In this free tutorial, we’re going to take a look at the Local Preference attribute and compare it to the Cisco-proprietary BGP attribute “weight”.

The Local Preference (LOCAL_PREF) attribute is used to influence how traffic will flow from one Autonomous System (AS) to another when multiple paths exist. For example, if AS 100 has two different paths to a destination network in AS 200, the LOCAL_PREF attribute can be used to influence the path selection.

The major difference between the Weight and LOCAL_PREF attributes is that when the LOCAL_PREF attribute is changed, that change is reflected throughout the AS. The new LOCAL_PREF value will be advertised to all other routers in the AS, as compared to the Weight attribute, which is locally significant only. If you change the Weight for a path on one router in an AS, the other routers in the AS will not learn of the change.

A route-map can be used to change a local preference value. For example, if you want to change the local preference value to 200 for the path advertisement 10.2.2.0/24 coming in from neighbor 10.1.1.1, there are three steps involved. First, write an ACL matching the remote network you want to change the local preference for.

R1(config)#access-list 5 permit 10.2.2.0 0.0.0.255

Second, write a route-map setting the local preference to 200. This will double the default value of 100, and the path with the highest local preference will be the preferred path.

R1(config)#route-map PREFER_PATH permit 10

R1(config-route-map)#match ip address 5

R1(config-route-map)#set local-pref 200

Finally, apply the route-map to routes that are being received from 10.1.1.1.

R1(config)#router bgp 100

R1(config-router)#network 10.1.1.1 route-map PREFER_PATH in

R1 will then advertise this new local preference value to all other routers in AS 100 – all of its iBGP neighbors.

Cisco CCNP / BSCI Certification: The Local Preference BGP Attribute is a post from: Techno And Science News | Tapsagoeskaustinen.com

Mitsubishis Bright New Idea is a post from: Techno And Science News | Tapsagoeskaustinen.com

Getting Targeted Exchanges
As we already stated the use of more targeted exchanges is a good start so that the people seeing the pages you put up are actually interested in them to start with. That will improve the chances of action being taken in the first instance. Include your resource box with your website link right below your post. You will be surprised at the volume of traffic that this simple action can generate for your site. On the surface this looks like exactly what you want but if your visitors are looking for something other than what you are offering for the most part your website traffic is wasted.

Good Potential Customers
When you have good traffic you have a good number of potential customers customers that are willing to pour money into your coffers. Finally what about the sites that are getting new traffic from their number one ranking but dont seems to be making any sales? The largest reason for this is that those sites are not visitor friendly. Gain free advertising by submitting your software via Traffic Generator tools to freebie and freeware/shareware web sites. See http://www.trafficwebsecrets.com

Are There Really 30000 SEs?
Lastly how many people actually believe that there are 300000 search engines?While its true you need traffic from the search engines you dont need to use spam techniques to get it. Your users will come to trust your knowledge and advice and as such will refer your website to their contacts. Give away the course to people that join your affiliate program. This will increase the number of people that sign-up.

Are You On Traffic Generator? is a post from: Techno And Science News | Tapsagoeskaustinen.com

Computer viruses have become such a problem that they are now frequently mentioned in both the newspapers television news bulletins as well as in the online media. It is absolutely critical that you take steps to protect yourself against viruses, and you must be really vigilant if you spend a lot of time online.

Virus can be transmitted through e-mail, or a file you download even if you do not install it, but they can also be present in the files on a floppy disk especially if it is being passed from friend to friend. Lots of computers get infected every day, and if you do not take precautions yours may be next, you may lose all of your data on your machine. Once gone, it will be irretrievable unless of course you had the good sense to take a regular back up!

A computer virus is a small program that has the ability to duplicate itself, just like a real virus hence the name, also just like a biological virus it must have a host to exist. The virus payload, the end product of the computer virus, can be something harmless it can be as simple as displaying a message, or something very serious it could fully reformat your hard drive. Recent computer virus attacks have resulted in major disruption to both home computers and the networks of governments and multi national companies.

The advance of the Internet has been the most essential issue in the increase of computer viruses. Originally viruses were spread when people swapped disks with their friends, by its very nature this tended to restrict the spread of the computer virus but today most people do not tend to use external media like disks to store data in the same way, This has resulted, most viruses being spread via the use of e-mail and file sharing on the Internet. All that is required is for you to open an e-mail attachment or download a dangerous program and this can give your computer a virus. There are by now, about fifty thousand viruses in existence, but there are several hundred new threats produced each month.

There are a number of motives that encourage people to write computer viruses. The earliest virus programs were by and large written as pranks or experiments. However as some programmers began to learn their way about systems and the Internet, they wrote viruses just to see what they can do with them. For example, a programmer might write a computer virus code just to see how far it would spread. Unfortunately it did not stop there, other more malicious individuals, have far more hostile intentions and they took great delight writing computer viruses to harm websites or damage people’s computers.

An additional reason a computer virus gets produced is to blackmail large corporations with the threat of setting off a loss of data on their systems. There have been lots of viruses written for revenge. Employees who are about to lose their jobs can sometimes leave viruses behind on the company system to do damage to their former employer’s ability to do business.

Also lots of viruses are written for profit. The computer viruses may be used to send e-mail spam (so the original sender is disguised), causing your computer to serve as a host to illegal data, or engage in other illegal activities. Also, viruses can be used to spy on users, display pop-ups while the user is not on the internet, and acquire user data like bank accounts or credit card numbers.

Viruses tend to fall into two major types, Worms or Trojan horses, but just to complicate things Trojan horses, can be a type of worm.

A Computer Worm is a self replicating program, the first worm to gain wide attention was the Morris Worm this infected a large number of computers and earned its writer 400 hours of community service and over $10000 in fines!

Trojan horses as the name implies are hidden viruses. This helps the program to get installed in the first place. They then quietly run in the background, while disseminating its malicious code. This code can do any amount of things. It can begin right away or it may simply install a program that won’t start for sometime. Once it does start, it can delete all of the files on the computer or it can infect the computer and try to infect other computers on the network.

There are a number of ways viruses are delivered, and as a Trojan horse is the most common. It generally comes with other pieces of software that a user might find interesting. This software is usually shared through a file-sharing network or downloadable off of the Internet. Once the user installs the software, the virus also gets installed.

It is vital that you cover yourself against viruses, this can done very simply by installing a good anti-virus program and keeping it up to date. There are both free and expensive software applications around that can be set to self-update to protect from viruses.

You can also help defend yourself by being cautious where you download files from; only use a reputable well-known source. You should also not to open any e-mail attachments unless you know the sender. Making these safety precautions will help to protect you from computer.

Roger Overanout

Computer Viruses an Over View. is a post from: Techno And Science News | Tapsagoeskaustinen.com

How does the ink get from the inkjet cartridge to the paper? Why is the print quality is so clear? Why the printing is so quiet?

Generally, all that most people know is that there’s some movement and a faint high pitched sound when it’s printing something — and then the finished document comes out.

Unlike dot matrix and character printers that strike ribbons to create an image, inkjet printers do not physically touch the paper.

All inkjet printers function using the same basic principles. Tiny ink droplets are “jetted” (or pushed) out multiple holes onto paper in a controlled and systematic fashion. This is where the term “inkjet” comes from.

The size of ink droplets, speed and reliability of this type of printer has been continuously improving since its inception in 1976. In 1993, Epson was the first manufacturer to produce an inkjet printer using micro-piezo technology. The Epson Stylus 800 was the first printer to use the multi-layer actuator printhead (the printhead is the part of the printer that holds numerous tiny nozzles that actually squirts the ink onto paper).

This specific printhead utilized an electro-mechanical element that acted like a tiny control room. When pulses of electricity passed through, it that gave specific signals to fire individual or multiple nozzles loaded with ink.

Micro-piezo technology utilized a tiny crystal in each individual nozzle that when electrically energized, would vibrate or bend causing a controlled amount of ink to be forced out onto paper. When the electrical current is off, the crystal bends back to its original shape, creating a vacuum, thus pulling ink into the nozzle from the reservoir for the next commanded fire.

The Epson printhead was fixed to the carriage so it never needed replacing (the printer carriage is what moves laterally across the paper). This also kept the cost of ink cartridges low since they were little more than reservoirs of ink.

This breakthrough printer produced a whopping 360 dpi (dots per inch) that was deemed, almost “letter quality” at the time. With a printing speed of 150 – 180 characters per second, the new Epson became the user favorite printer for home and office.

At the same time, HP was using a similar technology. A thermal jetting system was utilized in their printhead. The printhead still acted like the control room but each individual nozzle was instead independently super heated by electricity, which caused the ink to explode onto the paper. HP claims the temperature of a fired inkjet nozzle approaches that of the surface of the sun.

HP elected to put the printhead on the inkjet cartridge itself instead of mounting it permanently to the carriage. Since each inkjet cartridge would have its own printhead, replacement cartridges would be more expensive for these printers.

HP inkjet cartridges also could not print as fast as Epson because each nozzle needed to cool after firing. This heating technology also limited the types of inks that could be used.

In the 1990′s, Canon, Epson and HP engineered printheads that applied even smaller droplets of ink, drastically improving dpi and resolution.

While Canon and HP could produce a 6 – 10 picoliter droplet size from one nozzle, Epson was about half the size (between 3 – 6 picoliters). Currently, there are printers available which will produce an amazing 1 picoliter droplet! To get an idea of how small this is; a human hair is about 12 picoliters in diameter. Most human eyes can’t see one jetted droplet of ink on paper.

Inkjet printers have come a long way since their first inception.

Printers today are twice as fast as their predecessors were, and are cheaper than ever. Many printers can easily produce color photo quality images in at an incredible 6000 dpi.

As time goes on and as demand for printing remains high, the quality, speed and features of inkjet printers will only continue to improve.

Inside Your Inkjet Printer: How Does It Work? is a post from: Techno And Science News | Tapsagoeskaustinen.com

In this age of technology, computers are now a crucial part of millions of peoples lives. However, computers can be used for so much more than just typing papers or checking e-mail. Indeed, computers are now great hobbies within themselves, and many people are now discovering how much fun it is to play an online role playing games.

The Online Role Playing Game and Guild Wars

Online role playing games are becoming more and more common among the computer savvy. However, there are still many people who regularly use computers, yet have no idea what exactly an online role playing game is.

Simply put, an online role playing game is much like games from childhood, in that players become a certain character, and work with other players to create scenarios within the game itself. The amount of creative freedom that players can have within these types of games is what makes online role playing games so popular in the first place.

One of the more popular online role playing games is one by the name of Guild Wars. In this game, a player can choose to play against other players, or play against the environment itself. There are four unique characters that a player can choose to become, and once that is established, the player can choose from the classes of Mesmer, Ranger, Monk, Elementalist, Necromancer, or Warrior.

Online role playing games can certainly be a lot of fun, but they have also been met with some criticism. Much of the criticism centers around the fact that it takes time to learn how to adequately play this genre of game, since the possibilities are quite numerous. Thus, these types of games are generally not recommended for people who do not have much patience.

Online role playing games can be found on many different websites via free or paid download. It should be noted that free games generally are not as advanced as the paid games, so free games are a good idea for novices. For those who have patience and are intrigued by the idea of creating alternative realities, online role playing games are indeed an interesting hobby.

Escape Reality – Try Playing an Online Role Playing Game is a post from: Techno And Science News | Tapsagoeskaustinen.com

Notice I said “to or from”. In earlier free BGP tutorials, I discussed the BGP attributes “weight” and “local preference”. These attributes are used to favor one path to a destination over another; for example, if BGP AS 100 has two paths to a destination in AS 200, these two attributes can be set in AS 100 to favor one path over another. But what if AS 100 wants to inform the routers in AS 200 as to which path it should use to reach a given destination in AS 100?

That’s where the BGP attribute “Multi-Exit Discriminator”, or MED, comes in. The MED value can be set in AS 100 to tell AS 200 which path it should use to reach a given network in AS 100.

As with many BGP attributes, the MED can be set with a route-map. What you need to watch is that there is no “set med” value in route maps. To change the MED of a path, you need to change the metric of that path. Let’s say that there are two entry paths for AS 200 to use to reach destinations in AS 100. You want AS 200 to use the 100.1.1.0/24 path over the 100.2.2.0/24 path. First, identify the two paths with two separate ACLs.

R1(config)#access-list 22 permit 100.1.1.0 0.0.0.255

R1(config)#access-list 23 permit 100.2.2.0 0.0.0.255

Next, write a route-map that assigns a lower metric to the more-desirable path.

R1(config)#route-map PREFER_PATH permit 10

R1(config-route-map)#match ip address 22

R1(config-route-map)#set metric 100

R1(config-route-map)#route-map PREFER_PATH permit 20

R1(config-route-map)#match ip address 23

R1(config-route-map)#set metric 250

Finally, apply the route-map to the neighbor or neighbors.

R1(config-route-map)#router bgp 100

R1(config-router)#neighbor 22.2.2.2 route-map PREFER_PATH out

The key points to keep in mind is that while many BGP attributes prefer a higher value, the MED is basically an external metric – and a lower metric is preferred, just as with the protocols you’ve already studied to earn your CCNA certification.

Cisco CCNP / BSCI Certification: The BGP Attribute MED is a post from: Techno And Science News | Tapsagoeskaustinen.com

1. Your online web meeting should be short and on track. The duration of the event should be no longer then one hour or maximum of one hour and thirty minutes.

2. What type of questions will you ask those attending the web meeting? Asking questions keeps everyones attention and allows you to effectively teach your guests.

3. As a courtesy to others in attendance, ask guests to hold their questions until the end of the meeting. Chances are that you will answer most questions during your presentation. Asking guests to hold their questions will reduce the overall meeting time for everyone.

4. Advise guests to preinstall the web meeting plugin before the live meeting. If guests will be speaking during a meeting, advise them to use the integrated audio setup and testing feature before the live meeting. Guests can perform this audio setup and test without logging in.

5. Prepare an optimized version of your PowerPoint that is less than 2 MB. This will allow guests to see the presentation quickly and easily.

6. Always have a recording of your presentation available before a live meeting. Recorded presentations can be enjoyed by those unable to attend the live meeting. In the event a guest has a problem with their computer or internet connection, they can still enjoy the presentation. You may have invested thousands of dollars to promote your web meetings, and you lose time and money when someone can not attend the live meeting or has some problem that is beyond your control.

7. Practice your entire live presentation using the web meeting room program a minimum of 5 to 7 times from start to finish. This is the most important thing you need to know before holding an online web meeting.

8. Make sure the online web meeting service you are using offers free live training.

9. When it comes to web meetings, choosing the right service that meets your needs can be a daunting task. Make sure the program you choose meets the following important criteria:
Login is fast and easy.
Those with a dial-up connection can participate without problems.
Web meeting program works with corporate firewalls.
No Active-X control is required to run the program.
You can easily create and manage live meeting polls and surveys.
You can create and host your own custom registration pages.
No scheduling is required, you can hold meetings anytime you decide.
You can use any payment gateway to sell access to your meetings.
The PowerPoint presenter displays slides in dual format.
Live video conferencing offers synchronized audio and video.
Your guests can enjoy hands free meetings, you control everything they see.
You can record and control your recorded presentations.

Maximize The Results Of Your Online Web Meetings is a post from: Techno And Science News | Tapsagoeskaustinen.com

When T1 technology is opted for, the first visible difference to a non technical user is that the service provider lays an optic fiber cable and this becomes the medium of transmission instead of the conventional copper wires.

The other more vital difference which obviously is not apparent to a non technical user is, the sound is now digitized and the digitized signals are transported along the fiber optic cables. This gives exceptional clarity to the voice and telephoning now becomes a pleasure. The noise and disruptions which are inseparable accompaniments of a conventional phone conversation, is completely absent in this system.

The biggest advantage of T1 phones is their capacity to carry huge volumes of traffic. One T1 line can support as many as 24 simultaneous conversations.

The other advantage is these lines are not dedicated to specific phones. Rather, these exist in a pool and once a line is free it reverts to the pool. This allows at least 100-150 people to use a single line capable of supporting 24 conversations without ever having to wait till the other person is through with his discussion. This leads to maximum utilization of this facility.

In the highly improbable event of all the lines getting busy, your existing phone network can be programmed to allow spill over so that nobody ever waits for a free line.

When you sign up a contract with a service provider, his representative visits your office and checks the already existing infrastructure. He checks up the circuits you had already installed in your premises. After that he proceeds to install the new system. The pieces of hardware usually installed are routers, T1 pipes and Ethernet cables.

It usually takes thirty to forty five days from the date of the signing the contract for the new system to be fully operational. So, if you decide to go for the new system, please be prepared to accept this time lag.

Another very important aspect which you must keep in mind while signing a contract with a service provider is his assurance regarding availability of this service. Though most providers claim a 99.99% availability rate, please ensure that this is incorporated in the contract with a penalty clause to be imposed on the provider, should the availability rate fall below the agreed rate.

These contracts are usually for a period of at least three years. Should you terminate the contract prior to the expiry of the contract, you are liable to pay the unexpired amount of the contract together with some sort of a penalty. So, carefully assess and reassess your requirement of a T1 phone line before signing on the dotted line.

The last thing which you must be keeping mind before negotiating with a service provider is that there is very stiff competition among them and they are prepared to go to any length to net another new customer. So, in spite of all the posturing by the sales person, refuse to be cowed down and ruthlessly haggle to squeeze out as much benefits as possible from the service provider!

Are You In Need Of A T1 Phone Line is a post from: Techno And Science News | Tapsagoeskaustinen.com

Non-Memory Resident and Memory Resident Viruses:

Non-Memory resident viruses, when they are executed, immediately look for other hosts that can be infected. When they infect these targets, they transfer control to the application program they infected. A non-resident virus has a finder module and a replication module. The finder module, once it finds a new file to infect, calls upon the replication module to infect that file.

Memory-Resident virus stays in the memory and do not look for hosts to infect when they are executed. It stays active in the background after its host program is terminated, and infects files as soon as they are opened or accessed by other programs or the operating system. It does have the replication module like the non-memory resident virus, but without the finder module.

Types of Computer Viruses:

File Viruses: These types of viruses are the most common, and mostly infect open files and program libraries on an operating system. The virus functions by inserting itself into a host file, modifies it in such a way that the virus is executed when the file is opened. They are also known as left viruses. Today, there are known viruses infecting all kinds of executables of standard DOS: batch command files (BAT), loadable drivers (SYS, including special purpose files IO.SYS and MS- DOS.SYS) and binary executables (EXE, COM). There are also viruses targeting executables of other operating systems – Windows 3.x, Windows95/NT, OS/2, Macintosh, Unix, including the VxD drivers of Windows 3.x and Windows95.

Macro viruses: Macros are used in most word processing programs such as Microsoft Office in order to automate or simplify recurring tasks in documents. Macro viruses are those viruses that use the application’s own macro programming language to distribute themselves, in which an unwanted sequence of actions is performed automatically when the application is started or something else triggers it. These macro viruses may inflict damage to the document or to other computer software but are relatively harmless, and are often spread as an e-mail virus.

Boot Viruses: These were one of the most common viruses prevalent during the early and mid 1990s, when the use of diskettes was popular. These viruses infect or substitute their own code for either the DOS boot sector or the Master Boot Record (MBR), which controls the boot sequence of the PC. The MBR is executed every time a computer is booted so the virus will also be loaded into memory on every startup and spreads to every disk that the system reads. They are typically very difficult to remove, and most antivirus programs cannot clean the MBR while Windows is running. So, bootable antivirus disks are needed to fix boot sector viruses.

Script viruses: They are a division of file viruses, written in a variety of script languages such as VBS, JavaScript, BAT, PHP, HTML etc. They can form a part of multi-component viruses or infect other scripts such as Windows or Linux command and service files. If the file format, such as HTML, allows the execution of scripts, they can infect it.

Computer Viruses: The Nasty Truth is a post from: Techno And Science News | Tapsagoeskaustinen.com