<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625</id><updated>2024-10-04T18:56:14.801-07:00</updated><category term="Programming"/><category term="ALU"/><category term="Arithmetic logic unit"/><category term="Arsitektur Von Neumann"/><category term="Assembling"/><category term="Assembly"/><category term="Compiler"/><category term="Control unit"/><category term="Dangling Pointer"/><category term="Dynamic memory allocation"/><category term="History"/><category term="Human Computer Interaction"/><category term="IAS machine"/><category term="IMK"/><category term="John von Neumann"/><category term="Language"/><category term="Languages"/><category term="Linking"/><category term="Locks-and-keys"/><category term="Math"/><category term="Pioneers"/><category term="Pointer"/><category term="Preprocessor"/><category term="Source code"/><category term="Tombstone"/><category term="Universal Usability"/><category term="Variable (computer science)"/><category term="Von Nueman"/><category term="heap-dynamic variable"/><category term="operator overloading"/><title type='text'>Technopera</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>18</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-3270671677231426756</id><published>2014-01-23T23:06:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2014-01-23T23:06:27.503-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Information Visualization</title><content type='html'>1. Introduction&lt;br /&gt;
Visualisasi informasi merupakan suatu cara untuk membuat representasi visual yang interaktif dari abstract data dengan tujuan meningkatkan daya tangkap informasi. Dalam hal ini abstract data merupakan pembeda antara visualisasi informasi dengan visualisasi scientific. Dalam visualisasi informasi digunakan variabel kategorial dan dilakukan penentuan pola, trend, kelompok, penyimpangan, dan gasp. Sementara pada visualisasi scientific digunakan variabel kontinu, volume, dan permukaan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Visualisasi informasi seringkali disebut juga visual data mining. Hal ini disebabkan karena penggunaan visualisasi yang sangat banyak dan penggunaan persepsi manusia untuk melakukan penemuan pola, pengambilan keputusan, dan penjelasan mengenai pola dari item data. Dalam melakukan pencarian informasi visual tahapannya adalah :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Lakukan overview&lt;br /&gt;
2. Perjelas dan filter&lt;br /&gt;
3. Lihat detail sesuai permintaan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Data Type by Task Taxonomy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVx5O8A3_hE20CUp6TDcrwUfMRYZNkTrFEKM3KaASllItoiyuxFf0YRxTyKlqwJ-VZ1zR8nHo49XhYRSmL_zZwCWS1n6NISRCYeIN4-kQCzgVxt3g-Y30F2lxV4B-ABDV6_3K5lU2zxt7U/s400/Picture2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVx5O8A3_hE20CUp6TDcrwUfMRYZNkTrFEKM3KaASllItoiyuxFf0YRxTyKlqwJ-VZ1zR8nHo49XhYRSmL_zZwCWS1n6NISRCYeIN4-kQCzgVxt3g-Y30F2lxV4B-ABDV6_3K5lU2zxt7U/s400/Picture2.jpg&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; width=&quot;292&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. The Seven Basic Tasks&lt;br /&gt;
Ada tujuh pekerjaan dasar yang dapat dilakukan pada visualisasi informasi :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Overview Task (user mencari overview dari seluruh data koleksi)&lt;br /&gt;
2. Zoom Task (user dapat melakukan zoom in pada item yang dituju)&lt;br /&gt;
3. Filter Task (user dapat menyaring item yang tidak diinginkan)&lt;br /&gt;
4. Detail on Demand Task (user dapat memilih item / kelompok item untuk mendapat detail)&lt;br /&gt;
5. Relate Task (user membuat relasi antar item atau kelompok item dalam koleksi)&lt;br /&gt;
6. History Task (user dapat menyimpan history untuk memudahkan undo, replay, dan progressive refinement)&lt;br /&gt;
7. Extract Task (user dapat mengekstrak data dari sub koleksi dengan menggunakan parameter pada query)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. Challenges for Information Visualization&lt;br /&gt;
Beberapa tantangan dalam visualisasi informasi antara lain :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Mengimpor dan menyaring data&lt;br /&gt;
2. Pengkombinasian representasi visual dengan pemberian label&lt;br /&gt;
3. Pencarian informasi terkait&lt;br /&gt;
4. Cara melihat data dalam jumlah besar&lt;br /&gt;
5. Pengintegrasian dengan data mining&lt;br /&gt;
6. Pengintegrasian dengan teknik analisa&lt;br /&gt;
7. Kolaborasi&lt;br /&gt;
8. Universal usability&lt;br /&gt;
9. Evaluasi</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/3270671677231426756/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2014/01/information-visualization.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/3270671677231426756'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/3270671677231426756'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2014/01/information-visualization.html' title='Information Visualization'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVx5O8A3_hE20CUp6TDcrwUfMRYZNkTrFEKM3KaASllItoiyuxFf0YRxTyKlqwJ-VZ1zR8nHo49XhYRSmL_zZwCWS1n6NISRCYeIN4-kQCzgVxt3g-Y30F2lxV4B-ABDV6_3K5lU2zxt7U/s72-c/Picture2.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-4548855640190657373</id><published>2014-01-23T22:49:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2014-01-23T22:49:20.291-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Information Search</title><content type='html'>1. Information Search&lt;br /&gt;
Pencarian informasi merupakan kegiatan yang menyenangkan. Namun diperlukan seorang yang terlatih dengan sarana yang mendukung agar dapat dilakukan dengan efektif. Saat ini information retrieval dan database management telah berubah ke dalam information gathering, seeking, filtering, collaborative filtering, sense making, dan visual analitik; selanjutnya juga ada data mining dari data warehouse dan data mart; diikuti knowledge networks. Semua hal tersebut membuat searching semakin rumit seiring jumlah data yang semakin besar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Search Terminology&lt;br /&gt;
Setiap aksi dapat dibagi menjadi browsing atau searching. Berikut ini merupakan contoh dari beberapa aksi :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Pencarian fakta spesifik&lt;br /&gt;
2. Pencarian fakta meluas&lt;br /&gt;
3. Eksplorasi availabilitas&lt;br /&gt;
4. Open ended browsing dan analisis masalah&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Searching in Textual Documents and Database Querying&lt;br /&gt;
Expert user dengan mudah dapat menggunakan SQL. Dikarenakan SQL dapat memfasilitasi pencarian dengan mudah namun membutuhkan training. Oleh karenanya untuk novice users dapat digunakan form fill in query. Selain itu juga dapat digunakan query bahasa natural, form fill in, dan query by example. Berdasarkan penelitian user memiliki performa yang lebih baik dan memiliki tingkat kepuasan lebih tinggi jika mereka dapat melihat dan memiliki kontrol atas fasilitas searching yang digunakan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ada lima tahap dalam menentukan design interface untuk textual search :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Formulation (representasi searching)&lt;br /&gt;
2. Initiation of action (cara melakukan searching)&lt;br /&gt;
3. Review of results (cara menampilkan pesan dan hasil)&lt;br /&gt;
4. Refinement (formulasi langkah selanjutnya)&lt;br /&gt;
5. Use (penggunaan dari hasil yang didapatkan)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. Multimedia Document Searches&lt;br /&gt;
Searching pada dokumen berupa multimedia dapat dibagi menjadi :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Image search&lt;br /&gt;
2. Map search&lt;br /&gt;
3. Design or diagram search&lt;br /&gt;
4. Sound search&lt;br /&gt;
5. Video search&lt;br /&gt;
6. Animation search&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. Advanced Filtering and Search Interfaces&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam melakukan filtering terhadap hasil searching ada beberapa cara :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Filtering with complex Boolean queries&lt;br /&gt;
2. Automatic filtering&lt;br /&gt;
3. Dynamic queries&lt;br /&gt;
4. Faceted metadata search&lt;br /&gt;
5. Query by example&lt;br /&gt;
6. Implicit search&lt;br /&gt;
7. Collaborative filtering&lt;br /&gt;
8. Multilingual searches&lt;br /&gt;
9. Visual field specification</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/4548855640190657373/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2014/01/information-search_23.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/4548855640190657373'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/4548855640190657373'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2014/01/information-search_23.html' title='Information Search'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-5860637155999973445</id><published>2014-01-23T22:46:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2014-01-23T23:03:07.061-08:00</updated><title type='text'>User Documentation and Online Help</title><content type='html'>1. Paper versus Online Manuals&lt;br /&gt;
Paper manual meliputi :&lt;br /&gt;
Install manual&lt;br /&gt;
Brief getting-started notes&lt;br /&gt;
Introductory tutorial&lt;br /&gt;
Thorough tutorial&lt;br /&gt;
Detailed reference manual&lt;br /&gt;
Quick reference card&lt;br /&gt;
Conversation manual&lt;br /&gt;
Online manual meliputi :&lt;br /&gt;
Online manual&lt;br /&gt;
Online help&lt;br /&gt;
Context-sensitive help&lt;br /&gt;
Online tutorial&lt;br /&gt;
Animated demonstration&lt;br /&gt;
Guides&lt;br /&gt;
FAQs&lt;br /&gt;
Online communities, newsgroups, listservers, e-mail, chat, and instant messaging&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Online manuals memiliki keunggulan dalam empat hal yaitu secara fisik tidak banyak memakan tempat, mudah dinavigasikan, dapat memberikan pengalaman yang interaktif pada user, dan secara ekonomi lebih hemat. Namun online manuals juga memiliki beberapa kelemahan yaitu kecenderungan user yang lebih suka membaca paper manuals, isi yang lebih sedikit, user interface yang mungkin menghambat, kesulitan navigasi, dan kesulitan melihat online manuals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Faktanya adalah bahwa orang - orang cenderung membaca 15% - 30% lebih lambat pada komputer dibandingkan membaca buku. Hal ini terutama dipengaruhi oleh font yang digunakan, resolusi layar, batas karakter yang tidak jelas, pencahayaan, pantulan, flicker pada layar, layout, dan hal - hal lainnya. Manual biasanya dapat memperpendek waktu belajar user, meningkatkan performa user, meningkatkan kepuasan user, dan mengurangi jumlah panggilan untuk support. Dalam hal ini ada sesuatu yang dikenal sebagai &quot;active user paradox&quot;, yang merupakan kondisi dimana kebanyakan user memilih untuk tidak membaca manual dengan lengkap sehingga mereka hanya mengetahui hal - hal yang umum saja.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Berikut merupakan panduan dalam membuat suatu user manuall oleh Carroll :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Pilih pendekatan aksi&lt;br /&gt;
2. Gunakan pekerjaan user sebagai panduan dalam mengorganisasikan manual&lt;br /&gt;
3. Beri informasi mengenai pengenalan kesalahan dan recovery&lt;br /&gt;
4. Beri informasi untuk praktik dan pembelajaran lebih lanjut&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hal - hal yang perlu diperhatikan untuk organisasi dan cara penulisan manual :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Kalimat yang tepat dan sesuai dengan tujuan edukasi&lt;br /&gt;
2. Sajikan konsep dalam urut - urutan logis dan tingkat kesulitan bertahap dari mudah ke sulit&lt;br /&gt;
3. Pastikan bahwa setiap konsep digunakan dalam bagian berikutnya&lt;br /&gt;
4. Hindari referensi pada bab berikutnya&lt;br /&gt;
5. Buat jumlah bab sesuai dengan materi yang disajikan&lt;br /&gt;
6. Berikan contoh yang mencukupi&lt;br /&gt;
7. Perhatikan pilihan kata&lt;br /&gt;
8. Buat kerangka dulu untuk memastikan konsistensi dan kualitas&lt;br /&gt;
9. Cara penulisan harus menyesuaikan dengan user&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Online Manuals and Help&lt;br /&gt;
Berikut merupakan panduan dalam online help yang diajukan oleh Kearsley :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Buat agar help system mudah diakses dan mudah untuk keluar&lt;br /&gt;
2. Buat help spesifik mungkin&lt;br /&gt;
3. Kumpulkan data untuk menentukan help apa yang paling diperlukan&lt;br /&gt;
4. Berikan user kontrol atas help system&lt;br /&gt;
5. Buat pesan help seakurat dan selengkap mungkin&lt;br /&gt;
6. Jangan gunakan help dengan tujuan untuk mengkompensasi interface yang buruk&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Online manuals merupakan manual yang disediakan secara online. Dengan adanya online manuals user dapat dipermudah, karena ada fitur seperti multiple windows, text highlighting, warna, suara, animasi, dan fasilitas searching. Dalam membuat online manuals, daftar isi harus disediakan di salah satu sisi dan tetap terlihat selama fasilitas online manuals digunakan user.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sementara itu online help lebih bersifat spesifik dengan tujuan tertentu. Selain itu user diharapkan mampu melakukan searching sendiri terhadap dokumen - dokumen online yang ditampilkan. Pada online help, kebanyakan memiliki wizard yang dapat merespons pada bahasa natural.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Online Tutorials, Demonstrations, and Animations&lt;br /&gt;
Dengan adanya tutorial online, user dapat membaca tutorial sekaligus materi yang diberikan. Selain itu user juga dapat bekerja sesuai kecepatannya dan tanpa rasa malu jika membuat kesalahan selama tutorial berlangsung. Demonstrations merupakan suatu demo yang memperlihatkan fitur - fitur suatu produk. Hal ini dibuat dengan tujuan menarik minat potential user dan membangun suatu product image yang positif. Biasanya didistribusikan lewat internet dalam bentuk CD-ROM atau DVD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. Development Process Guidelines&lt;br /&gt;
Berikut merupakan panduan dalam proses pembuatan manual :&lt;br /&gt;
1. Gunakan copywriter professional&lt;br /&gt;
2. Siapkan dokumentasi jauh sebelumnya.&lt;br /&gt;
3. Buat dokumen panduan yang terintegrasi&lt;br /&gt;
4. Review draft terlebih dahulu&lt;br /&gt;
5. Lakukan uji lapangan terhadap versi awal&lt;br /&gt;
6. Berikan cara bagi user untuk memberikan feedback&lt;br /&gt;
7. Lakukan revisi secara berkala</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/5860637155999973445/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2014/01/information-search.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/5860637155999973445'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/5860637155999973445'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2014/01/information-search.html' title='User Documentation and Online Help'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-6566442250506355401</id><published>2014-01-17T05:51:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2014-01-17T05:51:15.341-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Balancing Function and Fashion (Human Computer Interaction)</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Error Messages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-06349c60-a04b-bd2f-1a20-979ba1791ad3&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Informasi yang ditampilkan ketika kondisi yang tak terduga terjadi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-06349c60-a04b-891d-3575-32ea99696efa&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Mengungkapkan pesan atau&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;peringatan error merupakan hal yang penting, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;terutama ketika pesan tersebut berhadapan dengan&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;pemula&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kenapa &quot;Error Messages&quot; harus dibuat?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Membuat pesan error jelas terlihat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Mengurangi pekerjaan yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi masalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Mendidik pengguna sepanjang penggunaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Guidelines Error Message :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Explicit -&amp;gt; Harus eksis atau ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Human-readable -&amp;gt; disampaikan dengan yang bisa dibaca orang-orang daripada tulisan &quot;error type 2 has occured&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Polite -&amp;gt; kata yang tidak menyalahkan user seperti kata-kata yang mengatakan mereka bodoh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Precise -&amp;gt; deskripsi masalah dengan tepat bukan dengan pesan yang tidak jelas &quot;syntax error&quot; yang tidak tahu kode berapa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Constructive advice -&amp;gt; error messages menampilkan cara masalah diselesaikan daripada hanya pesan &quot;out of stock&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Yang harus dihindarkan dalam pembuatan pesan error :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Nada angkuh yang seperti mengutuk user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pesan yang terlalu generik (WHAT? atau SYNTAX ERROR)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pesan yang terlalu tidak jelas (FAC RJCT 044040404)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Non Anthropomorphic Design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Penting untuk mengklarifikasi perbedaan antara manusia dengan komputer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;anthropomorphic interface dapat mengakibatkan keresahan dan penurunan performa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;anthropomorphic interface dapat mengalihkan perhatian pengguna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Panduan penggunaan non-anthropomorphic design&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Jangan menggunakan kata &#39;saya&#39; saat komputer merespon aksi dari user. Gunakan kata &#39;kamu&#39; untuk menuntun user atau hanya tampilkan fakta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Salah : saya akan memulai kursus saat kamu menekan tombol START&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Benar : Kamu bisa memulai kursus dengan menekan tombol START&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Benar : Untuk memulai kursus, tekan tombol START&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Berhati-hati dalam merepresentasikan komputer sebagai manusia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Web Design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;10 Kesalahan dalam mendesain web&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Fitur search yang buruk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;File PDF untuk membaca online&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tidak megubah warna text link sebagai tanda link pernah dikunjungi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Text tidak scannable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ukuran font yang tidak dapat diubah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Judul halaman yang sulit dicari dengan fitur search&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Apapun yang tampak seperti iklan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Melanggar konvensi desain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Membuka window yang baru pada browser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tidak menjawab pertanyaan user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Display Design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam mendesain sebuah tampilan menurut Mullet dan Sano :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Elegance and Simplicity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Scale, Contrast and Proportion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Organization and Visual Structure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Module and Program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Image and Representation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Style&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hal lainnya&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Tampilan terstruktur lebih baik dibandingkan tampilan naratif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; color: #1f497d; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Penggunaan label, pengelompokan informasi, penggunaan indentasi, numering dan mengeliminasi karakter yang tidak diperlukan dapat meningkatkan kinerja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Tampilan yang padat dan sederhana meningkatkan kinerja expert user.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Konten halaman hanya berisi hal-hal yang relevan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Lokasi, struktur, terminologi, dan urutan tampilan dalam sistem harus konsisten.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Window Design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Coordinating Multiple Windows&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Designer dapat memasuki generasi baru dalam pengaturan window dengan mengembangkan window&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;yang saling berkoordinasi dengan user, dimana window tersebut berubah berdasarkan pada tindakan&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;yang dilakukan user.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Koordinasi yang penting :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Synchronized scrolling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Hierarchial browsing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Opening/closing of dependent window&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Saving/opening of window state&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Image Browsing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-50795023-a071-5aca-24af-3acfda8620e2&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Desain browser gambar harus diatur dengan tugas dari user, dimana dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-50795023-a071-5aca-24af-3acfda8620e2&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Image generation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-50795023-a071-5aca-24af-3acfda8620e2&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Open-ended exploration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-50795023-a071-5aca-24af-3acfda8620e2&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Diagnostics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-50795023-a071-5aca-24af-3acfda8620e2&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Navigation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414fbc31-a06d-26b1-f143-2be4a16e38c8&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-50795023-a071-5aca-24af-3acfda8620e2&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Monitoring&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Personal Role Management&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-50795028-a071-42c4-36b0-18f3c2fa2b53&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Design yang berpusat pada peran menekankan pada tugas user dibandingkan aplikasi dan dokumen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-50795028-a071-42c4-36b0-18f3c2fa2b53&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Hal-hal yang penting dalam personal role management:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;- Vision statement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;- Set of people&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;- Task hierarchy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;- Schedule&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;- Set of documents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f4b91-a071-2a6e-d214-7e350c504b47&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Requirement untuk personal role management meliputi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;- Dukungan pada unified framework&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;- Dukungan pada visual dan spatial layout yang mendukung pekerjaan user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;- Dukungan pada multi window&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;- Dukungan pada akses informasi yang mudah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;- Dukungan untuk berganti role secara mudah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Color&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-50794cdd-a072-12c4-5534-390994a46891&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Warna menarik bagi pemakai dan dapat meningkatkan kinerja, namun dapat&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;disalah gunakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-50794cdd-a072-12c4-5534-390994a46891&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Manfaat Warna&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-50794cdd-a072-12c4-5534-390994a46891&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34ed-a073-6e6a-1ac7-277cc2e48cfd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Menyejukkan atau merangsang mata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34ed-a073-6e6a-1ac7-277cc2e48cfd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Memberi aksen pada tampilan yang tidak menarik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34ed-a073-6e6a-1ac7-277cc2e48cfd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Memungkinkan pembedaan yang halus pada tampilan yang kompleks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34ed-a073-6e6a-1ac7-277cc2e48cfd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Menekankan organisasi logis informasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34ed-a073-6e6a-1ac7-277cc2e48cfd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Menarik perhatian kepada peringatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34ed-a073-6e6a-1ac7-277cc2e48cfd&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Menimbulkan reaksi emosional yang kuat berupa sukacita, kegembiraan, ketakutan, atau kemarahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Bahaya dalam penggunaan warna&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34cc-a073-1b8f-b714-517c31cbf7de&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Pemasangan warna dapat membuat masalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34cc-a073-1b8f-b714-517c31cbf7de&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34cc-a073-1b8f-b714-517c31cbf7de&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Fidelitas warna dapat menurun pada hardware yang berbeda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34cc-a073-1b8f-b714-517c31cbf7de&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34cc-a073-1b8f-b714-517c31cbf7de&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Pencetakan atau konversi ke media lain dapat bermasalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34cc-a073-1b8f-b714-517c31cbf7de&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Warna - Guidelines&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-414f34cc-a073-1b8f-b714-517c31cbf7de&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. Gunakan warna secara konservatif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. Batasi jumlah warna yang digunakan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;3. Kenali kekuatan warna sebagai teknik pengkodean untuk mempercepat atau memperlambat tugas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;4. Pastikan bahwa color coding mendukung tugas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;5. Tampilkan color coding dengan usaha pemakai yang minimal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;6. Tempatkan color coding di bawah kendali pemakai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;7. Rancang untuk monokrom dulu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Trebuchet MS&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1576-a077-6b31-f7fc-3df1f53b3cd9&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1576-a077-6b31-f7fc-3df1f53b3cd9&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;8. Pikirkan kebutuhan user yang memiliki color-deficiency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1576-a077-6b31-f7fc-3df1f53b3cd9&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;9. Gunakan warna untuk membantu pemformatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1576-a077-6b31-f7fc-3df1f53b3cd9&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;10. Gunakan color coding yang konsisten&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1576-a077-6b31-f7fc-3df1f53b3cd9&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;11. Perhatikan ekspektasi umum tentang kode warna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1576-a077-6b31-f7fc-3df1f53b3cd9&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;12. Hati - hati terhadap pencampuran warna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1576-a077-6b31-f7fc-3df1f53b3cd9&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;13. Gunakan perubahan warna untuk menunjukkan perubahan status&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1692-a075-9fc3-f536-4709453e6dab&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;docs-internal-guid-4ffc1576-a077-6b31-f7fc-3df1f53b3cd9&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;14. Gunakan warna pada tampilan grafis untuk kerapatan informasi yang lebih tinggi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/6566442250506355401/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2014/01/balancing-function-and-fashion-human.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/6566442250506355401'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/6566442250506355401'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2014/01/balancing-function-and-fashion-human.html' title='Balancing Function and Fashion (Human Computer Interaction)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-3337926172993662108</id><published>2013-12-13T09:16:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-13T09:16:28.604-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Quality of Services (Human Computer Interaction)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
With the huge development of World Wide Web there are one problem affected by graphics and network congestion effect which is response time. Time is so precious now for user because a lengthy or unexpected system response time can produce; &lt;i&gt;Frustation, Annoyance and Eventual Anger&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;In contrary if system is too fast then it can result in user &lt;i&gt;less learning, reading with lower comprehension, making more ill-considered decisions and commiting more data-entry errors.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Models of Response-Time Impacts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh9znZssqj6FuCmQd3e5pkNnYoo8R7xprXRYLMdyVSGd0s8cYuf3EnsYqAVfOpZfBktvxADNQif4QGWJGezeeit_VUm31IwSVAkxwQSG6Nu4Sh7u14kLEYHntUJ2efK9gRA4HfkhEHhV4/s1600/response1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;98&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh9znZssqj6FuCmQd3e5pkNnYoo8R7xprXRYLMdyVSGd0s8cYuf3EnsYqAVfOpZfBktvxADNQif4QGWJGezeeit_VUm31IwSVAkxwQSG6Nu4Sh7u14kLEYHntUJ2efK9gRA4HfkhEHhV4/s320/response1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ueHPPTcYEUG3kH1FLLXgmmJBAuyvbSu12gGAUwP_PiDWeft4jvn5_Y1k9enOHzZwUxl7b4L_pwNNwrvZjemrF9JZZXWWkpWHYuZnvjFqcMaZf-UMn02tTycHiQxgvU8vdCfzRI0jvAs/s1600/response2.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;110&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ueHPPTcYEUG3kH1FLLXgmmJBAuyvbSu12gGAUwP_PiDWeft4jvn5_Y1k9enOHzZwUxl7b4L_pwNNwrvZjemrF9JZZXWWkpWHYuZnvjFqcMaZf-UMn02tTycHiQxgvU8vdCfzRI0jvAs/s320/response2.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Response time&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The number of seconds it takes from the moment users initiate an activity until the computer presents results on the display &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;User think time &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The number of seconds the user thinks before entering the next action &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Designers of response times and display rates in HCI must consider :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Complex interaction of technical feasibility &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cost &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Task complexity &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;User expectations &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Speed of task performance &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Error rates &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Error handling procedures &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Overall majority of users prefer rapid interactions &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Lengthy response times (15 seconds) are detrimental to productivity &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Rapid response times (1 second or less) are preferable, but can increase errors for complex tasks&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Display Rate &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Alphanumeric displays: The speed in characters per second at which characters appear for the user to read &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;World Wide Web Applications: Display rate may be limited by network transmission speed or server performance &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Reading textual information from a screen is a challenging cognitive and perceptual task &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Conditions for optimum problem solving &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Longer response time causes uneasiness in the user because the penalty for error increases &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Shorter response time may cause the user to fail to comprehend the presented materials &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Progress indicators shorten perceived elapsed time and heighten satisfaction&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Rapid task performance, low error rates, and high satisfaction can come from:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Other conjectures in choosing the optimum interaction speed &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Expectations and Attitudes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Users have adapted a working style and expectation based on responses within a fraction of a second. People can detect 8% changes in a 2-4 second response time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Response-time choke &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;A system is slowed down when the load is light and potential performance high&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Makes the response time more uniform over time and across users, avoiding expectations that can’t always be met &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Response time across web sites varies&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
It effects user interest and quality assessment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Three things influence response-time: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Previous experiences &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The individual&#39;s tolerance for delays &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Task complexity &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;User Productivity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Repetitive tasks&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Nature of the task has a strong influence on whether changes in response time alter user productivity &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Shorter response time means users responds more quickly, but decisions may not be optimal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Goodman and Spence (1981) – reduced response time lead to more productivity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Teal and Rudnecky (1992) – slower response time lead to more accuracy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Problem solving tasks&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Users will adapt their work style to the response time &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Users will change their work habits as the response time changes &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Grossberg, Wiesen, and Yntema (1976) – the time to solution was invariant with respect to response time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Frustating Experience&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;(Ceaparu et al., 2004) 46% to 53% of users’ time was seen as being wasted because &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Poor quality of service is more difficult in emerging markets and developing nations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Email a common application, but also a common source of frustration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Viruses also a problem &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Since frustration, distractions, and interruptions can impede smooth progress, design strategies should enable users to maintain concentration.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Three initial strategies can reduce user frustration : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Reduce short-term and working memory load&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Provide information abundant interfaces&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Increase automaticity:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Automaticity in this context is the processing of information (in response to stimuli) in a way that is automatic and involuntary, occurring without conscious control.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An example is when a user performs a complex sequence of actions with only a light cognitive load, like a driver following a familiar route to work with little apparent effort.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/3337926172993662108/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/quality-of-services-human-computer.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/3337926172993662108'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/3337926172993662108'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/quality-of-services-human-computer.html' title='Quality of Services (Human Computer Interaction)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh9znZssqj6FuCmQd3e5pkNnYoo8R7xprXRYLMdyVSGd0s8cYuf3EnsYqAVfOpZfBktvxADNQif4QGWJGezeeit_VUm31IwSVAkxwQSG6Nu4Sh7u14kLEYHntUJ2efK9gRA4HfkhEHhV4/s72-c/response1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-5414982382428284939</id><published>2013-12-13T08:07:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-13T08:07:21.447-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Collaboration and Social Media Participation (Human Computer Interaction)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Goals of Collaboration and Participation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;People Collaborate because doing so is satisfying or productive. Collaboration can have purely emotionally rewarding purposes or specific task-related goals.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQcOMSZMEbR8CbHJPRliUilUs0q4WniULCJQiN3Nx7dKgtxeFjVTbtYmLcf_5_Ivi2yYIW9acMHr8bTFwCjUATnFUxbYKWYdXMpkYlh9NADHqgaB1CR7st0f26YTd_8toNZYX3fN7PZi0/s1600/collab.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;210&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQcOMSZMEbR8CbHJPRliUilUs0q4WniULCJQiN3Nx7dKgtxeFjVTbtYmLcf_5_Ivi2yYIW9acMHr8bTFwCjUATnFUxbYKWYdXMpkYlh9NADHqgaB1CR7st0f26YTd_8toNZYX3fN7PZi0/s400/collab.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Understanding the processes and strategies of the participants facilitates analysis of these varied situations for collaborative interfaces :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Focused partnerships &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Lecture or demo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Conference &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Structured work processes &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Meeting and decision support &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Electronic commerce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Tele-democracy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;On-line communities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Collaboratories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Telepresence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Take a look at time/space matrix model of group-supported work below :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSSctCNE6gLu1qatVax0qOWyz2qPVAnWFsN8kEej-WRYbrQdiU2_1K_1HXmae8nb9gu28Qz8op1r6PuslT91b9-hpQGeyjrlEleJj0B5ruXVL4ZhrjWNxzw8HC2d-7OG8HyXEqOYJLfow/s1600/matrix.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSSctCNE6gLu1qatVax0qOWyz2qPVAnWFsN8kEej-WRYbrQdiU2_1K_1HXmae8nb9gu28Qz8op1r6PuslT91b9-hpQGeyjrlEleJj0B5ruXVL4ZhrjWNxzw8HC2d-7OG8HyXEqOYJLfow/s400/matrix.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Asynchronous distributed interfaces&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Email&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;can be too loosely structured &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;sometimes overwhelming &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;transient &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;tools :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;filtering &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;archiving &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;mailing lists &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;discussion groups &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;typically text-only, but increasingly includes other structured objects :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;graphics &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;sounds &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;animations &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;web pointers &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;video &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Now email already available in mobile devices, online directories and Web services with email.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Newsgroups, Discussion Boards, Conferences, Wiki, Web sites, Blogs, listservers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Those above are example of Focused electornic discussions by group of people&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;USENET newsgroups &lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Each group dedicated (more or less) to one topic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Like ordered posting on bulletin board &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Users read as many previous notes and related comments as they wish &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Open to all &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;listserv &lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Individual must subscribe to receive e-mail notices &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;May be moderated by a leader &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;May be mail reflector &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Users can get flooded with listserv e-mails &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Server machine keeps searchable archive or past notes and subscriber list&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Synchronous distributed interfaces&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Synchronous
distributed applications &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;group editing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;shared screens for customer assistance &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;give demonstrations simultaneously at multiple sites &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;allow sharing of information for various applications&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;interactive games&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;example : Chat, Instant Messaging, texting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Audio
and video conferencing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;videoconferencing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;slow response times for entering and leaving session &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;distracting background audio &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;difficulty in determining who is speaking &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;inadequate lighting &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;difficulty in making eye contact &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;changed social status &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;small image size &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;potential invasion of privacy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;need for convenient turn taking &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;need for document sharing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;issues of ownership and control &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;private and public workspaces &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;identity of participants &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;location of actions &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;care with updating &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Face-to-Face Interface&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Innovative
approaches to work and learning include: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Shared display from lecturer workstation &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Audience response units &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Text-submission workstations &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Brainstorming, voting, and ranking.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;List of face-to-face interface example :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;File sharing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Shared workspace &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Group activities &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Colab and Liveboard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;SMART Board&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Public spaces facilitate sharing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Sharing photos is very popular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Notification systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Interstate;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/5414982382428284939/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/collaboration-and-social-media.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/5414982382428284939'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/5414982382428284939'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/collaboration-and-social-media.html' title='Collaboration and Social Media Participation (Human Computer Interaction)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQcOMSZMEbR8CbHJPRliUilUs0q4WniULCJQiN3Nx7dKgtxeFjVTbtYmLcf_5_Ivi2yYIW9acMHr8bTFwCjUATnFUxbYKWYdXMpkYlh9NADHqgaB1CR7st0f26YTd_8toNZYX3fN7PZi0/s72-c/collab.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-4875416099738526276</id><published>2013-12-13T06:48:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-13T06:48:13.697-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Interaction Devices (Human Computer Interaction)</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Keyboard Layouts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwoQ-OSSn4vJBkg202pJR6dHMq3TA73Gbjg8CZZmwEooc4cJwWUKN3AcHm0L7xz3yZAozpX7DXfz-4SQm9ZVAD-HXUgti1_Y-vT7fufg3zTwv-NmMOyKubEsx87NTvP9zpwuxUHUly-SU/s1600/qwerty.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;91&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwoQ-OSSn4vJBkg202pJR6dHMq3TA73Gbjg8CZZmwEooc4cJwWUKN3AcHm0L7xz3yZAozpX7DXfz-4SQm9ZVAD-HXUgti1_Y-vT7fufg3zTwv-NmMOyKubEsx87NTvP9zpwuxUHUly-SU/s200/qwerty.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;QWERTY layout&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;1870 Christopher Latham Sholes&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Good mechanical design and a clever placement of the letters that slowed down the users enough that key jamming was infrequent.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Put frequently used letter pairs far apart, thereby increasing finger travel distances &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF8j5JmsrDac3FjTni50XBsYLqe6NzFWvHppfn8iq-ZRS1W_FNGCTZ_Nj03xAgSnyMMciSZL7ia2561U3RcF6QWU4kVJAyTRm7a947y_s0oflEqtWY0mwJoABxZugmC_aBOHRpQFdAx3Q/s1600/dvorak.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;169&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF8j5JmsrDac3FjTni50XBsYLqe6NzFWvHppfn8iq-ZRS1W_FNGCTZ_Nj03xAgSnyMMciSZL7ia2561U3RcF6QWU4kVJAyTRm7a947y_s0oflEqtWY0mwJoABxZugmC_aBOHRpQFdAx3Q/s200/dvorak.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dvorak layout&lt;/b&gt; (1920)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reduces finger travel distances by at least one order of magnitude &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Acceptance has been slow despite the dedicated efforts of some devotees&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It takes about 1 week of regular typing to make the switch, but most users have been unwilling to invest the effort &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;ABCDE style&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;26 letters of the alphabet laid out in alphabetical order nontypists will find it easier to locate the keys &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Additional keyboard issues&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;IBM PC keyboard was widely criticized because of the placement of a few keys &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;backslash key where most typists expect SHIFT key &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;placement of several special characters near the ENTER key &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Number pad layout &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;wrist and hand placement&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Keyboard and keypads for small devices&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Wireless or foldable keyboards&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Virtual keyboards&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cloth keyboards&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Soft keys&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pens and touchscreens &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pointing Devices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Pointing devices are applicable in six types of interaction tasks:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Select&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Position&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Path&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Orient&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Quantify&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Text&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Direct Control Devices&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Lightpen&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Touchscreen&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stylus&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Indirect Control Devices&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mouse&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Trackball&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Joystick&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Trackpoint&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Touchpad&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Graphics tablet&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Human-factors variables&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Speed of motion for short and long distances &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Accuracy of positioning &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Error rates &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Learning time &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;User satisfaction&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Other variables&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cost &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Durability &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Space requirements &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Weight &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Left- versus Right-hand use &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Likelihood to cause repetitive-strain injury &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Compatibility with other systems&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Speech and Auditory Interfaces&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Voice information systems&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stored speech commonly used to provide information about tourist sites, government services, after-hours messages for organizations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Audio tones, audiolization, and music&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sound feedback can be important: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;to confirm actions &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;offer warning &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;for visually-impaired users &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;music used to provide mood context, e.g. in games &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;can provide unique opportunities for user, e.g. with simulating various musical instruments &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Displays – Small and Large&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;The display has become the primary source of feedback to the user from the computer. The display has many important features, including:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Physical dimensions (usually the diagonal dimension and depth)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Resolution (the number of pixels available)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Number of available colors, color correctness&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Luminance, contrast, and glare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Power consumption&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Refresh rates (sufficient to allow animation and video)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Cost&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Reliability &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Usage characteristics distinguish displays:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Portability&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Privacy&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Saliency&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ubiquity&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Simultaneity&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Display technology&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Monochrome displays&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
Are adequate, and are attractive because of their lower cost &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;RGB shadow-mask displays &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
Small dots of red, green, and blue phosphors packed closely &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Raster-scan cathode-ray tube (CRT)&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
Electron beam sweeping out lines of dots to form letters &lt;br /&gt;Refresh rates 30 to 70 per second &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
Voltage changes influence the polarization of tiny capsules of liquid crystals Flicker-free &lt;br /&gt;size of the capsules limits the resolution &lt;br /&gt;Plasma panel &lt;br /&gt;rows of horizontal wires are slightly separated from vertical wires by small glass-enclosed capsules of neon-based gases &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
certain diodes emit light when a voltage is applied &lt;br /&gt;arrays of these small diodes can be assembled to display characters &lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/4875416099738526276/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/interaction-devices-human-computer.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/4875416099738526276'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/4875416099738526276'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/interaction-devices-human-computer.html' title='Interaction Devices (Human Computer Interaction)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwoQ-OSSn4vJBkg202pJR6dHMq3TA73Gbjg8CZZmwEooc4cJwWUKN3AcHm0L7xz3yZAozpX7DXfz-4SQm9ZVAD-HXUgti1_Y-vT7fufg3zTwv-NmMOyKubEsx87NTvP9zpwuxUHUly-SU/s72-c/qwerty.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-4712512186192120648</id><published>2013-12-13T05:21:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-13T05:21:17.440-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Menu, Form Fill-in and Dialog Box (Human Computer Interaction)</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Menu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; is a way to present available instructions for users&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;. Form fill-in&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; is a mean for interactive system to ask data or information from users&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;. Dialog box&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; is a response from interactive system after users give intructions that need parameters, e.g. When users click Open icon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The primary goal for menu, form fill-in, and dialog-box designers is to create a sensible, comprehensible, memorable, and convenient organization relevant to the user&#39;s task&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are several type of menus :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Single menus&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;linear sequence menus&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;tree structure menus&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;cyclic and acyclic network menus&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Single Menus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A menu with binary choice (True or False, Yes or No), for example &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mnemonic Letters &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Radio Buttons &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Button Choice&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pull-down &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pop-up &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Toolbar Menus &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menus for Long List &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Embedded Menus&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Combinations of Multiple Menus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Linear Sequence Menus &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Simultaneous Menus &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tree-structured menus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menu Maps&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Acyclic Networks Menus &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cyclic Networks Menus &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menu Layout&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Form Fill-in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEbsinpLy-DZjigTGxbohoKXTTYaIlxWejK-crld53cDBEu5Xt92xWcygfmb6-HKCzD_r42VW6Ki7Te0wx_MV_uO4g6-kg4SfGVZtLbD3jbd4OKiGh3tzYwfDySxptVLDUUz77UX_K3DU/s1600/formfillin.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;182&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEbsinpLy-DZjigTGxbohoKXTTYaIlxWejK-crld53cDBEu5Xt92xWcygfmb6-HKCzD_r42VW6Ki7Te0wx_MV_uO4g6-kg4SfGVZtLbD3jbd4OKiGh3tzYwfDySxptVLDUUz77UX_K3DU/s320/formfillin.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Appropriate when many fields of data must be entered : &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Full complement of information is visible to user. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Display resembles familiar paper forms. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Few instructions are required for many types of entries. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Form fill-in design guidelines :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Meaningful title&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Comprehensive instructions&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Logical grouping and sequencing of fields&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Visually appealing layout of the form&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Familiar field labels&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Consistent terminology and abbreviations&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Visible space and bounderies for data-entry fields&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Convenient cursor movement&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Error correction for individual characters and entire fields&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Error prevention where possible&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Error messages for unacceptable values&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Marking of required fields&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Explanatory messages for fields&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Completion signal to support user control&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Dialog Boxes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzQ230lX4_faKr0lUt4qEMFzP8PQFdKGcZR4U8TmkW2-4MvzNcKi6PcajNPQGpCgfDDLS_t7X69lE8BzrD-pS_aEHunsC7POM5txddGebHD7prkbH3ZckQIirJ4TyqthK_SGB_O2jNRFo/s1600/dialogbox.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzQ230lX4_faKr0lUt4qEMFzP8PQFdKGcZR4U8TmkW2-4MvzNcKi6PcajNPQGpCgfDDLS_t7X69lE8BzrD-pS_aEHunsC7POM5txddGebHD7prkbH3ZckQIirJ4TyqthK_SGB_O2jNRFo/s320/dialogbox.jpg&quot; width=&quot;308&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
Dialog boxes is a combination of menu and form fill-in techniques. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal layout guidelines: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Meaningful title, consistent style &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Top-left to bottom-right sequencing &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Clustering and emphasis &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Consistent layouts (margins, grid, white space, lines, boxes) &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Consistent terminology, fonts, capitalization, justification &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Standard buttons (OK, Cancel) &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Error prevention by direct manipulation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
External Relationship :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Smooth appearance and disappearance &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Distinguishable but small boundary &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Size small enough to reduce overlap problems &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Display close to appropriate items &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;No overlap of required items&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Easy to make disappear &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Clear how to complete/cancel &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/4712512186192120648/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/menu-form-fill-in-and-dialog-box-human.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/4712512186192120648'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/4712512186192120648'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/menu-form-fill-in-and-dialog-box-human.html' title='Menu, Form Fill-in and Dialog Box (Human Computer Interaction)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEbsinpLy-DZjigTGxbohoKXTTYaIlxWejK-crld53cDBEu5Xt92xWcygfmb6-HKCzD_r42VW6Ki7Te0wx_MV_uO4g6-kg4SfGVZtLbD3jbd4OKiGh3tzYwfDySxptVLDUUz77UX_K3DU/s72-c/formfillin.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-8511336493132373980</id><published>2013-12-13T05:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-13T05:24:18.170-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Direct Manipulation and Virtual Environments  (Human Computer Interaction)</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The enthusiastic users report the following positive feelings: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mastery of the interface &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Competence in performing tasks &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ease in learning the system originally and in assimilating advanced features &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Confidence in the capacity to retain mastery over time &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Enjoyment in using the interface &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Eagerness to show off the interface to novices &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Desire to explore more powerful aspects&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Interstate;&quot;&gt;Examples
of Direct-Manipulation Systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Interstate;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Word Processors&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Spreadsheet&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Spatial Data Management&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Video Games&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Computer Aided Design (CAD)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Office Automation&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;3D Interfaces&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
“Pure” 3D interfaces have strong utility in some contexts, e.g., medical, product design.&amp;nbsp; In other situations, more constrained interaction may actually be preferable to simplify interactions.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Virtual and Augmented Reality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Virtual reality breaks the physical limitations of space and allow users to act as though they were somewhere else. Augmented reality shows the real world with an overlay of additional overlay. Situational awareness shows information about the real world that surrounds you by tracking your movements in a computer model. Augmented reality is an important variant, Enables users to see the real world with an overlay of additional interaction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Successful virtual environments depend on the smooth integration of:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Visual Display&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Head position sensing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Hand-position sensing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Force feedback &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Sound input and output &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Other sensations &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Cooperative and competitive virtual reality &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Interstate; font-size: 20.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Interstate; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;ＭＳ Ｐゴシック&amp;quot;; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/8511336493132373980/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/direct-manipulation-and-virtual.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/8511336493132373980'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/8511336493132373980'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/direct-manipulation-and-virtual.html' title='Direct Manipulation and Virtual Environments  (Human Computer Interaction)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-7269683010649945185</id><published>2013-12-13T01:40:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-13T01:40:40.707-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Evaluating Interface Designs (Human Computer Interaction)</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Seorang desainer yang terlibat dalam pembuatan suatu produk bisa saja membuat kesalahan tanpa menyadarinya. Sebelum digunakan produk harus diuji secara luas untuk menemukan error-error yang ada namun uji secara luas memakan biaya yang lumayan mahal oleh karena itu rencana evaluasi dibutuhkan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Beberapa faktor yang menentukan rencana evaluasi (evaluation plan) :&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stage of design&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Novelty of project&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Number of expected users &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Criticality of the interface (life-critical medical system vs museum exhibit support)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Costs of product &amp;amp; budget allocated for testing&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Time available&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Experience of the design and evaluation team&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Evaluasi merangkap jarak dari uji sangat tuntas sampai uji 3 hari. Biaya untuk uji coba sekitar 5%-20% dari proyek. &lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Pengujian kegunaan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;termasuk metode&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;empiris dan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;non&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;atn&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;empiris&lt;span class=&quot;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;misalnya&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;sketsa&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pengguna&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pertimbangan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;alternatif desain&lt;/span&gt; dan ethnographic studies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Expert Reviews&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Demo yang bersifat informal dapat mengumpulkan feedback yang berguna namun &lt;i&gt;Expert Review&lt;/i&gt; lebih formal dan efektif. Expert review mungkin butuh satu setengah hari sampai 1 minggu walaupun dapat lebih lama untuk menjelaskan prosedur operasional dan dapat di jadwalkan dalam beberapa point dalam proses pengembangan. Beda experts cenderung untuk menemukan masalah yang berbeda maka dari itu 3-5 expert reviewer akan sangkat produktif. Expert review harus mengerti task domain, user communities dan first-time user behavior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Metode &lt;i&gt;Expert Reviews&lt;/i&gt; :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Heuristic Evaluation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Guidelines Review&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Consistency Inspection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Cognitive Walktrough&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Metahpors of Human Thinking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Formal Usability Inspection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Usability Testing and Laboratories&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Muncul sejak awal 1980-an , Pengujian kegunaan ini mempercepat banyak proyek dan menghasilkan penghematan biaya yang dramatis. Pengujian kegunaan (Usability Testing) yang direncanakan akan dilakukan di labotarium kegunaan (usability laboratories). Lab ini terdiri dari dua 10 x 10 area kaki , satu untuk peserta dan yang lain, dipisahkan oleh kaca satu sisi untuk penguji dan pengamat. peserta mewakili user communities dengan memperhatikan computer backgroud , task experience, motivasi, pendidikan dan kemampuan bahasa.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Partisipan 
diberitahu mengenai pekerjaan dan prosedur yang perlu dilakukan. 
Partisipan menggunakan teknik think aloud, dimana mereka mengatakan 
dengan keras mengenai apa yang mereka pikirkan. Hasil rekamannya akan 
digunakan oleh manager dan designer untuk menganalisa kesulitan yang 
dialami oleh user. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Beberapa bentuk variant dari testing usability yang telah dicoba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Paper mockups&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Discount usability testing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Competitive usability testing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Universal usability testing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Field test and portable labs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Remote Usability Testing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;Can-you-break-this Test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Survey Instruments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dalam melakukan survey harus didefinisikan dengan jelas mengenai tujuan 
yang ingin dicapai dan cara mencapai tujuan tersebut. User dapat 
dimintai tanggapan mengenai aspek spesifik dari interface seperti pada 
task domain tertentu ataupun pada design tampilan secara keseluruhan. Tujuan lain yang dapat memastikan :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Users
background (age, gender, origins, education, income)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Experience
with computers (specific applications or software packages, length of time,
depth of knowledge)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Job
responsibilities (decision-making influence, managerial roles, motivation)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Personality
style (introvert vs. extrovert, risk taking vs. risk aversive, early vs. late
adopter, systematic vs. opportunistic)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Reasons
for not using an interface (inadequate services, too complex, too slow)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Familiarity
with features (printing, macros, shortcuts, tutorials)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Their
feeling state after using an interface (confused vs. clear, frustrated vs.
in-control, bored vs. excited). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Accpetance Test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Merupakan test untuk mengukur tingkat penerimaan dari user terhadap sistem.&lt;br /&gt;
Test ini meliputi :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Waktu belajar&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
Kecepatan dan performa&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tingkat kesalahan yang dilakukan user&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
Tingkat retensi&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
Kepuasan user&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
Setelah sistem dinyatakan lulus acceptance test maka akan ada periode
 field testing sebelum produk benar – benar diluncurkan dan 
didistribusikan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evaluation During Active Use &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Selama sistem digunakan juga dapat dilakukan evaluasi untuk memperbaiki 
kekurangan sistem. Hal ini dapat dicapai salah satunya dengan interview 
ataupun focus group discussion. Dengan interview diharapkan ada issue 
spesifik yang didapat, sementara focus group discussion lebih pada 
masalah yang umum dihadapi oleh user. Selain itu cara lainnya adalah 
dengan mengumpulkan data yang mencakup pola penggunaan sistem, kecepatan
 performa user, tingkat kesalahan, dan frekuensi permintaan online 
assistance. Cara lainnya juga bisa dengan menyediakan konsultan jika 
terjadi masalah maupun lewat e-mail, wiki, newsgroup, serta media 
sosial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;id&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/7269683010649945185/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/evaluating-interface-designs-human.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/7269683010649945185'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/7269683010649945185'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/evaluating-interface-designs-human.html' title='Evaluating Interface Designs (Human Computer Interaction)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-7155417607074497924</id><published>2013-12-12T20:12:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-12T20:12:40.847-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Managing Design Processes (Human Computer Interaction)</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;
Organizational Design and Support Usability&lt;/h3&gt;
Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects , processes, services and their system in whole life cycles. (ICSID - &lt;i&gt;International Council of Societies of Industrial Design&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Rosson and Carrol, 2002) method to characterize design is :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Design is a process&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The design porcess is nonhierarchial.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The process is radically transformational&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Design intrinsically involves the discovery of new goals.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Four Pillars of Design&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;User-interface Requirements&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Guidelines Documents &amp;amp; process&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;User-Interface Software Tools&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Expert Reviews &amp;amp; Usability Testing&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Development Methodologies&lt;/h3&gt;
Ada puluhan metode pengembangan yang diiklankan, salah satunya adalah &quot;The Rapid Contextual Design Method&quot; oleh Holtzblatt. Metode desain ini melibatkan beberapa langkah yaitu :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Contextual Inquiry&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Interpretation sessions and work modeling&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Model Consolidation and affinity diagram building&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Persona Development&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Visioning&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Storyboarding&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;User environment design&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Interview and evaluations with paper prototypes and mock-ups &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Ethnographic Observation &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;Preparation&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Field Study&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;Analysis&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reporting&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Participatory Design&lt;/h3&gt;
Salah satu cara desain dimana user ikut serta dalam menentukan desain.Keuntungan dari participatory design adalah user dapat lebih mudah diterima olehnya karena ia ikut serta dalam pembuatan tersebut. Kekurangannya adalah bisa saja user tidak terlalu kompeten dalam pembuatan desain dan akan memakan waktu lebih lama jika terlalu banyak campur tangan user yang terbelit-belit.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/7155417607074497924/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/managing-design-processes-human.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/7155417607074497924'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/7155417607074497924'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/managing-design-processes-human.html' title='Managing Design Processes (Human Computer Interaction)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-1973852962714981490</id><published>2013-12-11T01:29:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-11T01:30:03.090-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Guidelines, Principles and Theories</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
Guidelines, Principles and Theories (Human Computer Interaction)&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Didalam Interaksi
Manusia dan Komputer terdapat pedoman, prinsip dan teori yang telah
ada agar memudahkan kita untuk mengerti.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
Guidelines (Pedoman)&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;1. Navigating the
interface &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Alternative Text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Time-based media&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Distinguishable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Predictable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;2.Organizing the
display – Smith and Mosier (1986) offer 5 high-level goals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Consistency of
data dispay&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Efficient
information assimilation by the user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Minimal memory
load on the user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Compatibility of
data display with data entry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Flexibiity for
user control of data display&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;3. Getting the
user&#39;s attention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Pedoman detail
tentang beberapa tehnik untuk menarik perhatian user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Intensity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Marking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Choice of fonts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Inverse video&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Blinking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Color&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;- Audio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;orphans: 0; widows: 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Prinsip
(Principles)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Menentukan
level kemampuan user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.95cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Mengetahui usernya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.95cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Umur , Jenis Kelamin, kemampuan fisik dan kognitiv , pendidikan,
budaya , latar belakang etnik, training , motivasi , tujuan dan
personality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.95cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.95cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Mendesign tujuan berbasis level kemampuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Novice
 of first time user&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Knowledgeable
 Intermitten users&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Expert
 frequent users&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.95cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.95cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Desain Multi-layer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.95cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Identify
the tasks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Task analysis usually involve long hours observing and interviewing
users&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Decomposition of high level tasks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Relative task frequencies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Choose
an interaction style&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Direct manipulation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Menu selection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Form fillin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Command language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Natural language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;8
Golden Rules of interface design (Shneiderman and Plaisant, 2010)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Strive for consistency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Cater to universal usability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Offer informative feedback&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Design dialogs to yield closure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Prevent errors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Permit easy reversal of actions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Support internal locus of control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Reduce short term memory load&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Prevent
erros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Make error message specific , positive in tone, and constructive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Mistake and slips&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.04cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Correct actions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Gray
 out inappropriate actions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Selection
 rather than freestyle typing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Automatic
 completion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Complete
sequences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;single
 abstract commands&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Macros
 and subroutines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Theories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Explanatory
and Predictive theories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-Explanatory
theories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Observing
 behavior&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Describing
 activiy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Conceiving
 of design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Comparing
 high-level concepts of two designs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Training&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Predictive theories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt; Enable
designers to compare proposed designs for execution time of error
rates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Perceptual, Cognitive and Motor tasks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt; Perceptuan
or Cognitive subtask theories : Predicting reading times for free
text, lists ,or formatted displyas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt; Motor-task
performance times theories : Predicting keystroking or pointing times&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;-
Taxonomy (explanatory theory)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Order
 on a complex set of phenomena&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Facilitate
 useful comparisons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Organize
 a topic for newcomers &lt;/span&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Guide
 designers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Indicate
 opportunities for novel products&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Design
by levels (Foley and van Dam four-level approach&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conceptual
 level&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;,
 User&#39;s mental model of the interactive system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Semantic
 level&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;,
 Describes the meanings conveyed by the user&#39;s command input and by
 the computer&#39;s output display&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Syntatic
 level , &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Defines
 how the units (words) that they convey semantics are assembled into
 a complete sentence that instructs the computer to perform a certain
 task &lt;/span&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lexical
 level, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Deals
 with the device dependencies and with the precies mechanisms by
 which a user specifies the syntax&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Norman&#39;s
seven stages of action (Stages of action models)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Forming
 the goal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Forming
 he intention&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Specifying
 the action&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Executing
 the action&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Perceiving
 the system state&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Interpreting
 the system state&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Evaluating
 the outcome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Consistency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt; Consistent
user interface goal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Definition
 is elusive – multiple levels sometimes in conflict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Sometimes
 advantageous to be incosistent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 643px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;colgroup&gt;&lt;col width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;/col&gt;
 &lt;col width=&quot;206&quot;&gt;&lt;/col&gt;
 &lt;col width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;/col&gt;
 &lt;/colgroup&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Consistent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;&quot; width=&quot;206&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Incosistent
   A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Incosistent
   B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;delete/insert
   character&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;206&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Delete/insert
   character&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Delete/insert
   chracter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;delete/insert
   word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;206&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Remove/bring
   word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Remove/insert
   word&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;delete/insert
   line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;206&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Destroy/create
   line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Delete/insert
   line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Delete/insert
   paragraph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;206&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Kill/birth
   paragraph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Delete/insert
   paragraph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Contextual
theories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;User
actions are situated by time and place&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;LEFT&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.3cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;You
 may not have time to deal with shortcuts or device dependent syntax,
 such as on mobile devices, when hurried&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;LEFT&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.3cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Physical
 space is important in ubiquitous, pervasive and embedded devices,
 e.g. a museum guide stating information about a nearby painting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/1973852962714981490/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/guidelines-principles-and-theories.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/1973852962714981490'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/1973852962714981490'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/12/guidelines-principles-and-theories.html' title='Guidelines, Principles and Theories'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-2330433545428214525</id><published>2013-11-03T02:02:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-11-08T20:03:41.356-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Human Computer Interaction"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="IMK"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Universal Usability"/><title type='text'>Interactive System Usability (Human-Computer Interaction)</title><content type='html'>&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Human-Computer Interaction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(HCI)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; definition according to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;ACM SIGCHI&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;is the discipline related to the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computer systems for use by humans and studies of the phenomena associated with it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
According to the&lt;b&gt; ISO/IEC 9126&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&quot;The usability is a set of attributes that bear on the effort needed for use, and on the individual assessment of such use, by a stated or implied set of users which are &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Understandability, Learn Ability, Operability, Attractiveness&quot;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
The usability goals based on &lt;b&gt;ISO 9241&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;- &amp;nbsp;focus on effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Usability measures 5 human factors central to community evaluation :&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Time to learn&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Speed of performance&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Rate of errors by users&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Retention over time&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Subjective satisfaction&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Motivations of usability&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;
The motivation of usability is because many interfaces are poorly designed and this is true across domains such as below explained with the reasons :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;- Life-Critical&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; ( System Air traffic control, nuclear reactors, power utilities, police &amp;amp; fire dispatch systems, medical equipment) which cost High, the reliability and effectiveness are expected. Length training periods are acceptable despite the financial cost to provide error-free performance and avoid the low frequency but high cost errors Subject satisfaction is less an issue due to well motivated users.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;- Industrial and commercial systems&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;( Banking, insurance, order entry, inventory management, reservation, billing, and point-of-sales systems). Ease of learning is important to reduce training costs. Speed and error rates are relative to cost. Speed of performance is important because of the number of transactions.Subjective satisfaction is fairly important to limit operator burnout&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;- Office Home and Entertainment Applications &lt;/i&gt;( Word processing, electronic mail, computer conferencing, and video game systems, educational packages, search engines, mobile device, etc.). Ease of learning, low error rates, and subjective satisfaction are paramount due to use is often discretionary and competition fierce. Infrequent use of some applications means interfaces must be intuitive and easy to use online help is important&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;- Exploratory, Creative, and Cooperative System &lt;/i&gt;(&amp;nbsp;Web browsing, search engines, artist toolkits, architectural design, software development, music composition, and scientific modeling systems ). Collaborative work. Benchmarks are hard to describe for exploratory tasks and device users. With these applications, the computer should be transparent so that the user can be absorbed in their task&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Social - technical System&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ( Complex systems that involve many people over long time periods ). Voting, health support, identity verification, crime reporting. Trust, privacy, responsibility, and security are issues. Verifiable sources and status feedback are important. Ease of learning for novices and feedback to build trust. Administrators need tools to detect unusual patterns of usage&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Universal Usability&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Diversity of human abilities, backgrounds, motivations, personalities, cultures, and work styles is a challange for interface designers. Understanding of differences between users is vital for participation by broadest set of users. Mobile device use has begun to require for designs that are universal usable&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rethinking interface designs for different situations often results in a better product for all users. The rethinking covers considerations for users with disabilities, older adults, young users, etc and discussion for hardware and software diversity&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/2330433545428214525/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/11/interactive-system-usability-human.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/2330433545428214525'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/2330433545428214525'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2013/11/interactive-system-usability-human.html' title='Interactive System Usability (Human-Computer Interaction)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-4738691575989614471</id><published>2012-04-30T21:03:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-30T21:07:37.829-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Assembling"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Assembly"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Compiler"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Language"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Linking"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Preprocessor"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Programming"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Source code"/><title type='text'>How Compiler works</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1NZTL-8cSdVQeB48CdvN1imYUmpxG_lH2nb-42OlERe8zkwElw6NcrLtJIHjumkNtAMXfkQue4yY8_6QLC7xzONxSqyb_CyCO1ojFtk1ApB_LNcHp36Oisx3HTUl7qgMOsrhCYhW63jc/s1600/compilation+stages.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1NZTL-8cSdVQeB48CdvN1imYUmpxG_lH2nb-42OlERe8zkwElw6NcrLtJIHjumkNtAMXfkQue4yY8_6QLC7xzONxSqyb_CyCO1ojFtk1ApB_LNcHp36Oisx3HTUl7qgMOsrhCYhW63jc/s400/compilation+stages.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Bagaimana cara kompiler bekerja? pertama tahap &lt;i&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;zem_slink&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprocessor&quot; rel=&quot;wikipedia&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;Preprocessor&quot;&gt;preprocessing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; dimana akan di ekpansi source codenya.Lalu kedua yaitu tahap &lt;i&gt;compilation&lt;/i&gt;, disini &lt;a class=&quot;zem_slink&quot; href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code&quot; rel=&quot;wikipedia&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;Source code&quot;&gt;source code&lt;/a&gt; tersebut akan diubah menjadi bahasa assembly. Tahap ketiga adalah &lt;i&gt;Assembling&lt;/i&gt; yaitu konversi dari bahasa assembly menjadi kode mesin.. Terakhir &lt;i&gt;Linking &lt;/i&gt;yaitu object kode mesin di link dengan file yang lain (e.g. executable).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;zemanta-pixie&quot; style=&quot;height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;zemanta-pixie-a&quot; href=&quot;http://www.zemanta.com/&quot; title=&quot;Enhanced by Zemanta&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Enhanced by Zemanta&quot; class=&quot;zemanta-pixie-img&quot; src=&quot;http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=01c35538-79a8-488a-a199-d41d91a534b7&quot; style=&quot;border: medium none; float: right;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/4738691575989614471/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2012/04/how-compiler-works.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/4738691575989614471'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/4738691575989614471'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2012/04/how-compiler-works.html' title='How Compiler works'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1NZTL-8cSdVQeB48CdvN1imYUmpxG_lH2nb-42OlERe8zkwElw6NcrLtJIHjumkNtAMXfkQue4yY8_6QLC7xzONxSqyb_CyCO1ojFtk1ApB_LNcHp36Oisx3HTUl7qgMOsrhCYhW63jc/s72-c/compilation+stages.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-1444177541271222860</id><published>2012-04-30T08:35:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-30T21:04:09.358-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Dangling Pointer"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Dynamic memory allocation"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="heap-dynamic variable"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Languages"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Locks-and-keys"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pointer"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Programming"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tombstone"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Variable (computer science)"/><title type='text'>Pointer Problems</title><content type='html'>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/KB/cpp/linked_list/image006.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;192&quot; src=&quot;http://www.codeproject.com/KB/cpp/linked_list/image006.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Example of How Pointer Works&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;P&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;enggunaan pointer memang&amp;nbsp; efektif dalam mengelola memori dinamik dengan indirect addressing. Namun ada beberapa masalah yang sangat fatal jika kita menggunakan pointer , yaitu &lt;i&gt;Dangling pointers&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i&gt;Lost heap-dynamic variable&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Keadaan ketika pointer menunjuk ke variabel heap-dynamic yang telah di deallocated (tidak dapat diakses lagi disebut &lt;i&gt;Dangling Pointers&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Lost heap-dynamic variable &lt;/i&gt;yaitu&lt;i&gt; Alocated heap-dynamic variable&lt;/i&gt; yang tidak dapat lagi diakses oleh pemrogram tersebut. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Untuk Masalah Dangling Pointers ada solusinya yaitu :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tombstone :&lt;/b&gt; menambahkan sel heap yang berupa pointer ke &lt;i&gt;heap-dynamic&lt;/i&gt; variable. Variabel pointer aktual hanya menunjuk ke tombstone. Jika variabel heap-dynamic di de-allocated, &lt;i&gt;tombstone &lt;/i&gt;tetap ada tetapi di-set ke nil.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Locks-and-keys : &lt;/b&gt;nilai pointer disajikan sebagai pasangan. Variabel &lt;i&gt;heap-dynamic&lt;/i&gt; disajikan sebagai variabel plus sel nilai integer &lt;i&gt;lock&lt;/i&gt;. Jika variabel &lt;i&gt;heap-dynamic&lt;/i&gt; dialokasi, nilai &lt;i&gt;lock&lt;/i&gt; di-create dan diletakan di sel &lt;i&gt;lock&lt;/i&gt; dan sel &lt;i&gt;key&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;zemanta-pixie&quot; style=&quot;height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;zemanta-pixie-a&quot; href=&quot;http://www.zemanta.com/&quot; title=&quot;Enhanced by Zemanta&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Enhanced by Zemanta&quot; class=&quot;zemanta-pixie-img&quot; src=&quot;http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=01c35538-79a8-488a-a199-d41d91a534b7&quot; style=&quot;border: medium none; float: right;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/1444177541271222860/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2012/04/pointer-problems.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/1444177541271222860'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/1444177541271222860'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2012/04/pointer-problems.html' title='Pointer Problems'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-3394864333488628856</id><published>2012-04-29T21:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-30T20:46:07.276-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Type Checking , Strongly Typed , Coercion , Cast , Narrowing &amp; Widening Conversion</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Type Checking&lt;/i&gt; adalah aktivitas untuk meyakinkan bahwa operand suatu operator adalah tipe yang kompatibel (bisa digunakan oleh operator atau dibolehkan secara aturan yang berlaku).&lt;i&gt;Strongly Typed&lt;/i&gt; adalah jika semua bentuk error selalu dideteksi oleh bahasa pemograman.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Coercion&lt;/i&gt; adalah operand kompatibel yang dibolehkan oleh aturan yang 
berlaku untuk dikonversi secara implisit oleh kompilator menjadi tipe 
yang legal.&lt;i&gt;Cast&lt;/i&gt; adalah mirip dengan coercion namun dikonversi secara eksplisit oleh kompilatornya agar menjadi tipe yang legal.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Narrowing Conversion&lt;/i&gt; adalah konversi objek ke tipe baru yang tidak mengakomodasi semua nilai dari tipe aslinya. contoh adalah float ke int dimana nilai desimal float tidak dimasukan ke int.&lt;i&gt;Widening Conversion&lt;/i&gt; sama seperti Narrowing namun konversi mancakup aproksimasi semua nilai dari tipe asli. contoh int ke float.&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/3394864333488628856/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2012/04/type-checking-strongly-typed-coercion.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/3394864333488628856'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/3394864333488628856'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2012/04/type-checking-strongly-typed-coercion.html' title='Type Checking , Strongly Typed , Coercion , Cast , Narrowing &amp; Widening Conversion'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-7737931540138191227</id><published>2012-04-29T10:35:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-29T21:07:03.287-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="operator overloading"/><title type='text'>Operator Overloading</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Bahasa C / C++ mempunyai kelebihan dari bahasa yang lain, yakni &lt;i&gt;Operator Overloading&lt;/i&gt;. Kemampuan tersebut berguna untuk memberitahu compiler bagaimana melakukan suatu operasi ketika operator yang sama digunakan oleh satu variabel atau lebih.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Contoh simpel &lt;i&gt;Operator Overloading&lt;/i&gt; :&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fbChatMessage fsm direction_ltr&quot; data-jsid=&quot;message&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
int volume(int a, int b);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fbChatMessage fsm direction_ltr&quot; data-jsid=&quot;message&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
void volume(int c);&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fbChatMessage fsm direction_ltr&quot; data-jsid=&quot;message&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fbChatMessage fsm direction_ltr&quot; data-jsid=&quot;message&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
terlihat bahwa &quot;volume&quot; punya 2 nama  variabel yang sama namun fungsinya beda.&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/7737931540138191227/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2012/04/operator-overloading.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/7737931540138191227'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/7737931540138191227'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2012/04/operator-overloading.html' title='Operator Overloading'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-942921820024825625.post-5362619737114574140</id><published>2012-04-29T08:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-04-29T21:51:18.973-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ALU"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Arithmetic logic unit"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Arsitektur Von Neumann"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Control unit"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="History"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="IAS machine"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="John von Neumann"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Math"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pioneers"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Von Nueman"/><title type='text'>Arsitektur Von Neumann</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Von_Neumann_architecture.svg/280px-Von_Neumann_architecture.svg.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Von_Neumann_architecture.svg/280px-Von_Neumann_architecture.svg.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jika anda sedang mempelajari Konsep Bahasa Pemograman pastinya istilah Von Neumann sangat akrab dipikiran anda. Istilah &lt;b&gt;arsitektur Von Neumann&lt;/b&gt; (Von Neumann architecture / model) berasal dari seorang ilmuwan komputer John von Neumann 30 Juni 1945. Arsitektur Von Neumann menggambarkan tentang desain arsitektur untuk sebuah komputer elektronik digital terdiri empat bagian utama yaitu :&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Control Unit&lt;/b&gt; yang menampung &lt;i&gt;instruction register &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;program counter.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Memory&lt;/b&gt; untuk menyimpan data dan instruksi juga &lt;i&gt;mass external storage.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mekanisme&lt;/b&gt; input dan output.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpfGKgyUKvh8s5cTZvOnxNIQvlVOmzjJ-k3EPtUtKcYIbnJqwzBy-DDGmm8RcRUgIa_5ZOg2CICJqj0gkj9JQGjMuHAPBTkKaobo6GShnmDp_CVgh1CpwZlR00kUloVOM_rCvUyeh3WE8/s1600/neumann.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Lalu terdapat juga istilah &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Von Neumann Bottleneck&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; yaitu kecepatan koneksi antara memori komputer dan prosesor menentukan kecepatan komputer. Instruksi program dieksekusi jauh lebih cepat daripada kecepatan koneksi yang hasilnya kecepatan koneksi ada dalam &lt;i&gt;bottleneck &lt;/i&gt;(faktor pembatas utama kecepatan komputer)&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;zemanta-pixie&quot; style=&quot;height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;zemanta-pixie-a&quot; href=&quot;http://www.zemanta.com/&quot; title=&quot;Enhanced by Zemanta&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Enhanced by Zemanta&quot; class=&quot;zemanta-pixie-img&quot; src=&quot;http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=a9982315-01d4-41a9-99e6-d90fc2a28a92&quot; style=&quot;border: medium none; float: right;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/feeds/5362619737114574140/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2012/04/arsitektur-von-neumann.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/5362619737114574140'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/942921820024825625/posts/default/5362619737114574140'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://technopera.blogspot.com/2012/04/arsitektur-von-neumann.html' title='Arsitektur Von Neumann'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15711720186780852389</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>