEq db 'Numbers are Equal $'

MsgUneq db 'Numbers are Unequal and $'

MsgGr db ' First Number is greater than second number $'

MsgLs db ' First Number is lesser than second number $'

.code

main proc

mov ax, @data

mov ds, ax

mov ah, 1 ; input first number

int 21h

mov bl, al ; saving first number to bl from al

mov al, 1 ; input second number

int 21h

mov cl, al ; saving second number to cl from al

L1:

cmp bl,cl ; Comparing whether they are equal or not

je EQUAL ; Jump to Equal box, where we print the equal msg

mov dl, 10 ; for next line feed

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl, 13 ; for carriage return

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dx, offset MsgUneq ; but if not equal, then print msg they are not equal

mov ah, 9

int 21h

cmp bl, cl ; again compare to check the first is greater or lesser

jg Greater ; if greater, jump to greater to print a greater msg

mov dx, offset MsgLs ; but if not greater, print lesser msg

mov ah, 9

int 21h

jmp PRINT

Greater:

mov dx, offset MsgGr

mov ah, 9

int 21h

jmp PRINT

EQUAL:

mov dl, 10 ; for next line feed

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl, 13 ; for carriage return

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dx, offset MsgEq

mov ah, 9

int 21h

jmp PRINT

PRINT:

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to print the following pattern;

***

****

*****

dosseg

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov bx, 1

mov cx, 5

L1:

push cx

mov cx, bx

L2:

Mov dl, '*'

mov ah,2

int 21h

loop L2

mov dl,10

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah, 2

int 21h

inc bl

pop cx

loop L1

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to print the following pattern;
1
22
333
4444
55555
When user input 5

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ah, 1

int 21h

mov cl, al

sub cl, 48

mov dl,10

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov bx, 1

L1:

push cx

mov cx, bx

L2:

Mov dx, bx

add dx, 48

mov ah,2

int 21h

loop L2

mov dl,10

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah, 2

int 21h

inc bl

pop cx

loop L1

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to read a character and display that character 100 times on next line using loop

;program to read a character and display that character 100 times on next line using loop
dosseg

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ah, 1

int 21h

mov bl,al

mov cx, 100

l1:

mov dl, bl

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl, 10

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah, 2

int 21h

loop l1

mov ah, 4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to take input two numbers and multiply them

.MODEL SMALL

.STACK 100H

.DATA

iMsg1 db 10,13,"Enter First Number:$"

iMsg2 db 10,13,"Enter Second Number:$"

outputMsg db 10,13,"Their Product is=:$"

n1 db ?

n2 db ?

.CODE

MAIN PROC

MOV AX, @data

MOV DS, AX

LEA DX, iMsg1

MOV AH, 09h

INT 21H

MOV AH, 01H

INT 21H

SUB AL,48

MOV n1,AL

LEA DX, iMsg2

MOV AH, 09h

INT 21H

MOV AH, 01H

INT 21H

SUB AL,48

;MOV n2,AL

MUL n1

LEA DX, outputMsg

MOV AH, 09h

INT 21H

ADD AX,48

MOV DL,AL

MOV AH, 02H

INT 21H

MOV AH, 4CH

INT 21H

MAIN ENDP

END MAIN

Take a character as input from user and find the occurrence of that character in hard coded string

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

String db 'helloworld$'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ah,1 ;Input

INT 21h

mov dl,0 ; using for counting and printing in end

mov bl,'$' ;for comparing the end of string

mov si, offset String

L1:

cmp bl,[si] ; comparing $ and letter of string

je ToEnd

cmp al,[si] ; comparing input letter with letter of string

je Counter

inc si

jmp L1

Counter:

add dl,1 ; increment to dl register for counting occurrence

inc si

jmp L1

ToEnd:

add dl,48

mov ah,2 ; printing the counter

INT 21h

mov ah,4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Take two numbers from the user, divide those numbers and print quotient and reminder with a proper message

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

Num db "Numerator = $"

Dino db "Denominator = $"

Quo db "Quotient = $"

Rem db "Reminder = $"

N db ?

D db ?

.code

Main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ah,1

int 21h

sub al,48

mov N,al ; input numerator

mov ah,1 ; input dinominator

int 21h

sub al,48

mov D,al

mov ah,0 ; division

mov al,N

mov bl,D

DIV bl

push ax ; push content from ax to stack

mov dl,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx, offset Num ;print numerator string

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov dl,N

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx, offset Dino ;print dinominator string

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov dl,D

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

pop cx ; pop content from stack to cx

mov dx, offset Quo ;print quotient string

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov dl,cl

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx, offset Rem ;print reminder string

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov dl,ch

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

Main endp

end Main

Program to convert lower case string to Upper case string

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

var1 db 100 dup("$")

.code

inputString proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov bl, 0 ; counts the length of string

mov si,offset var1

l1: mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je printString

mov [si],al

inc si

inc bl

jmp l1

printString:

mov si,offset var1

mov cl, bl

uppercase:

mov dx,[si]

sub dx, 32

mov ah,2

int 21h

inc si

loop uppercase

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

inputString endp

end inputString

Program to convert upper case string to lower case string

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

var1 db 100 dup("$")

.code

inputString proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov bl, 0 ; counts the length of string

mov si,offset var1

l1: mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je printString

mov [si],al

inc si

inc bl

jmp l1

printString:

mov si,offset var1

mov cl, bl

lowercase:

mov dx,[si]

add dx, 32

mov ah,2

int 21h

inc si

loop lowercase

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

inputString endp

end inputString

Program to print carry while shifting left 8 times

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ah, 1

int 21h

mov cl, 8

mov bl, al

l1:

shl bl, 1

mov ah, 2

mov dl, 0

adc dl, 48

int 21h

loop l1

mov ah, 4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to check the input number is Negative or Positive

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

num db 10 dup('$')

msgNeg db 'Given Number is Negative. $'

msgPos db 'Given Number is Positive. $'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov si, offset num

inputString:

mov ah, 1

int 21h

cmp al, 13

JE CheckNum

mov [si],al

inc si

jmp inputString

CheckNum:

cmp num,'-'

JE PrintNeg

mov dx, offset msgPos

mov ah, 9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

PrintNeg:

mov dx, offset msgNeg

mov ah, 9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to print a single character on screen

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

Main Proc

Mov dl,'A'

Mov ah, 2

INT 21h

Mov ah, 4ch

INT 21h

Main endp

End Main

Program to print your name on screen with characters using mov ah, 2

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov dl, 'A'

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov dl, 'L'

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov dl, 'I'

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov ah, 4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Program to take input character and print on a screen

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ah,1

INT 21h

mov dl, al

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov ah,4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Program to add two numbers

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov bl,2

mov dl,1

add dl,bl

add dl,48

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov ah,4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Program to print A to Z in small and capital letters using loop

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov cx, 26

mov ah, 2

mov dl, 65

L1:

int 21h

inc dl

loop L1

mov dl, 10

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov dl, 13

mov ah,2

INT 21h

mov cx, 26

mov dl, 97

mov ah, 2

L2:

int 21h

inc dl

loop L2

mov ah,4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Program to print hello world string on screen

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

S1 db "Helloworld$"

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

lea dx,s1

mov ah,9

INT 21h

mov ah,4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Program to print two different strings in two different lines

.MODEL SMALL

.STACK 100H

.DATA

STRING_1 DB 'Ali$'

STRING_2 DB 'Hassan Soomro $'

.CODE

MAIN PROC

MOV AX, @DATA

MOV DS, AX

LEA DX, STRING_1

MOV AH, 9

INT 21H

MOV AH, 2

MOV DL, 10

INT 21H

MOV DL, 13

INT 21H

LEA DX, STRING_2

MOV AH, 9

INT 21H

MOV AH, 4CH

INT 21H

MAIN ENDP

END MAIN

Program to input a capital letter from a user and convert it into a small letter (uppercase to lowercase)

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ah, 1

int 21h

mov dl, al

add dl,32

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to input a small letter from a user and convert it into a capital letter (lowercase to uppercase)

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ah, 1

int 21h

mov dl, al

sub dl,32

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to input string from user and print it

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

var1 db 100 dup("$")

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov si,offset var1

l1: mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je printString

mov [si],al

inc si

jmp l1

printString:

mov dx, offset var1

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to input String from user and print its length

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

var1 db 100 dup("$")

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov bl, 0 ; counts the length of string

mov si,offset var1

l1: mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je printString

mov [si],al

inc si

inc bl

jmp l1

printString:

mov dl, bl

mov ah,2

add dl, 48

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Get an integer from user and display whether the number is even or odd.

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

ev db 'Even$'

od db 'Odd$'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ah,1

int 21h

mov bl,2

div bl

cmp ah,0

je IsEven

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset od

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

IsEven:

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset ev

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the sum of all odd numbers between 1 and 100

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov cx,1

mov ax,0

l1:

add ax,cx

add cl,2

cmp cl,100

jl l1

mov dx,0

mov bx,10

mov cx,0

l2:

div bx

push dx

mov dx,0

mov ah,0

inc cx

cmp ax,0

jne l2

mov ah,02h

l3:

pop dx

add dx,48

int 21h

loop l3

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the sum of all even numbers between 1 and 100

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov cx,0

mov ax,0

l1:

add ax,cx

add cl,2

cmp cl,100

jle l1

mov dx,0

mov bx,10

mov cx,0

l2:

div bx

push dx

mov dx,0

mov ah,0

inc cx

cmp ax,0

jne l2

mov ah,02h

l3:

pop dx

add dx,48

int 21h

loop l3

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the largest number in an array

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

STRING1 DB 1,2,7,5

res db ?

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov cx, 4

mov bl, 0

LEA SI, STRING1

up:

mov al, [SI]

cmp al, bl

jl nxt

mov bl, al

nxt:

inc si

dec cx

jnz up

mov res,bl

mov dl,res

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the smallest number in an array

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

STRING1 DB 2,1,7,5

res db ?

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov cx, 4

mov bl, 79h

LEA SI, STRING1

up:

mov al, [SI]

cmp al, bl

jge nxt

mov bl, al

nxt:

inc si

dec cx

jnz up

mov res,bl

mov dl,res

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the binary number of a given decimal number

; display the binary of given decimal number

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

msg db 'Enter a decimal number:$'

msg1 db 0dh,0ah,'Invalid entry $'

msg2 db 0dh,0ah,'Its equivalent binary is:$'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

lea dx,msg

mov ah,9 ;print message

int 21h

mov ah,1

int 21h ;read data from user

cmp al,30h ;check whether user enter number or something else

jnge invalid ;jump if any invalid entry

cmp al,39h

jnle invalid

lea dx,msg2 ;print message

mov ah,9

int 21h

and al,0fh ;clear upper four bits of al register

mov cl,3 ;cl used as counter in shifting bits

mov bl,al ;save value in bl register

mov bh,bl ;move contents of bl into bh

shr bh,cl ;right shift bh register three times by using cl as a counter

add bh,30h ;make binary value visible as 0 or 1

mov ah,2 ;print binary value

mov dl,bh

int 21h

xor bh,bh ;clear bh register

mov bh,bl

mov cl,2 ;make cl counter value equals to two

and bh,04h ;clear all bits except third last bit

shr bh,cl

add bh,30h

mov ah,2 ;print binary value of third last bit

mov dl,bh

int 21h

xor bh,bh

mov bh,bl

and bh,02h ;clear all bits except second last bit

shr bh,1

add bh,30h

mov ah,2 ;print second last bit

mov dl,bh

int 21h

xor bh,bh

mov bh,bl

and bh,01h ;clear all bits except the last bit

add bh,30h

mov ah,2 ;print last bit in binary

mov dl,bh

int 21h

jmp exit

invalid:

lea dx,msg1 ;used to print message of invalid entry

mov ah,9

int 21h

exit:

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display the hex number of given decimal number

; Conversion program

; 1) Accept a decimal value (up to 5 digits), and print its hex value

; 3) Quit program.
.MODEL SMALL

.STACK 100h

.DATA

Menu DB 10, 13, 'Enter a choice (1 or 2):'

DB 10, 13, '1) Convert 1 to 5 Decimal values to Hex'

DB 10, 13, '2) Quit Program', 10, 13, '$'

MenuErr DB 10, 13, 'Choice must be a 1, 2, or 3!'

DB 10, 13, 'Try again!', 10, 13, '$'

AskDec DB 10, 13, 'Enter a number with 1 to 5 digits: ', 10, 13, '$'

.CODE

START PROC

MOV AX, @DATA ; Startup code

MOV DS, AX

dispMenu:

MOV DX, OFFSET Menu ; Display menu

MOV AH, 09H

INT 21H

MOV AH, 01H ; Get keyboard input

INT 21H

CMP AL, '1'

JL dispErr

CMP AL, '3'

JG dispErr

CMP AL, '1'

JE goDec

CMP AL, '2'

JE goQuit

dispErr:

MOV DX, OFFSET MenuErr ; Display menu error.

MOV AH, 09H

INT 21H

JMP dispMenu

goDec:

CALL DEC2HEX ; Call DEC2HEX procedure.

JMP dispMenu

goQuit:

MOV AL, 0 ; Exit program.

MOV AH, 4CH

INT 21H

START ENDP

DEC2HEX PROC ; *** Accept a decimal value (up to 5 digits) > print it's hex value.

MOV DX, OFFSET AskDec

MOV AH, 09H

INT 21H

MOV AX, 0 ; Clear AX

PUSH AX ; Save AX to stack (else overwritten when 0Dh is pressed)

Again:

MOV AH, 01H ; Get keyboard input

INT 21H

CMP AL, 0Dh ; If Return is entered, start division.

JE SDiv1

CMP AL, '0'

JL Again

CMP AL, '9'

JG Again

MOV AH, 0 ; Change to a digit.

SUB AL, 30h

MOV CX, AX ; Save digit in CX

pop ax

MOV BX, 10 ; Division by 10.

MUL BX

ADD AX, CX ; Add CX (original number) to AX (number after multiplication).

PUSH AX ; Save on stack.

JMP Again ; Repeat.

SDiv1:

mov cx, 0

MOV BX, 16

pop ax

Div1:

DIV BX ; Divide (Word-sized).

PUSH DX ; Save remainder.

ADD CX, 1 ; Add one to counter

MOV DX, 0 ; Clear Remainder (DX)

CMP AX, 0 ; Compare Quotient (AX) to zero

JNE Div1 ; If AX not 0, go to "Div1:"

getHex: ; Get hex number.

MOV DX, 0 ; Clear DX.

POP DX ; Put top of stack into DX.

ADD DL, 30h ; Conv to character.

CMP DL, 39h ; If DL > 39h (character 9)...

JG MoreHex

HexRet: ; Display hex number

MOV AH, 02h ; 02h to display DL

INT 21H ; Send to DOS

LOOP getHex ; LOOP subtracts 1 from CX. If non-zero, loop.

JMP Skip

MoreHex: ; Add 7h if DL > 39h (10-15)

ADD DL, 7h ; Add another 7h to DL to get into the A-F hex range.

JMP HexRet ; Return to where it left off before adding 7h.

Skip: ; Skip addition of 7h if it is not needed.

RET

DEC2HEX ENDP

END START

Display the octal number of given decimal number

; display the octal number of given decimal number

.model small

.stack 90h

.data

counter db 0

curValue db 0

prevValue db 0

octal db 0

msg db "Enter a decimal number and press Enter: $"

octmsg db 13,10,"In octall: $"

.code

main proc

mov ax, @data ;initialize DS

mov ds, ax

;load and display the string msg

mov ah, 09h

lea dx, msg

int 21h

accept:

mov ah, 01

int 21h ;read a digit

cmp al, 13 ;compare al with 13

je exit ;jump to label exit if input is 13

sub al, 48 ;subract al with 48

mov curValue, al ;move al to curValue

cmp counter, 1 ;compare counter with 1

jl inc_ctr ;jump to label inc_ctr if al<1 mov al, prevValue ;move prevValue to al

mov bl, 10

mul bl

add al, curValue ;add curValue to al

mov prevValue, al ;move al tp prevValue

inc counter ;inc_ctr counter

jmp accept ;jump to label accept

inc_ctr:

mov prevValue, al ;move al to prevValue

inc counter ;inc_ctr counter

jmp accept ;jump to label accept

exit:

mov bl,prevValue ;move prevValue to bl

mov octal, bl ;move bl to octal

xor bx, bx ;clear bx

jmp convertTooctall ;jump to convertTooctall

convertTooctall:

mov ah, 09h ;load and display the string ctmsg

lea dx, octmsg

int 21h

mov bh, octal ;move octal to bh

and bh, 192 ;multiply 192 to bh

mov cl, 2 ;move 2 to cl

rol bh, cl ;rotate bh 2x

add bh, 48 ;add 48 to bh

mov ah, 02 ;set the output function

mov dl, bh ;move bh to dl

int 21h ;print the character

mov bh, octal ;move octal to bh

and bh, 56 ;add 56 to bh

mov cl, 5 ;move 5 to cl

rol bh, cl ;rotate bh 5x

add bh, 48 ;add 48 to bh

mov ah, 02 ;set the output function

mov dl, bh ;move bh to dl

int 21h ;print the character

mov bh, octal ;move octal to bh

and bh, 7 ;mulptiply by 7

add bh, 48 ;add 48 to bh

mov ah, 02 ;set the output function

mov dl, bh ;move bh to dl

int 21h ;print the character

mov ah, 04ch ;return control to DOS

int 21h

main endp

end main

Display which is divisible by 2 and 3.

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

ev db 'divisible by 2$'

od db 'divisible by 3$'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ah,1

int 21h

mov bl,2

div bl

cmp ah,0

je IsEven

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset od

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

IsEven:

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset ev

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Get 10 numbers from user and display after placing them in an array.

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

msg db 'Please 10 Digits: $'

array db 11 dup('$')

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov dx,offset msg

mov ah,9

int 21h

lea si,array

l1:

mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je Print

mov [si],al ; placing in array

inc si

jmp l1

Print:

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset array ; displaying array to get confirm numbers are placed

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Get number in the form of array and display it.

dosseg

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

msg db 'Please 5 Digits in terms of array: $'

array db 11 dup('$')

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov dx,offset msg

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov bl,','

lea si,array

l1:

mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je Print

cmp al,bl

je l1

mov [si],al ; placing in array

inc si

jmp l1

Print:

mov dx,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx,offset array ; displaying array to get confirm numbers are placed

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to reverse the hard coded string

;dosseg

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

arr1 db 'k' ,'c','n','g'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov si, offset arr1

mov cx, 4

L1:

mov ax, [si]

push ax

inc si

loop L1

mov cx, 4

L2:

pop dx

mov ah, 2

int 21h

inc si

loop L2

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to Input string from user and reverse it

;program to input string from user reverse it

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

var1 db 100 dup("$")

.code

inputString proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov bl, 0 ; counts the length of string

mov si,offset var1

l1: mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je printString

mov [si],al

inc si

inc bl

jmp l1

printString:

mov cl, bl

print:

dec si

mov dx,[si]

mov ah,2

int 21h

loop print

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

inputString endp

end inputString

Program to input two numbers and check if they are equal, unequal, greater or lesser

Dosseg

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

MsgEq db 'Numbers are Equal $'

MsgUneq db 'Numbers are Unequal and $'

MsgGr db ' First Number is greater than second number $'

MsgLs db ' First Number is lesser than second number $'

.code

main proc

mov ax, @data

mov ds, ax

mov ah, 1 ; input first number

int 21h

mov bl, al ; saving first number to bl from al

mov al, 1 ; input second number

int 21h

mov cl, al ; saving second number to cl from al

L1:

cmp bl,cl ; Comparing whether they are equal or not

je EQUAL ; Jump to Equal box, where we print the equal msg

mov dl, 10 ; for next line feed

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl, 13 ; for carriage return

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dx, offset MsgUneq ; but if not equal, then print msg they are not equal

mov ah, 9

int 21h

cmp bl, cl ; again compare to check the first is greater or lesser

jg Greater ; if greater, jump to greater to print a greater msg

mov dx, offset MsgLs ; but if not greater, print lesser msg

mov ah, 9

int 21h

jmp PRINT

Greater:

mov dx, offset MsgGr

mov ah, 9

int 21h

jmp PRINT

EQUAL:

mov dl, 10 ; for next line feed

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl, 13 ; for carriage return

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dx, offset MsgEq

mov ah, 9

int 21h

jmp PRINT

PRINT:

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to print the following pattern;

***

****

*****

dosseg

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov bx, 1

mov cx, 5

L1:

push cx

mov cx, bx

L2:

Mov dl, '*'

mov ah,2

int 21h

loop L2

mov dl,10

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah, 2

int 21h

inc bl

pop cx

loop L1

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to print the following pattern;
1
22
333
4444
55555
When user input 5

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ah, 1

int 21h

mov cl, al

sub cl, 48

mov dl,10

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov bx, 1

L1:

push cx

mov cx, bx

L2:

Mov dx, bx

add dx, 48

mov ah,2

int 21h

loop L2

mov dl,10

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah, 2

int 21h

inc bl

pop cx

loop L1

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to read a character and display that character 100 times on next line using loop

;program to read a character and display that character 100 times on next line using loop
dosseg

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ah, 1

int 21h

mov bl,al

mov cx, 100

l1:

mov dl, bl

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl, 10

mov ah, 2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah, 2

int 21h

loop l1

mov ah, 4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to take input two numbers and multiply them

.MODEL SMALL

.STACK 100H

.DATA

iMsg1 db 10,13,"Enter First Number:$"

iMsg2 db 10,13,"Enter Second Number:$"

outputMsg db 10,13,"Their Product is=:$"

n1 db ?

n2 db ?

.CODE

MAIN PROC

MOV AX, @data

MOV DS, AX

LEA DX, iMsg1

MOV AH, 09h

INT 21H

MOV AH, 01H

INT 21H

SUB AL,48

MOV n1,AL

LEA DX, iMsg2

MOV AH, 09h

INT 21H

MOV AH, 01H

INT 21H

SUB AL,48

;MOV n2,AL

MUL n1

LEA DX, outputMsg

MOV AH, 09h

INT 21H

ADD AX,48

MOV DL,AL

MOV AH, 02H

INT 21H

MOV AH, 4CH

INT 21H

MAIN ENDP

END MAIN

Take a character as input from user and find the occurrence of that character in hard coded string

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

String db 'helloworld$'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ah,1 ;Input

INT 21h

mov dl,0 ; using for counting and printing in end

mov bl,'$' ;for comparing the end of string

mov si, offset String

L1:

cmp bl,[si] ; comparing $ and letter of string

je ToEnd

cmp al,[si] ; comparing input letter with letter of string

je Counter

inc si

jmp L1

Counter:

add dl,1 ; increment to dl register for counting occurrence

inc si

jmp L1

ToEnd:

add dl,48

mov ah,2 ; printing the counter

INT 21h

mov ah,4ch

INT 21h

main endp

end main

Take two numbers from the user, divide those numbers and print quotient and reminder with a proper message

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

Num db "Numerator = $"

Dino db "Denominator = $"

Quo db "Quotient = $"

Rem db "Reminder = $"

N db ?

D db ?

.code

Main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ah,1

int 21h

sub al,48

mov N,al ; input numerator

mov ah,1 ; input dinominator

int 21h

sub al,48

mov D,al

mov ah,0 ; division

mov al,N

mov bl,D

DIV bl

push ax ; push content from ax to stack

mov dl,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx, offset Num ;print numerator string

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov dl,N

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx, offset Dino ;print dinominator string

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov dl,D

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

pop cx ; pop content from stack to cx

mov dx, offset Quo ;print quotient string

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov dl,cl

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,10

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dl,13

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov dx, offset Rem ;print reminder string

mov ah,9

int 21h

mov dl,ch

add dl,48

mov ah,2

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

Main endp

end Main

Program to convert lower case string to Upper case string

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

var1 db 100 dup("$")

.code

inputString proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov bl, 0 ; counts the length of string

mov si,offset var1

l1: mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je printString

mov [si],al

inc si

inc bl

jmp l1

printString:

mov si,offset var1

mov cl, bl

uppercase:

mov dx,[si]

sub dx, 32

mov ah,2

int 21h

inc si

loop uppercase

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

inputString endp

end inputString

Program to convert upper case string to lower case string

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

var1 db 100 dup("$")

.code

inputString proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov bl, 0 ; counts the length of string

mov si,offset var1

l1: mov ah,1

int 21h

cmp al,13

je printString

mov [si],al

inc si

inc bl

jmp l1

printString:

mov si,offset var1

mov cl, bl

lowercase:

mov dx,[si]

add dx, 32

mov ah,2

int 21h

inc si

loop lowercase

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

inputString endp

end inputString

Program to print carry while shifting left 8 times

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

.code

main proc

mov ah, 1

int 21h

mov cl, 8

mov bl, al

l1:

shl bl, 1

mov ah, 2

mov dl, 0

adc dl, 48

int 21h

loop l1

mov ah, 4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

Program to check the input number is Negative or Positive

.model small

.stack 100h

.data

num db 10 dup('$')

msgNeg db 'Given Number is Negative. $'

msgPos db 'Given Number is Positive. $'

.code

main proc

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov si, offset num

inputString:

mov ah, 1

int 21h

cmp al, 13

JE CheckNum

mov [si],al

inc si

jmp inputString

CheckNum:

cmp num,'-'

JE PrintNeg

mov dx, offset msgPos

mov ah, 9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

PrintNeg:

mov dx, offset msgNeg

mov ah, 9

int 21h

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

main endp

end main

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2021-08-20T00:36:00.128+05:00

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Project Management pu past paper 2016

2021-08-17T22:38:00.003+05:00

Past Paper 2016

Define Project?

Solved in 201

Enlist important skills and competencies for Project managers?

Important skills: -

Communication
Leadership
Team management
Negotiation
Personal organization
Risk management

Competencies: -

Execution
Decision Making
Strategy Development
Technical Competence
Critical Thinking

What are the main processes involved in Project scope management just enlisted?

Plan scope management
Collect requirement
Define scope
Create the work breakdown structure
Validate scope
Control scope

What are WBS and WBS dictionaries?

WBS Dictionary is a document that provides detailed information about each element in the WBS, including work packages and control accounts.

A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) outlines project work by decomposing the work activities into different levels of tasks. The WBS is a deliverable-oriented document that defines the total scope of the project.

Describe two types of software that can assist in project quality management?

Spreadsheet software, database
Charting software
Statistical software and other specified software are greatly useful in project quality management

What do you mean by the hierarchy of needs theory?

Self-actualization: Our need to actualize our potential as humans. Because each of us is unique, this need expresses itself uniquely for each individual.

Esteem: Our needs for achievement, adequacy, recognition, status, appreciation, and mastery.

Belongingness and love: Our need to give and receive affection, to relate to other people, family, and friends.

Safety: Our need for security, stability, and freedom from fear and anxiety.

Physiological: Our fundamental needs for food, water, sleep, touch, shelter, sex, and exercise.

If there are 12 team members, how many communication channels will be there?

The total number of potential communication channels is n (n-1)/2 where n represents the number of stakeholders.

Total Team Member 12 than n is equal to 12

= 12(12-1)/2

= 12(11)/2

= 132/2

= 66 ==>> communication channels

Briefly explain five basic techniques (modes for handling conflicts) conflicts resolution?

Accommodating
Avoiding
Collaborating
Compromising
Competing

How to acquire the Project team?

Acquiring a project team is the process of obtaining the people needed to accomplish the project. Sometimes the project management team has control over the selection process. When selecting teammates, there are several base considerations that need to be evaluated. While selecting and deciding on team members, the following acquiring project team criteria should be considered:

Experience.
Interest level.
Qualifications.
Availability.
Knowledge.

Explain responsibility assignment matrix (RAM)?

RACI is an acronym that stands for responsible, accountable, consulted and informed. A RACI chart is a matrix of all the activities or decision-making authorities undertaken in an organization set against all the people or roles.

Past Paper 2015

Short Questions

Name and shortly explain triple constraints?

Solved in 201

Q#2 Enlist Important Skills and completeness for the project manager?

Solved in 201

Differentiate direct and indirect costs with examples?

Direct Costs: Direct costs are expenses that are billed directly to the project. Direct costs are costs that can be directly related to producing the products and services of the project.

For example, the salaries of people working full time on the project and the cost of hardware and software purchased specifically for the project are direct costs.

Indirect Costs: Indirect costs are costs that are shared and allocated among several or all projects. Indirect costs are costs that are not directly related to the products or services of the project but are indirectly related to performing the project.

For example, the cost of electricity, paper towels, and so on in a large building housing a thousand employees who work on many projects would be indirect costs.

Define Benchmarking?

Solved in

Q#5 Differentiate quality control and quality assurance?

Solved in 201

Q#6 Differentiate Project and Program?

Solved in 201

Q#7 Differentiate qualitative risk analysis and quantitative risk analysis?

Qualitative Quantitative

risk-level project-level

subjective evaluation of probability and impact probabilistic estimates of time and cost

quick and easy to perform time-consuming

no special software or tools required may require specialized tools

Q#8 Name the phases of Project Life Cycle?

Solved in 201

Q#9 Name three techniques of project cost estimation?

Solved in 201

Name the phases of Team Development?

Phase 1: Forming

Phase 2: Storming

Phase 3: Norming

Phase 4: Performing

Phase 5: Adjourning

Long Questions

Q#2 (a)

PV=Rs.10,000, EV=Rs.5000, AC=Rs. 15,000

Calculate schedule variance, cost performance index, schedule performance index?

Schedule Variance: SV = EV - PV

= 5000 - 10,000

= -5000

Cost Performing Index: CPI = EV / AC

= 5000 / 15000

= 0.3333

Schedule Performing Index: SPI = EV /P V

= 5000 / 10,000

= 0.5

(b)

Schedule Variance:

Project is behind or ahead schedule=?

For CPI:

CPI = EV / AC

= 5000 / 15000

= 0.33*100

= 33 %

For SPI:

SPI = EV / PV

= 5000 / 10000

= 0.5 * 100

= 50 %

For schedule variance:

SV = EV – PV

= 5000 – 10000

= -5000

Hence: SPI is less than 100%. So, the project is behind schedule.

Q#3 Define software Configuration Management? Explain its processes in detail by taking relevant examples?

Solved in 2017

Huawei Petal Map Available on Google Play Store

2021-08-11T18:38:00.008+05:00

Huawei Petal Maps is Now Available on Google Play Store

Huawei has released its HMS ( Huawei Mobile Services , Huawei Petal Maps ) alternative to GSM ( Google Mobile Services ) which means that Huawei has now built all apps which google has like Google, Gmail, Chrome, Maps , Google Drive , Google Docs , Powerpoint, Excel, etc.

Huawei has built Alternative to Google apps like Petal Search , Petal Mail, Petal Maps , Huawei Cloud, Huawei Docs ( which include docs, PowerPoint, and excel functionality ), Petal Speed (for Internet Speed Checker), Petal Clip App For Edit Photos, and videos respectively.

Huawei Petal Map is now available on the google play store to download and install Petal Maps and try it. but it does not give you the full usage like navigation is missing in Asia. but in other countries like the USA etc, it's available.

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Punjab University Solved Past Paper 2019

2021-08-09T22:29:00.015+05:00

State the need for remote method invocation?

The RMI (Remote Method Invocation) is an API that provides a mechanism to create a distributed application in java. The RMI allows an object to invoke methods on an object running in another JVM.

What is service-oriented architecture?

Service-oriented architecture is a style of software design where services are provided to the other components by application components, through a communication protocol over a network. An example of a web service standard is SOAP, which stands for Simple Object Access Protocol.

<img />

State the difference between XML and XML DTD.

Differences between an XML Schema Definition (XSD) and Document Type Definition (DTD) include:

XML schemas are written in XML while DTD are derived from SGML syntax.
XML schemas define data types for elements and attributes while DTD doesn't support datatypes.
XML schemas allow support for namespaces while DTD does not.
XML schemas define the number and order of child elements, while DTD does not.
XML schemas can be manipulated on your own with XML DOM but it is not possible in the case of DTD.
Using XML schema user needs not to learn a new language but working with DTD is difficult for a user.
XML schema provides secure data communication i.e sender can describe the data in a way that the receiver will understand but in the case of DTD data can be misunderstood by the receiver.
XML schemas are extensible while DTD is not extensible

Define middleware with the help of an example.

Middleware software is specially designed for operating systems to link two separate applications together. Middleware offers to message features that enable different applications to communicate by utilizing messaging frameworks like(TYPES) SOAP, JSON, Web services, and REST. Common middleware examples include database middleware, application server middleware, message-oriented middleware, web middleware, and transaction-processing monitors.

Long Question

What Is CORBA Explain with Diagrammatic Illustration the Building Blocks of CORBA Architecture?

The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is a standard developed by the Object Management Group (OMG) to provide interoperability among distributed objects. CORBA is the world's leading middleware solution enabling the exchange of information, independent of hardware platforms, programming languages, and operating systems.

CORBA is essentially a design specification for an Object Request Broker (ORB), where an ORB provides the mechanism required for distributed objects to communicate with one another, whether locally or on remote devices, written in different languages, or at different locations on a network.

The CORBA Interface Definition Language, or IDL, allows the development of language and location-independent interfaces to distributed objects. Using CORBA, application components can communicate with one another no matter where they are located, or who has designed them. CORBAprovides the location transparency to be able to execute these applications.

CORBA is often described as a "software bus" because it is a software based communications interface through which objects are located and accessed. The illustration below identifies the primary components seen within a CORBA implementation.

<img/>

Data communication from client to server is accomplished through a well-defined object-oriented interface. The Object Request Broker (ORB) determines the location of the target object, sends a request to that object, and returns any response back to the caller. Through this object-oriented technology, developers can take advantage of features such as inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and runtime dynamic binding.

These features allow applications to be changed, modified, and reused with minimal changes to the parent interface. The illustration below identifies how a client sends a request to a server through the ORB

<img/>

Interface Definition Language (IDL)

A cornerstone of the CORBA standards is the Interface Definition Language. IDL is the OMG standard for defining language-neutral APIs and provides the platform-independent delineation of the interfaces of distributed objects. The ability of the CORBA environments to provide consistency between clients and servers in heterogeneous environments begins with a standardized definition of the data and operations constituting the client/server interface. This standardization mechanism is the IDL, and is used by CORBA to describe the interfaces of objects.

IDL defines the modules, interfaces, and operations for the applications and is not considered a programming language. The various programming languages, such as Ada, C++, C#, or Java, supply the implementation of the interface via standardized IDL mappings.

Application Development Using ORBexpress

The basic steps for CORBA development can be seen in the illustration below. This illustration provides an overview of how the IDL is translated to the corresponding language (in this example, C++), mapped to the source code, compiled, and then linked with the ORB library, resulting in the client and server implementation.

<img/>

The basic steps for CORBA development include:

Create the IDL to Define the Application Interfaces

The IDL provides the operating system and programming language independent interfaces to all services and components that are linked to the ORB. The IDL specifies a description of any services a server component exposes to the client. The term "IDL Compiler" is often used, but the IDL is actually translated into a programming language.

Translate the IDL

An IDL translator typically generates two cooperative parts for the client and server implementation, stub code and skeleton code. The stub code generated for the interface classes is associated with a client application and provides the user with a well-defined Application Programming Interface (API). In this example, the IDL is translated into C++.

Compile the Interface Files

Once the IDL is translated into the appropriate language, C++ in this example, these interface files are compiled and prepared for the object implementation.

Complete the Implementation

If the implementation classes are incomplete, the spec and header files and complete bodies and definitions need to be modified before passing through to be compiled. The output is a complete client/server implementation.

Compile the Implementation

Once the implementation class is complete, the client interfaces are ready to be used in the client application and can be immediately incorporated into the client process. This client process is responsible for obtaining an object reference to a specific object, allowing the client to make requests to that object in the form of a method call on its generated API.

Link the Application

Once all the object code from steps three and five have been compiled, the object implementation classes need to be linked to the C++ linker. Once linked to the ORB library, in this example, ORBexpress, two executable operations are created, one for the client and one for the server.

Run the Client and Server

The development process is now complete and the client will now communicate with the server. The server uses the object implementation classes allowing it to communicate with the objects created by the client requests.

In its simplest form, the server must perform the following:

Create the required objects.
Notify the CORBA environment that it is ready to receive client requests.
Process client requests by dispatching the appropriate servant.

Implement a simple network client and server communication in java using TCP sockets.

Java Socket programming is used for communication between the applications running on different JRE.Java Socket programming can be connection-oriented or connection-less.Socket and ServerSocket classes are used for connection-oriented socket programming and DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket classes are used for connection-less socket programming.The client in socket programming must know two information:

IP Address of Server, and
Port number.

Here, we are going to make one-way client and server communication. In this application, the client sends a message to the server, the server reads the message and prints it. Here, two classes are being used: Socket and ServerSocket. The Socket class is used to communicate client and server. Through this class, we can read and write messages. The ServerSocket class is used at the server-side. The accept() method of ServerSocket class blocks the console until the client is connected. After the successful connection of the client, it returns the instance of Socket at the server-side.

<img/>

Socket class

A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. The Socket class can be used to create a socket.

<table>

ServerSocket class

The ServerSocket class can be used to create a server socket. This object is used to establish communication with the clients.

<table>

Example of Java Socket ProgrammingCreating Server:

To create the server application, we need to create the instance of ServerSocket class. Here, we are using the 6666 port number for the communication between the client and server. You may also choose any other port number. The accept() method waits for the client. If the client connects with the given port number, it returns an instance of Socket.

ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);
Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection and waits for the client

Creating Client:

To create the client application, we need to create the instance of the Socket class. Here, we need to pass the IP address or hostname of the Server and a port number. Here, we are using "localhost" because our server is running on the same system.

Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);

Let's see a simple Java socket programming where the client sends a text and the server receives and prints it.

File: MyServer.java

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class MyServer {
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);
Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection
DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
String str=(String)dis.readUTF();
System.out.println("message= "+str);
ss.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}

File: MyClient.java

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class MyClient {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);
DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");
dout.flush();
dout.close();
s.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}

To execute this program open two command prompts and execute each program at each command prompt as displayed in the below figure.After running the client application, a message will be displayed on the server console.

<img/>

Example of Java Socket Programming (Read-Write both sides)

In this example, the client will write first to the server then the server will receive and print the text. Then the server will write to the client and the client will receive and print the text. The step goes on.

File: MyServer.java

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
class MyServer{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(3333);
Socket s=ss.accept();
DataInputStream din=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str="",str2="";
while(!str.equals("stop")){
str=din.readUTF();
System.out.println("client says: "+str);
str2=br.readLine();
dout.writeUTF(str2);
dout.flush();
}
din.close();
s.close();
ss.close();
}}

File: MyClient.java

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
class MyClient{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
Socket s=new Socket("localhost",3333);
DataInputStream din=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str="",str2="";
while(!str.equals("stop")){
str=br.readLine();
dout.writeUTF(str);
dout.flush();
str2=din.readUTF();
System.out.println("Server says: "+str2);
}
dout.close();
s.close();
}}

List and discuss the step involved in building an application using enterprise java bean technology

Building and deploying EJBs in the WebLogic Enterprise environment requires careful planning to define how to locate these EJBs in the WLE distributed environment.

After the Bean Provider has implemented an EJB's business logic and has produced an initial deployment descriptor, the process for building and deploying that EJB in the WLE environment includes the following steps:

➢ Step 1: Obtain the EJB JAR file from the bean provider.➢ Step 2: Modify the deployment descriptor.➢ Step 3: Create the WebLogic EJB extensions to the deployment descriptor DTD.➢ Step 4: Produce the deployable EJB JAR file.➢ Step 5: Configure the EJB application.➢ Step 6: Specify the module initializer object in the WebLogic EJB extensions to the deployment descriptor DTD.

When you build the EJB that has been produced by the Bean Provider, the end result is an EJB JAR file. The WLE system allows you to build two kinds of EJB JAR files:

The remainder of this topic discusses each of these steps in detail.Steps for Building and Deploying EJBsThis section describes the steps for building and deploying EJBs in the WLE environment and also provides the following sections:

Scaling an EJB Application
For More Information

Step 1: Obtain the EJB JAR file from the bean provider.

The first step in deploying an EJB is to obtain the EJB JAR file from the Bean Provider. In addition to the class files contained in the EJB JAR file, the EJB JAR file also has a deployment descriptor for each bean in that file. The steps for producing the Bean Provider's EJB JAR file are described in the section Development Steps.

Because multiple EJBs can be joined together in a single, deployable unit, part of the assembly process is joining the EJB JAR files for each of the beans.

Step 2: Modify the deployment descriptor.

As stated in Designing and Developing Enterprise JavaBeans for the WLE System, the deployment descriptor ties together the different classes and interfaces and is used to build the code-generated class files. It also allows you to specify some aspects of the EJB's deployment at run time.

The Bean Provider specifies some initial deployment information in the deployment descriptor. The deployer typically needs to add to or modify that information, such as shown in the following table:

<table>

To modify a deployment descriptor, you can use either of the following two methods:

The WebLogic EJB Deployer
The manual modification of the deployment descriptor in a text editor

The type of deployment descriptor you produce depends on whether you are creating a standard EJB JAR file or a deployable EJB JAR file.

Creating a Standard EJB JAR File

If you are creating a standard EJB JAR file, you only need to modify the single deployment descriptor contained in the EJB JAR file produced by the Bean Provider. When modifying this deployment descriptor, use the syntax described in the EJB 1.1 Specification produced by Sun Microsystems, Inc.

If you are creating a standard EJB JAR file:

Make the appropriate modifications to the bean's deployment descriptor file.
Run the ejbc command, specifying the -nodeploy option.

For more information about the ejbc command, see the Command Reference in the WebLogic Enterprise online documentation.

Creating a Deployable EJB JAR File

If you are creating a deployable EJB JAR file, you need to do the following:

Modify the deployment descriptor, as described in the section Creating a Standard EJB JAR File.Create a WebLogic Enterprise extended deployment descriptor file, which is also created as an XML file, and which specifies the information described in section

Step 3: Create the WebLogic EJB extensions to the deployment descriptor DTD.

For an EJB application to be deployable in the WLE environment, you need to create a file containing the WebLogic EJB extensions to the deployment descriptor DTD. This file specifies the following run time and configuration information for the EJB application:

Custom application startup and shutdown properties
Registration of the application's home interfaces
Persistence information

Specifying the WebLogic EJB Extensions DTD

The file that includes the WebLogic EJB extensions to the deployment descriptor DTD must specify the following DTD reference at the beginning:

<!DOCTYPE Weblogic-ejb-extensions SYSTEM "Weblogic-ejb extensions.dtd" >Specifying the Module Initializer ClassServer application startup and shutdown can be handled automatically by the EJB container. However, if you have special server initialization or shutdown requirements, use the module-initializer-class-name element in the WebLogic EJB extensions to the deployment descriptor DTD to specify the name of the module initializer object.

Step 4: Produce the deployable EJB JAR file.

In this step, you package the deployment descriptor, the compiled files for the EJB classes, the WLE extensions to the deployment descriptor DTD, and any additional required classes into a deployable EJB JAR file. You can do this using the ejbc command, as in the following example:

java com.beasys.ejb.utils.ejbc -validate -i DDfile -x WLEXfile archive-file

The ejbc command performs the following steps:

Parses the standard EJB deployment descriptor and WebLogic Enterprise extended deployment descriptor XML files, which are represented, respectively, as DDfile and WLEXfile in the preceding
command.
Checks the deployment descriptors for semantic consistency, and writes any inconsistencies to standard output.
Generates the wrapper Java classes and compiles them. This is performed for each EJB in the deployment descriptor.
Packages the XML deployment descriptors and the generated class files into a deployable EJB JAR file. The command-line argument archive-files specifies the files that are archived into the EJB JAR file.

If you have multiple bean packages meant to be assembled as a deployable unit, the bean packages must be specified in a single deployment descriptor. For more information about the ejbc command, see the Command Reference in the WebLogic Enterprise online documentation.

Step 5: Configure the EJB application.

In the SERVERS section of the UBBCONFIG file, the administrator uses the MODULES keyword to identify the deployed EJB JAR files. Optionally, a related set of startup arguments can be specified for each EJB JAR file. For information about configuring the EJB container, configuring the WLE EJB server process, and specifying values in the UBBCONFIG file, see Creating a Configuration File in the WebLogic Enterprise online documentation.

Step 6: Specify the module initializer object in the WebLogic EJB

extensions to the deployment descriptor DTD.Server application startup and shutdown can be handled automatically by the EJB container. However, if you have special server initialization or shutdown requirements, you need to implement an application entity called the module initializer object.The module initializer object implements operations that execute the following tasks:

Performing basic module initialization (or EJB JAR file deployment) operations, which may include allocating resources needed by the EJB JAR file.
Performing basic server application initialization operations, which may include registering homes or factories managed by the server application and allocating resources needed by the server application.
Performing server process shutdown and cleanup procedures when the server application has finished servicing requests.

Note: For EJBs, the scope of the module initializer object is at the EJB JAR file level and not of the entire server application, as with the Server object and WLE CORBA applications.You implement this module initializer object by creating a module initializer class that derives from com.beasys.Tobj.Server and by implementing the following two methods in that class:

initialize

The initialize method is invoked when the EJB JAR file loaded (generally when the WLE server process is booted).

release

The release method is invoked when the WLE server process is shut down or when the EJB JAR file is redeployed to another server process.In the module initializer object application code, you can also write a public default constructor. You create the module initializer object class from scratch using a text editor

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Servlet and life cycle of java servlet with all function in detail

2021-08-09T20:48:00.006+05:00

What is a servlet? Define the complete life cycle of the java servlet with all function details.

A servlet is a Java programming language class that is used to extend the capabilities of servers that host applications accessed using a request-response programming model. Although servlets can respond to any type of request, they are commonly used to extend the applications hosted by web servers. A servlet life cycle can be defined as the entire process from its creation to destruction. The following are the paths followed by a servlet.

The servlet is initialized by calling the init() method.
The servlet calls service() method to process a client's request.
The servlet is terminated by calling the destroy() method.
Finally, the servlet is garbage collected by the garbage collector of the JVM

Now let us discuss the life cycle methods in detail.

The init() Method

The init method is called only once. It is called only when the servlet is created, and not called for any user requests afterward. So, it is used for one-time initializations, just as with the init method of applets.

The servlet is normally created when a user first invokes a URL corresponding to the servlet, but you can also specify that the servlet is loaded when the server is first started.

When a user invokes a servlet, a single instance of each servlet gets created, with each user request resulting in a new thread that is handed off to doGet or doPost as appropriate. The init() method simply creates or loads some data that will be used throughout the life of the servlet.

The init method definition looks like this −

public void init() throws ServletException {

// Initialization code...

}

The service() Method

The service() method is the main method to perform the actual task. The servlet container (i.e. web server) calls the service() method to handle requests coming from the client( browsers) and to write the formatted response back to the client.

Each time the server receives a request for a servlet, the server spawns a new thread and calls service. The service() method checks the HTTP request type (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.) and calls doGet, doPost, doPut, doDelete, etc. methods as appropriate.

Here is the signature of this method −

public void service(ServletRequest request,

ServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {

}

The service () method is called by the container and the service method invokes doGet, doPost, doPut, doDelete, etc. methods as appropriate. So you have nothing to do with the service() method but you override either doGet() or doPost() depending on what type of request you receive from the client.

The doGet() and doPost() are the most frequently used methods in each service request. Here is the signature of these two methods.

The destroy() Method

The destroy() method is called only once at the end of the life cycle of a servlet. This method gives your servlet a chance to close the database connections, halt background threads, write cookie lists or hit counts to disk, and perform other such cleanup activities.

After the destroy() method is called, the servlet object is marked for garbage collection.

The destroy method definition looks like this −

public void destroy() {

// Finalization code...

}

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